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Watergate: the Investigation Into President Nixon and the Cover-Up

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Watergate: the Investigation Into President Nixon and the Cover-Up Watergate: The Investigation into President Nixon and the Cover-Up Interviewer: Jake Bredhoff Interviewee: Robert Muse Mr. Glenn Whitman February 11, 2014 Bredhoff 1 “Table of Contents” Interviewer Release Form 2 Interviewee Release Form 3 Statement of Purpose 4 Biography 5 “Watergate Nixon and the Cover-Up 6 Interview Transcription 12 Interview Analysis 39 Works Consulted 42 Bredhoff 2 Bredhoff 3 Bredhoff 4 Statement of Purpose The purpose of this oral history project is to learn more about the infamous Watergate break-in and the investigation of the Nixon administration following it. This interview with Robert Muse reveals a lot about the events during the Watergate trials. Watergate occurred during a time in America when many people were unsure about the U.S. government. This interview will hopefully help people understand more about the infamous Watergate scandal and the events preceding it. Bredhoff 5 Biography Robert Muse is a lawyer in Washington D.C. with lots of experience in U.S laws in relation to Cuba. He grew up in Arizona and had lived in England during his life. He attended Boston College and Georgetown University where he was an adjunct professor of law. Robert was on the Special Senate Committee to Investigate Hurricane Katrina in 2005-2006. Robert also has a lot of experience with being a counsel in more than 30 personal injury matters resulting in verdicts or settlements around $1 million. Robert has dedicated his life to the law. When Robert was chosen to be on the Senate Committee for Watergate in 1973- 1974 he was very young, only in his twenties. Growing up in New Jersey, Robert’s views on Nixon was set in place by his parents from an early age. Robert taught law at Georgetown University where he is highly respected. He has personally achieved some of the highest plaintiffs verdicts in DC history. He is listed in the “Best Lawyers of America” and the Washington Magazine as one of the best lawyers in DC for criminal defense work and civil litigation. He served his clerkship under the honorable Frank J. Murray U.S. district court for the district of Massachusetts (1972-1973). He currently works at Stein Mitchell in Washington DC. Bredhoff 6 Watergate: Nixon And The Cover Up Richard Nixon is perhaps the most infamous president in the history of the United States. His presidency was based on lies, deception, and bugs. Nixon was elected president but never felt like he actually won, he always wanted more. He felt like he always needed more dirt on the other candidate. Therefore, in order to understand the perspective of someone who participated in the Watergate investigation trials it is important to first examine who Richard Nixon really was, and what he did. According to Emery, "Without the Vietnam War there would have been no Watergate" (Emery 8). Nixon had to attend to the problems in Vietnam that the Democrats had left him. Nixon promised to uphold Johnson's wish to stop the bombing in North Vietnam, the understanding was that the North Vietnamese would not attack cities in South Vietnam. By February 1969, the North Vietnamese were bombing the South, this caused Nixon many problems. There was a record number of soldiers on the ground in Vietnam, the death toll of American soldiers was an at all time high level by March (Emery 9). Nixon had very few options concerning what to do with the war. Adding more military was not something the American public wanted. At home in the United States there was a massive anti-war movement going on. The anti-war movement had gotten so strong that Congress was trying to separate itself from being involved in the war. Having very few options about how to end the war, Nixon decided to go on the offensive. The bombing in Cambodia was kept secret from the American public; this was an amazing feat because Russia and China both knew about it. On May 9th 1969, stories about the bombing in Cambodia were printed on the front page of The New York Times (Emery 10). Nixon’s response to the leak was to think that it was a conspiracy against him and that it would have had to come from within his own administration. Nixon went Bredhoff 7 to his most trusted friend John Mitchell to try to find out who leaked the information about the Cambodia attack. Mitchell led Nixon’s 1968 presidential campaign. “Mitchell showed unwavering devotion to Nixon” (Emery 10). Nixon also employed the help of John Edgar Hoover, the head to the FBI. Nixon called Hoover and John Mitchell to his office to talk about the tapping of phones to try and catch the person who leaked the information. While trying to find the leak Nixon still had a war to fight in Vietnam. The American public in the autumn of 1969 was demanding an end to the fighting in Vietnam and that all troops be withdrawn. Nixon was in a very difficult place because the Democrats had left him with almost no options concerning the war. Nixon was determined not to let the anti-war demonstrations affect his policymaking. His policy was that, “The United States, Nixon said, would continue fighting in Vietnam until the communists agreed to negotiate an ‘honorable settlement’ or until the south could stand alone” (Emery 14). He gave his famous silent majority speech, telling the American public his concept for the war. In the speech he stated, “So tonight, to you, the great silent majority of my fellow Americans, I ask for your support…The more support I can have from the American people, the sooner that pledge can be redeemed”. The speech was well received because by the end of 1969 Nixon’s rating among the American public was 68% in favor of him (Emery 14). His support dropped substantially by 1970. The United States was expecting troop withdrawals but because the communists were not negotiating, the military did not feel like they could withdraw troops. President Nixon’s anger with the Democratic Party was heightened because they did not supporting troop withdraw (Emery 17). Nixon decided that the communists were backing Bredhoff 8 the protesters in hopes of pressuring Nixon into withdrawing troops. On April 30th Nixon escalated the war by sending more troops into Cambodia (Emery 17). Nixon addressed the American public in defense of his decision to put more troops into Vietnam “I would rather be a one-term president and do what I believe is right than be a two-term president at the cost of seeing America become a second-rate power and to see this nation accept the first defeat in its proud 190-year history” (Emery 17). The reaction to the escalation of troops and Nixon’s reasoning were met with rage. Riots broke out on many college campuses. On May 4th at Kent State University, “…four students were killed and nine others wounded”. The military maneuver in Cambodia went as planned and the students slowed their protesting down after the incident at Kent State (Emery 18). Nixon now turned his attention to his political ambitions. As Nixon searched for communist support of the protestors, that search then got broadened to his political opponents. The first target of investigation was the Brookings Institution, where they believe that officials from Johnson and Kennedy had stored information against the Nixon administration. By 1971, Nixon’s men had a list of hundreds of enemies to be investigated by the party (Emery 27). Nixon had agreed to extend the amount of bugs and break-ins in order to gather more information. “The seeds planted the previous year with private eye investigations, illegal bugs and domestic wire tapping were beginning to exfoliate into strange growths and make further development seem logical” (Emery 28). Gordon Liddy was appointed head of the CRP and in 1972 proposed a huge mission to gather information about the democrats through use of strategies such as wire taps (Sirica 46). What started out as a million dollar plan was whittled down to $250,000. On May 28th, James McCord and four other Miami men Bredhoff 9 broke into the Democratic headquarters in the Watergate building and placed wire taps on the phones of Larry O’Brien’s secretary and O’Brien’s deputy, R. Spencer Oliver (Sirica 47). When these wire taps proved fruitless another attempt was made to tap O’Brian’s own phone. On December 17, 1972 the Democratic National Committee headquarters was broken into again by five men. The burglars were caught with “$3500 in cash and high- end surveillance and electronic equipment”. The Washington Post wrote on June 18, 1972 that “they were surprised at gunpoint by three plain-clothes officers of the metropolitan police department in the sixth floor office… where the Democratic National Committee occupies the entire floor (Lewis). The Washington Post article goes on to say that there was no apparent reason for the break-in or that there was any connection to any other outside group (Lewis). As the five men awaited their trial the FBI started an investigation around the break-in. Two Washington Post writers, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, thought that the break-in had to do with Nixon and the White House. When questioned about it, the White House said they had nothing to do with it (Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities). Nixon’s reelection was easily won in 1972. Early in January of 1973, Chief Federal District Judge John Sirica began the trial of the Watergate burglary. At the end of the trial, “Five men pleaded guilty and two were convicted by a jury” (Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities).
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