Q O

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

FREEDOM OF INFORMATION/PRIVACY ACTS SECTION

COVER SHEET

SUBJECT: FBI HISTORY

62-24172 VOLUME 1 & A SHORT HISTORY" OF THE FBI _ __:~__, - . 4 ' ¢'- -_ NW -.£' oi, .I"92o- .1"".~ -:".:.§-Y US. De. partment of Justice V .92'I§;1;, .-.__ __* '-{P _/'1? _;b_ Federal Burea u of Investlgatlon

| A SHORT HISTOE OF THE FBI

l

1997

L_ Q A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ~ FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION I/97

Q TABLE OF CONTENTS

OrlGlnS ' ...... 1

Bonaparte and Roosevelt...The Progressive Era...Congressional Action Leads to Bonaparte'sCreation of the Special Agent Force.-. The "Bureau of Investigation" Commences.... -

Earlv Davs ...... ;...... 2 First Work in Antitrust, Peonage, and Land Fraud....the Mann Act..., , Selective Service...National Motor Vehicle Theft Act....

The "Lawless" Years ...... 3 Prohibition...TheA Roaring Twenties...J. Edgar Hoover Becomes Director...A New Bureau...Fingerprint Card Collection Eegun....

The New Deal...... S Federal Kidnaping Statute...May-June Crime Eills...Federal Bureau of Investigation Gets Its Name...the National Academy...the FEI Laboratory...Uniform Crime Reporting Program....

World WarII Period. ...... 6 Roosevelt Strengthens FBIs FNational Security, Sabotage, Responsibilities...Eight Nazi Saboteurs...Special Intelligence Service South of the Border..Number of FEI Employees Grows Dramatically....

Postwar Ameri a ...,...... IO Concern Over Communism...Atomic Energy Act...Background Investigations Grow...Rise in Organized Crime, Civil Rights Investigations.... P

The VietnamWar Fra...... _ . , , _ _ _ _, ___13 JFK AssassinatiOn...AnUnpopular WarLeads To Confrontation, Unrest, Violence...Death of J. Edgar Hoover...Enter L. Patrick Gray...Appointment of First Women Special Agents in Modern Bureau.§.. Aftermath of Watergate...... 15 Gray Leaves... William D. Ruckleshaus...Clarence M. Kelley Becomes Director...IntroductionOver Quantity".... " of Modern ManagementTechniques, V Quality

The Rise of International Crime...... 16 William H. Webster Becomes Director...Terrorism Strikes Home...Foreign , Organized Crime, Financial Crime, Drug Trafficking....

The PostCo1dWar World...... 18 National Security Redefined...Street Crime..."Crime in the Suites"...National Security Threat List.... '

Recent Years: 1993- ...... ;u...._ ...... 19 LouisJ. Freeh Sworn InAs Director...Reorganizationof the FBI in An Eraof Downsizing...Diversityin the Ranks...Greater Cooperation WithOther Agencies...Increased Focus onInternational Organized Crime...Preparing for Future Crime....

9D

l I _ <- ORIGINS = The FBI originated from a force of Special Agents Created in 1908 by Attorney General Charles Bonaparteduring the Presidency ofTheodore Roosevelt.The twomen first met when they both spokeat a neeting of the Baltimore Civilservice Reform Association. Roosevelt, then Civil Service Commissioner, boasted 'ofreforms his in federal law enforcement. It was 1892, a time when lawenforcement wasoften political rather than professional. Roosevelt spokewith prideof his insistence that~BoroerPatrol applicantspass marksmanship tests, with the most accurate getting the jobs. Following Roosevelton the program, Bonaparte countered, tongue in cheek, that target shooting was notthe way to get the best men."Roosevelt shouldhave hadthe men shoot at eachother, and given the jobs to the survivors." Roosevelt and Bonaparte both were "Progressives." They sharedthe conviction that efficiency and expertise, not political connections, should determine who could best serve in government. Theodore Roosevelt became President1of the United .States in 1901; four years later, he appointedBonaparte to be Attorney General. In 1908, Bonaparte appliedthat Progressive philosophy tothe Departmentof Justice by creatinga corps of Special Agents.It had neither anamenor anofficially designated leader other than the Attorney General. Yet, these former detectives andSecret Servicemen werethe forerunnersof the FBI. Today, mostAmericans takefor grantedthat our country needs a federal investigative service, but in 1908, the establishment thisof kindof agencyat a national level washighly controversial. The U.S. Constitutionis based on "federalism": a national governmentwith jurisdiction over mattersthat crossed boundaries, likeinterstate commerceand foreignaffairs, with all other powersreserved tothe states. Through the1800s, Americans usually lookedto cities, counties, andstates to fulfill most government responsibilities.However, by the 20th century,easier transportation andcommunications created had a climate of opinion favorable tothe federal government establishinga strong investigative tradition. The impulseamong the9Americanpeople towarda responsive federal government,coupled withan idealistic,reformist spirit, characterized whatis known as the Progressive Era,from approximately 1900to 1918. The Progressive generationbelieved that governmentintervention wasnecessary produceto justicein an industrial society.Moreover, it looked to "experts"in all phases of industryand governmentto produce that just society. t President Roosevelt personifiedProgressivism atthe national level. A federalinyestigative forceconsisting of welldisciplinedfit Roosevelt'sProgressive expertsand designedscheme of to fight government. andcrime Attorney General Bonaparteshared hisPresident's Progressivephilosophy. However, the Departmentof Justice under Bon§Pafte had no investigators of its own except for 21 few Special Agents who carried out specific assignmentsfor the Attorney General,and a force of Examiners trained. as accountants! _whoreviewed. the financial transactionsof the federal courts.Since its beginning in 1870, the Departmentof Justice used fundsappropriated to investigate federal crimes tohire private detectives first, and later investigators frbm other federal agencies. Federal Crimes are those that were considered interstate or occurred on federal government reservations.! By 1907, the Department of Justice most frequently called upon SecretService "operatives"to conduct investigations. These men werewell-trained, dedicated and expensive. .Moreover,they reported not to the Attorney General, but to the Chief of the Secret Service. This situation frustrated Bonaparte, who wanted complete control of investigations under his jurisdiction. Congress providedthe impetus for Bonaparte to acquire his own force. On May 27,1908, it enacted a law preventing theDepartment of Justice from engaging Secret Service operativesr The following month, AttorneyGeneral Bonaparteappointed a force of Special Agents within the Department of. Justice. Accordingly, ten former SecretService employeesand a numberof Department ofJustice peonage i.e., compulsory servitude! investigators becameSpecial Agentsof the Departmentof Justice. On July 26, 1908, Bonaparte ordered themto report to Chief Examiner StanleyI4. Finch. This action is celebrated as the beginning of the FBI. Both Attorney General Bonaparteand PresidentTheodore Roosevelt, whocompleted their terms in March 1909,recommended that the force of 34 Agents becomea permanent_ part of" the Department ofJustice. Attorney'General GeorgeWickersham, Bonaparte's successor,named theforce the Bureauof Investigation on March16, 1909. At that time, the title of Chief Examiner was changed toChief of the Bureauof Investigation. ~

EARLY DAYS ~

: When theBureau wasestablished, there were fewfederal crimes. The Bureau ofInvestigation primarilyinvestigated violationsof laws involving nationalbanking, bankruptcy, naturalization, antitrust,peonage, andland fraud. Because the early Bureauprovided noformal training,previous lawenforcement experience ora background in the law wasconsidered desirable. June1910 when The thefirst majorMann "White expansion Slave"!in Bureau Act wasjurisdiction passed, came makinginit a crimeto transport women overstate linesfor immoralpurposes.

2 It also provided a tool by which the federal government could investigate criminals who evaded state laws but had no Other federal violations. Finch became Commissioner of White Slavery Act Violations in 1912, and former Special Examiner A. Bruce Bielaski became the new Bureau of Investigation Chief. Q Over the next few years, the number of Special Agents grew to more than 300,:and these individuals were complemented by another 300 support employees. Field offices existed from the Bureau's inception. Each field operation was controlled by a Special Agent in Charge who was responsible to Washington. Most field offices were located in major cities. However, several were located near the Mexican border where they concentrated on smuggling,neutrality violations, and intelligence collection, often in connection with-the Mexican revolution." With the April 1917 entry of the United States into during Woodrow Wilson's administration, the Bureau's work was increased again. As a result of the war, the Bureau acquired responsibility for the Espionage, Selective Service, and Sabotage Acts, and assisted the Department of Labor by investigating enemy aliens. During these years Special Agents with general investigative experience and facility in certain languages augmented 4 . the Bureau. ' V William J. Flynn, former head of the Secret Service, became Director of the Bureau of Investigation in July 1919 and was the first to use that title. In October 1919, passage of the National Motor Vehicle Theft Act gave the Bureau of Investigation another tool by which to prosecute criminals who previously evaded the law by crossing state lines. With the return of the country to "normalcy" under President Warren G. Harding in 1921, the Bureau of Investigation returned to its prewar role of fighting the few federal crimes.

THE "LAWLESS" YEARS U The years from 1921 to 1933 were sometimes called the "lawless years" because of gangsterism and the public disregard for Prohibition, which made it illegal to sell or import intoxicating beverages. Prohibition createda new federal medium for fighting crime. Eut the Department of the Treasury, not the Department of Justice, had jurisdiction for these violations. Attacking crimes that were federal in scope but local in jurisdiction called for creative solutions. The Bureau of Investigation had limited success using its narrow jurisdiction to investigate some of the criminals of "the gangster era." For example, it investigated Al Capone as a "fugitive federal witness." Federal investigation of a resurgent white supremacy movement also

3 required creativity. The KuKlux Klan KKK!, dormantsince the late 1800s, was revived in part to counteract the economic gains made byAfrican Americansduring World War I. The bureauof Investigation usedthe Mann_Actto bring Louisiana's philandering KKK "Imperial Kleagle" to justice. ' Through these investigationsand throughmore traditional investigations of nuetrality violations and antitrust violations, the Bureauof Investigation gained stature. Although theHarding Administration suffered from unqualified and sometimescorrupt officials, the Progressive Erareform tradition continued among the professional Departmentof Justice Special Agents.The newBureau of InvestigationDirector, WilliamJ. Burns,who hadpreviously run his own detective agency, appointed 26-year-old J. Edgar Hoover as Assistant Director. Hoover, a graduate of George Washington University Law School, had worked for the Department of Justice since 1917,where heheaded theenemy alien operationsduring World War I and assisted in the General Intelligence Division under Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, investigating suspected anarchists and communists.

After Harding died in 1923, his successor, Calvin Coolidge, appointed replacements for Harding's croniesin the Cabinet. For the new Attorney General, Coolidge appointed attorney Harlan Fiske Stone. Stone-then, on May l0, 1924, selected Hoover to head the Bureau of Investigation. By inclination and training, Hoover embodied the Progressive tradition. His appointment ensuredthat the Bureauof Investigation would keep that tradition alive. WhenHoover took over, the Bureauof Investigation had approximately 650employees, including441 Special Agents. He immediately fired those Agents he considered unqualified and proceeded toprofessionalize theorganization. For example,Hoover abolished the seniority rule of promotionand introduceduniform performance appraisals. Regular inspectionsof Headquarters and field office operations were scheduled.New Agentshad to be between 25and 35 years old. Then, in. January I928, Hoover established a formal training course for new Agents. He also returnedto the earlier preference for Special Agentswith law cr accounting experience. ' The newDirector wasalso keenlyaware that the Bureauof Investigation couldnot fight crime withoutpublic support. In remarks preparedfor the Attorney Generalin 1925,he wrote,"The Agentsof the Bureauof Investigation have beenimpressed withthe fact that the real problemof law enforcement isin trying to obtain thecooperation andsympathy theof publicand thatthey cannot hopeto get such cooperationuntil they themselves meritthe respect of the public." 92 Also inthe early daysof Hoover's directorship, a long 4 . -Q held goal of American law enforcementwas achievedf the establishment ofan Identification Division. Tracking criminals by means of identification records had been considered a crucial tool of law .enforcement since the 19th century, and matching fingerprints wasconsidered themost accuratemethod. By 1922, many largecities had started their own fingerprint collections. . _. In keepingwith the Progressive Eratradition of federal assistance to localities, the Department of Justice created a Bureau of Criminal Identification in 1905 in order to provide a centralized reference collection of fingerprint cards. In 1907, the collection was moved,as a money-savingmeasure, toLeavenworth Federal Penitentiary,'where was it staffed _by convicts. Understandably suspiciousof this.arrangement, departments formedtheir own centralized identification bureau maintainedby the International Association of Chiefs of Police. It refused to share itsdata with the Bureau ofCriminal Investigation.In 1924, Congress waspersuaded tomerge thetwo collectionsin Washington, D.C., under Bureau ofInvestigation administration.As a result, law enforcementagencies acrossthe countrybegan contributing fingerprint cards to the Bureau ofInvestigation by 1926. By the end of the decade, Special Agent training was institutionalized, thefield office inspection systemwas solidly in place, and the Identification Divisionwas functioning. In addition, studieswere underwaythat would lead to the creationcf the Technical Laboratory andUniform CrimeReports. TheBureau was equipped to end the "lawless years."

THE New DEAL The 1929stock marketcrash andthe Great Depression brought hardtimes to America. Hardtimes, in turn, created more criminals-and alsoled Americans to escape their troublesthrough newspapers, radio, and movies. -- To combat thecrime wave,President FranklinD. Roosevelt influenced Congressin his first administration to expandfederal jurisdiction, andhis Attorney;General,Homer Cummings,foughtan unrelenting campaignagainst rampant interstate crime. A Noting the widespreadinterest of the media in this war against crime,Hoover carriedthe messageof FBI work throughthem to the American people.He becameas adept at publicizing his agency'sas heworkwas atadministering it. Prior to 1933,Bureau Agents haddeveloped an esprit de corps, but thepublic considered them interchangeablewith other federal investigators.Three years later, mere identification with theFBI wasa source of special pride to its employeesand commandedinstant recognitionand respect from the public.

5 During the early and mid-1930s severalcrucial decisions solidified the Bureau's positionas the nation's Pfenlerlaw enfQr¢ement agency.In 1932, Congress passeda federal kidnapping statutef Then ill May and June1934, with gangsters like John Dillinger evading capture by crossing over state lines, it passed a number of federal crime laws that significantly enhanced the Bureau's jurisdiction.Congress also gave Bureau Agents statutory authority to carry guns and make arrests. _

The Bureau of Investigation was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation on July 1, 1932. Then, beginning July 1, 1933, the Department of Justice experimented for almost two years with a Division of Investigation that included the Bureau of Prohibition. Public confusion between Bureau of Investigation Special Agents and Prohibition Agents led to a permanent name change in 1935 for the agency composed of Department of Justice's investigators:" ' the Federal Bureau of Investigation. was thus born. Contributing to its forensic expertise, the Bureau established its Technical Laboratory in 1932. Journalist Rex Collier called it "a novel research laboratory where government criminologists will match wits with underworld cunning." Originally the small laboratory operated strictly as a research facility.- However, it benefitted from expanded federal funding, eventually housing specialized microscopes and extensive reference collections of guns, watermarks, typefaces, and automobile tire designs. ' ~ Also in 1935, the FBI National Academy was established to train police officers in modern investigative methods, sinceat that time only a few states andlocalities provided formal training to their peaceofficers. The National Academytaught investigative techniques topolice officials throughout theUnited States, and starting in the 1940s, from all over the world. The legal tools given to the FBI by Congress, as well as Bureau initiatives to upgrade its own professionalism and that of law enforcement,resulted in the arrest or demiseof all the major gangsters by 1936. By that time, however, Fascismin Adolph Hitler's Germanyand Benito Mussolini's Italyand Communismin Josef Stalin'sSoviet Union threatened American democratic principles. With war onthe horizon,a new set of challenges faced the FBI.

WORLD WAR Ill PERIOD Germany, Italy, and Japanembarked onan uncheckedseries of invasions during thelate 193Qs.Hitler andMussolini supported the SpanishFalangists in their successful civil war against the "Loyalist" Spanishgovernment 937-39!.Although manyEuropeans

6 . and North Americans considered the Spanish Civil War an opportunity to destroy Fascism, the United States, Great Britain, and France remained neutral; only Russia supported the Loyalists. To the shock of those who admired Russia for its active opposition to Fascism, Stalin and Hitler signed a nonaggression pact in August 1939. The following month, Hitler seized Poland, and Russia took Finland and the Baltic States. Great Britain and France declared war on Germany, which formed the "Axis" with Japan and Italy~and World War II began. The United States, however, continued to adhere to the neutrality acts it had passed in the mid-1930s.

As these events unfolded yin Europe, the American Depression continued. The Depression. provided as fertile an environment for radicalisnm in the United. States as it did in Europe. European Fascists had their counterparts and supporters in the United States in the German-American Bund, the Silver Shirts, and similar groups. At» the same time, labor unrest, racial disturbances, and sympathy for the Spanish Loyalists presented an unparalleled opportunity for the American Communist Party to gain adherents. The FBI was alert to these Fascist and Communist groups as.threats to American security. '3,

Authority to investigate these organizations came in 1936 with President Roosevelt's authorization through Secretary of State Cordell Hull. A 1939 Presidential Directive further strengthened the FBIs authority to investigate subversives in the United States, and Congress reinforced it by passing the Smith Act in 1940, outlawing advocacy of violent overthrow of the government. With the actual outbreak of war in 1939, the responsibilities of the FBI escalated. Subversion, sabotage, and espionage became major concerns. In addition to Agents trained in general intelligence work, at least one Agent trained in defense plant protection was placed in each of the FBI's 42field offices. The FBI also developed a network of informational sources, often using members of fraternal or veterans organizations. with leads developed by these intelligence networks and through their own work, Special Agents investigated potential threats to national security. . ~ , '0 . ' Great Britain stood virtually alone against the Axis powers after France fell to the Germans in 1940. An Axis victory in Europe and Asia would threaten democracy in North America. Because of the Nazi-Soviet Pact, the American Communist Party and its sympathizers posed a doubleedged threat to American interests. Under the direction of Russia, the American Communist Party vigorously advocated continued neutrality for the United States.

In 1940 and 1941, the United States moved further and further away from neutrality, actively aiding the Allies. In late 1940, Congress reestablished the draft. The FBI was responsible for locating draft evaders and deserters. _

7 Q Without warning, the Germans attacked Russia on June 22, 1941_ Thereafter, the FBI focused its internal security efforts on potentially dangerous German, Italian, and Japanese nationals as well as native-born Americans whose beliefs and activities aided the Axis powers. . The FBI also participated in intelligence collection. Here the Technical Laboratory played a pioneering role. Its highly skilled and inventive staff cooperated with engineers, scientists, and cryptographers in other agencies to enable the United States to penetrate and sometimes control the flow of information from the belligerents in the Western Hemisphere.

Sabotage investigations were another FBI responsibility. In June 1942, a major, yet unsuccessful, attempt at sabotage was made on American soil. Two German submarines let off four saboteurs each at Amagansett, , and Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida. These men had been trained by Germany in explosives, chemistry, secret writing, "and how to blénd lntO Am6fl¢&R surroundings. While still in German clothes, the_New York group encountered a Coast Guard sentinel patrolling the beach, who ultimately allowed them to pass. However, afraid of capture, saboteur George Dasch turned himself inand assisted the FBI in locating and arresting the rest of the team._ -

All were tried shortly afterward by a military tribunal and found guilty. Six who did not cooperate iwith the U.S. Government were executed a few days later. The others were sentenced to life imprisonment, but were returned to Germany after the war. The swift capture of these Nazi saboteurs helped to allay fear of Axis subversion and bolstered Americans faith in the FBI.

Even before U.S. entry into the War, the FBI uncovered a major espionage ring. This group, the Frederick Duquesne spy ring, was the largest one discovered up to that time. The FBI was assisted by a loyal American with German relatives who acted as a . For nearly two years the FBI ran a radio station for him, learning what Germany was sending to its spies in the United States while controlling the information that was being transmitted to Germany. The investigation led to the arrest and conviction cf 33 spies. h War for the United States began December 7, 1941, when Japanese armed forces attacked ships and facilities at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The United States immediately declared war on Japan, and the next day Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. By 9:30 p.m., Eastern Standard Time, on December7, the FBI was in a wartime mode. FBI Headquarters and the S4 field offices were placed on 24-hour schedules.On December7~and 8, the FBI arrested previously identified aliens who threatened national security and turned them over to military or immigration authorities. '

8 . At this time, the FBI augmented its Agent force with National ~Academy graduates, who took an abbreviated training course. As a result, the total number of FBI employees rose from 7,400 to over 13,000, including approximately 4,000 Agents, by the end of 1943.

- Traditional war-related investigations did not occupy all the FBIs time. For example, the Bureau continued to carry out civil rights investigations. Segregation, which was legal at the time, was the rule in the Armed.Services and in virtually the entire defense industry in the 1940s. Under pressure from African- American organizations, the President appointed a Fair Employment Practices Commission FEPC!. The FEPC had no enforcement authority. However, theFBI.could arrest individuals who impeded the war effort. The Bureau assisted the FEPC when a Philadelphia transit workers union went out on strike against an FEPC desegregation order. The strike ended when it appeared that the FBI was about to arrest its leaders.

The most serious discrimination during World War II was the decision to evacuate Japanese nationals and American citizens of Japanese descent from the West Coast and send them to internment camps. Because the FBI had arrested the individuals whom it considered security threats, FBI Director Hoover took the position that confining others was unnecessary. The President and Attorney General, however, chose to support the military assessment that evacuation and internment were imperative. Ultimately, the FBI became responsible for arresting curfew and evacuation violators. ' While most FBI personnel during the war worked traditional war-related or criminal cases, one contingent of Agents was unique. Separated from Bureau rolls, these Agents, with the help of FBI Legal Attaches, composed the Special Intelligence Service SIS! in Latin America. Established by President Roosevelt in 1940, the SIS was to provide information on Axis activities in South America and to destroy its intelligence iand propaganda networks. Several hundred thousand Germans or German descendants and numerous Japanese lived in South America. They provided pro- Axis pressure and cover for Axis communications facilities. Nevertheless, in every South ~American country, the SIS was instrumental in bringing about a situation in which, by 1944, continued support for the Nazis'became intolerableor impractical. In April 1945, President Roosevelt died, and Vice President Harry Truman took office as President. Before the end of the month, Hitler committed suicide and the German commander in Italy surrendered. Although the May 1945 surrender of Germany ended the war in Europe, war continued in the Pacific until August 14, 1945. , The world that the FBI faced in September 1945 was very different from the world of 1939 when the war began. American

9 Unitedisolationism Stateshad effectively becomethe hadworld'sm0St and, ended,Powerful economicalflyrnatl°n- Atthe home, organizedlabor hadachieved a S§r°n9 §°°th°ld[ Affi¢an Americans andwomen, havingtasted equalltydurlnq waf§lm§labOr shortages, haddeveloped aspirationsand themeans ofachieving the goals thatthese groupshad lackedbefore thewar._ TheAmerican Communist Partypossessed an unparalleled confidence, while overseasit hadwrested theSoviet from GermanUnion strengthened occupationmakinggrasp its it plain onthe countries that its plans to expand Communistinfluence hadnot abated.And hanging over the euphoria of a world once moreat peace was the mushroom cloud of atomic weaponry.

POSTWAR AMERICA- implied InFebruarythatfuture wars 1946were Stalin inevitable gave apublic until address Communism in whichreplaced he capitalism worldwide.Events Europein Northand Americaconvinced Congress thatStalin waswell on his wayto achievinghis goal. The Russianveto preventedthe United Nations from curbingSoviet expansion under its auspices. Americans fearedCommunist expansionwas notlimited to Europe. 'By 1947, ample evidenceexisted that prcSoviet individuals hadinfiltrated the American Government.In June, 1945, theFBI raidedthe offices of Amerasia,a magazineconcerned with theFar East,and discovereda large number ofclassified State Departmentdocuments. Severalmonths laterthe Canadians arrested 22people fortrying tosteal atomicsecrets. Previously, Americans feltsecure behindtheir monopolyof the atomic bomb. Fear ofa Russian bomb nowcame to dominate Americanthinking. The Soviets detonated their own bomb in 1949. focus ofgovernmentCounteracting all at thelevels, Communist as well as threat thebecame privatea paramount sector. While U.S.foreign .policyconcentrated defeatingon fCcmmunist expansion abroad,many U.S.citizens soughtto defeatthe Communist threat athome. The American CommunistParty worked through front organizationsinfluenced or otherAmericans agreedwho withtheir current propaganda "fellow travelers"!. ~ - Y: Since 1917,the FBI and its predecessor agencieshad investigated suspectedacts ofespionage sabotage. and 1939 and again in1943, Presidentialdirectives hadauthorized In theFBI to carry outinvestigations ofthreats tonational security.This role wasclarified and expandedunder Presidents Truman and Dwight Eisenhower.D. publicAny orprivate agencyor individual withto the informationFBI. A posterabout subversivetothat effectactivitieswas distributedwasurged toreportto police it departments throughoutthe country. At the same time,it warned

10 Americans to "avoid reporting malicious gossip or idle rumors." The FBI'sauthority to conduct background investigations on present and prospective government employees also expanded dramatically in the postwar years. The 1946Atomic EnergyAct gave the FBI "responsibility_for determining the loyalty of lndividuals ...having access to restricted Atomic Energy data." Later, executive orders from both Presidents Truman and Eisenhower gave the FBIresponsibility for investigating allegations of disloyalty among federal employees. In these cases, the agency requesting the investigation made the final determination; the FBI only conducted the investigation and reported the results. '

Many suspected and convicted spies, such as Julius and Ethel Rosenberg,had beenfederalemployees. Therefore,background investigations were considered to be just as vital as cracking major espionage cases. . Despite the threats to the United States of subversion and. espionage, the FBI'sextended jurisdiction, and 'thetime- consuming nature of background investigations, the Bureau did not surpass the number of Agents it had during World War IIor its yearly wartime budget-until the Korean War in the early I9SOs. After the-Korean War ended, the number of Agents stabilized at about 6,200, while the budget began a steady climb in 1957. Several factors converged to undermine domestic Communism in the 1950s. Situations like the Soviet defeat of the Hungarian rebellion in 1956 caused many members to abandon the American Communist Party. However, the FBI also played a role in diminishing Party influence. The Bureau wasresponsible for the investigation andarrest of alleged spies and SmithAct violators, most of whom wereconvicted. Through Hoover's speeches,articles, testimony, andbooks like Masters of Deceit, the FBI helpedalert the public to the Communist threat. The FBI'srole in fighting crime also expanded in the postwar period "through 'itsassistance "to state and local law enforcement andthrough increasedjurisdictional responsibility. Advances inforensicqscience andtechnical development enabled theFBI to devote a significant proportion of its resources to assisting state and local law enforcement agencies. One method of continuingassistance wasthrough theNational Academy.Another was to use its greater resources to help states and localities solve their cases. A dramatic example of aid to a state occurred after the midair explosion of a plane over -Colorado in1955. The FBI Laboratory examinedhundreds ofairplane parts,pieces ofcargo, and the personal effects of passengers. It pieced tggethef evidence of a bomb explosion from passenger luggage,then i ll painstakinqly lookedinto the backgrounds ofthe 44 - victims. Ultimately, .Agents identified the perpetrator and secured his confession, then turned the case over to Colorado authorities who successfully prosecuted it in a State Court- At the same time, Congress gavethe FBI new federal laws with whichto fight civil rights violationsf racketeering,and gambling. =' » Up to this time, the interpretation of federal civil rights statutesby theSupreme Courtwas sonarrow thatfew crimes, however heinous,qualified to be investigatedby federalagents. The turning point in federal civil rights actions occurred in the summerof 1964, with the murderof voting registration workersMichael Schwerner,Andrew Goodman,andJames Chaney" nearPhiladelphia, Mississippi._ At the Departmentof Justice's request,the FBI conducted theinvestigation asit had in previous, less-publicizedracial incidents. The caseagainst the perpetrators tookyears togo through the courts. Only after1966, when theSupreme Courtmade itclear that federal lawcould beused to prosecutecivil rights violations, were seven men found guilty. By thelate 1960s,the confluenceof unambiguous federal authority and localsupport forcivil rights prosecutions allowedthe FEIto play an influential role in enabling AfricanAmericans vote,to serve onjuries, and use publicaccommodations on an equal basis. also washamperedInvolvement the byofthe lack FBIof possiblein organized federalcrime investigationslaws covering crimes perpetratedby racketeers. After Prohibition,many mob activitieswere carried out locally,or if interstate, theydid not constitute majorviolations withinthe Bureau'sjurisdiction. An impetusfor federal legislation occurredin 1957with the discoveryby SergeantCroswell of the New YorkState Police that many of the bestknown mobsters in the United Stateshad met together inupstate NewYork. TheFBI collectedinformation on all the individualsidentified atthe meeting,confirming theexistence of a national organizedcrime network.However, wasit notuntil an FBIAgent persuadedmob insiderJoseph Valachito testify that the publiclearned firsthandof the natureof La Cosa-Nostra, the American "mafia." 9 two newlawsOn the toheels strengthen of Valachi's federalracketeering disclosures, Congress gamblingand passed statutes thathad beenpassed thein 1950sand early1960s toaid the Bureau'sfight against mob influence.The OmnibusCrime Control and Safestreets Actof 1968 provided forthe useof COurt+Ordered electronic surveillancein the investigation certain of specified violations. TheRacketeer Influencedand Corrupt Organizations RICO! Statuteof 1970 allowed organizedgroups tobe prosecuted for all of theirdiverse criminalactivities, withoutthe crimes being linked by a perpetrator or allencompassing conspiracy. Along with greater use of Agents for undercoverwork by the late 1970s, these provisions helped the FBI develop cases that, in the 1980s, put almost all the major traditional crime family heads in prison. ~ " A national tragedy produced another expansion of FBI jurisdiction. When President Kennedy was assassinated, the crime was a local homicide; no federal law addressed the murder of a President. Nevertheless, President Lyndon B. Johnson tasked the Bureau with conducting the investigation. Congress then passed a new law to ensure that any such act in the future would be a federal crime. -

THE VIETNAM WAR ERA

President Kennedy's assassination introduced the violent aspect of the era known as the "Sixties." This period, which actually lasted into the mid1970s, was characterized by idealism, but also by increased urban crimeand a propensity for some groups to resort to violence in challenging the Vestablishment.",~ Most Americans objecting to involvement_in Vietnam or to other policies wrote to Congressor carried peace signsin orderly demonstrations. Nevertheless, in 1970 alone, an estimated 3,000 bombings and 50,000 bomb threats occurred in the United States. '. Opposition to the war in Vietnam brought together numerous antiestablishment groups and gave them a common goal. The convergence ofcrime, violence, civil rights issues, and potential national security issues ensuredthat the PEI playeda significant role during this troubled period. Presidents Johnson and Nixon and Director Hoover shared with manyAmericans a perception of the potential dangersto this country from some who opposedits policies in Vietnam. As Hoover observed in a 1966 BIA Magazine article, the United States was confronted with'%i style new in conspiracyconspiracy thatis extremely subtle and devious and hence difficult to understand...a conspiracy reflectedby questionablemoods and attitudes, by unrestrained individualism,by nonconformismin dress and speech, even byobscene language,rather than by formal membership in specific organizations." ' The NewLeft movement's"romance withviolence" involved, among others, four young men living in Madison, Wisconsin. Antiwar sentiment waswidespread at the Universityof Wisconsin UW!,where two of them were students. During the very early morningof August 24,1970, the four useda powerfulhomemade bombto blow up Sterling Hall, which housedthe ArmyMath ResearchCenter at UW:

13 A qraduate student was killed and three others were injured. ' Thatcrime occurreda few months after National Guardsmen killed four students andwounded severalothers during an antiwar demonstration at Kent State University. The.FBI.investigated both incidents. Together, these events helped end the "romance with violence" for all ~but a handful of hardcore New Left 'revolutionaries. Draft dodging and Pr°PertY damaqe had been tolerable to many antiwar sympathizers. Deaths were not.

By 1971, with few.exceptions, the most extreme members of the antiwar movement concentrated on more peaceable, yet still radical tactics, such as the clandestine publication of Egg Pentagon Papers. However, the violent Weathermen and its successor groups continued to challenge the FBI into the_1980s. No specific guidelines for FBI Agents covering national security investigations had beendeveloped by the Administration or Congress; these, infact, were not issued until 1976. Therefore, the FBI addressed the threats from the militant "New Left" as it had those from Communistsin the 1950s and the KKKjin the 1960s. It used both traditional investigative techniques and counterintelligence programs "Cointelpro"! to counteract domestic terrorism and conduct investigations of individuals and organizations whothreatened terroristic violence. wiretapping and other intrusive techniques were discouraged by Hoover in the mid- 1960s and.eventually were forbidden completelyunless they conformed tothe OmnibusCrime ControlAct. Hoover formally terminated all "Cointelpro" operations on April 28, 1971. - FBI Director J. Edgar Hooverdied onMay 2,1972, just shy of48 yearsas the FBI Director. He was77. The next dayhis body lay in state in the Rotunda ofthe Capitol, an honor accorded only 21 other Americans. . ' Hoover's successorwould have to contend with the complex turmoil ofthat troubledtime. In 1972, unlike1924 whenAttorney General HarlanFiske Stoneselected Hoover,the Presidentappointed the FBIDirector withconfirmation bythe Senate. President Nixon appointed L.Patrick Grayas ActingDirector theday after Hoover's death. Afterretiring froma distinguishedNaval career,Gray had continued in public service_»as the Departmentof Justice's Assistant AttorneyGeneral forthe Civil Division. As Acting theDirector, 19205. Grayappointed thefirst womenas SpecialAgents since Shortly after Gray becameActing Director, five menwere arrested photographingdocuments atthe Democratic National Headquartersin the WatergateOffice Building in Washington,D.C. The break-inhad been authorized by RepublicanParty officials. Within hours,the WhiteHouse began its effort to cover up its role, andthe newActing FBIDirector wasinadvertently drawninto

14 L it. FBI Agents undertooka thorough investigation ofthe breakin and relatedevents. However,when Gray'squestionable personal role was revealed, he withdrew his name from the Senate's

AFTERMATH OFWATERGATE Three daysafter Director Kelley s appointment,top aides in the Nixon Administrationresigned amidcharges ofWhite House efforts to obstruct justicein the Watergate case-Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resignedin October, following chargesof tax evasion. Then,following impeachmenthearings thatwere broadcast over televisionto the Americanpublic throughout 1974, President Nixon resignedon August 9, 1974. Vice PresidentGerald R;Ford wassworn in as Presidentthat same day. In'granting an vowedunconditional to heal the pardon nation.to AexPresident Nixon onemonth later,he in theFBI Director andin law Kelleyenforcement. similarly soughtinstituted Heto restore numerouspublicpolicy trust changes thattargeted thetraining andselection ofFBI andlaw enforcement leaders,the procedures of investigative intelligence collection,and the prioritizing of criminal programs. In 1974, Kelley instituted Career ReviewBoards and programs toidentify andtrain potential managers. Forupper managementthe of entire law enforcementcommunity, theFBI, in cooperationwith the International Associationof Chiefs of Police and theMajor CitiesChief Administrators,started theNational andExecutive encouraged futureInstitute, which operational providedcooperation. highlevel executivetraining media whetheronKelley also FBImethods responded collecting of toscrutiny intelligence byCongress in domestic andthe security and counterintelligence investigationsabridged Constitutional rights. '_ The FBIhad traditionallyused itsown criteriafor intelligence collection,based onexecutive ordersand blanket authority grantedby attorneygenerals. Aftercongressional hearings,guidelines Attorneythe forGeneral first time. EdwardLevi "Theguidelines established finely FBIfor detailed foreign counterintelligence investigationswent intoeffect onMarch 10, 9 15 1976, andfor domesticsecurity investigationson April B, 1976. The latterwere supersededMarch 21,1983-! g was implementingKelley'sthesignificant concept mostof "Qual}tY managementinnovation, Over Q§an§lPY" however, investigations. Hedirected eachfield office to Se? Prlofltles based onthe typesof casesmost importantin its territory andto 'concentrateon resources thosepriority matters.Strengthening the "Quality overQuantity" concept,the FBIas a whole established three nationalpriorities: foreigncounterintelligence, organized crime, andwhite-collar crimelTo handle the last priority, the Bureau intensifiedits recruitment of accountants. It also stepped up itsuse of undercover operations major in cases. _ During Kelley'stenure as Director, theFBI madea strong effort to develop anAgent forcewith morewomen andone thatwas more reflective of the ethnic compositionof the United States. THE RISEOF INTERNATIONALCRIME -_ In 1978, Director Kelley resignedand wasreplaced by former federalJudge WilliamH. Webster. At the time of his appointment, Websterwas serving as Judge of the U.S. Courtof Appeals thefor EighthCircuit.. Hehad previouslybeen a Judge of the U.S.District Courtfor the Eastern Districtof Missouri. In 1982, following an explosion of terrorist incidents worldwide, Webstermade counterterrorisma fourth national priority. He also expandedFBI effortsin the three others: crime.foreign counterintelligence,organized crime,and whitecollar

l98Os that The the FBIpresssolved dubbed so1985 many"the espionage yearof casesthe spy." during theThe mostmid- theserious JohnWalker espionage damage spyring and by uncovered formerby theNationalFBI wasperpetrated Security Agency by employee William Pelton. . Throughout 1980s, thethe illegal drugtrade severely challengedresources the American of enforcement. law To ease this challenge, 1982 inthe Attorney Generalgave theFBI concurrent narcoticsjurisdiction violations withthein theDrug UnitedEnforcement States.The Administration expandedDepartment DEA! over millionsof Justiceattentiondollars of controlledintodrug crimesresulted substances, the thein arrestsconfiscation of major of Onenarcotics ofthe most figures,publicized,and thedismantling dubbed"the Pizzaimportant ofConnection" drugrings. case, involved theheroin tradein the United Statesand Italy.It resulted in18 convictions, including formera leaderof the Sicilian Mafia.Then AssistantUIS. AttorneyLouis J.Fresh, who

16 was tobe appointedFBI Directorin 1993,W85 KEYt0 Pr°5e¢UtiVe successes in the C858- on anotherfront, Websterstrengthened theFBI's response to whitecollarcrimes. Publiccorruption wasatta¢ked nationwide. Convictions resultingfrom FBI investigations includedmembers of 'C0ncre5$in Californiaandthe»judiciary SouthABSCAM!,Carolina. GREYLORD!, Aandmajor statelegislatures investigation culminating ixa1988 unveiledcorruption ixmdefense procurement ILLWIND! . As the United Statesfaced a financial crisis in the failures ofsavings andloan associationsduring the1980s, theFBI uncovered instancesof fraud that lay behind manyof those failures. It was perhapsthe single largest investigativeeffort failuresundertakenin 1981, itthe by FBI had to that282bankdate: failures fromunderinvestigating investigationbank by10 February 1987. Los AngelesInOlympics. 1984, the FBI theactedIn course aslead of itsagency effortsfor security toanticipate of the and preparefor actsof terrorismand streetcrime, itbuilt andimportant otherfederal bridgesof agencies, interactionas welland as cooperationagenciesofwith other local,countries. state, It alsounveiled theFBI's Rescue Hostage Teamas a domestic force tragicallycapable occurredofresponding in Munich complextoat the 1972 hostage games.situations suchas . Perhaps as a result of the Bureau's emphasison combatting terrorism,such acts within theUnited Statesdecreased dramatically duringthe 1980s. In 1986, Congress expanded had FBI thejurisdiction U.S. boundaries.cover to terroristacts againstU.S. citizensoutside DirectorOnthe of May Central26, 1987,IntelligenceJudge Webster Agency;leftExecutive the FBI tobecome Assistant positionDirector JohnuntilE.November Otto became 2, 1987. Acting Director During his"andtenure,served that inActing Director Ottodesignated investigationsdrug the as FEI's fifth national priority. n » SessionsOnsworn Novemberwasas 2,1987,in FBI Director. former federal PriortoJudge his appointment WilliamSteele as FEI Director,Sessions servedas theChief Judgeof the U.S. previouslyDistrict Court -forservedasa District theWestern Judge District asand ofU.S. AttorneyTexas. He that for had district. _ ' » place sinceUnderDirector Director Kelley'sSessions,tenure, crime werepreventionexpanded include efforts, to in a workingdrug demandreduction closelywith localschool program. FBIcivic and offices groupsnationwideto educate young began 17 1 people tothe dangersof_drugs. Subsequentnationwide community outreagh efforts under that program evolved and expandedthrough Such initiatives as the Adgpt-A-SChOOl/JUDlOI GMan Program.

THE POST-COLD WAR WORLD » i The dismantling ofthe Berlin Wall in November 1989 'electrified theworld and dramatically rang up the IrO Curtain on the final act in the Cold War: the formal diSSOlUti0 Of the Soviet Union, which occurred on December 25, 1991. While world leaders scrambledto reposition their foreign policies and redefine national security parameters, the- FBI responded anas agencyin January1992 byreassigning 300Special Agents from foreign counterintelligence duties to violent crime investigations acrossthe country. It_ wasan unprecedented opportunity to intensify' efforts in burgeoning domestic crime problems-and at the same time to rethink and retool FBI national security programsin counterintelligence and counterterrorism. In response to a 40-percent increase in crimes of violence over the previous 10 years, Director Sessions" had designated the investigation of violent crime as the FEIs sixth national priority program in 1989. By November1991 the PEI had created "OperationSafe Streets"in Washington,D.C.-a conceptof federal, state, and local police task forces targetingfugitives and gangs. It was now ready to expand this operational assistance to police nationwide. At the same time, the FBI Laboratory helped change the face of violent criminal identification. Its breakthrough useof DNA technologyenabled genetic crime-scene evidenceto positively identify--or rule outsuspects bycomparing theirparticular DNA patterns. This unique identifier enabled the, creation of a national DNAIndex similar to the fingerprint index, which hadbeen implemented in 1924. _ The FBI also strengthened its response to whitecollar crimes. Popularizedas "crime in the suites," these nonviolent crimes hadsteadily increasedasuautomation andin deregulationcf industries hadcreated newenvironments fraud. for Resourceswere, accordingly, redirectedto combatthe newwave of large-scale insider bankfraud and financial gcrimes;to addresscriminal sanctions in new federal environmental legislation;and to establish longterminvestigations of complex health carefrauds. At the same time,the FBI reassessed itsstrategies in defending thenational security, now nolonger definedas the containment ofcommunism theand prevention of nuclearwar.

18 . By creating theNational SecurityThreat List, which was approvedthe by AttorneyGeneral 1991,in itchanged approachits from defendingagainst hostileintelligence agenciesto protecting U.S. information and technologies. It thus identified all countries-not. just hostile intelligence services-that posea continuing andserious intelligencethreat tothe UnitedStates. 'Itdefined also expandedthreat issues,including the proliferation of chemical,biological, and nuclear weapons;the loss of critical technologies; andthe improper collection of trade secrets and proprietary information. _ As President Clinton was to note in 1994, with the dramatic expansionof the global economy"national securitynow means economic security.? ' Two events occurred in late 1992 andearly 1993 that were to havea major impact on FBI policiesand operations.In August 1992, the FBIresponded to the shooting deathof Deputy U.S. MarshalWilliam Degan, who waskilled at ,Idaho, while participatingin a surveillance federalof fugitiveRandall Weaver. In the course ofthe standoff,Weaver's wife was accidentally shot and killed by an FBI sniper. 1 Eight months later, at a remotecompound outsideWaco, Texas,FBI Agents sought toend a 51-day standoff withmembers of a heavilyarmed religioussect whohad killedfour officers of the Bureau ofAlcohol, Tobaccoand Firearms.Instead, asAgents watchedin horror, the compoundburned tothe groundfrom fires lit byin the members blaze.of the sect. Eightypersons, including children, died These two events set the stage for public and congressional inquiriesinto theFBIs abilityto respondto crisis situations. . On July 19, 1993, following allegations of ethics violations committedby Director Sessions, PresidentClinton removed himfrom officeand appointedDeputy DirectorFloyd I. Clarke asActing FBIDirector. ThePresident notedthat Director includeSessions morewomen mostsignificant andminorities. achievement A was broadening -the FBIto

RECENTYEARS:1993- , , Louis J. Freeh wassworn in as Director ofthe FBI on September1993. 1, V unusual insightFreeh into cameto the the Bureau.- Bureau with hadHe impeccable servedas ancredentials FBI Agentand from 1975to 1981 in theNew YorkCity FieldOffice andat FBI Headquarters leavingbefore tojoin theU.S. Attorney'sOffice for

19 the southernDistrict of NewYork. HereFreeh roseguickly and prosecuted manymajor FBIcases, includingthe notorious "Pizza Connection" caseand the"VANPAC" bombmail case.He wasappointed a U.s. District CourtJudge forthe SouthernDistrict ofnew York in 1991.on July20, 1993,President Clintonnominated himto be FBI Director.He wasconfirmed the U.s.by Senate August-6,on 1993. . Qw Freeh began histenure witha clearlyarticulated agenda that wouldrespond bothto deepening crime problemsand to a calledclimate ofgovernmentfornew levels of downsizing. cooperationIn his oath among of office enforcement lawspeech he agencies, bothat home and abroad,andhe announced his intention to restructurethe FBI in order to maximizeits operational response to crime. _ Six weeks after takingoffice, he announceda najor reorganization streamlineto Headquartersoperations ofthe FBI. Many managementpositions were abolished. Selected divisionsand offices weremerged, reorganized,or abolished. Soon after,Freeh ordered thetransfer of 600 SpecialAgents servingin offices.administrative Torevitalize positions toanaging investigative Agentwork positions force,Freeh in field gained approval toend a 2-year hiring freeze onnew_Agents. employeeFreeh policies alsoandinstituted standards changesof which conduct.affected These changes current PEI strengthenedFBI's the traditionallyhigh requirements for personal wouldconduct beacceptable andethics, and and whatestablishedwould not.a "bright line" betweenwhat advancementIn continuationminorities of of andwomenthe FBIs within commitmentthe ranksof tothe organization,October, in 1993,Freeh appointedthe first woman, Americanthe firstman descentof Hispanic to be nameddescent, Assistant Director.theand second 'manof African- to serve.asInDirector late 1993, theof Freeh wasDepartment givenofa simultaneous Justice's newappointment Officeof ableInvestigative towork effectively AgencyPolicies.with law enforcement Fromthis position, agencieshewithin the hasbeen DepartmentJustice of developcloseto cooperationon criminallaw intelligence,enforcement automation, issues,includingfirearms, sharing aviationandinformation support. ondruc' _ Also in late1993, Freehmoved stronglyto dramatize the Heimportance traveledtointernational Sicilyof to honor cooperationhis onlate organizedfriend crime andcolleague issues. Giovanni Falcone,who hadbeen killedin a bomb blast with his wife andChapelthree bodyguards the of Palacetheof yearthe before.Normans, the Onthesteps in face of theof thePalatineMafia presence, challengedFreeh Sicilian the people"to oppose them with 2 0 A your mindsand heartsand therule oflaw." Thismessage to was be capitalsrepeated of Russia strengthenedand andEastern following year theEurope. in the new democratic level diplomaticIn theandsummer federal 1994,law of enforcement Freehledofficialsa delegation meettoof high with issues.senior officialsof ll European nationson international crime i At the outset,Richard Holbrooke,U.S. Ambassador to LawGermany, Enforcement isdeclared, "Thisat theis the forefront evolving ourof Americannationalforeigninterest policy. in this partof theworld." Meetingswere heldwith officialsof Russia, Germany,the CzeohRepublic, Slovak the Republic,Hungary, JulyPoland, 4,1994, Ukraine,the Director FreehAustria, Lithuania, officially announced Latvia, and Estonia.historic theOn Russianopening communism.an of FBI Legal ' AttacheOffice inMoscow, old the seat of officialsSubsequently, havefocused wayson international tostrengthenleaders andlaw security enforcementmeasures against possibletheft ofnuclear weaponsand nuclear materials havefrom Russiasharpenedandjoint other former efforts againstrepublics of the Sovietorganized crime, Union.They drug FBIstrafficking, effortsto andterrorism. institute standardized Theyhave alsostrongly training of supported internationalthe police ininvestigative processes,ethics, leadership,and Academyprofessionalism:its opened doors inApril in Budapest,1995,the International Hungary.StaffedLaw Enforcement PEIby and coursesothera year,lawenforcement based theon trainers,EBIstheNational academy offers Academy concept.fiveeightweek To preparethe PEIfor bothdomestic andforeign lawlawlessness enforcementtheto 21stinensurecentury, its ability, spearheadedFreeh in the effortface theof by telecommunicationsto advances, carryout courtjauthorized safetyelectronic andnational surveillance insecurity. majorinvestigationsThis abilitywas secured affectingpublicwhen ActCongress in October thepassed 1994. Communications ' Assistance. Law for Enforcement >1 areas. HeDuring thealsomounted years 1993 aggressive throughprograms1996,these efforts specific in paid criminal off bombingin successfulNewinvestigations in YorkCity; theArcheras diverse as Daniels Midland theWorld TradeinternationalCenter andpricefixing Merckpharmaceutical conspiracies;thesecrets; attempted tradetheft the and arrestsof ScheringPlough of Mexican Vyacheslavdrug trafficker Ivankov. Juan GarciaAbrego and Russian crime boss AccountabilityIn 1996,and the Act the EconomicHealth Insurance EspionageAct Portabilitywerepassed and in

21 law.the These closingdaysnew Q! statutes of 104thSessionenabled Congress, theFBI of to significantlysigned then into ofstrengthen trade secrets criminalits and intellectual programsin property. health care fraud andthe theft At thesame time, Director Freehinitiated manychanges to preparefor evolvingcriminal challenges.For example, he began construction aofnew stateoftheart FBIforensic laboratory.He formedthe Critical Incident ResponseGroup dealto efficiently with crisissituations. Hecreated theComputer Investigationsand InfrastructureThreat Assessment Center respondto physical to and initiatedcyber attacksa comprehensive against U.S.andinfrastructure. integrated FBI response And,linto 1996, nuclear, he designatedbiological, lead lawchemicaland enforcement crisisNBC!agency incidents NBCin wheninvestigations. thePEI was *** *** *** *** _ As it approaches its90th anniversary,the FBIcontinues to anticipateand respondto emergingcriminal threats. carriedIts outby work, someofon the behalfmost of thededicatedAmerican and talented people,employeesis being found anywherein the world today. Allare committedto combatting criminal activitythrough theBureau's investigations,programs, and lawenforcement services.They continuethe mission of that first smallgrou;> ofSpecial Agentsin 1908 who establisheda Eravery,tradition and service Integrity.of thathas becomethe Bureau's motto: Fidelity,

FOR FURTHERINFORMATION: Office of Public andCongressional Affairs Federal Bureauof Investigation 935 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20535 http://www.fbi.gov

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C. >_...*;_-;'-. . ." -_ _ -., _ , .. ,.¢l7 ~"f':'=;; » _ ..~..;.:~ .. , .92_.,-» " - . , . 4 __ _ > " , --_ . ,.,,..,_,_-_L.,:,.v-r._-lg'.'. I 'H'v3X§§.A_,,- . ._ _ »~ _ - ~~.-'-~_ W -'_- 31;; .,~..-I_.'l '- .. ; - I -.-_ ..g4-1;;-»~. ._vqH~¢ 4;. »'-#1,»;-F. '-92,' .. .. . -,; -7i -, .'-. _~ L" . - ~- -* _ -' .I- . :3; '._'7 _ _ ...... ,_.. -1 _~ MAR -92_¢92..-2 9 .- I___ --. K . .~_. .. ..-_ 3 ~,.- ...... ~- er..JI_-§.;.- » f.-.:»g=§;¢e»_¢, _.'_,;;§2.'. .;r;g§?T~ ,1.-.»..~_-;.=~,..___-.-.-.~,<;4:». ,5; ix.-r.-.¢;§ ° .'-.. ~ I... ..,__.-..-".- *,- .--'. v ~_- '~~~."mz _ . -~ wr e. . . > 92-'_ --A $1-.-'-~..*'§ -'- i!;92_.. _ ._,-v.-' ._ 2.-'. ;I-1' ~ - -.7... -' 92 ......_.,_»---»r-M. -.-1--~ -.~ .-.-§-' ~¢...,..-A " §@*éF:'?i-»..$;1i=¢&"1:*f»?=¥5",2-92§Y5"- "K - p-kn.» u J W V" 4 g .. ,. _ , -. »> - "2 -:.<'-*' ,. 1 +e .'.1> .. . ' . .. ,, _. V .~n:»-»-92 . _ - .-. »~»<. , /_ .,_- '1 .,_ -"I.*¥!§"?-.'~ --, > -'I"-,,.;¢:_l.-f_._'?Z.~,;:*.*:=. . _.4. _ '.=@" 3'1" . . 1.~-J -A92;%_f'_=_;§-;T;_ '3'! <1, - .>.=¢'i~z~"-'*. '" L :s_~:" 3'- - 3 . " 92 . _ , ,_ ~.' . ;g,';.- _0, :3. _ ' . . ~ ' , i ' - - A _-_.. -7--w._ - ' " J *, __m Q ,.=_._--L. pix. _-., ,'__,-1-.3. .v . - '.4. ., >1-;_ ... * ~-¢:>r_¢,,. ,_r »- __ -a ._.. .,... I~ 4

. V e ?~"£-' . ;__;-. >» . _ m l.AWR£N_CE.Plzlml:R1- V '- 22$.» :l_~' . aav Jnnonl-: w|u.|4u~|s.ruaua..u f 4. ,:_ r:s1!92nusm;n - DIN E RICE czwtnu. iuuumlu '3' J3? '-2 2-? f . .19 2 e . we-ma ~ vrm-nocx. urn:-nu 0! Anrszrhn-we ya-;1:v,- " ' §.=-,3, §'1?f5='; July 12, 1926 l D u 1---.-we V... gt a .»*.§;.= ,2 _,_v &.- >1 I .;:*I¥-J . __-*- . ,,.r 1%. 1.. ,2 4 1 , " Mr. J. Edgar Heover, Director, 1 L 7: "f _ .~: '"ti',a92 ».<';{%#.. Bureau oi Investigation, I V it Y _ : :§ Department of Justice, @ =1;2<. . . 4 -=' ',. * Iashingten, 0 _ . 3-.-3,4,-... _. m Dear Ir. Hoover: " A ,. ;.>_;lZ92§Y¬§1' - . __ Bow many subscriptions to The United .

States Daily rill you need for the fiscal A4 *,;".»»-:2 _ year Just L',.<'»;,'; . '7'; starting, for the Bureau or Investigation? . ,»,-qw V-:>-in-4 1;~ .- {:".-~*., IL ."~ . We male this inquiry not because at ".» 5 V-M.'*i.:7_~. -F.*~*_? this time bureaus, divisions, and independent estab- _ , ._ .,,.':>.Tag-, - ~: .¢~, 5-: ;"-I-2'_. lishments are sending in their orders. l I '_ 1; 31' .{ , ."._",I¬+';' If, like some of the other government '"' =3-Z _ :.v;92:. branches, it is impossible for you to pay your subscrip-D _ } L tions in advance, we can tell you that we have made ='_923f-._; ..~:"1:a., r ~-'2 arrangements to bill you in accords. . ,1;--, nce with your par- *3,-:3. . -. Nnu ticular requirements, after the paper has started. " '2 =1-<=,.-*3 ..'i,=:'- A 92 ' Yours ver truly. h it " i ~ :"'~_",¢'_L_$!'.1. 5 . 92.-92 », _v_ ~<'ll.?¥;=?-fit7-_-55" ' ._92_ -I, 5;"Tf .1 ~ "'1-»~.~ 3; _'%~'?'i~:o.

Jay Jerome w1'111~5s' i .. - ~ Publisher ._ _ -31'-Q. "-.. i. ' ' 4~..-'u-~,_=I,'1*._<'* .. . e JUL 1 31925 e Y l" - ~92" »-;»;L_' v"-Q -T53. I I _1&1. 92 W .. , I7"

egg; sq . 14"-3 1- JUL, 19-'.Z5,I» ' .>;v_T5";*3_:5§':-V V - =n_.;»= U V . _ 0::-,mr4z~r920r92|usiT|ot ' - '__ ' , -. 1 .|',!#'l>4~, f<;L',Z . ,_ ;- __ -' 2 Q. ._ _ ,_ ._ /x ...~ -'- .-4.--. ..,~-.,~:.-= _.-we ___ . _Qm_z,,,»92 __ ,_»._»-,__. , n|_ _ . , i e v v . .-_~¢92~~~=sL7,-;,-.,..g'-;,' _'5-:"?"" .___ v 3; 5'?-'-'.-' _ 92~- > i':"';'7¢i""E§.1:=£.~'.r*."!".':-'_'I' .___._,. ~ --_ ..-~- . v~ ---» ,»__._¢%___-__;n_.,7 " ".:_-.~.»~':Z _....a_. -----" _. _ ,~,..-~ 7- "' 92__~> "" "H _ _. ~--_. " "...~;..~ -- -~._--- > _ _ ' '-'* _.ry._-924»>'- ..-> 3': 4 .-. . 45. . .-1 . .s ;.',,,fI - .- .,_.' - :: -.~,;- ...~-.-.»~ .. ;-P==".-*=?~=f?' -~11-#=»=:;-.?~aw-1' ~!.:u,; v~ V?-A " -:-T -2.; " J 2- ' _. - ' K , 1'4-I ~~ V, -» -5,; 1: _ g . _~ Q ._ - ._ ,. . . . - » V, ;, 5,V. _ j»_»: :Q,;,_;. -_ -- - V V - ;,;.;f

I5?" lg.1 1 r, ...... r u . . . 2» , I mic ' ates , 'J _ gt. -Y--.4: - "Ta" .:____,:: . °°""'° ' PIBenhng!hcOnIylhIlyRecotd0fIlseOfdsl Actsdhs <11! "FF. Executive and Judndal Branches of the Gov r i _.- . v4. | Io. es =-xv -=~:. :-.:.-= nsammon ssorumr Jun: :1 ass. ':.-:2.-' mcnuzrnx -=». . ,. _l _- -.» I... .,.~. Haugen IsSa_idtoReston,,_,,,,_,,$_-,,,_,_,,,Faqn Bill _ Slwwlncrcsse ,__,,,;_,-;,,,,,_-_, $obeneRe=ults ..,.".....,',.....'.u.. tF'ustScss1on' """1'"" 0§FiveMillion -:a.*_:_3=-tr InFnnv' h "'--»-"i'-='- .$4350.000,QQO ---Future _of=- Tariff -».~-1. $21, -;---:~:-..--Tax Receipts ..-=..==-.-"i.:'!s":;;°f§"§__. Work ~-~at Home "§":.§--F.--i~ '. =------"r gI|Q,92 *'--' -I. as-us_uIu|-Q0 -~~-~--_ * Z. --- s nu-5 _ _ " ny 92 seagu- - Pl; 1-i¢;:e:?=¢¬-' x mom l'he Unitedltates Daily. 5 1'0: All Bureau - and Divisi "win ____é....a._"_.é n 0 fs. 1 / av __ ' __ , ~.,_ -43..-5,.;;1' . L. ..r.'-1.-'.;.._..'.;.-38" u tr' L ""' SUBJECT: News Announcemen_e. AUG 19 fyi- _;__'§ zii August 18, 1986. l';i-',.:.T!-1ErsT 6-? .I.=S-72C£ . 7 7 f . U ._ ''. 2; . , . Q Kw c' piu iwd } FLE J A Q 2 0 1' I9 'e n - .*.1=» ,..1w N mail or messenger, copiesIe would, / appreciate your of all letters cooperation reoeived by in sending you andus, your either ., ansversby__,/-* '4. . 4,1; lo thereto which may be of new:interest either to the specialgroups of p u 1 1.. -,:1u;_ . peopleaffected or the-general public. Ie publish only authorised in- 't I i" ~ . -: ;@'.{..»: formation andwe have no desire to receive this for ourselves alone as -, - if ~92l /..a.=1>.1: a special or exclusive service. hould you desire us to furnish a proofor copy to be posted in.the National Press Club or to begiven to _ V -I ..;s 4.. - the news associations, we will be glad to furnish the extra copy to who-__ . 1... _ .. . _».,,...~:_.~.'. ever maybe designated. Our purpose is merelyto make sure that we _;_:n;>.;1 getting a complete record ofgovernmental activities.-» . . _ = '7: _ . _ Ie have stationed a reporter in every department and in every I independent establishment who is 'ss.1;g.;¢i' to call vision at least once every day. Should you have any letters or copies I sentative ofcorrespondence will be glad thatto requiresubmit approval bythe material ahigher he has officer, gathered our to euoh repre- - 'I higher official. Our reporters ar instructed not to send us anythins.-- for publication unless it has beenf .u¢n@r1..'a'£,°tn.t;q{Z£§§;§§p§e§;.;;..s»f_-,_, _ ~ V _ . --_ >'.'-L 54- 1 ' "';">'.9292- ' ' V. *.;xi II. i V. ."_ J -3 ~ s--Z..1» __ H '~ _1_.; ~ ~.»_~'§4*::= > Q. :,"'V, » .':'..,':"' zgf' ¢ <5. ed-'3 , k'r"'-'»:!;td- L-a _~ ,5" -I ;_ 5 < - y-- _V ' .__;:§q' N:

.7 '1.-4!-.s _§..__. ,;. --Jr. vr_. .,, //5"§°'yl"A;inouestion.You therefore, inplicit place» , , _ ' Eli: . . _ 2-ft! "- llrepresentativesgive and oralthem Amiméishesti

-:.'5f_,{§"' menorandasA Inasmuchas it is physically impossiblemake to more na--.-Z. .. ,_-1:»; one callevery ve day, wouldappreciate it if you askedyour stencgra-

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.7» us aboutit at once. can Us materialuse up to 8P;ll. but,. should,-sci t ..u- I . ~ u - 11*: am ,, 4"? far aspossible, your have announcements in handbefore o'clock four when: -_. T 20¢ 1*.-=1-.~ r:"¬".* -.:_.P»-: _- _+~". - . - t-'' _. ever possible.rims telephonewnsr zaeo 1: youwas s reporter to cone 5.-i".'T-T-,~ ' . _e$.~,,_,__,, 92-"__'_ ..1 '-~.' 3 .3 i "* to youroffice. . - -A-~ - .. " " 1'1 _'-'1"

Please in bearmind that everymember Congress of The reads vi:_, 4 I .1,Z_§§:a ,-._ . _ ",°'.li?"."f:'_ ~. ."§"~x-1» ' i?. ._,. __ United StatesDaily andthat theactivities governmental of are bureaus '~i'!'i-:5,2 especial interestto them.In fact,by revealingto Congress oonstantly,'f._.s=*§§? -';F,'~:j§g.=.~¢"'.':3é§.=.-.+a_;_|}. -4:"-''-' I; §.$»e__sv.,-_.~.*¢==T:.!923ié1*,-.92-31_ f § *1 -i:>'i"§. '--1.!=,~;v-,_¢92»/.-.'-¢>{:-I - *'_-'~'I ' the enormousamountwork done of by thebureaus, is there nodoubt that n _ ° > ~- -:- . there bewill anincrease appreciation in the service ofrendered adminh by '31--_-4-I 1-__*.»~~ » '1. * istrative officers. 1 , . 3 -ii 92 Trustingwe that mayhave cooperation,your remain, we n A <~,_.. 11¢ Respectfully yours f ' i _. , *.~.£ -V @..¥?&= um unmzosums nun 92..- -.».,1 p _ A V . w.:~r-l~@__:E~'" -<:l~=i-s=. J. '- - ;<».1~. -M . ~'.¢.*-1,*.' , - - 0.~O»A4-Q9-» , : '

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JOHN !:.IllC£'.Gzw|:m92LseAIAcxw '' e r~ " - ' V 921c1on WHI1l.OCK,DIII.¢l'wOIAu92rI:I1|luIO ESTABLISHEDMARCH O. I926 .1 4 - -., . o e _ Novunber 6,1926;.-~, ' _ » . 4, 4:3,; Mr. J. Edger Hoover, _ . Department oi Justice, Washington, D. C. I>eerI.ir.Hoov'er:~_ <4 '~ _~ h '_ g -~ The UnitedStates Daily is making e. topical survey of ell the unite of the national government, grouping rele.ted..lA;Tp'vv~ activities. The work of each unit will be covered in e special article to be submitted tor revision and approval to the bureau

before publication. In order to essiet us in grouping-the _

bureeue, we ere asking all chiefs of bureaus or divisions to

check herein the ectivitiee in which their unite are engaged.

would you kindly look over the etteched list, check oft the ~

topics which touch your unit and retum to us in the enclosed envelope 7 This will be of greet eeeistence to us in covering the work of the various units in their proper order. ~ Owing to the megmitudeofpthis task, considerebletine . 4,}-- ',." may elapsebeforesome of the bureaus ere reeched in the eurveyf but all willbe coveredthoroughly endmaple time will be giv_en'_-,:

before:-publication' ,- personsl coneultetion for_ ' _ Yr" ~_~. chi eff,careful prepcretionof his article e_x_1d_revi_sionMb;_[ .. I We ere sure we can count upon you{or full cooperetibn ' o ' L. .9, 1 7'4;! ¢;_.

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_. ..._1-- -h-1* ii "@_h = * 4; ' k . "' , _" i---~.. __"'° ' :5 ta. ,7'9292'¬a - 9 F and Keéiis .'.i"3ii1.-1'1. V _.. - ~ . . _,_ .. _,,-..,_ V-_-=4 . . a Topic "108-I.av§' Euloi-cement, ., 1;? _ ;~,..=_-=1»-._--;~.<-4. - V -. _... . ,;¢?~--- »;_-......--=--_ I . L 11 . _~ '~ _ _ F an =41-u c% 1 n lu-eauo_ ti nveat i i's'u"* a_on '-7 ~ -'_,-.'_;=,'--~-'=- I--..;..~'=r--"-:v'~1:;~-"*-"" Iv ~ _ leolII Sump "w Imu o/. the el Government av!-elu pmnxiapa an don 1' theIP- . anion or etherviae, to other eweroueotal hveatiga. _ practice! eoaloela between d|'t1'g|'q|; ed ha "" -,' ,.a. ~.-.@"-i;i;~5é-i=E.".i'L2~<~: " X __ g -"*1-'~¢~¢ nounave leea ureapectzre preuated vrnwvvl-v-~ _oI eeploiamg their Wynne ylau Geulralientia elthe mileQ. *'-*1 . lean " :1?» i" mm cl-1.1.0], 1'5, '15.; follow-ingzzribery hi -nk] ol byevju.no . aeiivitiu 5 under eot-In ol the folk ' _ - oclala, civil Eights and domeat: zlivlleel. 1 . . ""5! '°PIw- lab-'' b' ta, Grin ea g loan. _.-. ~f; . tloaa; 1:911, aw, Edueat92'o;' Health I a| fourth C9ld,l?"w"F .10 ' _'_ 0 Vj _ gg portulioa; cmvnlh:eighth, r . dug 2..-1:1;: mun ninth,1' - i, v, Government oluall. Intimidation of L We!/are; tenth Trude Prue! ' era! tau, neutrality violations, 0 Sdeeee: heel/ sm'm'=-&.- ll,uirtleau, av Fer:. I pardon and parole nae: lavoHg . _ , "'". "FR-'. 1°"'E"'"*- 4'"-' 8/.'"*- Ioalleaa, 4=:. Notional B-oh-we An. _~_~ i and Publaeatrtateeath, I./lalitlee; National oteteentl Delta-ea. Comma The preo-- '|5,mn5' Qua, 0, madfrom aeeiion eatyroup with deal: Low with Ellnflent. 'Federal aeh'|n'l|'el in NI- trust lava, White Slave Trac . _ _ _. -_ paaaee, Vehicle thefta, Theft embezzlement Act, Illegal Illaand sf x . u . = - Government property, War link lulu-aaoe _-a ; . Direetae, . Bureau By J. el ' Edgar Jul-lee. Investigation,Hoover, Deparlleat 1 O! aled_ Ielim Field In the I-ll ocea larger °vv¢1'l'I¢I*»"=- o! the citiesBureau oi the 0! United lieatigatlvn States ~.?..='v'>' lie The . alta-'0 In . . T _ HE of Juetioe Bureau has OI lnreatigation been ' 0!g ta. l!¢pare;,¢ge 'arecial 92-eatigativeagents. work There oflathe Bureau also ia a rried diriaion on coverthy I0-clled Jinvestigative ustite -am ma. divillon u Qf.|][l.Qd u 0! charged the u Delrtmutmis with ; gneeu, the duty Bunk 0!I-orkfarlotrpaieg ot An. Nltiphal rt aeeouutanu lIl92Ol92'5|92I B-amok: required "i°!l!5°'" M. in the 9Pom! I investigationX15951]PravdaIt the StatesUnited ofinrerligating State: andtacollecting or violationsmay evidence he aof party the la eaaealara to latex; of in the which United the Flrlhlanl. 48an indication Qkqt; efthe Iork . ..~~- of the ' ..j»'§.;;~.lureau afllvnti. , ,Y Aa amatter of praetieal policy. the Bureau at Ia- gatioa there laoahaftted the following table ahn I!I-eatigatioo Eolatiou. or eeodueea alleged ioreetiratire violation. at inq=£rie: Federal into late aueh or h;' i|.gthe oeatenoea. Iork of nes the and 8::-eauIeeoveriea during imhsed the scal and 3-ea: "andend atutea as are not specically v ~ assigned. by legislative he SenteaeeaJune 80, 1926: - --V" Adjusted Oempelaatian 1024 .... Tn. lloa Dan Fines ' lkorea-|g' Au.i~tI-net ...... -...---...... 05.00 .l.';;L'aa asatzera ...... as.so|.oo _ _ Q:-!'.d.st:e: Bank:-uptq...... -...... azd auretiu ...... --..-...... -.. m.oo 92 mwooo -Ea Contempt lrihery.-.....-...... --...-t...-...... 0! eou-rt ...... -.....-... Couaterleltiag ...... -...-.-.-.---..-...... -"- mom Giana Cezrtt-!ClaFr_~on Goveruzceot ...... -.-...... -.and Indian rel¢l'vatiohl...-... a Crimea on high aeaa ...... -5...... 1:. 0- 4 u.m.oo 0 Custom, Ian and amuggliag ...... --t.8-ll-ll. 92 Ihploaivea ...... ---..-...... » 2-4-1' " "'am-oo Frauds agains: Gm-enuaent ...... --...... -...... _ ll~ Immigration Illegalveering ...... -...... -...--...... or uoilorlaa ...;...... -...... - ' e .-.e»v3» _j.-_~;_ Ianlwluntiq ...... -...... moo 055-8 1Ti - Income tax ,...... 022105-12 Iain-atata In!-inatingeomeree 'it'n¢llQ except teen tlieha .- ...... -....--a . 1.13.00 Iazieao Jurylaveatigationa nattara ...... :...---...-.-...-...... -.-..--...--Q...... -.. . 16.060-I hliocellantolu mat-Ian ..n...... -. amoao l0.N _Iileellaneou| byaeoouotauta!....-.....--...... INLS Nareotie ...... '..-...... 8:.soso_ 0879-I0 I National Banking Act...... 064.4&.l0 National Ilotor Vehicle Theft Att...... '--...... ..- 2. moo _ 4-95.8 Pauporta Naturalizationand viaae ...... Z....-....;...... '...... ;...... 2".- a.m.o| 92"._-_ M Peonage ...... -...... at-00 Perlury ...... ,...... -... M0-28* Pmhihitiou Postalviolation: Let ...... except postal lrauda..j..._...... * most" Radical matte:-a ...... -..... 1J50.U. aeooo,ri~:~" . am Belective aervioa ...... '...... ;...... omaao Thefts, prorerty embezzlement ...... _....;...... and illegal poueaaion of G0vt.,_ a'.auoo- Thetta tron intentale ohxpmenta ...--...--...... J-Q '00- Uaing nail: to defraud ...... -....,.....-.-.t-.... _ 1%-Q White WarRial: Slave Insurance Prot Act...... ----...... -an.»-.. <=.-1'.-~~:';=- 7 ' eaeeeaaeeaaaeaeaaeleeaaaalle. 63300.00 . 0.060% _ 73,380.70 =§%33 i-I0 fsoofoo fl. uaoo 3: . ._v.. , ._.'2; " ~-~~ ,_ - "-1-- +-arm » :92w '.J -'~~ rf -»es;;_,- .~ -,;y-a.-_-. . . I E, __.

92 . 92 .r~<¢Y_PV>-4.~_--n_g¢¢ %@4v¢- _ _ag;.-_ _ _ em, ___,____¢-,7. .._;.___.s.,--1..-I ~~¢ user There were two life sentences, both for erirnes on Identication. This institution was created by an Act Government andIndian reservations. _ 0! Congress and its oicial statutory existence wasiniti- ' I r I U O ated on July 1, 1924. ' -w QPECIAL agentsof the Bureau ofInvestigation'ari It commenced tofunction under the provisions of an " selected with the utmost care and after the most appropriation actcovering thegeneral expenseso! the Bureau ot Investigation o! the Department of Justice > rt a.~ rigid tests have been applied. Appointments are eon- .' _ 1 ned to those possessing LL. B. or LL. ll. degrees for the scal year ending June 30, 1925. This act '2'» 192- -- trom recognisedlaw schoolsor colleges. _ -carried a special provision authorising and providing it has been found that a comprehensive knowledge funds for the acquisition, maintenance andexchange of of law is practically an indispensable requirement in criminal identication records with the officials oi the the intellectual equipment o! a modern investigator. Government and States. The Identication Division U It is recognised,also, that the Inor'alequipment of a located in the Hurley-Wright Building. I800 Pennsyl- Q f";.~_'_-rm vania Avenue, Washington, D. O. It is manned by an -ks high-class investigator is of positive importance. No special agent of the Bureau oi Investigation is ap- expert personnelof ngerprint classiers and searchers, i,v1- pointed who has not rst been thoroughly investigated together withthe necessaryclerical sta'. _ ~ 92 '3'.Q _ , _ ii-s/~J, and whose entire career has not been subjected to the There are,-at the present time, in the possessiono! -,_.-' 1 clcsest scrutiny. All agents appointed must have spot- the National Division of Identication 1,219,511 guer- .. '.-Ir V ~4-~... Iv-as records and must not have been guilty oi any print records of criminals both of national and inter- . c oense, either civil or criminal, at any time. The age national importance and of current actual interest and limit has ' s:t--~ between the years rt 25 and 40. value. This Division is supported by, and operates in ALT: - ' O O O close daily contact with, law enforcement omcials '_ .. .25" Ow - Agents oi the Bureau periorm every investigative throughout the country, more particularly with the -.'§¬-Z. ' members of the International Association of Chiefs of .__ ~' 0.. activity in cases involving violations of Federal stat-_ utes up to the point at which a case is presented in Police. The Division receives an average of 600 nger- 1- court for actual trial. All agents perforce are well print cards daily from law enforcement ofliciala grounded in the laws of evidence and not only possess throughout countrythis O I 'andabroad. J the theoretical training which a legal course aords, but develop, through experience in performing investi- THESE recordsare, immediatelyupon receipt,classi- s.-.-,.- r- gative work in intricate oases, and sitting at the coun- ed and searched and in the event any previous .aol table with United States attorneys in court during criminal record is iound in the archives of the Division, kw 1- the trial oi these cases, a practical knowledge of legal a complete notice covering the details thereof is im- .-.'.i- procedure'which them enablesto exercise therequisite mediately transmitted to the law entorcement ocials, .411-.~ ~- . '1 ..- investigative skill and judgment in the performance penal institutions, etc., transmitting said printi to the 3" ' ..; ed their duties. . Bureau. - - _ - _- . . _ . o e _ e During the scal year ending June 30. 1927, there were 166,920 ngerprint inquiries received by the Bu- .11 THE workof the Bureau growingis rapidly.although there has been no increase in fact, there has been reau. O! the prints received, a total of 52,223 identi- Q cg e substantial decrease in the past ve or six years! in cations were accomplished, showing past criminal "5. the investigative personnel. Among the classes of records of minor or major importance. The value of cases showing a substantial increase rumyear to year this service and its importance in connection with the may be noted those involving violations of the National work of law entorcement officials everywhere in con- Bankruptcy Act and the National Motor Vehicle Thett junction with the investigative work o! the Bureau is .,___ _ .. _ Act Violations of the latter are particularly numerous increasing fromyear to year. _ x '-. ~-_ _;.'_ ._-f_ and areincreasing rapidly. _ ~_. In addition to the investigative work under the In the nest article of this series, to he ' jurisdiction o! the Bureau, it should be noted that the printed August 8, Howard Sutherland, Alien _ __ Director of the Bureau is vested with the immediate Property Custodian, will discuss the [auctions --: supervision and direction of the stional Division of . el his oes. - - ' ~ ---~~-'-_-_.'g-:~_- -.l'.'-'15--~'§~-'_-,3.. C-r'¢'~ " u:1.rat av sousCalled Puhllshtll Dali! U Carvers H v W Tl.-I '" ._ , ___ _ .2 -", '_ ' 0' ; - , e - i I | I

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