Reforming Criminal Justice Volume 2: Policing Erik Luna Editor and Project Director Reforming Criminal Justice Volume 2: Policing Erik Luna Editor and Project Director a report by The Academy for Justice with the support of Copyright © 2017 All Rights Reserved This report and its contents may be used for non-profit educational and training purposes and for legal reform (legislative, judicial, and executive) without written permission but with a citation to the report. The Academy for Justice www.academyforjustice.org Erik Luna, Project Director A project of the Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law Arizona State University Mail Code 9520 111 E. Taylor St. Phoenix, AZ 85004-4467 (480) 965-6181 https://law.asu.edu/ Suggested Citation Bluebook: 2 REFORMING CRIMINAL JUSTICE: POLICING (Erik Luna ed., 2017). APA: Luna, E. (Ed.). (2017). Reforming Criminal Justice: Policing (Vol. 2). Phoenix, AZ: Arizona State University. CMS: Luna, Erik, ed. Reforming Criminal Justice. Vol. 2, Policing. Phoenix: Arizona State University, 2017. Printed in the United States of America Summary of Report Contents Volume 1: Introduction and Criminalization Preface—Erik Luna Criminal Justice Reform: An Introduction—Clint Bolick The Changing Politics of Crime and the Future of Mass Incarceration— David Cole Overcriminalization—Douglas Husak Overfederalization—Stephen F. Smith Misdemeanors—Alexandra Natapoff Drug Prohibition and Violence—Jeffrey A. Miron Marijuana Legalization—Alex Kreit Sexual Offenses—Robert Weisberg Firearms and Violence—Franklin E. Zimring Gangs—Scott H. Decker Criminalizing Immigration—Jennifer M. Chacón Extraterritorial Jurisdiction—Julie Rose O’Sullivan Mental Disorder and Criminal Justice—Stephen J. Morse Juvenile Justice—Barry C. Feld Volume 2: Policing Democratic Accountability and Policing—Maria Ponomarenko and Barry Friedman Legal Remedies for Police Misconduct—Rachel A. Harmon Stop-and-Frisk—Henry F. Fradella and Michael D. White Race and the New Policing—Jeffrey Fagan Racial Profiling—David A. Harris Race and the Fourth Amendment—Devon W. Carbado Police Use of Force—L. Song Richardson Policing, Databases, and Surveillance—Christopher Slobogin Interrogation and Confessions—Richard A. Leo Eyewitness Identification—Gary L. Wells Informants and Cooperators—Daniel Richman iii iv Summary of Report Contents Volume 3: Pretrial and Trial Processes Grand Jury—Roger A. Fairfax, Jr. Pretrial Detention and Bail—Megan Stevenson and Sandra G. Mayson Prosecutor Institutions and Incentives—Ronald F. Wright Plea Bargaining—Jenia I. Turner Prosecutorial Guidelines—John F. Pfaff Defense Counsel and Public Defense—Eve Brensike Primus Discovery—Darryl K. Brown Forensic Evidence—Erin Murphy Actual Innocence and Wrongful Convictions—Brandon L. Garrett Race and Adjudication—Paul Butler Crime Victims’ Rights—Paul G. Cassell Appeals—Nancy J. King Problem-Solving Courts—Richard Boldt Volume 4: Punishment, Incarceration, and Release Retribution—Jeffrie G. Murphy Deterrence—Daniel S. Nagin Incapacitation—Shawn D. Bushway Mass Incarceration—Todd R. Clear and James Austin Risk Assessment in Sentencing—John Monahan Sentencing Guidelines—Douglas A. Berman Mandatory Minimums—Erik Luna Capital Punishment—Carol S. Steiker and Jordan M. Steiker Race and Sentencing Disparity—Cassia Spohn Community Punishments—Michael Tonry Fines, Fees, and Forfeitures—Beth A. Colgan Correctional Rehabilitation—Francis T. Cullen Prison Conditions—Sharon Dolovich Prisoners with Disabilities—Margo Schlanger Releasing Older Prisoners—Michael Millemann, Rebecca Bowman-Rivas, and Elizabeth Smith Summary of Report Contents v Reentry—Susan Turner Collateral Consequences—Gabriel J. Chin Sex Offender Registration and Notification—Wayne A. Logan Clemency—Mark Osler Project Participants Albert Alschuler, Julius Kreeger Professor Emeritus of Law and Criminology, University of Chicago José B. Ashford, Professor of Social Work and Sociology, Director of the Office of Offender Diversion and Sentencing Solutions, and Affiliate Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Law and Behavioral Science, and Justice and Social Inquiry, Arizona State University James Austin, President, JFA Institute Susan Bandes, Centennial Distinguished Professor of Law, DePaul University Jessica Berch, Lecturer in Law, Arizona State University Douglas A. Berman, Robert J. Watkins/Procter & Gamble Professor of Law, The Ohio State University Stephanos Bibas, Professor of Law, Professor of Criminology, and Director of the Supreme Court Clinic, University of Pennsylvania Guyora Binder, SUNY Distinguished Professor of Law, Hodgson Russ Faculty Scholar, and Vice Dean for Research & Faculty Development, University of Buffalo Richard Boldt, T. Carroll Brown Professor of Law, University of Maryland Clint Bolick, Justice, Supreme Court of Arizona, and Research Fellow at the Hoover Institution Richard J. Bonnie, Harrison Foundation Professor of Medicine and Law, Class of 1941 Research Professor of Law, Professor of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, Professor of Public Policy, and Director of the Institute of Law, Psychiatry and Public Policy, University of Virginia Rebecca Bowman-Rivas, Law and Social Work Services Program Manager, University of Maryland Darryl K. Brown, O.M. Vicars Professor of Law, University of Virginia Shawn D. Bushway, Professor of Public Administration & Policy and Professor of Criminal Justice, University at Albany, State University of New York Paul Butler, Albert Brick Professor in Law, Georgetown University Devon W. Carbado, The Honorable Harry Pregerson Professor of Law and Associate Vice Chancellor, BruinX, the Office of Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion, University of California, Los Angeles Paul G. Cassell, Ronald N. Boyce Presidential Professor of Criminal Law and University Distinguished Professor of Law, University of Utah Jennifer M. Chacón, Professor of Law, University of California, Irvine vii viii Project Participants Gabriel J. Chin, Edward L. Barrett Chair in Law and Martin Luther King, Jr. Professor of Law, University of California, Davis Todd R. Clear, University Professor of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University David Cole, Hon. George J. Mitchell Professor in Law and Public Policy, Georgetown University, and National Legal Director for the American Civil Liberties Union Beth A. Colgan, Assistant Professor of Law, University of California, Los Angeles Francis T. Cullen, Distinguished Research Professor Emeritus of Criminal Justice and Senior Research Associate, University of Cincinnati Gregory DeAngelo, Assistant Professor of Economics, West Virginia University Scott H. Decker, Foundation Professor of Criminology & Criminal Justice and Director of the Center for Public Criminology, Arizona State University Deborah W. Denno, Arthur A. McGivney Professor of Law and Founding Director of the Neuroscience and Law Center, Fordham University School of Law Sharon Dolovich, Professor of Law and Director of the UCLA Prison Law and Policy Program, University of California, Los Angeles Cara H. Drinan, Professor of Law, The Catholic University of America Donald A. Dripps, Warren Distinguished Professor of Law, University of San Diego Mark A. Drumbl, Class of 1975 Alumni Professor of Law and Director of the Transnational Law Institute, Washington and Lee University Ira Ellman, Charles J. Merriam Distinguished Professor of Law and Affiliate Professor of Psychology Emeritus, Arizona State University, and Distinguished Affiliated Scholar, Center for the Study of Law and Society, University of California, Berkeley Jeffrey Fagan, Isidor & Seville Sulzbacher Professor of Law and Professor of Epidemiology, Columbia University Roger A. Fairfax, Jr., Jeffrey & Martha Kohn Senior Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Research Professor of Law, George Washington University Barry C. Feld, Centennial Professor of Law Emeritus, University of Minnesota Henry F. Fradella, Professor of Criminology and Associate Director of the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University Project Participants ix Barry Friedman, Jacob D. Fuchsberg Professor of Law, Affiliated Professor of Politics, and Director of the Policing Project, New York University Brandon L. Garrett, Justice Thurgood Marshall Distinguished Professor of Law and White Burkett Miller Professor of Law and Public Affairs, University of Virginia Stephen P. Garvey, Professor of Law, Cornell University Adam M. Gershowitz, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Research & Faculty Development, College of William & Mary Aya Gruber, Professor of Law, University of Colorado Rachel A. Harmon, F.D.G. Ribble Professor of Law, University of Virginia David A. Harris, Professor of Law and John E. Murray Faculty Scholar, University of Pittsburgh Karen McDonald Henning, Associate Professor of Law, University of Detroit Mercy Peter Henning, Professor of Law, Wayne State University Lindsay Herf, Executive Director, Arizona Justice Project Silas Horst, Public Policy Analyst, Koch Companies Public Sector, LLC Douglas Husak, Distinguished Professor of Philosophy, Rutgers University Elizabeth Joh, Professor of Law, University of California, Davis Allison Kasic, Associate Director of Research, Charles Koch Foundation Nancy J. King, Lee S. & Charles A. Speir Professor of Law, Vanderbilt University Susan R. Klein, Alice McKean Young Regents Chair in Law, University of Texas Cecelia M. Klingele, Associate Professor of Law, University of Wisconsin, and Associate Reporter, Model Penal Code: Sentencing, American Law Institute Jason Kreag, Associate Professor of Law, University