Die Einheit Von Wissenschaft Und Religion. Die Herausforderung Einer Wissenschaft Des Judentums

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Die Einheit Von Wissenschaft Und Religion. Die Herausforderung Einer Wissenschaft Des Judentums THOMAS MEYER Die Einheit von Wissenschaft und Religion. Die Herausforderung einer Wissenschaft des Judentums Vorspiel – Versuch einer Begriffsklärung 48 zweispaltige Seiten macht der von fünf verschiedenen Autoren verfasste Eintrag „Philosophy, Jewish“ in der 2007 erschienenen, zweiten Edition der „Encyclopedia Judacia“ aus, die zeitgleich in den USA und Israel publiziert wurde. Der für die Einführung in das Thema verantwortlich zeichnende Raphael Jospe schreibt dort unter dem Stichwort „What is Jewish Philoso- phy?“: „Jewish philosophy is described or defined in various ways, depending on the philosopher’s or historian’s understanding of both Judaism and philosophy. In general, the question of ,what is Jewish philosophy?‘ would have been alien to medieval Jewish philosophers, who saw themselves as engaging not in some- thing particularly ,Jewish‘ in a cultural sense, but in philosophy as a science, in- deed as the ,mother of sciences‘.”1 Damit ist der Ton der folgenden Ausführungen angeschlagen. Die Frage nach dem „Was“ Jüdischer Philosophie ist in der Moderne selbst fragwürdig ge- worden. Die „Alten“ mussten die Frage nicht stellen, weil sie noch wussten, was Philosophie war, nämlich, wie seit Aristoteles festgelegt: Wissenschaft. Konsequenterweise werden die Antworten auf die Frage allesamt von Autoren des 20. Jahrhunderts gegeben. Anschließend unterscheidet Jospe Definitionen der Zusammensetzung „jü- dische Philosophie“, die sie als Oxymoron betrachten, sie als biographische, religiöse oder literarische Zuschreibung verstehen. Abgegrenzt werden diese Antworten von jenen, die eine Harmonisierung von Philosophie und Judentum zum maßgeblichen Kriterium machen – oder aber essentialistische bzw. tradi- tionelle Literatur einschließende, kontextualisierende Lesarten bevorzugen. Jospe ist sich darüber klar, dass das angewandte Schema grob ist, und bringt daher noch die eine oder andere Feinunterscheidung, ohne das sich am Befund etwas ändern würde: Jüdische Philosophie ist als Begriff im 20. Jahrhundert so vielfältig, wie die Positionen, die er zu fassen sucht. 1 Raphael Jospe, Daniel Lasker, Arthur Hyman, Warren Harvey, Hava Tirosh-Samuelson, Phi- losophy, „Jewish“, in: Encyclopaedia Judaica. 22 Bde., hg. v. Michael Berenbaum und Fred Skolnik. 2. wesentlich veränderte Auflage, Detroit 2007, Bd. 16, S. 67-114, hier: S. 68. 160 THOMAS MEYER So werden Leo Strauss und Emmanuel Levinas als Vertreter eines ein- schließenden Gegensatzes von „Jüdische Philosophie“ benannt, während Juli- us Guttmann und Alexander Altmann, die Gleichsetzung „Jüdischer Philoso- phie“ mit „Religionsphilosophie“ so verstünden, dass sie annähmen: „Judaism has a religious essence and is the subject of the philosophical inquiry.“2 Die Beispiele illustrieren ausreichend die Variationsbreite. Alle diese Möglichkei- ten der Begriffsbestimmung, so suggeriert der Artikel, seien bloße Möglich- keiten. „Jüdische Philosophie“ wird hier also vollständig historisiert. Giuseppe Veltri hat in seinem Lexikonbeitrag für die vierte Auflage des protestantischen Handwörterbuchs „Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart“ eine von diesen Möglichkeiten abweichende Definition gegeben. Zunächst hebt er auf eine Doppelung in dem Begriff „Jüdische Philosophie“ ab, die aus seiner Sicht grundlegend ist und, da sie eine historische, kulturelle und sozio- logische Wirklichkeit einschließt, auch entsprechend aus diesen Perspektiven analysiert werden muss, nämlich die „Stellung des Judentums in der Geschich- te der Philosophie und die Entstehung einer eigenen ‚Jüdischen‘ Philosophie.“ Ein drittes Element von Veltri umfassender Rahmung des Problembestandes hebt auf eine weitere Ebene ab. Sie zeigt sich dann, wenn auf die Entwicklung des Begriffes „Jüdischer Philosophie“ innerhalb der Wissenschaft des Juden- tums, genauer: seit der Begriffsprägung durch Leopold Zunz, Bezug genom- men wird: Damit wird jede Rede von „Jüdische Philosophie“ zu einem Indika- tor für die Verhältnissetzung zwischen Judentum im umfassendsten Sinne und den nichtjüdischen Mehrheitsgesellschaften. Diese historische Inblicknahme wird bei Veltri noch einen entscheidenden Schritt weitergetrieben. Antike, Mittelalter und Moderne haben jeweils unterschiedliche Fragestellungen im Hinblick auf das selbst historische, das heißt post festum angewandte Kon- strukt Jüdische Philosophie ausgeprägt: Dazu abschließend Veltri: „die Antike als Zeitalter der Hermeneutik, das Mittelalter als Zeitalter der Systeme und die Moderne als Zeitalter der jüdischen Philosophie im eigentlichen Sinne“,3 ma- chen je eigene Weisen Jüdischer Philosophie aus. Zwei Jahre vor Veltris 2003 publiziertem Eintrag hat Daniel Krochmalnik in der Zeitschrift „Trumah“ drei „Modelle jüdischen Philosophierens“ ausge- macht: Das „Gegeneinander, im Gegensatz von Athen und Jerusalem, das Miteinander, im Zusammenwirken von Schem und Japhet und das Ineinander, in der Gleichsetzung von Tora und Chochma.“4 Krochmalnik inszeniert ein nichthierarchisches Stufenmodell, das von einem aus dem christlichen Meta- phernvorrat motivierten ausschließenden Oppositionszusammenhang sich hin zu einer Vereinigung von Bibel und Wissen/Weisheit entwickelt, ohne dabei 2 Alle Zitate ebd., S. 69f. 3 Giuseppe Veltri, „Philosophie, jüdische“, in: RGG. Handwörterbuch für Theologie und Reli- gionswissenschaft, Tübingen 42003, Sp. 1303-1311, hier: Sp. 1303f. 4 Daniel Krochmalnik, „Modelle jüdischen Philosophierens“, in: Trumah 11 (2001), S. 89-107, hier: S. 89. .
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