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5. Implications for Conservation of the Nicobar Islands

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5. Implications for Conservation of the Nicobar Islands Ecology and conservation of the endemic Nicobar flying fox (Pteropus faunulus) in the Nicobar group of islands, India Bandana Aul Field Assistants: Saw Ivan, Martin Ton, Emanuel and Samuel Technical Report for BPCP follow-up grant July 2007 Design: Saravanakumar Citation: Aul Bandana, 2007. Ecology and conservation of the endemic Nicobar Flying Fox (Pteropus faunulus) in the Nicobar group of Islands, India. Final Report submitted to BP Conservation Programme. Email: [email protected] 2 and instant plans to travel inter and intra The project wouldn’t have been Acknowledgements islands a huge success. possible without the continued support from BP, Flora and Fauna My sincere gratitude to Dr G the Andaman and Nicobar Forest The Team is indebted to the Chairman International, Birdlife International, Marimuthu for his patient Department in particular Mr Jayraj, Mr Tribal Council, Mr Thomas Ton (Kamorta Conservation International and guidance and support for training T.C. Nautiyal, Mr Pratap Singh and Mr Island) and Mrs Ayesha Majid (Nancowrie Wildlife Conservation Society through me on the basics about bats and Graham Dorai. The District Island). The village heads (Captains) are the BP Conservation Programme. The coping with my long absence from Commissioner (Andaman Is.), District specially thanked for their support and Rufford Small Grants and Lubee university. He has been very Commissioner (Nicobar District), hospitality in their areas Mrs. Cecillia, Conservancy- for Old World fruit bats supportive in ensuring that the Assistant Commissioner (Great Nicobar Mr.K.K.Allen, Ms.Leomean, Simon, Joel, supported the radio collaring study of study carries forward successfully. and Nancowrie Is) and the Assistant Urial and Emma are fondly acknowledged. the Nicobar Flying fox. Conservator of Forests Campbell Bay and Mr.Percy and Mrs. Iris Meyers are thanked Mr Harry Andrews, Director Nancowrie Group of Islands, Nicobar for their support Madras Crocodile Bank Trust/ district for issuing Andaman and Nicobar Islands us the necessary permits. My list would be incomplete without the Environmental Team for mention of the timely and valuable support encouraging my interest in winged The team witnessed the disaster on 26th rendered to my team by the defence forces. mammals and introducing the December 2004, and people in the islands In particular I would like to thank Lt Gen team to the Nicobars. offered great solace and timely help. I and Mrs Aditya Singh, Comd and Mrs T. would like to especially express my Hari, Brig Devados, Brig and Mrs Balbir Dr. John Raswellier IV New York gratitude to Lt Gen B. K Thakur, Pama, Lt Col and Mrs Birender Singh, Col University and Dr. Tigga Commander and Chief Andaman and and Mrs Virender Kapoor, Capt Devinder Kingston, Boston University for Nicobar Command and his team of Chahal, Cdr Yadav, Lt Cdr Gaurav Arora, Lt their comments on the draft officers for passing information of our Supradeep and Lt Prasad. reports and guidance in the safety as soon as they could to our project. Dr Paul J. J Bates, Dr D homes. Also Lt Gen A. N Aul and all Dr Thiruchentil Nathan and Dr H. Harrison, Harrison Zoological officers of 29 Infantry Division for Raghuram for all the help and advice in the Museum, Kent for taxonomic sending us relief material for the tsunami course of the project. Ms.Puneet and clarification and training. Dr Paul affected people in the Nicobars. Their Ms.Geetha are acknowledged for their help. Racey, University of Aberdeen and help came in very prompt and readily. In Dr Allyson Walsh, Lubee Bat field the team acknowledges the support Our project is indebted to Saw Ivan, Conservancy for useful comments of the Assistant Commissioner Kamorta Emanuel, Martin Ton, Amber, Samuel, and inputs on the project. Mr Island and Great Nicobar Island for letting Christopher, Amar, Micca, Saw Johnny, Saw Sujoy Choudhary, Ecollage, Pune the team participates in the relief activities. Jonathan and Naveen who assisted us for valuable inputs in data The team is forever indebted to Prof during the project and without whom this interpretation and maps. Mr Francis Xavier, Officer on Special Duty to would have been an impossible feat. Saravankumar, Ecotone for final the Lt Governor Andaman and Nicobar edition and design. Mr Suresh Administration for his unconditional Babu, University of Delhi for support. identification of the flora in the Central Nicobar Islands. A special thanks to Mr Veeraya, Deputy Director Shipping Services, Andaman and The Chief Conservator of Forests Nicobar Islands for making our unplanned / Chief Wildlife Warden Dr Alok Saxsena, Shri Khazan Singh and Shri S. S Chowdary and officials of 3 Contents 5. Implications for conservation in the Andaman and Nicobar Island 26 Summary 5 5.1 Hunting of flying foxes in the islands 26 1. Introduction 6 5.2 Conservation measures – solution to the existing problem 27 1.1 General introduction 6 5.2.1 Education and awareness -- present and future 27 1.2 Global scenario 6 5.2.1.1 Target Groups 27 1.3 Regional scenario 7 5.2.1.1.1 Group 1 – hunters 27 1.4 Studies in the past 7 5.2.1.1.2 Group 2 – Village heads 27 1.5 Studies undertaken by the team 8 5.3 Threats to fruit bats and other fauna in the islands 28 1.6 Fruit bats in the Central Nicobar Group of Islands 8 5.3.2.3 Legislative imperfections 28 1.7 The Stakeholders 8 5.3.1 Direct threats 28 5.3.1.1 Hunting in the islands 28 2. Study Area 9 5.3.1.2 Habitat loss 29 2.1 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 9 5.3.2 Indirect threats 29 2.2 Central Nicobar Group of Islands 10 5.3.2.1 Disturbance of caves -- bat habitat under pressure 29 2.2.1 Habitat description 11 5.3.2.2 Introduced species 29 2.2.1.1 Mangrove forest 11 5.4 Discussion 29 2.2.1.2 Littoral forest 11 2.2.1.3 Evergreen forest 11 6. Tsunami and its aftermath 32 2.2.1.4 Grassland 11 6.1 Diary of Events 32 2.2.2 Climate 12 7. Literature cited 37 3. Material and methods 12 3.1 Phase I: Determining foraging area and fruits in the diet of the Pteropus 12 8. Appendix I spp Species consumed by fruit bats and their fruiting/ flowering months 41 3.2 Phase II: Radio collaring studies and foraging range estimations 13 3.2.1 Data analysis 14 List of Maps 3.3 Phase III: Identification of threat to the bat fauna in the islands and 14 Map 1: Andaman and Nicobar Group of Islands 10 awareness campaigns Map 2: Central Nicobar Group of Islands 10 4. Ecological studies on the fruits bats 15 4.1 Identification of foraging areas 15 List of Tables 4.2 Radio-telemetry studies of the Nicobar flying fox 15 Table 1: Weather conditions in the Central Nicobar Islands 12 4.2.1 Day roost characteristics and foraging ranges of P. faunulus 16 Table 2: Foraging sites of Megachiropterans on Kamorta, Nancowrie and Trinket 15 4.2.2 Feeding habits of Pteropus faunulus 17 Islands 4.2.3 Fruit preference of Pteropus faunulus during Jan 2006-April 2006 19 Table 3: Details of radio-collared Pteropus faunulus collared at Kamorta Island 15 4.3 Niche separation among three species of fruit bats 36-44 19 Table 4: Plant species consumed by Pteropus faunulus in Kamorta, Nancowrie and 15 4.3.1 Niche separation by roost site characteristics 19 Trinket islands 4.3.2 Niche separation by foraging time and habits 20 Table 5: Roost characteristics of the fruit bats on Kamorta Island 20 4.3.3 Niche separation by diet 20 Table 6: Foraging time of three species of fruit bats in Kamorta Island (n>20 20 4.4 Fruit size and colour preference by the fruit bats 23 observation nights) 4.5 Vertical differentiation – height and strata used by the fruit bats 23 Table 7: Tabulation of food items used by the three fruit eating bat species in 22 4.6 Discussion 24 the Central Nicobar Islands based on personal observation, interviews and radio collaring of P. faunulus 4 Summary Table 8: Wildlife threatened and hunted in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands 28 Action Tayam-peh is a community based the Central Nicobar Group (P. conservation project in the Nicobar Group melanotus, P. faunulus and Cynpoterus List of Figures of Islands which aimed to determine the brachyotis) was examined via direct Fig 1: Box-plot sex-based differences observed in daily shifts between day 16 ecology and threats to the Nicobar flying observation in the foraging areas as well roost and centre of 50% utilization density kernels for seven radio-collared individuals (2 females) fox (Pteropus faunulus), an endemic species of as through interviews with bat hunters. Fig 2: Box-plots of sex-based differences in foraging range sizes estimated 16 flying fox restricted to the North and Seasonally occurring fruits were from (a) 50%, (b) 75% and (c) 95% utilization density kernels for eight radio- Central Nicobar Group of Islands. In a preferred by the two flying fox species collared individuals (n=2 females) survey funded by BPCP in 2003, the to more easily available perennial Fig 3: Foraging ranges of 8 Pteropus faunulus individuals on Kamorta Island 17 Nicobar Flying fox was rediscovered after fruiting species like Ficus as against the Fig 4: Estimated foraging range of the entire sample of eight collared 18 almost a century. They survey also C. brachyotis which foraged on all the individuals of P.faunulus confirmed that the species was locally available fruits in a season.
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