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Quality Services, Inc. Project #SD391501030E TCNS 127816 TRIBAL CONCERNS & ETHNOGRAPHIC REPORT: NATIVE AMERICAN PERSPECTIVES FOR THE SD17534-B RAPID CITY 7 COMMUNICATIONS TOWER Pennington County, South Dakota T2N, R8E, Section 31 By Lisa M. Jennings Quality Services, Inc. Project #SD391501030E June 16, 2015 Quality Services, Inc. Archeology, History, Paleontology & Tribal Consultation 1621 Sheridan Lake Road Rapid City, SD 57702 Phone 605-388-5309 Fax 605-388-5319 Email: [email protected] www.qualityservices.us.com Quality Services, Inc. - Archeology, Forestry, Geophysics, History & Paleontology 1621 Sheridan Lake Road, Ste. A, Rapid City, SD 57702-3432 - Phone 605-388-5309 – Email [email protected] Abstract This document provides an ethnographic and archeological overview of the state of South Dakota with an emphasis on the county in which the proposed project is located. It summarizes a century of ethnographic, archeological, and oral traditional research. The proposed project was reviewed by Quality Services, Inc. Native American Liaison and Oglala Sioux Tribe of South Dakota member Reuben Weston. This consisted of contacting representatives of local tribes regarding their potential concerns, assessing information about traditional use plants in the project area, attempting to identify cultural and spiritual locations near the project, reviewing known cultural resource site data, and obtaining Native American perspectives on the proposed project based upon traditional oral history. Based upon the response from tribal contacts and document research, this study did not identify any tribal concerns regarding this project. x No Native American cultural resources are in the direct area of potential effect (APE). x No effect to Native American cultural resources within the visual APE. x No effect to Native American cultural resources in the three mile record search radius. x No plants are present in the direct APE. x No Native American traditional use animal species will be adversely affected. This study indicates there are no identified potential tribal concerns regarding this project. Quality Services, Inc. Report #SD3915030E for the SD17534-B Rapid City 7 Communication Tower Page i Quality Services, Inc. - Archeology, Forestry, Geophysics, History & Paleontology 1621 Sheridan Lake Road, Ste. A, Rapid City, SD 57702-3432 - Phone 605-388-5309 – Email [email protected] Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ i Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ ii List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. ii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iii Purpose of This Report ................................................................................................................... 1 Project Information ......................................................................................................................... 1 Determination of Effect .................................................................................................................. 1 Project Description.......................................................................................................................... 1 Cultural Resources Records Search ................................................................................................ 3 Maps ................................................................................................................................................ 5 Tribal Involvement and Measures Taken to Identify Potential Tribal Concerns ............................ 7 Plants and Animals ......................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction to Environment and Culture History .......................................................................... 8 Prehistoric Cultures of the Black Hills of South Dakota ................................................................ 9 The First Americans ca. 15,000 B.P. .......................................................................................... 9 Clovis, Folsom, & Paleo-Indian: ca. 13,400[cal]-7600 B.P. .................................................... 10 Early Plains Archaic: 7600 to 5000 B.P. .................................................................................. 11 Middle Plains Archaic: 5000 to 3000 B.P. ............................................................................... 12 Late Plains Archaic: 3000 to 1500 B.P. .................................................................................... 13 The Late Prehistoric: 1500 B.P. to 16th Century A.D. ............................................................. 13 The Protohistoric Period: 1600-1804 ........................................................................................ 15 The Historic Period: 1804-1950: European Contact and Black Hills Gold ................................. 15 Arapaho ..................................................................................................................................... 16 The Assiniboine ........................................................................................................................ 20 The Cheyenne ........................................................................................................................... 22 Crow Nation .............................................................................................................................. 27 Kiowa ........................................................................................................................................ 28 Ponca ......................................................................................................................................... 31 The Sioux .................................................................................................................................. 33 Sutaio ........................................................................................................................................ 45 Historic Period Native Americans in Pennington County ............................................................ 46 Results and Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 49 Photographs................................................................................................................................... 50 References Cited ........................................................................................................................... 51 List of Tables Table 1. Archeological resources in the direct APE. ..................................................................... 3 Table 2. Archeological resources in the visual APE. ..................................................................... 3 Table 3. Archeological resources between ½ and 3 miles from proposed tower. ......................... 3 Table 4. Previous inventories in the direct APE. ........................................................................... 4 Table 5. Tribal contacts.................................................................................................................. 8 Quality Services, Inc. Report #SD3915030E for the SD17534-B Rapid City 7 Communication Tower Page ii Quality Services, Inc. - Archeology, Forestry, Geophysics, History & Paleontology 1621 Sheridan Lake Road, Ste. A, Rapid City, SD 57702-3432 - Phone 605-388-5309 – Email [email protected] List of Figures Figure 1. General location of proposed project within South Dakota. .......................................... 2 Figure 2. Project plan. .................................................................................................................... 2 Figure 3. Proposed project location (pink dot) .............................................................................. 5 Figure 4. SD17534-B Rapid City 7 Communications Tower Ethnography Map .......................... 6 Figure 5. SD17534-B Rapid City 7 Communications Tower ........................................................ 7 Figure 6. South Huron SD17286-B Communications Tower Location Map ................................ 7 Figure 7. Native American reservations in South Dakota and surrounding area........................... 9 Figure 8. A delegation of Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Kiowa Chiefs in Denver, Colorado, ........... 18 Figure 9. Assiniboine Territory (DeMallie and Miller 2001). ..................................................... 21 Figure 10. Early locations of the Cheyenne and related tribes (from Jablow 1994). .................. 23 Figure 11. Flow of European commodities into tribal areas (from Jablow 1994). ...................... 24 Figure 12. Ponca territory in the late eighteenth century. ............................................................ 32 Figure 13. Photos of the direct APE. ........................................................................................... 50 Quality Services, Inc. Report #SD3915030E for the SD17534-B Rapid City 7 Communication Tower Page iii Quality Services, Inc. - Archeology, Forestry,
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