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Mckean in the Northern Rocky Mountain Front: Economic Landscape and Ethnogenesis

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Mckean in the Northern Rocky Mountain Front: Economic Landscape and Ethnogenesis Plains Anthropologist ISSN: 0032-0447 (Print) 2052-546X (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ypan20 McKean in the Northern Rocky Mountain Front: Economic landscape and ethnogenesis François B. Lanoë, M. Nieves Zedeño, Danielle R. Soza, Anna M. Jansson & Blackfeet Thpo To cite this article: François B. Lanoë, M. Nieves Zedeño, Danielle R. Soza, Anna M. Jansson & Blackfeet Thpo (2019): McKean in the Northern Rocky Mountain Front: Economic landscape and ethnogenesis, Plains Anthropologist, DOI: 10.1080/00320447.2019.1689347 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00320447.2019.1689347 Published online: 06 Dec 2019. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 1 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ypan20 plains anthropologist, 2019, 1–22 ARTICLE McKean in the Northern Rocky Mountain Front: Economic landscape and ethnogenesis François B. Lanoë Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology and School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA M. Nieves Zedeño Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology and School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA Danielle R. Soza Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology and School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA Anna M. Jansson U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New York, NY, USA Blackfeet Thpo Browning, MT, USA We characterize the McKean (Middle Archaic) settlement of the Lewis Range in the Northern Rocky Mountain Front based on new excavations at the well- preserved and multi-component Billy Big Spring site, Montana, and on a ree- valuation of the regional archaeological grey literature. The study area contains numerous McKean sites despite being generally considered marginal to the McKean world. Economic strategies emphasize upland sheep hunting using probable traps or blinds and foothills bison ambush hunting near wetlands. The emergence of well-defined economic strategies during the Middle Archaic in the Northern Rocky Mountain Front coincides with the appearance of several markers of social identity in the northwestern Plains. When © 2019 Plains Anthropological Society DOI 10.1080/00320447.2019.1689347 2 LANOË ET AL. combined, these traits point to the emergence of ethnic/cultural identities in the Archaic period and suggest complex demographic and social processes that are often overlooked in traditional discussions of projectile point distri- bution and chronology. keywords Middle Archaic, McKean, Northwestern Plains, Rocky Mountain Front, Sheep, Blackfoot Introduction Archaeological evidence increasingly suggests that the Archaic period in North America was characterized by processes of ethnic and linguistic differentiation of populations that may be directly ancestral to contemporary Native American tribes. Overall increases in population, technological innovation, diet breadth, terri- torial organization, interregional trade, and reduction in mobility together hint at the formation of regional communities and social identities (e.g. Anderson 1994; Sanger et al. 2018; Sassaman 2010; Thomas 2019). Long-term patterns of landscape use and its permanent modification in the form of surface stone architecture (petro- forming) and mound-building (terraforming) point to deep-time cultural ancestry that rose in the Archaic period. Many tribes or ethnic groups have acknowledged them in origin stories, songs, ceremonies, votive practices, and rock art (e.g. Brace 2005; Brumley 1988; Keyser and Klassen 2001; Wilson 2005; Wissler and Duvall 1908). In the Plains, Archaic complexes defined by diagnostic projectile point styles cover vast areas that likely included various ethnic, social, and linguistic groups. In regions such as the Southeast, data recovery of in situ occupations provide reliable dates and information on diet, mobility, domestic space, group identity, territorial organiz- ation, and conflict (e.g. Thomas and Sanger 2010). In contrast, our knowledge of Plains Archaic-period societies suffers from a tacit equation of projectile points with cultural groups and from generalizations based on site-specific and component- specific research (Hofman 1997). While information provided by projectile points and dated components is invaluable for our understanding of the evolution of hunting technology and knowledge networks, it may largely correspond to markers of ecological adaptation rather than social identity (Buchanan et al. 2019). The McKean complex (ca. 5,600-3,400 cal BP) of the Middle Plains Archaic period is one such culture-historical construct. McKean complex sites or com- ponents occur in an area encompassing two countries, several provinces and states, and the traditional territories of multiple Native American ethnic groups and language families. Their distribution stretches from the Continental Divide east to the 102°W meridian, and from the Platte River north to the Saskatchewan River (Davis and Keyser 1999; Kornfeld et al. 2010; Peck 2011; Webster 2004). Originally identified from three partially co-occurring projectile point styles (McKean series [Mulloy 1954; Wheeler 1952, 1954]), it presents a classic target of hypotheses about migration versus diffusion. MCKEAN IN THE NORTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAIN FRONT 3 Recent assessments of radiocarbon dates for known McKean Complex com- ponents in Canada and the United States confirm that sites on the Absaroka and Bighorn ranges of northern Wyoming and southern Montana generally predate those located on the Plains to the east and north (Peck 2011; Webster 2004). Most regional archaeologists attribute their distribution to a process of recoloniza- tion of the Northwestern Plains from the south after ca. 7,000 cal BP (Husted 1968; Kornfeld et al. 1995; Ramsay 1993). This process would have reversed partial or complete depopulation of the Northwestern Plains after the Holocene Thermal Maximum (ca. 8,300-5,700 cal BP) and the Mount Mazama eruption (ca. 7,700 cal BP) (Husted and Edgar 2002; Kornfeld et al. 2010:37; Oetelaar and Beau- douin 2016; Syms 1970). Alternative explanations, including a northward diffusion of technological styles across diverse populations (Keyser and Davis 1985; Tratebas 1998) or an in-situ evolution from earlier projectile point complexes (Reeves 1969; Wright 1995) have received comparatively less attention. Many aspects of McKean society and culture beyond projectile point style and subsistence are poorly known. The McKean complex is best documented in its pur- ported region of origin in northern Wyoming and southern Montana (Davis and Keyser 1999; Frison 1991; Frison and Walker 1984; Kornfeld et al. 2010; Kornfeld and Todd 1985). Reconstructions of McKean complex lifeways in the north are limited to broad regional overviews with few exceptions (e.g. Peck 2011; Webster 2004). In the Northwestern Plains, a handful of sites with good context and preser- vation (e.g. Cactus Flower [EbOp-16], Alberta [Brumley 1975, 1978]) are separated by vast tracts of land where only isolated projectile points have been hitherto recorded by Cultural Resource Management or Cultural Resource Inventory pro- jects, most of which remain unpublished and accessible in State Historic Preser- vation Office repositories only. These materials must find a place in discussions of settlement patterns across the complex’s distribution area. In this article, we characterize the McKean settlement of a portion of the Northern Rocky Mountain Front (hereafter Northern Front), which constitutes one such “empty” land tract of the McKean world (e.g. Webster 2004: Figure 2.13). We propose that the Northern Front offers a useful avenue for better understanding McKean Complex peoples’ regional and local settlement. We proceed from the finding of a well-preserved McKean occupation at the multi-component site of Billy Big Spring, Montana, and then evaluate information from reported sites in its vicinity. The resulting picture of the economic and cultural landscape provides a baseline for evaluating the degree of heterogeneity and regionalization of the McKean complex, its value as a cultural concept, and its importance in the study of the ethnogenesis of ancestral Plains societies. McKean on the Northern Front The Northern Front lies on the transition between the Northwestern Plains and the east ranges of the Northern Rocky Mountains, ranging approximately from the Grand Canyon of the Missouri River to the Upper Bow River near Banff National Park (Figure 1). The abruptness of the transition varies with the width of the 4 LANOË ET AL. figure 1. Location of the Northern Front and of sites mentioned in text. foothills belt, from ca. 5 km along the Sawtooth Range to ca. 40 km along the Livingstone Range. Foothills are characterized by diverse habitats that include both montane and prairie vegetation. The Northern Front is reported at the margin of the McKean range (Webster 2004: Figure 2.13) with only a few sites, mostly on the Upper Bow River near or in Calgary, present in the regional literature (Peck 2011: Figure 18). Northern Front sites contain one or more McKean series projectile point styles—McKean Lan- ceolate, Duncan Straight Stemmed, and Hanna Expanding Stemmed. McKean complex occupations often form part of multi-component sites that show long-term continuity in settlement choices throughout the precontact sequence. Recent survey and excavations at two multicomponent sites in this area— St. Mary River Bridge (24GL203) and Billy Big Spring (24GL304)—offer
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