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University of Nevada, Reno Subsistence, Mobility, and Intensity

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University of Nevada, Reno Subsistence, Mobility, and Intensity University of Nevada, Reno Subsistence, Mobility, and Intensity of Residential Site Use: Results of Flaked Stone Analysis at High Rise Village ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology by Lukas W. Trout Dr. Christopher T. Morgan/Thesis Advisor May, 2015 ©Lukas W. Trout 2015 All Rights Reserved THE GRADUATE SCHOOL We recommend that the thesis prepared under our supervision by LUKAS W. TROUT Entitled Subsistence, Mobility, And Intensity Of Residential Site Use: Results Of Flaked Stone Analysis At High Rise Village be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Dr. Christopher T. Morgan, Advisor Dr. Geoffrey M. Smith, Committee Member Dr. Scott A. Mensing, Graduate School Representative David W. Zeh, Ph.D., Dean, Graduate School May, 2015 "! ! ABSTRACT The analysis of flaked stone recovered from 10 of High Rise Village’s (48FR5891) 52 habitation features helps elucidate high elevation prehistoric hunter- gatherer behaviors in western Wyoming, including subsistence and settlement patterns and site occupational intensity. This investigation identified a mixed expedient-bifacial pattern, low tool and raw material source diversity, and low artifact density. Rather than a hunting-focused and/or intensive logistical-residential settlement-subsistence strategy that has come to be recognized as common throughout the Rocky Mountains and Intermountain West, High Rise Village was evidently targeted for specific resource patch(-es) by small residentially mobile family groups who foraged for predictable resources for short periods of time. This pattern thereby conforms to previous models for seasonal transhumance-based adaptations in the Rocky Mountains. Furthermore, this research provides evidence for the integral importance of high elevations to prehistoric hunter-gatherers during western Wyoming’s Late Prehistoric Period. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ""! ! DEDICATION To my Mom, your support in my endeavors is all I’ve ever needed. To my Polish Grandmother, who taught me to be proud of my heritage and value the diversity that exists in every community. Mojej Babci, która nauczy!a mnie by" dumnym z mojego dziedzictwa i ceni" ró#norodno$" która istnieje w ka#dej spo!eczno$ci. To my Dad, thank you for teaching me to know and love the outdoors. ! """! ! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (BCS- 1302054), the National Geographic Society, the Waitt Family Foundation, Brigham Young University, the John Topman and Susan Redd Butler Foundation, and the Utah State University College of Humanities and Social Sciences. Furthermore, my esteemed committee chair, Dr. Christopher Morgan, gave me the remarkable opportunity to focus my graduate research on High Rise Village and serve as a crew chief during the 2012 Utah State University archaeology field school at this site. I learned a great deal throughout this process, and know I improved my skills as a writer and researcher from Dr. Morgan’s instruction and constructive feedback. My additional committee members, Dr.’s Geoffrey Smith and Scott Mensing, completed this invaluable process of constructive feedback. Dr. Smith led a Lithic Technological Organization course that formed the foundation of my understanding of hunter-gatherer use of flaked stone. This course ultimately comprised the foundation of the methodology I incorporated into this research. Early discussions with Dr. Mensing incited me to question research claims down the primary source regarding climatic data, and ultimately strengthened my interpretations of High Rise Village inhabitant behavior in an environmental context. My gratitude also goes to several individuals who made this work possible. Bryon Schroder and Dr. Richard Adams gave me invaluable feedback on flaked stone availability around High Rise Village as I began my research. Stacy Goodrick, with Western Archaeological Services, Inc., and Jay Sturdevant, with the Midwest ! "#! ! Archaeological Center, provided raw opalitic samples from Wyoming and North Dakota for comparative purposes. Obsidian X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and hydration analyses were conducted between Dr. Richard Hughes with the Geochemical Research Laboratory, Tim Carpenter with Archaeometrics, and Craig Skinner with the Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory. Furthermore, Dr. S. Brooke Milne replied to my inquiry on the (2003, 2009) debitage sampling strategy she developed, which I ultimately applied to this study. Dr. Joel Janetski, Emeritus Professor of Anthropology with Brigham Young University, and Dr. David Rapson, Adjunct Professor of Anthropology at the University of Wyoming, responded to my requests for data on artifact diversity and density from the high elevation Fish Lake sites in Utah and the Bugas-Holding Site in Wyoming. These data contributed to my discussion on relative occupational intensity at High Rise Village. The American Museum of Natural History’s Dr. David Hurst Thomas, a pioneer of high elevation archaeology in the region, patiently responded to my many emails of interest on the topic of high elevation research. Additionally, University of California, Davis’s Dr. Robert Bettinger gave an eye-opening tour in the aftermath of his pioneering work in the nearby White Mountain villages, as well as provided me data on artifact frequencies at one of these sites. Both archaeologists facilitated my initial grasp of the leading theories on hunter-gatherer behaviors in high elevation ‘village’ contexts. I learned a great deal from peer review. This process was conducted by Ashley Losey and Elizabeth Seymour with the Utah State University, Dayna Reale with the University of Cincinnati, Anna Jeanne Camp, David Harvey, Don Pattee, and Dr. Teresa ! #! ! Wriston with the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR), and Lindsay Abbott Ponte with Historical Research Associates, Inc. In addition to catalog work conducted by Ashley Losey and fellow Utah State University students, undergraduate lab volunteers at UNR assisted me with countless hours of artifact quantification and cataloging. For that I thank Jazmin Jimenez, Cari Burns, Lynn Lazaro, Hallie Taylor, Ryan Magera, and Annmarie De Silva for your time, enthusiasm, and the quality of work. This research would have also not been possible without volunteer and student participation during the 2011 field season and the 2010 and 2012 Utah State University archaeology field schools led by Dr. Christopher Morgan – nor without the foundational fieldwork headed by Dr. Richard Adams from 2006 to 2009. I am extremely grateful to the UNR Department of Anthropology for providing me excellent lab space for my analyses and giving me the opportunity to be a teaching assistant, which greatly enriched my graduate experience. And to my charismatic cohorts from Utah State University and my transfer institution at UNR, who made long hours on campus a treat. Last but not least, several archaeologists offered me priceless advice, feedback, and support during my first years as a seasonal archaeologist and as a prospective candidate for Anthropology Master’s programs. These individuals include Bureau of Land Management (BLM) archaeologist Susan Rigby, BLM fuels archaeologist Karen Kumiega, U.S. Forest Service archaeologist Dave Mehalic, ICF International archaeologist and lab director Darren Andolina, Historical Research Associates, Inc. geoarchaeologist and project archaeologist Michele Punke, and Cherie Freeman, with Archaeology Southwest and the Arizona State Museum. You all served as role models ! #"! ! and positive reinforcement for the goals I set upon that have formed the foundation of where I am in my career and academic progress today. Such thanks also goes to Mark Bodily, U.S. Forest Service archaeologist and heritage program manager. I am also grateful to Mark for being the first to engage me in high elevation archaeology, which fortuitously led to my graduate research. Mark included me as a crew chief on a U.S. Forest Service Passport in Time (PIT) project that included high elevation survey near Alta Toquima Village, where I realized the extensive research potential regarding high elevation archaeology. ! #""! ! TABLE OF CONTENTS ! ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................... i DEDICATION.................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES...............................................................................................................x LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION........................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH CONTEXT..............................................................................4 High Rise Village.........................................................................................................4 Site Context..........................................................................................................4 Environmental Context ........................................................................................7 Western Wyoming’s Paleoenvironmental Record.............................................10
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