A Profile of

A Portfolio of the Coastal Resource/ Socio-economic Status and Coastal Resource Management Programs in Danajon Bank

A document by the Coastal Conservation and Education Foundation Inc. for USAID as part of its Cooperative Agreement # No. AID-492-A-11-00002

1 Table of Contents

Danajon Bank , Overview 4 Legal and Institutional Framework, Introduction 7 Coastal Management and Protected Areas in Danajon Double Barrier Reef 8 The Provincial-level Policies and Initiatives 13 Institutions Involved in Coastal Resource Management 15 Stakeholders in Danajon Bank 17 Coastal and Resources 19 Methodology, Live Hard Coral 21 Density, Fish Diversity, Fish Biomass 22 , 24 Management Implications and Recommendations 23 Socio-Economic Profile, Summary 26 Background 27 Demographic Profile, Socio-economic Profile 28 Perceptions of MPAs 29 Analysis 30 Conclusions, Recommendations 32 Economic Valuation Study, Summary, Key Result Findings, Estimation of Economic Value 33 Fishing 34 Seaweed Farming 35 This publication is available electronically on www.coast.ph. Tourism, Indirect Values, Total Economic Value 36 For more information about this material, full studies, and related work, contact: Willingness to Pay, Policy Implications 37 Coastal Conservation and Education Foundation, Inc. Conclusion and Recommendations 38 Room 301, PDI Condominium, Archbishop Reyes Avenue, Banilad, City 6000 Cebu, Philippines Tel: (6332) 233-6909 or (6332) 233-6947; Fax: (6332) 233-6891 Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment, Introduction 39 The Vulnerability Assessment Framework, Exposure 41 This material was made possible through the support provided by the United States Agency for Sensitivity 43 International Development - Philippines under the terms of Cooperative Agreement The Lack of Adaptive Capacity 45 No. AI-492-A-II-00002 Summary of Key Findings 46 Citation: A Profile of Danajon Bank Philippines: A Portfolio of the Coastal Resource/Socio-economic Recommendations 47 Status and Coastal Resource Management Programs in Danajon Bank. 2013. Coastal Conservation References 48 and Education Foundation Inc., , Cebu, Philippines. 48pp.

2 3 protected areas (MPAs) including seven Danajon Bank is considered a critical Danajon Bank strict nature reserves and three protected resource area especially for fishing, as it seascapes. Danajon Bank hosts significant sustains the livelihood of around 5,000 forest cover with over 2,000 ha fishers in the commercial sector and over Overview of Rhizophora sp. The area also serves as 125,000 full-time municipal fishers in its important feeding and roosting grounds 17 municipalities/cities covering four The Danajon Bank is the only double barrier reef in the Philippines formed over the last of over 20 bird species during July to (4) provinces and two (2) administrative 6,000 years and one of only three such sites in the Indo-Pacific region. Danajon Bank November, one of which is the IUCN-listed regions. Ten (10) municipalities (, covers a total area of 272 km2 (27,200 ha) with a total coastline of 699 km including threatened species Chinese egret (Egretta Clarin, , Buenavista, Getafe, 40 islands, located off northern . This unique coastal environment is of global eulophotes). , Trinidad, , Ubay, and ecological significance is a priority area for the conservation of reef , corals, Carlos P. Garcia) are located in northern mangroves and mollusks because of a generally large, poor population which is highly The outer reef is largely outside any active Bohol, two (2), Lapu-Lapu City and reliant on resources. management effort. The collaborative Cordova are geographically located in management of Danajon Bank serves Cebu province, four (4), Hindang, Hilongos, three important functions: (1) supporting Bato, and Matalom in province, sustainable in Central Philippines, and one (Maasin City) in Southern Leyte (2) protecting marine biodiversity for province. Fishing is not only considered human wellbeing, and (3) creating new as a subsistence practice for the people economic development opportunities for living near the Danajon Bank as it has been dive tourism. embedded within their cultural identity as individuals and as communities (Langjahr, Danajon Bank is located off the northern 2006). part of Bohol, the mid-eastern part of Cebu and south-western part of Leyte Over time, the degradation of the within the Visayan region. It is the only Danajon Bank reef system has had double barrier reef in the Philippines serious consequences for food security, (Pichon, 1977). It covers a total area of conservation and economic growth 27,200 hectares with a total coastline of because of overfishing, population 699 km including 40 islands, and accounts pressure and degradation of habitats. for over one percent (1%) of the total area Actual living coral cover is low despite of coral reefs of the Philippines which is high coral diversity in the area. Fish estimated at 27,000 km2 (Christie et al. abundance and diversity in six inner reef 2006). This unique coastal environment sites surveyed were considered low by is of global ecological significance and is Philippine standards given that a typical at the world’s epicenter of marine-shore reef, the maximum number of fish count fish biodiversity (Carpenter and Springer is 800 per 500m2 (Calumpong, 2005). Fish Danajon Bank consists of three large reefs and clusters of small reefs. The outer barrier 2005). It has been identified as a priority biomass was also very low suggesting that reefs and slopes contain the most prolific coral growth while the inner reefs and lagoons area for the conservation of reef fishes, the general status of the area is degraded. are more turbid and have less coral growth. In 2004, 211 hard coral species have been corals, mangroves and mollusks (Green et recorded by local scientists while the presence of a variety of sharks and rays as well al. 2004). A number of coastal resource management as a large population of were also reported. There are more than 30 marine projects initiated either by local 4 5 communities or government agencies In 2002, the provinces surrounding the Legal and Institutional Framework such as the Department of Environment Danajon Bank signed a Memorandum of and Natural Resources (DENR) and the Agreement to create a technical working Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources group to oversee the management and (BFAR) of the Department of Agriculture conservation of Danajon Bank. This was (DA) have been implemented within the the CeLeBoSoLe Council (or the Cebu- Danajon Bank in partnership with non- Leyte-Bohol-Southern Leyte Council) government organizations or special which had representatives from the programs such as the Fisheries Improved Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources for Sustainable Harvest (FISH), and (BFAR), Philippine National Police (PNP) Project Foundation. 10 National Maritime Group, Philippine Coast Guard Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS) (PCG), Department of Environment sites have been established within these and natural Resources (DENR), National boundaries, including 7 strict nature Economic and Development Authority reserves and 3 protected seascapes (Green (NEDA), and Department of Interior and et al., 2002). Local Government (DILG) with the support of several projects and non-government A local mangrove reforestation initiative organizations. has also been implemented within this area. In her paper, Amper (2004) In 2011, The Coastal Conservation and argues that mangrove reforestation is an Education Foundation, Inc. (CCEF) assisted Figure 1. Administrative boundaries in the Danajon Bank area indigenous, locally-driven initiative. The the 23 municipal local governments 487-hectare mangrove area has not only and the four concerned provinces to protected the island from big waves and create the Danajon Double Barrier Reef Introduction strong winds, and provided a spawning Management Council (or DDBRMC) for area for fish and other marine creatures, improved collaborative management of Pursuant to the constitutional policy to protect the right of the people to a balanced and but also brought eco-tourists from all over Danajon Bank. healthful ecology, the local government units (LGUs) are given territorial jurisdiction the world to relish the magnificent view. to manage municipal waters, including the power to formulate ordinances, resolution, A number of marine protected areas have policies and programs consistent with the framework of local autonomy. One of the also been established by various local basic services mandated by the Local Government Code (RA 7610) is the duty to protect government units in the area supported and manage the coastal and marine environment, to impose local fishery revenues and by such projects as the Community-based taxes, to delineate their municipal waters, and to allocate the use of resources within Coastal Resource Management Project municipal waters. The national government is also required to conduct consultation (CBCRMP) of the Department of Finance with the local governments pursuant to their proposed projects to promote coastal and the Coastal Resource Management protection. The Fisheries Code (RA 8550) also granted powers to the LGU to grant Project of the DENR. As of 2004, 60 license and fishing privileges to registered fishers as well as to register motorized boats community and municipal-based MPAs with tonnage of three tons and below. On the other hand, the Fisheries Code of the has been established within the area in Philippines (RA 8550) granted the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resource (BFAR) various stages of implementation (CRMP, general supervision over activities in waters outside municipal waters, including the 2004). grant of fishing licenses to commercial fishing boats.

6 7 The following are some of the Coastal Management and Specific coastal management activities are of fishery rules and regulations, and legislative frameworks related to coastal Protected Areas in Danajon also effectively implemented through local recommendations to the Sangguniang management in the Philippines: legislation. The City of Maasin regulated Bayan (SB or municipal council) and Double Barrier Reef the use of payao (fish aggregating device the on all other matters related • The Local Government Code (RA or FAD) through a city ordinance. It also to environment and natural resources, 7160) – provides certain autonomy An important devolved function of LGUs is requires the registration of motorboats particularly in coastal and fisheries to city/municipal governments in the enforcement of fishery laws within its and charges a penalty to violators resources. A similar provision can be noted the management of their municipal municipal waters. This all encompassing thereof. The municipality of Getafe in in Inabanga, Bohol. Its municipal coastal waters. mandate includes the correlative duty Bohol designated a closed season for the code created the CRM technical working • The Fisheries Code of the Philippines to enact ordinances related to fishery catching and gathering of siganids during group (CRM TWG) which is a coordinating (RA 8550) – is the primary legislation management within their city/municipal the fourth, fifth, and sixth days after the body within the LGU that will recommend, for fisheries management in the waters. The 19 LGUs encompassing the new moon of every month. facilitate, and catalyze coastal resource country. Danajon Double Barrier Reef have enacted management initiatives. The CRM-TWG • The National Integrated Protected ordinances that are mostly prototypes of Several municipalities have also codified is headed by the mayor. The Coastal Area System Act (NIPAS ACT- RA the Fisheries Code of the Philippines but, their fishery ordinances. All of these fishery Code of Inabanga also created a resource 7586) – has provided protection at the same time, tailored fit to respond codes cover the regulation of all fishery accounting and information system. The to biologically significant flora and to local issues. There are local legislation activities in the city/municipal waters, and system aims to develop a data bank for fauna. on marine protected areas (MPAs) that business relating to use, development, continuous accounting and assessment of • The Wildlife Conservation Act (RA has enabled locally-managed sanctuaries. conservation, and management. The the state of fishery and aquatic resources in 9147) – provides for the management The Municipality of Inopacan, Leyte codification has facilitated the review the town. The modified and strengthened and protection of wildlife and passed an ordinance declaring the three of fishery regulations within the city/ coastal resource management code of the important habitats. islands - Apid, Mahaba and Digyo - as municipality and has enabled better Municipality of Tubigon institutionalized • The Clean Water Act (RA 9275) – marine sanctuaries and charges a penalty enforcement from local enforcers. the CRM Office solely for the purpose of provides for the management and to violators, despite the fact that the attending to the needs of coastal resource protection of bodies of water from three islands were declared as part of a The City of Maasin has passed its management of the town. pollution. protected seascape under Presidential Environmental Code that incorporated • Other important laws are the Forestry Proclamation No. 270. fishery management. The Municipality of In brief, some of the landmark ordinances Code, Public Land Act, Philippine Carlos P. Garcia (CPG) in Bohol approved in Leyte and Southern Leyte are: Mining Act, Marine Pollution Decree, MPAs have been the focus of most city/ its Fisheries and Coastal Management Solid Waste Management Act, and the municipal coastal resource management Code in 2006. To effectively implement its • An Ordinance Establishing and Clean Air Act. programs. All the LGUs within the Fisheries and Coastal Management Code, Protecting the Esperanza Fish • International Treaties: CITES, UNCLOS, Danajon Double Reef have their own the Code mandates the local government Sanctuary in the Marine Reserve Area AGENDA 21, Bonn Convention, established MPAs. Some LGUs have also of CPG to create the Fisheries and Coastal of Brgy. Espereanza, Inopacan, Leyte RAMSAR and Convention on established marine parks. For instance, Resources Management (FCRM) office ( Ordinance No. 02, s.2005 Biodiversity. the Municipality of Bien Unido in Bohol, headed by an Environmental Management • An Ordinance Regulating Fishing through an ordinance, declared 7,600 Specialist with two support personnel. The and/or Fisheries in the Municipality hectares out of their municipal waters Municipal CRM Code of Clarin also created of Hindang, Leyte and Imposing as Bien Unido Double Barrier Reef a CRM section under the Municipal Penalties Thereof (Municipal Marine Park. The City of Lapu-Lapu also Agriculture’s Office. Its functions include Ordinance No. 2004-02) established the Minantaw Marine Park the development of plan and strategies • The Municipal Fisheries Ordinance of covering 214.6 hectares of marine waters. for CRM implementation, enforcement the Municipality of Hilongos, Leyte 8 9 (Municipal Ordinance No. 2002-08) of Getafe, Bohol from Calendar yr Locally-managed Marine The Municipality of Matalom has one MPA, • The Amended Municipal Basic 2001-2005 (Municipal Ordinance No. Protected Areas the Canigao Island Fish Sanctuary. With Fisheries Ordinance of Bato, Leyte 25 series of 2003) the MPA-MEAT tool, it has a management (Municipal Ordinance No. 2003-04) • An Ordinance Designating Closed rating of “good” with level of performance Utilizing locally-managed marine • An Ordinance Revising the Municipal Season for the Catching and 1 even if it is still in the process of protected area as a tool for coastal resource Fishery Ordinance No. 95-03 of the Gathering of Siganids During the 4th, establishment. The Municipality of Bato management has long been adapted by Municipality of Matalom, Leyte 5th & 6th days after the New Moon also has one MPA, the Dawahon Marine local government units throughout the (Municipal Ordinance No. 2003-04) of every Month Throughout the year Sanctuary which is under the process of Philippines. Usually, nearshore waters and • An Ordinance Establishing the City in the Municipality of Getafe, Bohol establishment, level 1. coastal resources are largely or wholly Fish Sanctuary at Sto. Rosario, Maasin (Municipal Ordinance No. 08, s. 2008) managed at the community level by the City (City Ord. No. 2001-004) • Comprehensive Municipal Code The Municipality of Hindang has two coastal barangays, fishers’ organizations, • Environmental Code of Maasin Providing for the sustainable MPAs, the Himokilan Marine Sanctuary and/or a collaborative undertaking by management, development and and Bontoc Fish Sanctuary, both of which different stakeholders. Community tenure On the other hand, a few noteworthy conservation of the Municipal are under the process of establishment- is usually enshrined in an ordinance ordinances in Bohol include: Waters and its Coastal Resources, level 1. The City of Baybay has two MPAs, approved by the local government. Such a Harmonizing and Integrating all the Pangasugan and Plaridel Marine system ensures that benefits from marine • Fisheries and Coastal Management Ordinances Pertinent Thereto and Sanctuaries. Under the MPA-MEAT, both conservation efforts accrue directly to the Code of Pres. Carlos P. Garcia, Bohol for all other Purposes (Municipal have a management status of “very good”. local community. (Municipal Ordinance C-004) Ordinance No. 007, s. 2005) • An Ordinance Declaring Portions • Coastal Resource Management Code, The City of Maasin, in Southern Leyte, To date, there are 120 MPAs that have been of Municipal Waters of Bien Unido, Municipality of Inabanga (Municipal has two MPAs rated at “excellent” and at established within the Danajon Bank reef this Province, as Bien Unido Ordinance No. C-006, s. 2006) level 2- MPA is effectively strengthened which are in various stages of protection Double barrier Reef Marine Park • Municipal Coastal Resource when measured using MPA-MEAT. These and management. In the Province of and Establishing the Rules and Management Code of Clarin, Bohol are the Sto. Rosario and Guadalupe fish Leyte, 11 marine protected areas were Regulations of the Marine Park and (Municipal Ordinance No. 04, s. 2011) sanctuaries. established under local legislation. The Prescribing Penalties for Violation • The Modified and Strengthened Municipality of Inopacan has five marine Thereof (Municipal Ordinance No. Coastal Resources Management Code The Province of Bohol has the most protected areas within its territorial 2009-04) of the Municipality of Tubigon, Bohol number of MPAs in the Danajon Reef. It has waters. Of the five MPAs, the Apid, Digyo, • Fishery Code of Trinidad (Ordinance (Municipal Ordinance No. 2009-04- 16 locally managed MPAs which have been Mahaba Marine Sanctuary has a rating of No. 01-2009) 297 declared as no-take zones. Eight of these “excellent” in terms of management status • An Ordinance Providing For • The Municipality of Cordova, Cebu MPAs are under the rating “sustained” although the MPA is under the process of the Sustainable Management, and Lapu-Lapu City has passed which means that management plans establishment/ Level 1 in terms of level Development, and Conservation various ordinances declaring and are enforced. These are Batasan MPA of performance, when considering the of the Municipal Waters and Its establishing marine sanctuaries and (Tubigon), Asinan MPA (Buenavesta), MPA-MEAT rating tool. The Tinago and Coastal Resources, Harmonizing and mandating the registration of fishing Jandayan Norte MPA (Buenavesta), Esperanza Fish Sanctuaries which, were Integrating All Ordinances Pertinent vessels three (3) gross tons and below, Libaong MPA (Getafe), Cataban MPA established under Municipal Ordinance Thereto and For other Purposes among others. (Talibon), Pinamgo MPA (Bien Unido), No 62, series of 2005, have a rating of (Municipality of Talibon, Ordinance Bantigian MPA (CPG), and “very good” together with Conalum Fish No. C-004, 2005) MPA (Ubay). Three are also under the Sanctuary, when measured under the • An Ordinance On Coastal Resource rating “enforced”. These are MPAs that same tool. Management Plan of the Municipality are legally established and have visible 10 11 boundaries with functional management important public lands that are habitats of Hindang and neighboring islands municipalities in the formulation and bodies. These are the Jandayan Sur MPA rare and endangered species of plants and comprising Digyo, Apid, Mahaba establishment of their own coastal resource (Buenavesta), Pandanon MPA (Getafe) and animals representative of biogeographic and Himukilan islands and their management plans and strategies through Tugas MPA (CPG). The remaining MPAs are zones and related ecosystems.” Under the surrounding reefs a resource management framework. In rated “established”. Local legislation was law, the designated key implementing • Banacon Island (Presidential the Province of Southern Leyte, the Code passed establishing their existence. These body is the Protected Area Management Proclamation No. 2151) covers 425 enjoins the establishment of measures to are the Guindacpan MPA (Buenavista), Board (PAMB). hectares of mangrove forest. promote the management of coastal and Busilan MPA (Talibon), Lipata MPA (CPG), • Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary fisheries resources as well as municipal Gaus MPA (CPG) and Bilangbilangan MPA Ten National Integrated Protected Area (Presidential Proclamation No. 903) waters by local communites, supported in Tubigon. System sites occur within the Danajon covers 1,030 hectares of mangroves by barangay and municipal governments Bank Reef (see Fig. 1). Seven of which and other stakeholders. For Bohol, the Protected Areas under the are strict nature reserves and three are The Provincial-level Policies framework was established as a guide for protected seascapes. These protected coastal municipalities in undertaking the NIPAS Act areas are: and Initiatives delineation, establishment, management, • Talibon Group of Islands Protected maintenance, and protection of municipal The Philippines has sufficient laws Landscape/Seascape (Presidential Provincial Environment Codes waters. In turn, the recently-approved Cebu governing the protection of wildlife Proclamation No. 131) covering the Provincial Environment Code is deemed species and their habitats and the four islands of Banbanon, Bansahan, Pursuant to the powers granted to them as a guide for coastal municipalities most important one is the Republic Act Saag, and Tambu including its by the Local Government Code of the in undertaking, among others, the 7586, otherwise known as the National surrounding waters situated in the Philippines, provincial governments delineation, establishment, management, Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Municipality of Talibon shall adopt adequate measures to and maintenance and protection of their Act which was enacted in June 1992. This • Cuatro Islas as Protected Landscape/ safeguard and conserve land, mineral, municipal waters within six (6) months law provides for the establishment of Seascape (Presidential Proclamation forest, and other resources. It shall also upon the effectiveness of the Code. protected areas to “protect outstandingly No. 270) situated in coastal areas provide fisheries resource management remarkable areas and biologically of the Municipalities of Inopacan, services and facilities such as assistance For the purpose of implementing the to fishermen’s cooperatives and other provisions of Bohol Environment Code, the collective organizations as well as the Bohol Environment Management office transfer of technology, enforcement of (BEMO) under the Office of the Governor community-based (mangrove) forest was created. The BEMO have jurisdiction management laws and other laws on the and authority over all environment and protection of the environment, and coastal natural resources in the province, subject tourism development and promotions. to the provisions of the Local Government Code and all other applicable national To streamline the execution of these laws, rules and regulations. Similar offices governmental powers mandated by law, are present in other provinces like the and cognizant of the need to protect the Provincial Environment and Natural municipal waters within their province, Resource Office (PENRO) in Cebu, Provincial Provincial Environment Codes in Southern Environment and Resource Management Leyte, Bohol, and Cebu were created. A Office (PENRMO) in Southern Leyte, and common feature found in these Codes the Office of the Provincial Agriculture, Figure 2. Areas under National Integrated Protected Areas System is the adoption of a guide for coastal with its own CRM Section in Leyte. 12 13 Inter-Local Government Unit the success SCCRMC has gained to other body for law enforcement involving all the enactment of fishery ordinances in Clustering parts of the province. As a result, 8 other the members in terms of resource sharing their cities and municipalities. The 11 clusters of municipalities were organized. and scheduling. The CLEC- 2 member cities and municipalities which have municipalities are Clarin, Buenavesta, shown functional FARMC are the Cities of Inter-municipal partnerships among In the Province of Leyte, the Integrated Inabanga, Getape, Talibon, Trinidad, Lapu-lapu, Maasin in So. Leyte and Baybay adjoining LGUs sharing a common Municipal Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Bien Unido, CPG, and Ubay. Regular in Leyte Province, the Municipalities are ecosystem have been initiated in the Management Council (IMFARMC) has been meetings and trainings, together with IEC Inopacan and Hindang in Leyte Province, Provinces around Danajon. In Cebu, nine created through an acknowledgement, campaigns, are regular activities of the Cordova in Cebu, Tubigon, Clarin, (9) inter-LGU clusters have been created commitment, and understanding (or council. Buenavesta, Talibon and Bien Unido in through related memoranda of agreement. a memorandum of understanding – Bohol. Most of the ordinances that been One of the first active collaborations is MOU) document signed by the House enacted focuses on law enforcement, the Southeast Cebu Coastal Resource of Congress 5th District of Leyte, LGUs, fisheries management, establishment Management Council (SCCRMC) between Institutions Involved in Coastal national line agencies in Region-8, and the of marine sanctuaries, user’s fee and and among the municipalities of Sibonga, academe. The municipalities that signed Resource Management incentive to law enforcers. Based on the Argao, Dalaguete, Alcoy, Boljoon, Oslob, the acknowledgement are Inopacan, total number of municipalities and cities Santander, and Samboan. This group of Hindang, Matalom, Bato, Hilongos, Fisheries and Aquatic Resource (19) adjoining Danajon, the following municipalities agreed to collaborate in and the City of Baybay. The Marine summary show the percentage of 2005 on and fisheries management, Management Councils Science Department of the Visayas State ordinances enacted and enforced thereat: coastal law enforcement, gear and harvest (FARMCs) University is a signatory representing the regulation and water access regulation. academe. The DENR and BFAR represent • 7 out of 19 LGUs (37%) have codified Banking on the experiences learned The Fisheries Code mandates coastal the national government line agencies. or have comprehensive fishery from the SCCRMC, the municipalities of cities and municipalities to create their The memorandum of understanding ordinance Southwest Cebu, having experienced the own Fisheries and Aquatic Resource that binds the signatories has identified • 12 out of 19 municipalities (63%) have same perennial problems, also forged Management Council (FARMC). A majority key functions of the IMFARMC, such as declared some fisheries management an agreement to implement resource of its members are fishers and they are to assist in the preparation of municipal regulation (spawning, open-close management under the EBM framework given the power to recommend policies development plan, recommend the seasons, gear-boat regulation) in 2006. The municipalities of Barili, and programs affecting their municipal enactment of municipal fishery ordinances • 10 out of 19 municipalities (52%) have Dumanjug, Ronda, Alcantara, Moalboal, waters. In compliance with this mandate, to SB/SP, assist in the enforcement of declared marine sanctuaries Badian, Alegria, Malabuyoc, and Ginatilan 11 out of 19 municipalities and cities in fishery laws in the municipal waters, • 4 out of 19 municipalities (21%) have signed a memorandum of agreement the Danajon reef have functional FARMCs. advise the SB/SP on fishery matters, and ordinance on User’s fee creating the Southwest Cebu Resource While these councils are at varying degrees perform such other functions assigned by • 7 out of 19 LGUs (37%) have Management Council (SWCCRMC) and of functionality, they have put the various SB/SP. The IMFARMC regularly conducts its clear incentive systems for law agreed to collaborate and implement management programs in Danajon reef meeting and has recently approved the enforcement common programs on fisheries and habitat within the framework of the Fisheries adoption of the Unified Fishery Ordinance management, coastal law enforcement, Code and the Local Government Code. for the entire 5th District of Leyte. and ecotourism. In this line, the Province of Coastal Law Enforcement Cebu created the Cebu Provincial Marine The functionality of FARMCs is based on In Bohol, a memorandum of Protection and Conservation Council the its composition which must be in Over the years, the Danajon reef has been understanding (MOU) initiated the Coastal through an Executive Order No. 2005- accordance with the Fisheries code, have protected by a municipal law enforcement Law Enforcement Councils (CLECs) in each 07 Series of 2005. One of their foremost regular meeting, meetings conducted have team, which is a composite team with local congressional district. Each council serves programmed activities is the replication of agenda and documented and have caused fisheres (bantay-dagat or fish wardens) and as the main planning and coordinating 14 15 the local PNP. The focus is mainly within items when confiscating illegally caught Association of Fishwardens (PHILNAF), has provided ecosystem-based coastal the territorial jurisdiction of the respective marine products. It is a multi-agency League of Municipalities of the Philippines management, capacity building, IEC, towns. While many towns in the Danajon which is composed of the BFAR-7, DENR-7, –Bohol Chapter (LMP-Bohol) and the and research from 2003 to 2010. A reef have effectively protected their own 78 IB-Phil. Army, NAVFORCEN, PCG, PNP- Coastal Resource Management Project follow-on project, EcoFish, continues the municipal waters, some have been left CPPO-SRU, NBI-7, PNP-MARIG, Province (CRMP). A decade after its inception, implementation of the same programs open to illegal fishing activities due to the of Cebu, CIDG-7 and PNP-PRO-7. Further, CLEAR-7 has continued to fulfill its mission but in different focal areas/municipalities absence of their own enforcement teams. it has adopted four operational plans to in implementing an integrated coastal in Danajon. In other case, there are logistical problems broaden the scope of its operations and enforcement in Region-7. affecting the operations of these coastal effectively apprehend all aspects of illegal Other NGOs and projects involved law enforcement teams. fishing activities in the province. These are Non- Government in Danajon include Project Seahorse Team Pukot that focuses on commercial Foundation, Environmental Legal Out of 19 municipalities and cities, 10 fishing, and Team Eskina which focuses on Organizations Assistance Center (ELAC), PATH Philippines have demonstrated to have functional market denial operations. Team Anihaw Foundation, Inc., and Coastal Conservation Non-government organizations (NGOs) municipal coastal law enforcement (CLE) is a province-wide operation and which and Education Foundation, Inc. are private entities that operate to give teams. The Municipality of Inopacan included CRM cluster patrolling. advice to, offer technical assistance, and in Leyte and Maasin City have shown sometimes give logistical support to Stakeholders in Danajon Bank capability in enforcing fishery laws At the regional level, the Coastal Law LGUs. In the context of coastal resource within their respective jurisdictions. The Enforcement Alliance in Region – VII management (CRM), NGOs have been Resource managers agreed that the Municipalities of Tubigon, Inabanga, (CLEAR-7) has been created as a multi- effective in placing CRM at the helm of involvement of all stakeholders is crucial Buenavista, Getafe, Talibon, and Bien agency, multi-sectoral group established public governance through collaboration in any ecosystem-based management Unido are performing regular law to develop, package, pilot, and implement and joint project implementation. While approach. While their interest in enforcement in Bohol area. Lapu-lapu City an integrated coastal law enforcement the basic services provision in the Local management varies, the same is anchored and Cordova of Cebu Province have been strategy in Region 7. The Alliance is Government Code has included resource on the proposition of protecting and capacitating their respective CLE teams. legally bound by a memorandum of management among the LGUs deliveries, conserving the Danajon Double Barrier The City of Lapu-lapu has its own team, understanding (MOU) signed amongst a gap in technical capacity has greatly Reef. In a stakeholder’s analysis conducted, Task Force Kalikasan. The Municipality government and non-government entities impaired its implementation. However, three major groups of stakeholders of Cordova also established its own Sea with mandates, programs, and projects through the project intervention by were indentified to be affiliated in the Watch team. that concern the coastal and marine NGOs, CRM has now becoming one of management of the Danajon Bank under environment. The MOU was formally the functional basic services provided by different capacities: A provincial initiative on illegal fishing is signed in July 2000 in Cebu City with LGUs. under way in Cebu through the creation the following signatories: Department 1. those directly engaged in the of the Cebu Province Anti-illegal Fishing of Environment and Natural Resources Recognizing the importance of the management of municipal waters. Task Force by virtue of Executive Order No. (DENR), the Bureau of Fisheries and Danajon Bank Double Barrier Reef, it Although not considered to be 21, Series of 2010. This was the Province’s Aquatic Resources (BFAR), Department of has been the center of many project primary stakeholders, their interest response to the increase in illegal fishing Interior and Local Government (DILG), PNP interventions by many NGOs. While is focused primarily on good activities. This also supports the local CLE Maritime Group (PNPMG), Philippine Coast these interventions vary in terms of governance and their support is operations initiated by the different towns Guard-Central and Eastern Visayas (PCG- project deliverables, its overall goals in critical to the success of all resource in Cebu. Primarily the task force is the lead CEV), National Bureau of Investigation the program are to preserve, protect, and mangement initiatives. They are agency in the province that conducts (NBI), International Marinelife Alliance rehabilitate this critical barrier reef. FISH the , the Municipal Planning seaborne operations, market denials, (IMA), Environmental Legal Assistance Project, supported by USAID-Philippines, Officers, the Municipal Agriculture and seizure operations, as well as seized Center (ELAC), Philippine National Officers and the Tourism Officers. 16 17 2. those seeking to implement CRM at municipalities, they have created their Coastal Habitats and Resources the cluster or provincial level that own “bantay-dagat” groups but no regular follow a collective or joint program patrolling or sufficient law enforcement mostly initiated by a collaborating activities have been implemented. As one of six double barrier reefs in the world, the Danajon Bank is an epicenter of ma- body. These are the CRM Councils rine biodiversity. One cannot stress enough the importance of protecting such an area in Southern Cebu, the IMFARMC of Further, the lack of proper livelihood in the interest of food security, environmental tourism, and basic community livelihood. Leyte Province, and the Coastal Law programs for fishermen is another issue. This technical document aims to identify major issues and threats to coastal natural Enforcement Council of Districts 1 Although previous initiatives in Danajon resources as well as the condition that they are in. and 2 of Bohol. Oversight functions involve livelihood development programs, for these bodies are usually provided further inputs for livelihood through by the BEMO and secretariat or assistance in project proposal-making to office directly managing day-to-day existing organizations, funds for livelihood operations. Their interests in the training, and fund sourcing for income project and in the Danajon Bank generating projects (IGPs) are some of the management are joint coastal law challenges identified. enforcement, joint trainings, and unified fishery policies. Various challenges that were identified 3. those considered as primary range from municipal water delineation, stakeholders. These are the fishers, proper adjudication of cases, management the fish vendor associations, pump- of NIPAS areas, varying fisheries programs boat operators, tropical aquarium and policies among municipalities, and fish collectors, and seaweed farmers. lacking in incentives for law enforcers. Their interest in the area lies mainly on livelihood opportunities, increase in production, and management conducive to the implementation of their activities. Figure 3. The administrative boundaries in Danajon Bank and where the currents flow.

Challenges A relatively protected reef, placed within between three major archipelagic islands (Cebu, Bohol, and Leyte), Danajon bank naturally flourishes with coral life and fish. Notwithstanding project interventions on However, it is also plagued by anthropogenic factors that take the form of dynamite institutional development from different fishing, overfishing, cyanide fishing, and commercial fishing. agencies, functionality of institutions in order to implement, monitor, and In 2002, the provinces surrounding the Danajon Bank signed a Memorandum of evaluate CRM programs in Danajon Agreement to create a technical working group to oversee the management and remains a problem. This is mainly due conservation of Danajon Bank. This was the CeLeBoSoLe Council (or the Cebu-Leyte- to the lack of budget for municipal CRM Bohol-Southern Leyte Council) which had representatives from the Bureau of Fisheries implementation. This perennial problem and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), Philippine National Police (PNP) Maritime Group, often results to inactive MFARMCs and Philippine Coast Guard (PCG), Department of Environment and natural Resources Coastal Law Enforcement Teams. In most (DENR), National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), and Department of

18 19 Interior and Local Government (DILG) with Management Council (or DDBRMC) for the Labrids (; labayan), observed at at each site and the quadrat contents the support of several projects and non- improved collaborative management of 234.1 ± 57.8 individuals/500m². Caesionids were determined by the method used by government organizations. Danajon Bank. (fusiliers or solid) were the most abundant Saito and Atobe (1970). Mangrove surveys family (203.9 ± 87.9 individuals/500m²). utilized the transect line-plots method By 2009, the Bien Unido Double Barrier In 2009, Lucas conducted an extensive Piscivores (ex. Snapper or maya-maya, after English et al. (1994). Reef Marine Park (or BUDBRMP) was biophysical survey on the outer bank and grouper or lapu-lapu), commercially established by municipal ordinance in the reported that both the SCUBA transects important species, were recorded at very Live Hard Coral town of Bien Unido which protects about and manta tow series revealed similar low levels (0.32 ± 0.28 individuals/500m2). 3,317 hectares of the bank (including two percentages of live hard coral cover (Lucas They also reported that majority of fish Live coral cover was relatively variable 50-hectare no-take zones). In addition to 2010). The overall coral condition of the were of very small size (0-10cm size between sites and ranged from 11.4% this, there are also 75 community-based surveyed outer reef sites was classified to class) and that no fish over 30cm were coral cover at site 9 (northeast of Pandanon no-take zones in Danajon Bank’s inner reef be in “Fair” condition (34.3 ± 4.1 %) based encountered during the surveys (Lucas Island), which is characterized by bare reef 2,506 hectares, or 9.3%, of the entire bank. on Reef Condition Index at 6-16m depth 2010). substrate due to a wide intertidal flat, to (range: 25-49.9% LHC) (Lucas 2010). The 50.6% coral cover around northeast of In 2011, The Coastal Conservation and mean total reef fish density was 957.6 Methodology Pandanon Island which is dominated by Education Foundation, Inc. (CCEF) assisted ± 201.7 individuals/500m², classified to branching corals. The comparatively low the 23 municipal local governments be at “Moderate” abundance (677-2276 Five different scientific surveying methods coral cover across the bank, 29.46% ± and the four concerned provinces to individuals/1000m²). The most abundant were used to measure the condition of 3.6%, may be a result of extensive coral create the Danajon Double Barrier Reef fish species recorded were members of the coral reefs, fish abundance/species mortality caused by years and years of richness, seagrass cover, and mangrove rampant, irresponsible fishing practices forest cover. The manta tow survey on in the outer reef and the continually poor snorkel (for shallow extensive reefs) and water quality near the many river mouths the scuba survey (for deeper reefs) were along that section of coastline. Percent used to measure/estimate hard coral cover LHC cover from the SCUBA assessment at different depths and rated using the live data is consistent with the manta tow coral cover index by Gomez et al. (1994). The scuba survey was also used to utilize the point-intercept transect (PIT) to collect coral cover data and the 500m2 fish visual census to collect information on fish abundance, fish species density, and fish biomass and rated using the rating index of Hilomen et al. (2000). Seagrass surveys used the transect-quadrat method, a 50-m transect was laid Figure 5. Percent benthic cover using generalized categories: Live Figure 4. The Bien Unido Double Barrier Reef Marine Park and the 75 no-take zones in perpendicular to the shore Hard Corals, Soft Corals, Non-Living (all abiotic substrate) and Others Danajon Bank. ponges, anemones, other animals).

20 21 observations (N = 638) along with other Fish Diversity benthic categories collected a month Figure 7. Mean earlier which revealed an average of 18.33 Bank-wide, mean species diversity species richness ± 1.5% bank-wide. This is attributed to (spp./500m2) at each (presented as species richness) was site. large stretches of sandy areas and the computed at 54.4 ± 2.8 spp/500m2 from natural soft bottom profile in the inner which only 21.5 ± 1.5 spp/500m2 were reef. considered target species. Mean diversity is consistent with mean abundance with The most common fish found on all sites sites 12 and 13 as the two most diverse were damselfish (pomacentridae) and sites with 74 spp/500m2 and 66 spp/500m2, (labridae) (see fish species list respectively. table). Overall, the survey data suggests that intensive fishing pressure has removed most of the large apex predatory Fish Biomass fish. Low numbers of coral health indicator Mean fish biomass bank-wide was species also suggest a declining reef very low, calculated to be at 7.35 ± 1.9 Figure 8. Mean fish condition or removal from the reef system 2 2 kg/500m with only 2.84 ± 0.6 kg/500m 2 for the aquarium trade. biomass (kg./500m ) for coming from target fishes. As a result from all reef species at each being the top sites in abundance and site. Fish Density diversity, sites 12 (20.01 kg/500m2) and 13 (24.10kg/500m2) also has the highest Mean fish abundance (numerical biomass among all sites. abundance) for all reef species across the bank was estimated to be at 280.5 ± 51 individuals/500m2 of which 42.5 ± 6.1 individuals/500m2 are target fishes. The sites with the highest mean Figure 9. Means of percent fish abundance coral cover, fish abun- are site 12 (769.8 dance, species richness and biomass at each site. individuals/500m2) and site 13 (510.8 individuals/500m2).

Figure 6. Mean fish abundance (ind./500m2) for all reef species at 13 surveyed sites.

22 23 Seagrass Management Implications and Recommendations Seagrass cover for Danajon bank Overall, the health of Danajon Bank’s averaged at 39.59% coral reefs is declining. Many challenges ± 12% (range 10.0- still remain in the joint management 77.21%). Buenavista of the coastal resources. Financial and has the densest human resources are limited and are seagrass community disproportionate to the value of goods having 77.21% cover Figure 10. Mean of percent seagrass cover and species richness (# of species) at and services generated by coral reefs. followed by Tubigon each site. with 64.21%. Clarin had the lowest trees/100m2) of which 111.22 ± 61.6 Global climate change is an increasingly cover at only 10% cover. No seagrass trees/100m2 are mature. Banacon Island pressing threat with increasing incidences surveys were conducted in Getafe due has the densest mangrove community of coral bleaching, ocean acidification to accessibility concerns. Banacon Island averaging 412.0 trees/100m2, but has and the potential for stronger storms has the most seagrass diversity with the least diversity. This is not surprising challenging even the most resilient reefs. four species including Thalossodendron because the island is a known planting site Policy interventions must be prioritized cilliatum, which was absent from all the monospecifically planted with Rhizophora to efficiently allocate limited financial and other surveyed sites. Enhalus acoroides is stylosa and a beneficiary of DENR’s human resources available to the most common seagrass species which mangrove reforestation programs the last managers. Site-based approaches that was recorded in three out of the six sites. 20 years. Tubigon had the most recruits involve strong community participation (51.3 trees/100m2) due mainly to recently and a coordinated network of organizations Mangroves planted seedlings. The least abundant area can address threats together. Further, the was Clarin averaging 28.12 trees/100m2. commitment and capacity of managers to deal with these threats must be enhanced. Danajon Bank has a relatively abundant Mangrove diversity averaged at 5.5 ± 1.5 2 2 This means that better education for an mangrove cover averaging at 131.37 ± spp/100m (range 1–12 spp/100m ), with improved understanding of reef resilience 58.7 trees/100m2 (range 53.63 – 412.1 Banacon Island and Buenavista as the least and most diverse sites, respectively. to climate change should also be shared.

Figure 11. Mean mangrove abundance (# of trees/ 100m2) and species richness (# of species) at each site. 24 25 Socio-Economic Profile Background near the Danajon Bank as it has been embedded within their cultural identity as Danajon Bank is located off the northern individuals and as communities (Langjahr, Summary part of Bohol, the mid-eastern part of 2006). Cebu and south-western part of Leyte This study is a major component of the Danajon Bank Marine Park Project aimed at within the Visayan region. It is the only Over time, the degradation of the establishing a socio-economic and demographic baseline profile of the coastal island double barrier reef in the Philippines Danajon Bank reef system has had communities surrounding the Danajon Bank. Data obtained from the survey was used (Pichon, 1977). It covers a total area of serious consequences for food security, to inform the management of the Danajon Bank Marine Park with special attention 27,200 hectares with a total coastline of conservation and economic growth given to the environmental and gender issues involving women in fisheries. The 699 km including 40 islands, and accounts because of overfishing, population respondents include 4,336 coastal residents from 834 households taken from a sample for over one percent (1%) of the total area pressure and degradation of habitats. of 60 barangays in the outlying islands of the municipalities and cities of Danajon Bank. of coral reefs of the Philippines which is Actual living coral cover is low despite The population is almost evenly distributed among four provinces with a little over a estimated at 27,000 km2 (Christie et al. high coral diversity in the area. Fish third of the total population comes from Bohol; another third from Cebu; and about a 2006). This unique coastal environment abundance and diversity in six inner reef third from Leyte and Southern Leyte combined. is of global ecological significance and is sites surveyed were considered low by at the world’s epicenter of marine-shore Philippine standards given that a typical Figure 12. Population reef, the maximum number of fish count Distribution per fish biodiversity (Carpenter and Springer Province 2005). It has been identified as a priority is 800 per 500m2 (Calumpong, 2005). Fish area for the conservation of reef fishes, biomass was also very low suggesting that corals, mangroves and mollusks (Green et the general status of the area is degraded. al. 2004). A number of coastal resource management Danajon Bank is considered a critical projects initiated either by local resource area especially for fishing, as it communities or government agencies sustains the livelihood of around 5,000 such as the Department of Environment fishers in the commercial sector and and Natural Resources (DENR) and the over 125,000 full-time municipal fishers Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources in its 17 municipalities/cities covering (BFAR) of the Department of Agriculture four provinces and two administrative (DA) have been implemented within the regions. 10 municipalities (Tubigon, Danajon Bank in partnership with non- Primary livelihood of households is fishing, mainly small-scale fishing for subsistence Clarin, Inabanga, Buenavista, Getafe, government organizations or special and income generation. Secondary sources of income, whether marine or land-based, Talibon, Trinidad, Bien Unido, Ubay, and programs such as the Fisheries Improved are limited. Women participation in livelihood activities is also limited and largely Carlos P. Garcia) are located in northern for Sustainable Harvest (FISH), and unrecognized. Moreover, skills development and educational attainment of those in Bohol, two, Lapu-Lapu City and Cordova Project Seahorse Foundation. 10 National the productive ages are low. Fertility, although showing signs of decline in later years, are geographically located in Cebu Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS) remains high; and population densities and growth rates are also high. Such findings province, four, Hindang, Hilongos, Bato, sites have been established within these indicate an increasing population pressure on the marine and coastal environment of and Matalom in Leyte province, and one boundaries, including 7 strict nature the Danajon Bank, which needs to be immediately addressed. Awareness of MPAs is (Maasin City) in Southern Leyte province. reserves and 3 protected seascapes (Green rather high and perceptions on their benefits are favorable. Residents generally prefer Fishing is not only considered as a et al., 2002). to be consulted on the establishment of the Danajon Bank marine park and are likely to subsistence practice for the people living be in favor of charging user fees for divers.

26 27 A local mangrove reforestation initiative Socio-economic Profile • Water sources include rainwater Table 2. Awareness and Perceptions on the Benefits has also been implemented within (35.5%), local piped-in water supply of MPAs this area. In her paper, Amper (2004) (18.3%), open-dug wells without • 47.7% of the survey sample has had Aware- Beneficial or Not Total argues that mangrove reforestation is an pump (10.6%) and wells equipped some elementary education; 39.8% ness indigenous, locally-driven initiative. The high school; 10.6% college; 0.2% with pumps (8.8%); location of water 487-hectare mangrove area has not only vocational; and 1.7% no education. source is usually at an open space Yes No D/K protected the island from big waves and • Primary livelihood of 77.7% of within the community (43.7%), in the Yes 84.2 3.6 2.4 90.2 strong winds, and provided a spawning households is fishing; and 15.6% household yard (29.6%), and inside No 0.2 1.7 7.9 9.8 area for fish and other marine creatures, seaweed farming. 96.6% of the the house (14.9%). but also brought eco-tourists from all over households do not have any TOTAL 84.4 5.3 10.3 100.0 the world to relish the magnificent view. secondary livelihood. A number of marine protected areas have • Women participation in livelihood Table 1. Primary Livelihood of the Sample Households also been established by various local Table 3. Perceptions on Management and Creation of activities is 15.7%, with higher Marine Park in the Outer Danajon Bank government units in the area supported participation rates in land-based Type of Livelihood % of by such projects as the Community-based livelihood activities than marine- households Mgt of Creation of Marine Total Coastal Resource Management Project based ones. Municipal fishing 77.7 Outer Park Danajon (CBCRMP) of the Department of Finance • Median years of fishing is 20; usual Commercial fishing 2.3 and the Coastal Resource Management fishing grounds are municipal Bank Gleaning 2.4 Project of the DENR. As of 2004, 60 waters; catching a variety of marine Yes No D/K community and municipal-based MPAs organisms include crabs, and Seaweed farming 15.6 Yes 75.4 1.5 5.3 82.2 has been established within the area in various fish species; they use various Aquaculture 0.2 No 1.1 1.4 0.1 2.6 various stages of implementation (CRMP, fishing gear, primarily hook and line Diving 0.6 2004). and gill nets; fish catch is intended D/K 5.8 0.3 9.1 15.2 primarily for selling and also for None 1.2 TOTAL 82.3 3.2 14.5 100 The following are the key survey findings consumption. TOTAL 100.0 from the Socio-Economic Baseline Study: • Median income is P2500 per Table 4. Perceptions on Consultation Process in month; average household size is 5; Establishing Marine Park Demographic Profile household expenses are primarily for Perceptions of MPAs food, electricity, water, education and Consul- Benefits of Participation Total • Population distribution is roughly gasoline; 90% own their house but 90.2% are aware of MPAs; 84.4% see the tation equally divided between the only 31.7% have ownership of the benefits of MPAs; 82.2% view the need for Provinces of Bohol (35%), Cebu (32%), land. management of the outer Danajon Bank; Yes No D/K De- and Leyte, and Southern Leyte (25% • 59.3% use electricity and 37.3% use and the creation of a marine park (82.3%); pends and 8%). kerosene for lighting; 98.5% use 59.4% prefer to be consulted regarding Yes 53.8 0.6 2.7 2.3 59.4 firewood or charcoal for cooking; • Median age is 19; age dependency this matter and 67.2% see the benefit of No 0.6 3.0 2.6 0 6.2 ratio is 65 with 62 in the young-age 47.7% have water-sealed toilets while participating in the creation of the marine D/K 12.8 0.9 20.5 0.2 34.4 and 3 in the old-age population 45% have no toilets at all; garbage is park; 69.6% say that user fees should be TOTAL 67.2 4.5 25.8 2.5 100 brackets; sex ratio is 111 males to disposed either through composting charged to divers. 100 females; CWR is 44; and highest (43.8%), garbage collection (19.4%), population density is at 814.8 burning (20.6%) and dumping (16%). per hectare. 28 29 Table 5. Perceptions on Charging User Fees for Divers Table. 6. Purpose of Fish Catch of labor, relegating women to more management systems in their barangays. in Outer Danajon Bank “reproductive work” than “productive These spell a number of environmental Purpose % of house- Charge User Fees % work”. Productive work performed by implications – first, water is scarce; second, holds women may sometimes not be considered human and solid waste could contaminate Yes 69.6 Household Consumption 0.5 as a means of livelihood since it usually coastal and marine ecosystems as well as No 30.4 Selling 53.6 does not bring in much cash. Women in ground water sources; third, use of wood TOTAL 100 Selling & Consumption 45.9 the early part of their productive ages as cooking fuel and burning of garbage TOTAL 100 tend to seek work elsewhere due to lack of emit toxic gases to the atmosphere. opportunities, while most of the men who Analysis stay opted for fishing as it is considered in Table 8. Garbage Disposal Practices Philippine society as a traditional gender The socio-demographic and socio- of skills are also very scanty. Alternative Method of Garbage % role assigned to men. Disposal economic profile of Danajon bank speak marine-based livelihoods, such as seaweed of a population that is heavily reliant on farming, although can bring in more cash Collected by garbage col- 19.4 Population growth rates are uneven and lector resource extraction from marine and than fishing, are engaged in only by a small vary from one municipality to another. Burning 20.6 coastal ecosystems, mostly for subsistence. percentage of the residents. Worse, land- However, growth rate is generally high. Fishing as primary livelihood of majority based livelihoods are very limited as most The Child-Woman Ratio (CWR) is still Composting 43.8 of the enumerated households in the of those in the productive age group have relatively high compared to national Dumped away from house 6.7 Danajon does not bring in much cash but generally low educational attainment and CWR figures, although there are signs Dumped near house 0.4 provides food for the household. Aside lack of sufficient skills other than fishing. that fertility levels may have declined in Dumped in river/stream/ 8.9 from this, fishing consumes much of the recent years as evidenced by the lower open sea time of those in the productive age group. Women’s participation in livelihood population of children aged 0-4 compared Others 0.1 On the other hand, secondary sources of activities is relatively low, largely due to to those in the 5-9 and 10-14 age brackets. TOTAL 100 income are very limited as other types prevailing notions on the gender division Out-migration is more evident than in- Table 7. Gender Participation in Livelihood Activities migration. In-migration was high in the 1940s-1950s when resources were still very The situation in the Danajon Bank calls Type of Livelihood % Male % Female Par- % to Total abundant, but this has declined in recent for comprehensive solutions especially Participation ticipation years. Despite this trend, population on environmental protection and Municipal fisher 95.2 4.8 67.6 densities are still relatively high especially livelihood enhancement among others. Commercial fisher 85.0 15.0 2.0 in the small islands. Given these pressing concerns which put Gleaning 60.0 40.0 2.5 pressure on the Danajon Bank, we turn Human activity in the Danajon is not only to government for solutions especially Seaweed farming 82.3 17.7 15.7 confined to fishing as these areas are also in resource management as well as Aquaculture 75.0 25.0 0.4 where residences are located. Households regulation. However, the Danajon Bank Farming 80.0 20.0 0.5 have basic needs not only for food but also is a unique and complex area to manage Business or self employment 26.8 73.2 7.0 for housing, water, fuel, energy, sanitation, as it is under the jurisdiction of a number private employment 40.9 59.1 2.2 and garbage disposal. These are major of political entities from the barangay, municipal, provincial, and regional levels. government employment 6.3 93.8 1.6 concerns in these areas as many rely on rainwater, do not have toilets, majority still Each LGU might have different programs Others 66.7 33.3 0.6 use wood or charcoal as cooking fuel, and for the Danajon Bank, and there seems TOTAL 84.3 15.7 100 most do not have functional solid waste to be a lack of coordination among them 30 31 in this regard. This is the challenge that 3. Disseminate more information on Economic Valuation Study needs to be faced not only by government the need, methods, and benefits of officials but more so by the residents of family planning to the households the Danajon area. in particular and the community in Summary general, thereby easing population pressure on the environment. This study estimated the economic values marine ecosystems comprising the Danajon Conclusions Bank area under present conditions and the future values of economic benefits and costs among stakeholders in the fishing and tourism industry. These values will be used 1. The Danajon Bank is a complex area as a basis to promote policies and livelihood options that reinforce establishment of involving a number of barangays, the Danajon Double Barrier Reef Management Council. The results will also inform the municipalities, provinces, and regions. regional, provincial and local government units and relevant government agencies on 2. Primary livelihood in the Danajon guidelines for the development of appropriate user fees that support the economic and revolves around small-scale municipal environmental sustainability of local fishing and ecotourism industry in the provinces of fishing both for subsistence and Cebu, Bohol, Leyte and Southern Leyte. income generation. Secondary sources, both marine-based and The objectives of this study are to (1) estimate the economic values of ecosystem ser- land-based are very limited. Women vices provided by the Danajon reefs; and (2) estimate an appropriate diver visitation fee participation in livelihood activities is based on a willingness-to-pay valuation. also limited. 3. Population pressure on the marine The benefits generated from marine resources include: (1) direct benefits from fisher- and coastal ecosystems is growing as ies, seaweed farming, gleaning, and recreation/tourism; and (2) indirect benefits as re- fertility continues to be high although flected from the shoreline protection and nursery function of mangroves. The marine slowly declining. Population densities resources generate direct and indirect values. Mangroves and coral reef areas yield a and growth rates are also high. value at PhP 273.9 mil (USD 6.4 mil) in annual benefits. This implies that in terms of man- agement efforts, the protection and conservation of mangroves and coral reefs should Recommendations be prioritized.

1. Create a regular coordinating body The present value of the stream of net benefits derived from the marine resources of the composed of representatives from Danajon bank over a 20-year period using a 10% discount rate, amounts to PhP 2.6 bil local government units that are part (USD 59.6 mil). This implies that the current net benefits are dependent on the quality of of the Danajon bank to constantly the coastal and marine resources for these benefits to continue into the future. plan, implement, monitor and evaluate programs in the area. If these coastal resources are not protected and destructive economic activities are 2. Conduct various skills training to allowed to continue, then present value economic losses equivalent to PhP 273.9 mil undertake alternative livelihood (USD 6.4 mil) on an annualized basis will be incurred. activities whether marine or land- based involving both men and women in order to generate more household income and thereby lessen extractive fishing activities.

32 33 Key Result Findings as “goods” and indirect use values, which pelagic and open ocean (40%). Average can be classified as “services”. Some fish catch ranged from 1.6 – 4.0 kg during Estimation of Economic Value major economic values of the important lean months to 4.4-13.7 kg/fisher/day resources are considered. during peak months. 3% of the fish catch are used for family consumption while The study determined the economic 97% are for selling (Fig. 14). In general, value of coastal and marine resources Fishing November through April are considered of Danajon reefs are based on the Total peak fishing months. Lean months are Economic Value framework (Fig.13). Use The local communities use the coastal from May to October. value measures the consumptive value resources for municipal fishing. Fishers are (direct use values) of tangible natural dependent on reefs, mangrove areas and resources such as fish and , as well marine waters for fish food (subsistence as non-consumptive (indirect use values) and commercial) and viable marine-based ecological and recreational uses. Use value ventures. Majority of the fishers use the consists of direct, which can be classified coral reefs (43%) and other marine areas, Figure 15. Location and distribution of gleaned harvest

Figure 14. Location and distrbution of municipal fisheries catch

Gleaning Figure 16. Location and distribution of seaweed Gastropods and bivalves are major species products gleaned from intertidal areas and seagrass beds. Echinoderms are harvested mainly reason stated is that seaweed farming for consumption while molluscs are sold ensures more income compared to fishing at local market or public market. Figure and is considered a viable livelihood and 3 shows the location and distribution of a potential attraction for tourists. Most gleaned harvest. farms are one hectare and the usual farming method is the off-bottom which Seaweed Farming consists of approximately 2000 single lines per hectare. Seaweed is mostly for selling Bien Unido, Bohol is where majority of after it is dried (7:1 fresh-dry ratio). Peak the seaweed farms are located. Compared months for seaweed farming are August to five years ago, there is an increase in – November. Figure 16 shows the location Figure 13. Total Economic Value Framework seaweed farmers from 100 to 300, the and distribution of seaweed products. 34 35 Tourism 2. Nursery function amounting to PhP 6.4 mil (USD 149,301/yr) Willingness to Pay Another indirect use value is the provision and PHP 5.6 mil (USD 130,593/yr). Other Tourism contributes to the local economy of feeding, nursery and breeding areas values are gleaning and seaweed farming When asked the question, ‘If you were of many coastal communities as many for fish. The net value of nursery and which account for 9% and 7% of the total traveling to Danajon Bank, what is the tourist activities take place in the coastal habitat role provided by mangroves for economic value, respectively (Fig. 18). maximum amount that you would be areas of Mactan Island and norther Bohol. fish is estimated at 25% of net landings for willing to pay as a daily, per person entrance These activities are mainly SCUBA diving, annual value of PHP 5.6 mil (USD 130, 593). fee to the marine park?’, the entrance fee swimming, snorkeling, beach combing, of respondents’ interviewed ranged from boating, sun bathing, some recreational Total Economic Value PHP 20 -1,500 for local tourists and USD fishing and visiting fishing villages. Bien 2 – 40 for foreign tourists. The median Unido municipality in northern Bohol, as The economic value of the marine entrance fee that tourists would be willing well as the other Cordova municipality and resources of Danajon reefs is estimated to pay is PhP 173 and USD 14 for local Mactan City in Cebu, are endowed with based on the total economic value tourists and foreign tourists, respectively. historical places and scenic attractions such framework. Use values, which measure the This study found that diver tourists were as white beaches and underwater cultural consumptive value or direct use values willing to pay a positive amount to enter sites. With the variety of recreational of tangible natural resources as well as the Danajon reef park. This suggests that activities in the Danajon reef area, there non-consumptive or indirect use values the establishment of an entrance fee to is potential for tourism development. of natural resources were estimated. Figure 18. Annual net benefits from Danajon reefs. cover park maintenance and management Tourism revenues include direct revenues The total economic value of the marine costs is a feasible option. (e.g., diver fees and park entrance fees) resources is PhP 273.9 mil/yr (USD 6.4 mil/ and indirect (private sector) revenues (e.g., yr). The tourism and fisheries sectors were Policy Implications lodging and resort accommodation, dive the major economic sectors generating operations and restaurants). Peak months annual direct use values from the marine Current financing of reef management for tourism are January-February and May resources of PhP 130.8 mil (USD 3 mil/yr) is insufficient considering the threats of through December. and PhP 88.6 mil (USD 2 mil/yr), respectively land- and marine-based activities that (Fig. 6). Shoreline protection and habitat/ cause irreversible damages to the reefs. In Indirect values nursery function were indirect use values a recent study, results showed that visitors to marine managed areas were generally 1. Shoreline protection willing to pay more to enter the park than Indirect use values include the control they were required to pay, meaning that of coastal erosion or damage protection there are opportunities for increasing from storms, wave action and wind. management funds (Pendleton, et al., For shoreline protection, the cost of 2009). constructing protective seawalls or dikes is used. Using the replacement cost Figure 19. Distribution of benefits by use and non-use Dive tourism is a rapidly growing approach, the shoreline protection value is values economic sector and the Philippines has estimated using PhP 6.4 mil (USD 149,301). only one substantial international dive Shoreline protection value accounts for destination with Tubbataha Marine Park 2% of the total economic value. Figure 17. Annual direct use values from various sec- which is accessible only four months of tors in Danajon. the year due to rough seas. Danajon Bank

36 37 is accessible year round. With proper makers and decision makers should Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment training, local residents could work as dive recognize that there are huge economic boatmen and provide services to park benefits derived from marine resources. visitors. More importantly, the local policy- Introduction makers and decision-makers should not Danajon reefs generate revenue from doubt that any economic activity which The Philippines lies at the apex of the Coral Triangle which stresses the importance of more than one economic activity- fishing, will adversely impact on reef habitats, protecting this marine key biodiversity area from the impacts of climate change. Human tourism, seaweed farming. Efforts must mangroves, seagrass in particular and on anthropogenic activities are increasing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in be exerted to maintain the diversity and the marine water quality in general, will the atmosphere. The global concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere productivity of Danajon reefs to sustain have corresponding severe effects on today far exceeds the natural range over the last 650,000 years of 180 to 300 ppmv. the benefits. The challenge is to ensure the environment as well as on the socio- According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on that benefits derived from Danajon reefs economic well-being of the community. Emission Scenarios (SRES), by the end of the 21st century, carbon dioxide concentration is sources are optimized now and in the expected to rise from 490 to 1260 ppm (75-350% above the pre-industrial concentration). future. Unless unsustainable livelihood is The increasing concentration of greenhouse gases is undoubtedly driving change in the mitigated or the Danajon reefs are physical and chemical characteristics of marine and coastal environments in the Coral Conclusion and managed (e.g., National marine park), the Triangle (Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2009), including the Philippines. Recommendations economic losses may continue to increase until such time that the coastal and marine The Philippine coastal zone is considered as one of the most vulnerable areas from the resources will be unable to generate impacts of climate change. Certain direct impacts have been identified such as rising This study shows that the Danajon reef benefits to the community. sea level, warming oceans, reduction of seawater pH levels, increase in sea surface ecosystem supports several economic temperature leading to extensive coral bleaching, and increase frequency and intensity activities which are crucial for the economic of storms causing widespread coral breakage. Further, its impacts on marine ecosystems development of the local community as can include elimination of coral dominated reefs, decimation of mangrove systems, and well as the improvement in the quality of elimination of seagrass beds ((CTI Interim Regional Secretariat 2011). life of the coastal community. The local policy-makers and decision makers should According to the latest IPCC Reports, hydrographic surveys and modelling studies, recognize that there are huge economic among others, some of the climate change impacts globally are: benefits derived from coastal resources. 1. Global mean sea level has been rising at an average rate of 1.7mm/year (+/- Occupational-multiplicity is common for 0.5mm) over the past 100 years. This is higher than the average rate of sea level the fishermen located along the coastal rise over the last several thousand years. Depending on which greenhouse gas areas adjacent to the Danajon reefs. scenario is used (high or low) sea level rise in the next 100 years is projected to be The more marine-based occupations an anywhere from 0.18 (low greenhouse gas increase) to 0.59 meters for the highest individual or household is engaged in, greenhouse gas increase scenario. However, this increase is due mainly to thermal the more dependent the individual or expansion and contributions from melting alpine glaciers, but does not take household is on the Danajon reefs. This into account any potential contributions from melting ice sheets in Greenland further indicates that the marine resources or Antartica where larger increases are expected due to ice sheet dynamics. In of the region are very important to the the recent estimated of the global sea level rise in the next century (2100), sea community. Reducing stress on the marine level could rise up to 2.15m. For this climate change impact, coral reefs will be resources will require recognition of other drastically affected because of reduction of light availability, especially for species livelihood options. Finally, the local policy- that grow in deeper areas. With other impacts such as coral bleaching and ocean 38 39 acidification, this may also further the events occurred in 1997-1998 due site-specific climate change adaptation (adaptive capacity). Combined, these three slow down the coral growth rates. to increase sea surface temperature measures. factors define the vulnerability of people associated with El Nino. Mass in a place to climate change (USAID 2009). 2. Global surface temperature have mortalities of corals occurred in The Vulnerability Assessment increased about 0.74 oC (+/- 0.18 many reef regions. This implies Exposure oC) since the late 19th century. that should tropical seas like the Framework

Warming has not been globally Philippines’ continue to warm, coral The assessment of vulnerability focuses on Exposure quantifies the intensity or uniform though, with some areas reef ecosystems are likely to undergo gaining an understanding of how climate severity of the conditions (or the threat getting cooler (e.g., southeastern significant changes. These changes variability and change will impact coastal thereof) of the physical environment that U.S. and parts of North Atlantic) and include losses to biodiversity and communities, the goods and services drive changes in the state or condition some areas getting warmer (North coral cover as well as economic losses provided by coastal resources, and of the bio-physical system. Exposure is America and Eurasia). But seven of to fisheries and tourism sectors. systems in place to cope with the impacts quantified based on climate-driven factors the eight warmest years on record Increase in intensity and frequency of of climate change. in a given marine area. Data on sea surface have occurred since 2001 and the 10 storms resulting to coral reef damage. warmest years have all occurred since 1995. Faced with the many threats associated with global climate change, the challenge 3. The pH of ocean surface waters is to build capacity, not only to directly has already decreased by about address these impacts, but to first 0.1 units from an average of about determine the vulnerability of coastal 8.21 to 8.10 since the beginning ecosystems. Coastal managers are now of the industrial revolution. The tasked to assess vulnerability of the coastal ocean’s uptake of carbon dioxide has environment through specific impacts of resulted to negative impacts on the climate change in their localities. chemistry and biology of the oceans. Based on IPCC CO2 scenarios and Vulnerability assessment (VA) tools have coupled ocean-atmosphere models, been developed through the Resilience atmospheric carbon dioxide levels by Seas Project supported by the Department the middle of this century could reach of Science and Technology. The Integrated Figure 20. Vulnerability assessment framework for climate change of coastal areas. more than 500 ppm, and near the end Coastal Sensitivity, Exposure, Adaptive of the century by over 800 ppm. This Capacity for Climate Change (IC-SEA- Vulnerability assessment for climate temperature, incidence of storms, change would decrease additional surface CChange) assessment tools by Licuanan, et change in specific coastal regions in sea level, and rainfall trends over the water pH by approximately 0.3 pH al. (2011) allow the conduct of vulnerability considers three factors: (1) the nature year are used. units by 2100. assessment in a cost-effective, user- and magnitude of climate variability and friendly, and diagnostic manner. These change (exposure); (2) the human, capital, (1) Storminess. A total of 29 tropical 4. The number of regions reporting tools help gather critical information on and natural assets that will be exposed storms have been recorded since 1962 mass coral bleaching has increased the sensitivity and level of exposure of to and impacted by climate change to 2012 that have hit 100 km around substantially in recent years. Using an area to climate change impacts and its (sensitivity); and (3) the current capacity Danajon Bank. Minimum atmospheric satellite data over the last 20 years, capacity to minimize these impacts. The of coastal communities and ecosystems pressure range from 915 – 998 hPa with warming in most tropical areas is tools have become a practical first step to adapt to and cope with climate impacts an average of 964 hPa. Although, storm easily seen. Mass coral bleaching in identifying priority area and adopting 40 41 frequencies have remained steady through points (i.e. western and eastern) are at (3) Sea level rise. An increase in sea Table 9. Projected barangays and % of population that these years an indication that the intensity 28.98˚C and 28.67˚C, respectively. This has level is one of the significant impacts will be affected by the sea level rise in Danajon Bank. of these storms has increased based on been steadily increasing in both areas of of climate change, especially in coastal Province/ Municipal Annual # of possible % City/ Munici- Popula- growth affected ba- Popula- minimum atmospheric pressures. Most the bank. and island areas. The IPCC report in 2007 pality tion (NSO rate rangay tion of 2010) 1990 affected tropical storms occur from November – estimated an increase of up to 60 cm in sea - 2010 Coastal Island brgy (NSO (NSO, January. With increasing sea surface temperature level based on the current average. NOAA 2010) 2010) over a longer period, coral bleaching provided its recent estimate (2011) of an Bohol 1.41 125 31 may happen in shallow coral reef areas. increase of up to 2 m by 2100. Bien Unido 25,796 7 7 94.9 In 1998, the coral bleaching event which Buenavista occurred in the Philippines decreased live An initial estimate is made in Danajon Bank 27,031 16 46.5 hard coral cover to 46%. Coral reefs that projecting one to two meter increases in Clarin 20,296 7 42.1 are more susceptible are those that are sea level. This initial estimate was made Inabanga 43,291 22 1 53.3 greatly influence by wave energy, tidal based on the Digital Elevation Model Getafe 27,788 11 9 89.1 fluctuations and reef morphology (Arceo (DEM) derived from the Shuttle Radar Pres. C.P. G. 23,287 15 2 78.9 et al 2001). In Danajon Bank, there has been Topography Mission (SRTM) provided by Talibon 61,373 11 8 81.3 no reported extensive coral bleaching in NASA. It should be noted that this initial Trinidad 28,828 9 50.8 that same year. However, it has been noted estimate has several limitations and other Tubigon 44,902 13 3 63.0 Figure 21. Minimum atmospheric pressure of the tropi- that the 1998 coral bleaching incidence critical information is necessary to get Ubay 68,578 14 1 35.2 cal storm around Danajon in last had very minimal reporting especially in more accurate projections. Projected Cebu 50 years (1962 – 2012) 2.15 28 9 the Visayas region. areas that will be affected were then Cordova 50,353 10 1 77.0 In the climate projection provided compared to the demographic data to Lapu-Lapu 350,467 18 8 93.7 by PAGASA (2011), Regions 7 and deduce the affected population in each City 8 will show an increase in extreme municipality. The results show that the Leyte 1.22 31 3 events. will have areas that will be affected are the island Bato 35,610 2 1 21.2 increase of number of days with barangays and those bordering mangrove Hilongos 56,803 16 41.8 rainfall of more than 100mm from forests, estuaries and low-lying areas in Hindang 20,179 7 1 61.0 the current 5–15 days to 6–23 the mainland. Inopacan 19,904 2 1 28.0 days by 2050. Moreover, Eastern Matalom 31,097 4 20.2 Visayas, already with high rainfall, For the vulnerability assessment, an Southern 1.08 7 will have an increase in days of exposure rating was provided by Resilient Leyte above 200mm from 1–15 days to Sea Project for the entire country. The Maasin 81,250 7 10.5 22–94 days by 2050. With increas- Regions of the country were clustered TOTAL 1,016,833 191 43 ing frequency of storms, shal- into 11 clusters based on sea surface low reef areas are often affected temperature (extreme and perennial), Sensitivity brought about by strong storm precipitation, and sea surface height. surges. Danajon Bank belongs to Cluster VIII, with Sensitivity is the degree to which built, its corresponding rating for SST (both natural, or human systems, are directly or (2) Sea surface temperature. extreme and perennial), precipitation (for indirectly affected by changes in climate SST records around the province extreme and long-term,) and sea surface conditions or specific climate change have indicated an increasing Figure 22. SST records from 1985 – 20003 within Danajon Bank; height. impacts. If a system is likely to be affected (above) western portion and (below) eastern portion. trend. An average SST from two as a result of projected climate change, it 42 43 should be considered sensitive to climate by massive, submassive, and encrusting the gravity and how the ecosystem can among fishers and elder community change. colonies in the deeper areas; and tabulate recuperate (resettlement and recruitment) members have reflected the significant and branching colonies in the shallow reef. from impacts caused by coastal flooding. changes in their coastline. Sensitivity was assessed based on three factors which include: coastal habitat, (B) Seagrass. In a survey conducted in (D) Fisheries. Municipal fishing is the The Lack of Adaptive Capacity fish and fisheries, and coastal integrity. Danajon Bank, seagrass cover averaged at primary source of livelihood by many Coastal habitats consider the extent and 39.59% ± 12% (range 10.0-77.21%) with communities of Danajon. Most fish Adaptive capacity refers to the ability of coverage of the coral reef, seagrass beds, Buenavista showing the densest seagrass within the reefs of Danajon Bank as their society (e.g. local government units) to and mangrove forest of the province. community (77.21% cover) followed by primary fishing grounds, while the areas plan for, and respond to, climate change Fisheries consider the type of fisheries Tubigon (64.21%). Although diversity and surrounding it, such as the waters within to better equip them to manage their (demersal and/or pelagic based) as extent of the seagrass beds are found in Maasin, Camotes, Bohol, and Cordova, exposure and sensitivity to climate change. well as the dependency of the fishing shallow coastal areas, there has been a are their alternative fishing areas. Their Adaptive capacity depends on economic community to these fisheries. Coastal continued degradation of seagrass due fish catch includes demersal species, well-being, ecological well-being, integrity evaluates the susceptibility of mostly to destructive fishing activities and such as crabs, shrimps, squid, and fish the extent of dependency on natural the coastline to coastal erosion. Using sedimentation from major rivers. Seagrass including parrotfishes, siganids, snappers, resources, infrastructure (human-built or the Level 1 vulnerability assessment tools community sensitivity, resiliency, and and groupers. The most common fishing natural), effectiveness of institutions and developed by the Reef Resilience Project, species diversity are greatly affected by gears used are hook and line (pasol) used governance systems, insurance, secure a set of key indicators were used to assess the density of the community. by 24.7% of the municipal fishers. Other land tenure and mediation measures, and sensitivity of a certain localities. This common fishing gear are gill net (pukot), information and communication systems. indicator was tested in six island barangays (C) Mangroves. Mangroves in Danajon 9.6%; spear (pana), 4.4%; and fish trap A community with the capacity to adapt is to initially assess the level of vulnerability Bank are among the most diverse coastal (bobo)or panggal, 3.6%, and others such likely to be more resistant to impacts and of the reef and island barangay in forests in the region. This is mainly as palaran, pamu, basnig, ariba-ariba, will able to recover from stressful events Danajon Bank. These barangays include: distributed within the municpalities of sapyaw, kitang, and bungsod. These are and conditions. In assessing the adaptive Hamboangan, Cuaming, Bilang-bilangan Getafe, Tubigon, Talibon, Buenvista and predominantly active gears. 74.7% of capacity of each municipality, the VA East, Hingotanan East, Cataban and Jao Inabanga. Mangrove forests line up the municipal fishers have their own boats. tool used considered the health of the Island (Busalian area). coasts, river mouths, and island areas. Fishing is primarily for income generation coastal ecosystem (coral reef, seagrass and Most of the mangroves within Danajon and not just for subsistence. mangrove forest), coastal integrity, efforts (A) Coral reefs. Coral reef area of the are relatively abundant with over 130 made by local government units (e.g MPA, Danajon Bank can be categorized into trees covering per 100m2 of mangrove (E) Coastal integrity. Coastal integrity habitat restoration), type of fisheries, three major regions i.e. outer reef, inner forest. Banacon island is the densest refers to the susceptibility of the coastline human settlement, land use, and level of reef, and the fringing reef bordering mangrove forest in the whole bank. There to erosion. In Danajon Bank, the island education. the mainland provinces. In the recent is an abundance of monospecific species coastline is highly susceptible to erosion survey conducted by Diaz et al in 2011, such as Rhizophora due to the mangrove brought about by strong storm surges. Results in the assessment have indicated most of the outer reef of Danajon is in reforestation efforts by many government, Most of the island community lives that most of the island barangays in poor condition (0-25% Live Hard Coral non-government and private sectors. very close to the shoreline and most Danajon Bank are at Medium Level in terms cover). The broad-scale survey manta tow However, a high diversity of mangrove of inhabited islands are also densely of sensitivity to the impacts of climate indicated that 75% of the reef is in poor species is exhibited. Mangrove forests populated where land area is limited. The change. Although all of the assessed condition with live coral cover within 0 – are highly sensitive to the impact of sea width of the reef flat among these island sites are at Medium Level, some of the 25%. Surveys within these reefs showed a level rise on the coastline. The type of also varies. In some islands the narrow island are still highly sensitive in terms of high percentage coral cover with over 60 mangrove (i.e. riverine, fringing, scrub reef flat are highly susceptible to shoreline fisheries and coastal integrity, particularly genera of hard coral mostly dominated or combination of both) determines erosion. Several anecdotal accounts in Hambongan and Cuaming Island. 44 45 Table 10. Results of Vulnerability Assessment of Danajon Bank Several reports on extensive coral reef Effort to address the impact of climate damage have been recorded in the Bohol change has already been initiated within Hambongan Cuaming Bilang Bilan- Hingotanan Cataban Busalian (Jao gan East East Is.) Sea, southern Cebu, , and the the Danajon Bank local government Municipality Inabanga Tubigon Bien Unido Bien Unido Talibon Talibon northern portion of due to the units. Several towns have already created strong magnitude of recent typhoons, their own local disaster risk reduction/ Sensitivity Score 3.67 4.00 2.80 2.67 3.00 2.80 such as Typhoon Sendong and Typhoon management teams to respond to Sensitivity Level Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Pablo. Damages have been shown to have impending natural disasters. This group Coastal 3.17 3.33 3.83 3.83 2.83 3.17 destroyed up to 80% of the live coral cover can be capacitated to understand possible Habitat (Ave) in some areas, especially in the shallow climate change-related impacts as well as Fisheries (Ave) 3.8 4.6 2.8 2.2 3 2.8 (<20m) reef. to set up adaptation measures. Each town Coastal Integrity 4.25 4.25 1.25 1.5 3.5 2.25 should identify hazard areas and initiate (Ave) Recommendations adaptation programs. Lack of Adaptive 3.29 2.75 2.21 2.42 1.75 2.17 Capacity Score This initial vulnerability assessment of The Danajon Double Barrier Reef Lack of Adaptive High Medium Medium Medium Low Medium Management Council (DDBRMC), as Capacity Level Danajon Bank of the possible impacts of climate change are based on available a coordinating council, has identified Coastal Habitat 3.14 2.71 2.43 2.79 1.57 1.64 Disaster Risk and Climate Change as one of (Ave) information about the reef and associated its focal programs. The council will identify Fisheries (Ave) 3.8 3 1.4 1.4 2 4 habitats, community activities, and current management intervention by specific activities towards addressing Coastal Integrity 5 1 3 3 3 3 issues concerning climate change impacts. (Ave) local government managers. Generally, this information is scarce and broad. This may include: assistance to local Human Activity 3.25 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.25 2 disaster councils on capacity-building (Ave) Detailed sites-based surveys should be conducted by each town. Although, programs, reef rehabilitation activities, this is an extensive effort, it may be best and extensive information drives within Summary of Key Findings to initiate the effort in specific priority the coastal and island barangays about pilot sites. This can be done using the the impacts of climate change and how The impact of climate change is among municipality will be affected by increasing Integrated Coastal Sensitivity, Exposure, they can be involved in disaster mitigation one of the most pressing and inevitable sea levels. Indicative data has shown Adaptive Capacity for Climate Change and preparedness. issues for coastal and reef ecosystem. Its that there is increasing sea surface (IC-SEA-Cchange) assessment tool by foreseen impact includes sea level rise, temperature in the Danajon area, which is Licuanan, et al. (2011). Level 3 considers increased storminess, and increased sea similar to the country’s average. However, coastal integrity, fisheries, and biodiversity surface temperature. This similar effect is there have been very few incidences of in a specific target area if the area is seen to affect Danajon Bank. With the two- coral bleaching within Danajon Bank previously identified as having undergone meter increase in sea level by 2100, this due to a lack of observation and reports the Level 1 vulnerability assessment. Level can cause changes in coastal wetlands, made within the area. There has been 3 assessments can aid in determining flooding, coastal erosion, and saltwater no significant increase of the frequency current management practices and intrusion into estuarine areas, mangroves, of typhoons around the Danajon Bank implementing adaptive planning activities and wetlands. These effects will be seen area, however, indicative data suggest an by the province, especially in areas that in both coastal and island barangays increasing frequency of days with higher are identified as highly vulnerable. in the towns making up Danajon Bank. rain volume and increasing strength The population from 10%-95% of each among typhoons that do pass through.

46 47 References

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Amper, Z.H.S. 2012. Socioeconomic Baseline Study for Danajon Bank Marine Park. Coastal Conservation and Education Foundation, Inc. , Cebu City, Cebu, Philippines.50pp.

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Diaz, R. 2012. Danajon Bank Profile – The Coastal Habitats and Resources. Coastal Conservation and Education Foundation, Inc., Cebu City, Cebu, Philippines. 38pp.

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48 49