Wildland Fire Behavior Case Studies and Analyses: Part 1
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California Fire Siege 2007 an Overview Cover Photos from Top Clockwise: the Santiago Fire Threatens a Development on October 23, 2007
CALIFORNIA FIRE SIEGE 2007 AN OVERVIEW Cover photos from top clockwise: The Santiago Fire threatens a development on October 23, 2007. (Photo credit: Scott Vickers, istockphoto) Image of Harris Fire taken from Ikhana unmanned aircraft on October 24, 2007. (Photo credit: NASA/U.S. Forest Service) A firefighter tries in vain to cool the flames of a wind-whipped blaze. (Photo credit: Dan Elliot) The American Red Cross acted quickly to establish evacuation centers during the siege. (Photo credit: American Red Cross) Opposite Page: Painting of Harris Fire by Kate Dore, based on photo by Wes Schultz. 2 Introductory Statement In October of 2007, a series of large wildfires ignited and burned hundreds of thousands of acres in Southern California. The fires displaced nearly one million residents, destroyed thousands of homes, and sadly took the lives of 10 people. Shortly after the fire siege began, a team was commissioned by CAL FIRE, the U.S. Forest Service and OES to gather data and measure the response from the numerous fire agencies involved. This report is the result of the team’s efforts and is based upon the best available information and all known facts that have been accumulated. In addition to outlining the fire conditions leading up to the 2007 siege, this report presents statistics —including availability of firefighting resources, acreage engaged, and weather conditions—alongside the strategies that were employed by fire commanders to create a complete day-by-day account of the firefighting effort. The ability to protect the lives, property, and natural resources of the residents of California is contingent upon the strength of cooperation and coordination among federal, state and local firefighting agencies. -
Post-Fire Treatment Effectiveness for Hillslope Stabilization
United States Department of Agriculture Post-Fire Treatment Forest Service Rocky Mountain Effectiveness for Research Station General Technical Hillslope Stabilization Report RMRS-GTR-240 August 2010 Peter R. Robichaud, Louise E. Ashmun, and Bruce D. Sims A SUMMARY OF KNOWLEDGE FROM THE Robichaud, Peter R.; Ashmun, Louise E.; Sims, Bruce D. 2010. Post-fire treatment effectiveness for hill- slope stabilization. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-240. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 62 p. Abstract This synthesis of post-fire treatment effectiveness reviews the past decade of research, monitoring, and product development related to post-fire hillslope emergency stabilization treatments, including erosion barri- ers, mulching, chemical soil treatments, and combinations of these treatments. In the past ten years, erosion barrier treatments (contour-felled logs and straw wattles) have declined in use and are now rarely applied as a post-fire hillslope treatment. In contrast, dry mulch treatments (agricultural straw, wood strands, wood shreds, etc.) have quickly gained acceptance as effective, though somewhat expensive, post-fire hillslope stabilization treatments and are frequently recommended when values-at-risk warrant protection. This change has been motivated by research that shows the proportion of exposed mineral soil (or conversely, the propor- tion of ground cover) to be the primary treatment factor controlling post-fire hillslope erosion. Erosion barrier treatments provide little ground cover and have been shown to be less effective than mulch, especially during short-duration, high intensity rainfall events. In addition, innovative options for producing and applying mulch materials have adapted these materials for use on large burned areas that are inaccessible by road. -
Annex 3 City of Palo Alto
Santa Clara County Community Wildfire Protection Plan Annex 3 – City of Palo Alto ANNEX 3 CITY OF PALO ALTO Palo Alto is located in the northwest corner of Santa Clara County and shares it border with East Palo Alto, Mountain View, Los Altos Hills, Stanford, Portola Valley and Menlo Park (Figure 3.1). As of the 2010 Census, the city total resident population was 64,403 with a population density of 2,497.5 people per square mile. ORGANIZATION AND JURISDICTION Fire management for the City of Palo Alto is provided by the Palo Alto Fire Department. The City of Palo Alto developed a Foothills Fire Management Plan (FFMP) in 1982 that provides the planning framework for fire control activities for the City and the Palo Alto Foothills Area which comprises the predominant wildland urban interface (WUI) area for the community. The FFMP goal is “to reduce government costs and citizen losses from wildland fire by increasing initial attack success and/or protecting assets at risk through focused pre-fire management activities.” The 2009 update addresses changes to the fire hazard assessment, review regional evacuation routes, review municipal ordinances, staffing of Station 8 (Foothills Fire Station), provide wildland fire management recommendations and mitigations, incorporate updates to open space plans, implement CEQA documentation, and create an implementation plan. In 2012 the city entered into a multi-year agreement with the Santa Clara FireSafe Council to facilitate the implementation of the FFMP and to provide additional community education and outreach to the residents of the WUI area within the city. Another update is being prepared; the areas recommended for treatment are incorporated into this Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP) and will appear on the City website. -
A Genealogy of Wildland Firefighters' 10 Standard Fire Orders
Communication Monographs Vol. 74, No. 4, December 2007, pp. 415442 The Story Behind an Organizational List: A Genealogy of Wildland Firefighters’ 10 Standard Fire Orders Jennifer A. Ziegler To invigorate research on the dialectic between lists and stories in communication, this study recommends adding context back to text by focusing on the enduring problems these forms are summoned to solve. A genealogy of one significant organizational list, wildland firefighters’ 10 Standard Fire Orders, shows how a list’s meaning resides less on its face and more in the discourses surrounding it, which can change over time. Vestiges of old meanings and unrelated cultural functions heaped upon a list can lead to conflicts, and can make the list difficult to scrap even when rendered obsolete for its intended purpose. Reconciling these layers of meanings and functions is thus not a technical problem but rather a rhetorical one. Implications for communication research are addressed. Keywords: Organizational Communication; Dialectic of List and Story; Genealogy; Organizational Rhetoric; Wildland Firefighting The guest list. The to-do list. The Ten Commandments. The 12 Steps. The short list of candidates. The pilot’s checklist. A-list celebrities. The FBI’s Most Wanted List. U. S. News & World Report list of Best Colleges and Universities. The Book of Lists. Craisglist.org. Everyday lists like these and others shown in Table 1 play significant roles in our lives, and scholars have begun to study the list and its relationship to communication in a variety of contexts: communication theory (Hawes, 1976), interpersonal Jennifer A. Ziegler (PhD, University of Colorado) is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Communication, Valparaiso University. -
A Preparedness Guide for Firefighters and Their Families
A Preparedness Guide for Firefighters and Their Families JULY 2019 A Preparedness Guide for Firefighters and Their Families July 2019 NOTE: This publication is a draft proof of concept for NWCG member agencies. The information contained is currently under review. All source sites and documents should be considered the authority on the information referenced; consult with the identified sources or with your agency human resources office for more information. Please provide input to the development of this publication through your agency program manager assigned to the NWCG Risk Management Committee (RMC). View the complete roster at https://www.nwcg.gov/committees/risk-management-committee/roster. A Preparedness Guide for Firefighters and Their Families provides honest information, resources, and conversation starters to give you, the firefighter, tools that will be helpful in preparing yourself and your family for realities of a career in wildland firefighting. This guide does not set any standards or mandates; rather, it is intended to provide you with helpful information to bridge the gap between “all is well” and managing the unexpected. This Guide will help firefighters and their families prepare for and respond to a realm of planned and unplanned situations in the world of wildland firefighting. The content, designed to help make informed decisions throughout a firefighting career, will cover: • hazards and risks associated with wildland firefighting; • discussing your wildland firefighter job with family and friends; • resources for peer support, individual counsel, planning, and response to death and serious injury; and • organizations that support wildland firefighters and their families. Preparing yourself and your family for this exciting and, at times, dangerous work can be both challenging and rewarding. -
Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide
A publication of the National Wildfire Coordinating Group Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide PMS 210 April 2013 Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide April 2013 PMS 210 Sponsored for NWCG publication by the NWCG Operations and Workforce Development Committee. Comments regarding the content of this product should be directed to the Operations and Workforce Development Committee, contact and other information about this committee is located on the NWCG Web site at http://www.nwcg.gov. Questions and comments may also be emailed to [email protected]. This product is available electronically from the NWCG Web site at http://www.nwcg.gov. Previous editions: this product replaces PMS 410-1, Fireline Handbook, NWCG Handbook 3, March 2004. The National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) has approved the contents of this product for the guidance of its member agencies and is not responsible for the interpretation or use of this information by anyone else. NWCG’s intent is to specifically identify all copyrighted content used in NWCG products. All other NWCG information is in the public domain. Use of public domain information, including copying, is permitted. Use of NWCG information within another document is permitted, if NWCG information is accurately credited to the NWCG. The NWCG logo may not be used except on NWCG-authorized information. “National Wildfire Coordinating Group,” “NWCG,” and the NWCG logo are trademarks of the National Wildfire Coordinating Group. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names or trademarks in this product is for the information and convenience of the reader and does not constitute an endorsement by the National Wildfire Coordinating Group or its member agencies of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. -
Wildlife Food Plot
Firebreak Fact Sheet Applies to conservation practices Firebreak (394) and Prescribed Burning (338). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service - North Dakota November 2017 Mowed, burned, and extinguished firebreak, prior to a prescribed burn. What is a firebreak: A strip of bare land or vegetation that retards fire. How it helps: When properly designed, installed and maintained, they may stop the spread of low intensity wild fires. More often they provide an entry point and anchor point where wildfire fighting activities can effectively be initiated. Firebreaks are only one part of a wildfire protection system. By themselves, firebreaks should never be relied upon as the sole protection of an area. Firebreaks are an integral part of a complete system to minimize the potential impact of catastrophic wildfire. Firebreaks may be permanent or temporary. Permanent firebreaks are usually part of a system protecting building sites and other high value properties. Temporary firebreaks often are used to protect fields and as part of a prescribed burning plan. To apply this practice: The most effective fire prevention is accomplished through a targeted approach. Most benefits accrue from efforts applied to the areas closest to the areas needing protected. Key items to address include: Buildings are covered with non-combustible or fire-resistant materials. Defensible space exists around and within areas to be protected. (Defensible space should be at least 35 feet wide around high value property such as homes and should ideally consist of non-combustible ground cover such as soil, gravel, irrigated lawn etc.) All programs and services are offered on a nondiscriminatory basis. -
Forest Service Job Corps Civilian Conservation Center Wildland Fire
Forest Service Job Corps Civilian Conservation Center Wildland Fire Program 2016 Annual Report Weber Basin Job Corps: Above Average Performance In an Above Average Fire Season Brandon J. Everett, Job Corps Forest Area Fire Management Officer, Uinta-Wasatch–Cache National Forest-Weber Basin Job Corps Civilian Conservation Center The year 2016 was an above average season for the Uinta- Forest Service Wasatch-Cache National Forest. Job Corps Participating in nearly every fire on the forest, the Weber Basin Fire Program Job Corps Civilian Conservation Statistics Center (JCCCC) fire program assisted in finance, fire cache and camp support, structure 1,138 students red- preparation, suppression, moni- carded for firefighting toring and rehabilitation. and camp crews Weber Basin firefighters re- sponded to 63 incidents, spend- Weber Basin Job Corps students, accompanied by Salt Lake Ranger District Module Supervisor David 412 fire assignments ing 338 days on assignment. Inskeep, perform ignition operation on the Bear River RX burn on the Bear River Bird Refuge. October 2016. Photo by Standard Examiner. One hundred and twenty-four $7,515,675.36 salary majority of the season commit- The Weber Basin Job Corps fire camp crews worked 148 days paid to students on ted to the Weber Basin Hand- program continued its partner- on assignment. Altogether, fire crew. This crew is typically orga- ship with Wasatch Helitack, fire assignments qualified students worked a nized as a 20 person Firefighter detailing two students and two total of 63,301 hours on fire Type 2 (FFT2) IA crew staffed staff to that program. Another 3,385 student work assignments during the 2016 with administratively deter- student worked the entire sea- days fire season. -
The 2007 Southern California Wildfires: Lessons in Complexity
fire The 2007 Southern California Wildfires: Lessons in Complexity s is evidenced year after year, the na- ture of the “fire problem” in south- Jon E. Keeley, Hugh Safford, C.J. Fotheringham, A ern California differs from most of Janet Franklin, and Max Moritz the rest of the United States, both by nature and degree. Nationally, the highest losses in ϳ The 2007 wildfire season in southern California burned over 1,000,000 ac ( 400,000 ha) and property and life caused by wildfire occur in included several megafires. We use the 2007 fires as a case study to draw three major lessons about southern California, but, at the same time, wildfires and wildfire complexity in southern California. First, the great majority of large fires in expansion of housing into these fire-prone southern California occur in the autumn under the influence of Santa Ana windstorms. These fires also wildlands continues at an enormous pace cost the most to contain and cause the most damage to life and property, and the October 2007 fires (Safford 2007). Although modest areas of were no exception because thousands of homes were lost and seven people were killed. Being pushed conifer forest in the southern California by wind gusts over 100 kph, young fuels presented little barrier to their spread as the 2007 fires mountains experience the same negative ef- reburned considerable portions of the area burned in the historic 2003 fire season. Adding to the size fects of long-term fire suppression that are of these fires was the historic 2006–2007 drought that contributed to high dead fuel loads and long evident in other western forests (e.g., high distance spotting. -
4. Firebreaks and Shaded Fuelbreaks
4. Firebreaks and Shaded Fuelbreaks You often hear the terms firebreak and shaded fuel- break used interchangeably, but there is a big difference between the two (Table 4). Firebreak A firebreak is an area where all vegetation and organic matter is removed down to mineral soil, thereby re- moving the fuel leg of the fire triangle. The purpose of a firebreak is to deny a fire any combustible mate- rial. Firebreaks are used to prevent advancing surface flames from coming in direct contact with outbuildings or other important resources on your property. A fire- Stephen Fitzgerald , Oregon State University. break may be 2 to 15 feet wide. A firebreak should be Figure 13a. A perimeter dirt road serves as a fire- two to three times as wide as the height of the nearest break. The area immediately to the left is a fuelbreak surface vegetation (fuel), such as grass and shrubs (Fig- where young pine have been thinned and flammable ure 13a). Firebreaks may require annual maintenance shrubs have been mowed. (removal of invading vegetation). In addition, because mineral soil is exposed, there is a high probability of creating conditions for invasive weeds to establish. To prevent weeds from establishing in a firebreak and to reduce future maintenance, consider using a landscape fabric in the cleared zone and placing a layer of crushed or ornamental rock on top of the fabric. This reduces the germination of invasive plants, prevents erosion, and reduces maintenance, and the rock pro- vides a fireproof mulch that is much more attractive than mineral soil (Figure 13b). -
Firebreak: Wildfire Resilience Strategies for Real Estate
FIREBREAK Wildfire Resilience Strategies for Real Estate © 2020 by the Urban Land Institute 2001 L Street, NW Suite 200 Washington, DC 20036-4948 Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the publisher. Recommended bibliographic listing: Urban Land Institute. Firebreak: Wildfire Resilience Strategies for Real Estate. Washington, D.C.: Urban Land Institute, 2020. ISBN: 978-0-87420-466-7 FIREBREAK Wildfire Resilience Strategies for Real Estate ABOUT THE URBAN LAND INSTITUTE The Urban Land Institute is a global, member-driven organization comprising more than 45,000 real estate and urban development professionals dedicated to advancing the Institute’s mission of providing leadership in the responsible use of land and in creating and sustaining thriving communities worldwide. ULI’s interdisciplinary membership represents all aspects of the industry, including developers, property owners, investors, architects, urban planners, public officials, real estate brokers, appraisers, attorneys, engineers, financiers, and academics. Established in 1936, the Institute has a presence in the Americas, Europe, and Asia Pacific regions, with members in 80 countries. The extraordinary impact that ULI makes on land use decision-making is based on its members sharing expertise on a variety of factors affecting the built environment, including urbanization, demographic and population changes, new economic drivers, technology advancements, and environmental concerns. Peer-to-peer learning is achieved through the knowledge shared by members at thousands of convenings each year that reinforce ULI’s position as a global authority on land use and real estate. -
Is It a Red Flag Day?
Is it a Red Flag Day? A Special Section on the Social Aspects of Wildfire Presented by the National Park Service in cooperation with Project Learning Tree, the Fire Prevention Officers of Marin County, and the Marin Independent Journal Advertising Department 2 Fire Recycles ildland fire is an plant particles while the larger material AIR SUN W ecological remains as ash. process affecting almost Ash returns nutrients from plants back all of the earth's vegeta- into the soil, especially calcium, potassi- tion. Underwater plants um and phosphorous. Nitrogen is are generally an returned by the nitrogen-fixing plants that PLANTS excpetion, although flourish after a fire and begin the process FIRE when seaweed or algae of regrowth. Without nitrogen, proteins are left onshore to dry, cannot be made, and DNA cannot be SOIL they too, can become fuel. reproduced. In some places, wildland fire occurs regularly enough that Most of the earth's nitrogen is in the species depend on it. air, but can’t be breathed in. Nitrogen-fix- What's Inside ers host bacteria in their roots which The length of a fire return interval, or convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form Fire Recycles . 2 "fire cycle" varies based on the climate, plants and animals can use. Defensible Space vegetation, and ignition frequency of a Like many hardwood trees, shrubs and other Perspectives. 3 particular location. Ignitions are mainly Plants in the pea family (legumes) are flowering plants, this California bay survived caused by lightning, volcanic ash, lava, notorious for their nitrogen fixing abilities. a wildfire by resprouting at the base.