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Fire today ManagementVolume 65 • No. 2 • Spring 2005 LLARGEARGE FFIRESIRES OFOF 2002—P2002—PARTART 22 United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Erratum In Fire Management Today volume 64(4), the article "A New Tool for Mopup and Other Fire Management Tasks" by Bill Gray shows incorrect telephone and fax numbers on page 47. The correct numbers are 210-614-4080 (tel.) and 210-614-0347 (fax). Fire Management Today is published by the Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. The Secretary of Agriculture has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the pub- lic business required by law of this Department. Fire Management Today is for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, at: Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: 202-512-1800 Fax: 202-512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001 Fire Management Today is available on the World Wide Web at http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/fmt/index.html Mike Johanns, Secretary Melissa Frey U.S. Department of Agriculture General Manager Dale Bosworth, Chief Robert H. “Hutch” Brown, Ph.D. Forest Service Managing Editor Tom Harbour, Director Madelyn Dillon Fire and Aviation Management Editor Delvin R. Bunton Issue Coordinator The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communica- tion of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720- 2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal oppor- tunity provider and employer. Disclaimer: The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement of any product or service by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Individual authors are responsible for the technical accuracy of the material presented in Fire Management Today. Fire Management today Volume 65 • No. 2 • Spring 2005 On the Cover: CONTENTS Monster in the Woods: The Biscuit Fire . 4 Beth Quinn How Did Prefire Treatments Affect the Biscuit Fire? . 18 Crystal Raymond and and David L. Peterson Snow Camp Lookout: Remembering a Biscuit Fire Casualty . 23 Jan Robbins Prediction Errors in Wildland Fire Situation Analyses . 25 Tree silhouetted against Geoffrey H. Donovan and Peter Noordijk the massive Biscuit Fire as Fire in Our Mountains— it makes its way through and Mountains in Our Rivers . 28 Oregon’s Siskiyou National Thomas W. Swetnam Forest toward the Illinois Valley. Photo: Thomas Iraci, Treatment Success on the Rodeo–Chediski Fire . 30 USDA Forest Service, Paul Keller Portland, OR, 2002. Operation Success: Columbia Space Shuttle Recovery . 32 Traci Weaver Shuttle Recovery: Largest GIS Emergency Response to Date . 35 Traci Weaver Using Satellite Imagery for Burned Area Emergency Response . 37 The FIRE 21 symbol (shown below and on the Andrew Orleman, Jess Clark, Annette Parsons, and Keith Lannom cover) stands for the safe and effective use of wild- land fire, now and throughout the 21st century. Its Satellite Mapping of Wildland Fire Activity . 40 shape represents the fire triangle (oxygen, heat, and fuel). The three outer red triangles represent Keith Lannom, Brad Quayle, and Mark Finco the basic functions of wildland fire organizations (planning, operations, and aviation management), and the three critical aspects of wildland fire man- agement (prevention, suppression, and prescrip- SHORT FEATURES tion). The black interior represents land affected by fire; the emerging green points symbolize the growth, restoration, and sustainability associated Websites on Fire . 17 with fire-adapted ecosystems. The flame represents fire itself as an ever-present force in nature. For more information on FIRE 21 and the science, Guidelines for Contributors . 42 research, and innovative thinking behind it, contact Mike Apicello, National Interagency Fire Center, Annual Photo Contest . 43 208-387-5460. Firefighter and public safety is our first priority. Volume 65 • No. 2 • Spring 2005 3 MONSTER IN THE WOODS: THE BISCUIT FIRE* Beth Quinn vast plume of thick gray Greg Gilpin, a fire manager for the blaze had fallen back, leaving no smoke billowed 30,000 feet Oregon Department of Forestry, defenses between the flames and the A (9,000 m) into the sky over could sense the fear in the 1,500 17,000 people living in the Illinois southwestern Oregon, dwarfing people gathered before him at Valley towns of Selma, Kerby, Cave ridgetops on the Siskiyou National the Illinois Valley High School on Junction, and O’Brien. Forest. Six more mushroom clouds Sunday, July 28. His job was protect- rose above nearby ridges like volca- ing their homes and lives, and he Gilpin stepped onto the polished nic eruptions. Trees 150 feet (45 m) knew that the situation was even wooden floor, stood under a basket- tall torched like matchsticks. worse than it looked. ball hoop and spoke into a micro- phone. “There is a very good chance Valley in Danger that this fire is going to reach the Nearly 7,000 of the valley floor,” he said. “It is so big By mid-July 2002, the Florence Fire Nation’s best firefighters and so awesome, there is absolutely (later known as the Biscuit Fire**) nothing you can do to stop this fire.” was burning with a destructive defied the odds and power rarely seen. Already the big- held off an inferno that Yet the worst never came to pass. gest Oregon blaze in more than a threatened hundreds Nearly 7,000 of the Nation’s best century, it was poised to roar down of square miles and firefighters defied the odds and held into the heavily populated Illinois thousands of homes. off an inferno that threatened hun- Valley. Two weeks of ceaseless strug- dreds of square miles and thousands gle had done almost nothing to stop of homes. The Biscuit Fire, which it, and firefighters put the chances On the other side of those ridges, eventually eclipsed the infamous of losing towns in the valley at 75 Tillamook Burn as Oregon’s sig- percent. just out of sight, a 20-mile (32-km) wall of fire was moving through a nature fire, offers lessons for every Beth Quinn is a southern Oregon correspon- wilderness of tinder-dry trees and State in the West. dent for The Oregonian, Portland, OR. brush. Every firefighter facing the Ignition Southwestern Oregon baked under a blistering heat wave. Sunrise on July 13 marked the 53rd day since the last rain, and the weather forecast that day called for a high of 105 °F (41 °C). The forests in the Illinois Valley were as parched as kiln-dried lumber. * The article is based on a series that appeared in The Oregonian (Portland, OR) on November 2, 3, and 4, 2002. Reporter Alex Pulaski and researchers Lynne Palombo and Kathleen Blythe of The Oregonian staff contributed to the series. **Florence became Biscuit to avoid public confusion Biscuit Fire on August 16, 2002. A smoke plume rises from the vicinity of Snow Camp about the location of the fire. Some people wondered Lookout as the northwest flank of the fire creeps down into the Lawson Creek drainage. In whether the fire was near Florence, a community adjacent the foreground are Oak Flat and the Illinois River. Photo: Gary Percy, Siskiyou National to the popular Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area Forest, Gold Beach, OR, 2002. on the Siuslaw National Forest. Consistent with normal nomenclature for wildfires, this article refers to the fire for the most part as Florence. Fire Management Today 4 Conditions were perfect for the dry elsewhere in Oregon and the region. (40,000 ha) in Oregon alone. The lightning that strikes when heat None would be available for at least Northwest Interagency Coordination evaporates a thunderstorm’s rain- 48 hours. Del Monte was on his own. Center in Portland weighed the des- drops before they reach the ground. perate pleas from local fire manag- One-third of forest fires begin with a Initial Attack ers. single explosion of dry lightning. A trail passed near one of the fires, and Del Monte sent two local fire Federal rules set strict guidelines Firespotters eyeballed the woods crews on a 7-mile (11-km) hike. for making such decisions. The first from glass-walled lookouts on five Their orders were to contain the fire priority is human life, then towns different mountaintops. At midday, and, if possible, put it out. and historically significant cul- thunderheads rose above the moun- tural resources, such as American tains. The storm erupted just after 2 Del Monte climbed aboard a heli- Indian pictographs or archeologi- p.m., unleashing a fusillade of thun- copter for a short flight to the other cal sites. Farther down the list are derbolts on the thickly forested land fire. The view across the sea of vacation homes and, finally, timber along the California–Oregon border. green ridges was ominous: Two fires in uninhabited forests such as the Sensors recorded 581 downstrikes were evident where the day before Kalmiopsis. Del Monte’s trees would in Jackson and Josephine Counties, there had been just one. Both were have to wait their turn. with 23 thunderbolts blasting onto on steep and rocky slopes, where the Siskiyou National Forest. Not a glowing red edge of fire moved Federal fire coordinators informed a drop of water slaked the thirsty through Douglas-fir and white fir.
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