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PF Vol18 No01.Pdf (14.33Mb) PRAIRIE FORUM Vol. 18, No. 1 Spring 1993 CONTENTS ARTICLES "Purely an Imperial Tentative Effort": Canada and the Crofter Colonisation Scheme, 1888-1906 WayneNorton 1 Prairie Women and the Strugglefor a Dower Law, 1905-1920 Margaret E. McCallum 19 !0 "The Better Sense of the FarmPopulation": The Partridge Plan and Grain Marketingin Saskatchewan RobertIrwin 35 From Crusaders to Missionaries to Wives: Alberta Social CreditWomen, 1932-1955 Bob Hesketh 53 "Stuck in Playing the Old Tunes": The Winnipeg Free Press and the Canada-United Kingdom Wheat Agreement Patrick H. Brennan 77 "1 Patterns of Irrigation Development in the South Saskatchewan River Project A.A. Seaborne and R.L. Blackwell 97 GovernmentSpending in Canadian Prairie Provinces Sohrab Abizadeh and John A. Gray 117 REVIEWS LEESON, Howard, Grant Notley: The Social Conscience ofAlberta by Garth Stevenson 137 KINDSCHER, Kelly, Medicinal Wild Plants ofthePrairie: An Ethnobotanical Guide by J. Stan Rowe 139 SMILLIE, Ben, Beyond theSocial Gospel: Church Protest onthePrairies by Murray Knuttila 141 HUGHES, KennethJames, ed., Contemporary Manitoba Writers by Kenneth G. Probert 144 DUCKWORTH, Harry W., ed., The English RiverBook: A North West Company Journal andAccount Book of1786 by Frank Tough 146 LETTER TO THE EDITOR 150 CONTRIBUTORS 151 PRAIRIE FORUM:Journal of the Canadian Plains Research Center Chief Editor: Alvin Finkel, History, Athabasca Editorial Board: I. Adam, English, Calgary J.W. Brennan, History, Regina ~ P. Ghorayshi, Sociology, Winnipeg S.Jackel, Canadian Studies, Alberta M. Kinnear, History, Manitoba W. Last, Earth Sciences, Winnipeg P. McCormack, Provincial Museum, Edmonton J.N. McCrorie, CPRC, Regina A. Mills, Political Science, Winnipeg F. Pannekoek, Alberta Culture and Multiculturalism, Edmonton D. Payment, Parks Canada, Winnipeg T. Robinson, Religious Studies, Lethbridge L. Vandervort, Law, Saskatchewan J. Welsted, Geography, Brandon B.Wilkinson, Economics, Alberta Copy Editors: Agnes Bray, CPRC, Regina Brian Mlazgar, CPRC, Regina Book Review Editor: P. Hansen, Political Science, Regina PRAIRIEFORUM is published twice yearly, in Spring and Fall.The annual subscription rate, in Canada, is: Individuals - $21.40; Institutions ­ $26.75; single copies and special issues: Individuals - $10.70; Institutions- $13.38(all prices include GST).Out ofCanada: Individuals - $20.00; Institutions - $25.00. There is also a $2.00 postage and handling charge for out-of-Canada orders and for non-subscribers. All subscriptions, correspondence and contributions should be sent to: The Editor, Prairie Forum, Canadian PlainsResearch Center, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, S4S OA2. Subscribers will also receive the Canadian Plains Bulletin, the newsletter of the Canadian Plains Research Center. PRAIRIE FORUM is not responsible for statements, either of fact or opinion, made by contributors. COPYRIGHT 1993 CANADIAN PLAINS RESEARCHCENTER ISSN 0317-6282 "Purely an Imperial Tentative Effort": Canada and the Crofter Colonisation Scheme, 1888-1906 Wayne Norton ABSTRACT. Although Canadian authorities had encouraged the British government to develop a plan for state-aided colonization, they were surprised when a schemeinvolving the crofter and cottar populations of Scotland'sWestern Isles received the approvalof the imperial cabinet in April 1888. The Scottish Office sought to address political problems and demo­ graphic pressures in the Islands through a successful scheme of settlement on the Canadian Prairies. The Office of the Canadian High Commission in London calculated that a substantial emigration would result from the experience of successful state-aided colonists. The tiny, sponsored settlements attracted considerable attention in Canada and Scotland. The difficulties encountered by the settlers, however, resulted largely in adverse publicity. The Canadians, though playing a significant role on the supervisory Imperial Colonisation Board, were often uncertain of how to deal with this unique, British-sponsoredsocial experiment being conducted upon Canadian soil. Disagreement and misunderstanding among the Department of the Interior, the Departmentof Agriculture, and the Scottish Office plagued the scheme from its inception. The Crofter and Cottar Colonisation Scheme was abruptly can­ celled by the British governmentin 1893,though administrative arrangements werecontinued until 1906 when financial requirements werefinally concluded to the satisfaction of the British Treasury. SOMMAIRE. Bien que les autorites canadiennes aient encourage le gouvernement britan­ nique a developper un plan de colonisation subventionne par l'etat, ils furent surpris lorsqu'un projet impliquant les petits fermiers et paysans des Iles de l'ouest de l'Ecosse recut le consentement du Cabinet Imperial en avril 1888. Le ministere Ecossais tenta d'adresser les problemes politiques et les pressions demographiques des Iles avec un projet de colonisation des prairies canadiennes qui fut couronne de succes. Les bureaux du Haut Commissariat Canadien a Londres avaient calcule que le succes des colonistes subventionnes par I'eta t aboutirait aune emigration considerable. Les petites colonies subventionnees susciterent beaucoup d'attention au Canada et en Ecosse. Cependant, les consequences des difficultes rencontrees par les colons furent en grande rnesure une contre-publicite. Les canadiens, bien que jouant un role considerable au Comite Imperial de Colonisation de surveillance, etaient souvent incertains de la facon d'aborder la question de cette experience sociale unique subventionnee par le gouvernement britannique sur Ie sol canadien. Les desaccords et les malentendus entre le ministere de l'Interieur, le ministere de I'Agriculture et le ministere Ecossais, on harcele le projet des le debut. Le projet de colonisation des petits fermiers et des paysans fut brusquement annule par le gouverne­ ment britannique en 1893,meme si on continua certains arrangements administratifs jusq u' en 1906,lorsqueles exigences financieres furent conclues de facon equitableselon le ministere des Finances britannique. That British expectations and perceptions of the Canadian West were often at variance with prairie realities is a fact with which historians have long been familiar.' Canadian public policy is recognized to have encoun­ tered obstacles in the West, butimperial policy after 1869is rarely regarded as playing a direct role in developments there. As late as the 1890s, however, a British-sponsored settlementschemefoundered on the Prairies, with unfortunate consequences for both the imperial and Canadian gov­ ernments. In Britain, the Scottish Office soughtto address its mostintracta­ ble problems in the Highlands with a successful scheme of colonization, only to see all such schemes discredited by the controversies surrounding its own? Canadian authorities at the Department of Agriculture, the Department of the Interior, and the Office of the High Commission in London were unableto developa consistentapproach to the curious British "experiment" being conducted upon Canadian soil. Historians, too, have 2 NORTON had difficulty in placing the Crofter and Cottar Colonisation Scheme in a Canadian context. It is not mentioned at all by Norman MacDonald in his Canada: Immigration and Colonisation. Others have too readily accepted the contentionof the scheme's originators thattheywere motivated bycharita­ ble considerations. As a result, the scheme has been identified incorrectly as an exercise in late-Victorian philanthropy.' It is the intention here to examine the Canadian response to this long-forgotten British colonization scheme, and to indicate the effects that the scheme had on the reputation of the Dominion as a destination for Scottish emigrants in particular. In April 1888, Canadian authorities were surprised when the British Government suddenly and unexpectedly authorized a parliamentary ex­ penditure for the purpose of establishing colonies of Scottish Highlanders on the CanadianPrairies. In Britain, the surprise wasshared bythe emigra­ tionists and theircritics. Though theideaof state-aidedemigrationreceived much attention in Britain in the 1880s, its proponents usually saw it as a solution to the urban ills of late-Victorian Britain. Critics of this view insisted that government had no role to play in a field most appropriately left to private philanthropy.' However, the scheme announced by the Scottish Office in April would apply only to the Hebridean islands located off the west coast of Scotland, and would be financed almost entirely from the public purse. A parliamentarygrantof £10,000was to be conditional on the collection of £2,000 by charitable subscription. The Canadian govern­ ment and land companies were to "cooperate," and each selected family head was to receive an advance of £120 to be repaid, with interest, within ---------------- --------------------------------- - -- ---- -- twelve years.' If the government announcement caused surprise, the circumstances that led to the decision were well known throughout the British Isles. Recurrentdisorderon the islandsand in the westernHighlands in the early 1880s had forced Gladstone to appoint, under the chairmanship of Baron Napier, a commission of inquiry into the social and economic situation of the crofters (those who rented small patches of land) and the cottars (ren ters of cottages withoutland)." Dissatisfied with their povertyand their landlessness, the crofters and cottars had before them the example of the Irish peasantry whohad
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