DOCSLIB.ORG

Pharmacological Studies on Three Sudanese Medicinal Plants Possessing Antimicrobial Properties

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pharmacological Studies on Three Sudanese Medicinal Plants Possessing Antimicrobial Properties Pharmacological Studies on three Sudanese Medicinal Plants Possessing Antimicrobial Properties By: Mohana Mohamed El-Hassan Gadour (B.Pharm.) A thesis submitted to the university of Khartoum in fulfillment of the requirements for the master degree, at the department of pharmacology, faculty of pharmacy. Under Supervision of: Professor Idris Babekir Eltayeb November 2004 Dedication To my parents, The one who teach a lot now get some part. To my brothers, The one who work for others will get some part. To my children’s, When asking for knowledge try to get all and not part. ii Acknowledgements I was and remain even at the conclusion of this work indebted for my supervisor Professor Idris Babekir Eltayeb of the department of pharmacology, faculty of pharmacy, University of Khartoum for his guidance and motivating criticism. I am extremely grateful for his wisdom, encourage and patience. My deep appreciation is due to Dr. Abd ElWahab Hassan Mohamed, who initiated this work and skilled me with some of the techniques he had. I am in even more in awe of his valuable help. I would like to express my gratitude to the Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Khartoum for availing this chance for me. I am particularly grateful to the pharmacology and toxicology department of MAPRI and its generous staff. iii List of Contents PAGE Dedication............................................................................................... I Acknowledgements................................................................................. II List of Contents:...................................................................................... III List of Figures:........................................................................................ VIII Abstract in Arabic................................................................................... X Abstract in English.................................................................................. XII CHAPTER ONE 1 Introduction....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Sudan location and vegetations diversity ......................................... 1 1.2 medicinal plants as potential source of antimicrobial agent:............ 1 1.3 drugs- herbs interaction: ................................................................... 4 1.4 proposed alternatives: ....................................................................... 6 1.5 Family Loranthacae taxonomy ...................................................... 6 1.5.1 Loranthus acacia: ..................................................................... 7 1.5.2 Folkloric use: ............................................................................ 7 1.5.3 Economic importance:.............................................................. 9 1.5.4 Chemical constituents:.............................................................. 9 1.5.5 Biological activity:.................................................................... 10 1.5.6 Anticholinestrase activity in plant kingdom:............................ 11 1.6 Anticholinesterases:.......................................................................... 16 1.6.1 Short –acting anticholinesterase:.............................................. 16 1.6.2 Medium –duration anticholinesterases:.................................... 17 1.6.3 Irreversible anticholinesterases:................................................ 17 1.6.4 Clinical uses of anticholinesterases:......................................... 1 1.7 Family Nymphaeaceae taxonomy: ................................................... 19 1.7.1 Nymphaea lotus L.:................................................................... 19 1.7.2 Folkloric uses:........................................................................... 20 1.7.3 Chemical constituents:.............................................................. 20 1.7.4 Biological activity: ................................................................... 24 1.7.5 Serotonin occurrence in plant kingdom:................................... 24 1.8 5- hydroxytryptamine : ................................................................... 27 1.8.1 5-Hydroxytryptamine Distribution, biosynthesis and degradation: ............................................................................. 27 1.8.2 Actions and functions of 5-HT: ............................................. 27 1.8.3 Postulated physiological and pathophysiological roles ............ includes: .................................................................................... 28 1.8.4 5-HT receptor:........................................................................... 29 iv 1.8.5 Important drugs that act on 5-HT receptors in the periphery:.. 30 1.9 Family Combretaceae taxonomy: .................................................... 31 1.9.1 Anogeissus leiocarpus : ............................................................ 31 1.9.2 Economic value: ....................................................................... 32 1.9.3 Chemical constituents:.............................................................. 32 1.9.4 Biological activity: ................................................................... 35 1.10 Classification of adrenoceptors : .................................................... 36 1.11 Clinical uses of adrenceptor agonists : ........................................... 38 1.11.1 Cardiovascular system: .......................................................... 38 1.11.2 Anaphylactic reactions: ........................................................ 39 1.11.3 Respiratory system: ................................................................ 39 1.11.4 Miscellaneous indications: ..................................................... 40 CHAPTER TWO 2 Materials and Methods: ....................................................................... 41 2.1 Materials: .................................................................................... 41 2.1.1 Plant material: ....................................................................... 41 2.1.2 Chemicals: ............................................................................ 41 2.1.2.1 Physiological Satls: ................................................................. 41 2.1.2.2 Solvents: ....................................................................... 42 2.1.2.3 Standard drugs: ............................................................. 42 2.1.3 Apparatus:............................................................................... 43 2.1.4 Laboratory Animals:............................................................... 43 2.2 Methods: .................................................................................... 44 2.2.1 Method of extraction: ............................................................... 44 2.2.2 Methods of preparation of isolated organs: 44 2.2.2.1 The Guinea-pig ileum preparation: ................................ 44 2.2.2.2 Toad rectus abdominis muscle preparation: ...................... 45 2.2.2.3 The rat fundus strip preparation: ....................................... 46 2.2.2.4 Rabbit jejunum preparation: ............................................ 46 2.2.2.5 The isolated perfused rabbit heart preparation:............... 47 2.2.2.6 Guinea pig atria preparation: .......................................... 47 2.2.2.7 The rat uterus preparation: ............................................. 47 2.2.2.8 Guinea pig tracheal Chain preparation:........................... 48 CHAPTER THREE 3 Results.................................................................................................. 50 Loranthus acacia: .................................................................................. 50 3.1.1 Effect of methanolic extract of Loranthus acacia on isolated... rabbit jejunum preparation: ........................................................ 50 3.1.2 Effect of Adrenoceptor blocking drugs on Loranthus acacia .. extract induced relaxation on isolated rabbit jejunum .............. v preparation:................................................................................. 50 3.1.3 Effect of Loranthus acacia methanolic extract on isolated....... guinea pig ileum preparation: ...................................................... 51 3.1.4 Effect of methanolic extract of Lornthus acacia on isolated .... toad rectus abdominis muscle preparation:................................ 51 3.1.5 Effect of Loranthus acacia methanolic extract on ................... Acetylcholine induced contracture on isolated toad rectus ....... abdominis muscle preparation: .................................................. 51 3.1.6 Loranthus acacia methanolic extract reversal of ...................... tubocurarine antagonistic effect on Acetylcholine ................... induced contracture on isolated Toad rectus ............................... abdominis muscle preparation:..................................................... 52 3.1.7 Effect of mthanolic extract of Loranthus acacia on isolated .... perfused rabbit heart preparation: .............................................. 52 3.1.8 Effect of Loranthus acacia methanolic extract on guinea pig... atrium: ........................................................................................ 52 3.1.9 Potentiation of Loranthus acacia dromotropic effect on ......... isolated guinea pig atrium preparation using Acetylcholine : ... 53 3.1.10 Influence of Atropine sulphate on Loranthuss
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Anogeissus Acuminata (Roxb) Wall Ex Bedd in Vitro
    International Journal of Complementary & Alternative Medicine Review Article Open Access Detection of free radical scavenging activity of dhaura, anogeissus acuminata (roxb) wall ex bedd in vitro Abstract Volume 12 Issue 4 - 2019 The free radical inhibitory activity of Dhaura, Anogeissus acuminata extracted in chloroform, ethanol and water was investigated in vitro. The DPPH inhibition by the Ganesh Chandra Jagetia, Zairempuii different stem extract depended on the concentration and the ethanol extract was found Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, India to be the most potent as the lower concentration of it was most effective in scavenging Correspondence: Ganesh Chandra Jagetia, Department of different free radicals. The analysis of superoxide radical scavenging activity showed that Zoology, Mizoram University, India, Email the aqueous extract was most effective when compared to chloroform and ethanol extracts. The different extracts of Dhaura also inhibited the generation of nitric oxide radical Received: August 5, 2019 | Published: August 27, 2019 depending on its concentration and maximum effect was observed at 200μg/ml. Our study indicates that free radical scavenging activity of Dhaura affirms the medicinal use by the practitioners of folklore medicine. Keywords: anogeissus acuminata, DPPH, superoxide, nitric oxide, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, mitochondria Abbreviations: EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; enlargement of spleen cold, dysuria, cough, excessive perspiration, 15 NBT, nitrobluetetrazolium; TCA, trichloroacetic acid; NED, N–(1– cholera, urinary disorders, snake bite and in scorpion sting. The Naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride gum produced by Dhaura is called Ghatti or Indian gum and is used as a tonic after delivery.15,16 The preclinical studies have shown the Introduction alleviation of alloxan–induced diabetes in rats.17.
    [Show full text]
  • TAXON:Conocarpus Erectus L. SCORE:5.0 RATING:Evaluate
    TAXON: Conocarpus erectus L. SCORE: 5.0 RATING: Evaluate Taxon: Conocarpus erectus L. Family: Combretaceae Common Name(s): button mangrove Synonym(s): Conocarpus acutifolius Willd. ex Schult. buttonwood Conocarpus procumbens L. Sea mulberry Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 30 Jul 2018 WRA Score: 5.0 Designation: EVALUATE Rating: Evaluate Keywords: Tropical Tree, Naturalized, Coastal, Pure Stands, Water-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 n outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 30 Jul 2018 (Conocarpus erectus L.) Page 1 of 17 TAXON: Conocarpus erectus L.
    [Show full text]
  • Dicotyledons
    Dicotyledons COMBRETACEAE R. Br., nom. cons. 1810. COMBRETUM FAMILY Shrubs, trees, or woody vines. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple, pinnate-veined, petiolate, stipulate or estipulate. Flowers in terminal or axillary spikes, racemes, panicles, or heads, acti- nomorphic, bisexual or unisexual (staminate) (plants dioecious or polygamodioecious), brac- teate, bracteolate or ebracteolate; hypanthium prolonged beyond the ovary, the lower part adnate to the ovary, the upper part free; sepals 4 or 5, connate; petals 5 and free or absent; nec- taries present; stamens 5–10, the filaments free, the anthers 2-locular, versatile, longitudinally dehiscent; ovary 2- to 5-carpellate, 1-loculate, the style 1. Fruit a drupe. A family of 14 genera and about 500 species; nearly cosmopolitan. Terminaliaceae J. St.-Hil. (1805).proof Selected references: Graham (1964b); Stace (2010). 1. Leaves opposite, decussate. 2. Tree or erect shrub; petiole with nectar glands; flowers inconspicuous, the petals ca. 1 mm long, greenish white ...........................................................................................................................Laguncularia 2. Vine or scandent shrub; petiole without nectar glands; flowers showy, the petals 1–2 cm long, white to pink or red ..............................................................................................................................Combretum 1. Leaves alternate, spiral. 3. Flowers in dense spherical or oblong heads; fruits in a dry, conelike head ....................Conocarpus 3. Flowers
    [Show full text]
  • ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN No. 256 CAYS of the BELIZE
    ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN No. 256 CAYS OF THE BELIZE BARRIER REEF AND LAGOON by D . R. Stoddart, F. R. Fosberg and D. L. Spellman Issued by THE SMlTHSONlAN INSTITUTION Washington, D. C., U.S.A. April 1982 CONTENTS List of Figures List of Plates i i Abstract 1 1. Introduction 2 2. Structure and environment 5 3. Sand cays of the northern barrier reef 9 St George's East Cay Paunch Cay Sergeant' s Cay Curlew Cay Go£ f ' s Cay Seal Cay English Cay Sandbore south of English Cay Samphire Spot Rendezvous Cay Jack's Cays Skiff Sand Cay Glory Tobacco Cay South Water Cay Carrie Bow Cay Curlew Cay 5. Sand cays of the southern barrier reef 23 Silk or Queen Cays North Silk Cay Middle Silk Cay Sauth Silk Cay Samphire Cay Round Cay Pompion Cay Ranguana Cay North Spot Tom Owen's Cay Tom Owen's East Cay Tom Owen's West Cay Cays between Tom Owen's Cays and Northeast Sapodilla Cay The Sapodilla Cays Northeast Sapodilla Cay Frank 's Cays Nicolas Cay Hunting Cay Lime Cay Ragged Cay Seal Cays 5. Cays of the barrier reef lagoon A. The northern lagoon Ambergris Cay Cay Caulker Cay Chapel St George ' s Cay Cays between Cay Chapel and Belize ~ohocay Stake Bank Spanish Lookout Cay Water Cay B. The Southern Triangles Robinson Point Cay Robinson Island Spanish Cay C. Cays of the central lagoon Tobacco Range Coco Plum Cay Man-o '-War Cay Water Range Weewee Cay Cat Cay Lagoon cays between Stewart Cay and Baker's Rendezvous Jack's Cay Buttonwood Cay Trapp 's Cay Cary Cay Bugle Cay Owen Cay Scipio Cay Colson Cay Hatchet Cay Little Water Cay Laughing Bird Cay Placentia Cay Harvest Cay iii D.
    [Show full text]
  • Combretaceae: Phylogeny, Biogeography and DNA
    COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION o Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. o NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. o ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. How to cite this thesis Surname, Initial(s). (2012) Title of the thesis or dissertation. PhD. (Chemistry)/ M.Sc. (Physics)/ M.A. (Philosophy)/M.Com. (Finance) etc. [Unpublished]: University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from: https://ujdigispace.uj.ac.za (Accessed: Date). Combretaceae: Phylogeny, Biogeography and DNA Barcoding by JEPHRIS GERE THESIS Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR in BOTANY in the Faculty of Science at the University of Johannesburg December 2013 Supervisor: Prof Michelle van der Bank Co-supervisor: Dr Olivier Maurin Declaration I declare that this thesis has been composed by me and the work contained within, unless otherwise stated, is my own. _____________________ J. Gere (December 2013) Table of contents Table of contents i Abstract v Foreword vii Index to figures ix Index to tables xv Acknowledgements xviii List of abbreviations xxi Chapter 1: General introduction and objectives 1.1 General introduction 1 1.2 Vegetative morphology 2 1.2.1 Leaf morphology and anatomy 2 1.2.2. Inflorescence 3 1.2.3 Fruit morphology 4 1.3 DNA barcoding 5 1.4 Cytology 6 1.5 Fossil record 7 1.6 Distribution and habitat 7 1.7 Economic Importance 8 1.8 Taxonomic history 9 1.9 Aims and objectives of the study 11 i Table of contents Chapter 2: Molecular phylogeny of Combretaceae with implications for infrageneric classification within subtribe Terminaliinae.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemistry of Secondary Metabolites and Their Antimicrobial Activity in the Drug Development Process: a Review of the Genus Anogeissus
    Chemistry of secondary metabolites and antimicrobial activity in the drug development process 1 Review Article Chemistry of secondary metabolites and their antimicrobial activity in the drug development process: a review of the Genus Anogeissus A. Mann1, J.O. Amupitan2, A.O. Oyewale2, J.I. Okogun3 and K. Ibrahim 4 1Department of Science Laboratory Technology, The Federal Polytechnic, Bida, P.M.B. 55, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria 2Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria 3Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), P.M.B. 21, Garki – Abuja, Nigeria 4Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), P.M.B.21, Garki – Abuja, Nigeria ABSTRACT The significance of secondary metabolites as antimicrobial agents and its chemistry in the drug development process is reviewed. The genus Anogeissus (Combretaceae) is widely distributed in most tropical and subtropical countries of the world. Anogeissus is a genus of trees, shrubs or small trees. The genus has eight species, five native to South Asia, two indigenous to the southern Arabian Peninsula, and one native to Africa. Genus Anogeissus have long been used in traditional medicine to treat a broad spectrum of disorders. Chemical constituents isolated from Genus Anogeissus so far include amino acids, terpenoids (and their glycoside derivatives); steroids; flavonoids and their glycosides; tannins and other phenolic compounds and lignan. The focus of this paper has been on the phytochemistry of the species of Anogeissus and with the bioactivities of their various metabolites and their general potential in drug development were reviewed.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Vol. 8, No. 1
    BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Volume 8 Number l THE TERNS OF THE DRY TORTUGAS William B. Robertson, Jr. UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA Gainesville 1964 Numbers of the BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM are pub- lished at irregular intervals. Volumes contain about 800 pages and are not necessarily completed in any one calendar year. OLIVER L. AUSTIN, JR., Editor WALTER AUFFENBERG, Managing Editor Consultants for this issue: John W. Aldrich Joseph C. Moore Communications concerning purchase or exchange of the publication and all manuscripts should be addressed to the Managing Editor of the Bulletin, Florida State Museum, Seagle Building, Gainesville, Florida. Published 8 May 1964 Price for this issue $1.85 THE TERNS OF THE DRY TORTUGAS WTT T.T~M B. ROBERTSON, JR.1 4 SYNOPSIS: New information from unpublished sources and from published rec- or(is hitherto overlooked permit a re-evaluation of the history of the Dry Tortugas and of the terns that inhabit them. The geography and ecology of the 11 keys that have variously comprised the group since it was first mapped in the 1770's are described and their major changes traced. The recorded occurrences of the seven species of terns reported nesting on the keys are analyzed in detail. The Sooty Tern colony has fluctuated from a low of about 5,000 adults in 1908 to a reported peak of 190,000 in 1950;, for the past four years it has remained steady at about 100,000. The Brown Noddy population, which reached a peak of 85,000 in 1919, was rEduced by rats to about 400 adults in 1938; it is in the neighbor- hood of 2,000 today.
    [Show full text]
  • African Continent a Likely Origin of Family Combretaceae (Myrtales)
    Annual Research & Review in Biology 8(5): 1-20, 2015, Article no.ARRB.17476 ISSN: 2347-565X, NLM ID: 101632869 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org African Continent a Likely Origin of Family Combretaceae (Myrtales). A Biogeographical View Jephris Gere 1,2*, Kowiyou Yessoufou 3, Barnabas H. Daru 4, Olivier Maurin 2 and Michelle Van Der Bank 2 1Department of Biological Sciences, Bindura University of Science Education, P Bag 1020, Bindura Zimbabwe. 2Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, P.O.Box 524, South Africa. 3Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida campus, Florida 1710, South Africa. 4Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author JG designed the study, wrote the protocol and interpreted the data. Authors JG, OM, MVDB anchored the field study, gathered the initial data and performed preliminary data analysis. While authors JG, KY and BHD managed the literature searches and produced the initial draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/ARRB/2015/17476 Editor(s): (1) George Perry, Dean and Professor of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA. Reviewers: (1) Musharaf Khan, University of Peshawar, Pakistan. (2) Ma Nyuk Ling, University Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia. (3) Andiara Silos Moraes de Castro e Souza, São Carlos Federal University, Brazil. Complete Peer review History: http://sciencedomain.org/review-history/11778 Received 16 th March 2015 Accepted 10 th April 2015 Original Research Article Published 9th October 2015 ABSTRACT Aim : The aim of this study was to estimate divergence ages and reconstruct ancestral areas for the clades within Combretaceae.
    [Show full text]
  • Laguncularia Racemosa (L.) C.F. Gaertn
    Laguncularia racemosa (L.) C.F. Gaertn. JAMES A. ALLEN Paul Smiths College, Paul Smiths, NY COMBRETACEAE (COMBRETUM FAMILY) No synonyms Akira, cinchuite, green turtle-bough, mangel, mangle, mangle amarillo, mangle blanco, mangle bobo, mangle marequita, mangle prieto, manglier blanc, mangue, mangue branco, palétuvier, palo de sal, patabán, white mangrove (Bohorquez 1996, Little and Wadsworth 1964) Laguncularia is a monotypic genus in a moderately large, trop- The wood is used for a variety of purposes, including small ical, woody family consisting of about 20 genera and 500 poles, fenceposts, tool handles, fuelwood, and charcoal (Little species (Tomlinson 1986). The only other mangroves or man- and Wadsworth 1964). The bark contains a significant amount grove associates in the Combretaceae are two Old World of tannin suitable for commercial uses (Walsh 1977). Laguncu- species of the genus Lumnitzera and the New World species laria racemosa has also been referred to as a honey-producing L Conocarpus erectus. The native range of L. racemosa includes plant (Nellis 1994, p. 111). the coast of central and southern Florida, Bermuda and most The greenish-white, fragrant flowers occur in loose ter- of the West Indies, both coasts of continental tropical Ameri- minal clusters (panicles). Some flowering occurs throughout ca from Mexico south to Brazil and northern Peru, and the most of the year, but in Florida and the Caribbean it peaks in coast of West Africa from Senegal to Angola (Chapman 1976, May and June. Laguncularia racemosa may flower and produce Graham 1964, Little and Wadsworth 1964). fruit when less than 2 years old and 1.5 m in height (Holdridge Laguncularia racemosa is a moderately fast-growing, 1940a, Little and Wadsworth 1964).
    [Show full text]
  • Supporting Information
    Supporting Information Phytochemicals of Conocarpus spp. as a natural and safe source of phenolic compounds and antioxidants Hanan S. Afifi 1,*, Hassan M. Al Marzooqi 1, Mohammad J. Tabbaa 2,3 and Ahmed A. Arran 2 1 Food Research Section, R&D Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, P.O. Box 52150, Abu Dhabi, UAE; [email protected] 2 Agriculture Research Section, R&D Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, P.O. Box 52150, Abu Dhabi, UAE; [email protected] (M.J.T.); [email protected] (A.A.A.) 3 Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; [email protected] (M.J.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +97128181759 Abbreviations RSM Response Surface Methodology CCD Central Composite Design CL Conocarpus lancifolius CE Conocarpus erectus CLL Conocarpus lancifolius leaves CLF Conocarpus lancifolius fruits CLR Conocarpus lancifolius roots CEL Conocarpus erectus leaves CEF Conocarpus erectus fruits CER Conocarpus erectus roots Public Table S1. Central composite design arrangement and responses variable of vanillic acid (ppm) at P ≤ 0.05. Standard Order erectus lancifolius Coded variables Leaves Roots Fruits Leaves Roots Fruits Solvent Temp Time (h) conc.% (°C) 1 1 (100) 1 (65) 0(2) 2.54 ± 0.05 22.87 ± 3.89 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 15.62 ± 1.23 1.89 ± 0.11 2 −1 (50) 0 (55) 1(3) 0.00 ± 0.00 10.11 ± 0.20 8.64 ± 0.17 0.00 ± 0.00 20.53 ± 0.72 2.36 ± 0.07 3 0 (75) 0 (55) 0(2) 5.00 ± 0.36 16.40 ±
    [Show full text]
  • Mangroves Field Identification Manual of Timor Leste
    Mangroves Field Identification Manual of Timor Leste Building Shoreline Resilience of Timor Leste to Protect Local Communities and Their Livelihood Dili, Timor-Leste 2018 © Copyright: UNDP- MAF 2018 This Manual prepared by United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and National Directorate of Forestry, Coffee and Industrial Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF) of Democratic Republic of Timor Leste. Author and Photographs of the Manual is Mr. Animesh Kar. The copyright of the document remains UNDP and MAF, Timor Leste. 1 | P a g e Table Contents 1. Mangroves of Timor Leste- Local names and Geographical locations …………………… Page- 2-3 2. Background……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Page-3 3. Key Characteristics of Mangroves in Timor Leste……………………………………………….… Page-4 4. Mangrove Identifications………………………………………………………………………………….…. Page 5-39 5. Mangrove Associates……………………………………………………………………………………….... Page- 40-55 6. Reference……………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Page-55 Mangroves of Timor Leste- Local names and Geographical locations SL Species Local Names Geographical Locations Page no. 1 Acanthus ilicifolius Dasu Ana Rui, Baotuk, Kaikoli All North& South Coast 6 feto 2 Acanthus ebracteatus Dasu Ana Rui, Baotuk, Kaikoli South Coast- Utacarbau, 7 mana Uaniuma 3 Acanthus volubilis Klalerek Tasi, Kadidi bee, South coast, Aubeon 8 Kailaku 4 Acrostichum speciosum Kaikoli Lhuku All North& South Coast 9 5 Acrostichum aureum Ai irleo Both North& South Coast 10 6 Lumnitzera racemose Ai Parapa Tahan Narute, Ai All North& South Coast
    [Show full text]
  • Combretaceae)
    STUDIES ON CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF CONOCARPUS LANCIFOLIUS (COMBRETACEAE) By MALIK SAADULLAH 01-PhDC-12 Session 2012-2015 A thesis submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in Pharmaceutical Chemistry FACULTY OF PHARMACY BAHAUDDIN ZAKARIYA UNIVERSITY, MULTAN FACULTY OF PHARMACY BAHAUDDIN ZAKARIYA UNIVERSITY, MULTAN CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “STUDIES ON CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF CONOCARPUS LANCIFOLIUS (COMBRETACEAE)” submitted by Mr. MALIK SAADULLAH has been thoroughly studied. It is found to be prolific in scope and quality as a thesis for the award of degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Chemistry). (Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmad Ch.) Supervisor Dedicated to my Beloved Ones ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I have no words at my command to express my deepest sense of gratitude to Almighty Allah, the compassionate, the merciful, who enabled me to complete my research work. My special praises are for Holy Prophet, Hazarat Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) who is, forever, a source of guidance and knowledge for the whole humanity. It is a matter of great pleasure and honour for me to express my heartiest gratitude and appreciation to my respectable and honourable supervisor Dr. Bashir Ahmad Ch. Professor of Pharmaceutical chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, for his valuable and ever inspiring guidance, persistent encouragement and sagacious advice provided to me throughout this research work. With a deep sense of gratitude I communicate my heartful gratifications to Dr. Muhammad Uzair professor of pharmaceutical chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan for his encouragement, useful suggestions and inspiring help during the conduct of my research work.
    [Show full text]