Experiment 12
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African Music Vol 6 No 2(Seb).Cdr
94 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY OF AFRICAN MUSIC THE GORA AND THE GRAND’ GOM-GOM: by ERICA MUGGLESTONE 1 INTRODUCTION For three centuries the interest of travellers and scholars alike has been aroused by the gora, an unbraced mouth-resonated musical bow peculiar to South Africa, because it is organologically unusual in that it is a blown chordophone.2 A split quill is attached to the bowstring at one end of the instrument. The string is passed through a hole in one end of the quill and secured; the other end of the quill is then bound or pegged to the stave. The string is lashed to the other end of the stave so that it may be tightened or loosened at will. The player holds the quill lightly bet ween his parted lips, and, by inhaling and exhaling forcefully, causes the quill (and with it the string) to vibrate. Of all the early descriptions of the gora, that of Peter Kolb,3 a German astronom er who resided at the Cape of Good Hope from 1705 to 1713, has been the most contentious. Not only did his character and his publication in general come under attack, but also his account of Khoikhoi4 musical bows in particular. Kolb’s text indicates that two types of musical bow were observed, to both of which he applied the name gom-gom. The use of the same name for both types of bow and the order in which these are described in the text, seems to imply that the second type is a variant of the first. -
Lab 12. Vibrating Strings
Lab 12. Vibrating Strings Goals • To experimentally determine the relationships between the fundamental resonant frequency of a vibrating string and its length, its mass per unit length, and the tension in the string. • To introduce a useful graphical method for testing whether the quantities x and y are related by a “simple power function” of the form y = axn. If so, the constants a and n can be determined from the graph. • To experimentally determine the relationship between resonant frequencies and higher order “mode” numbers. • To develop one general relationship/equation that relates the resonant frequency of a string to the four parameters: length, mass per unit length, tension, and mode number. Introduction Vibrating strings are part of our common experience. Which as you may have learned by now means that you have built up explanations in your subconscious about how they work, and that those explanations are sometimes self-contradictory, and rarely entirely correct. Musical instruments from all around the world employ vibrating strings to make musical sounds. Anyone who plays such an instrument knows that changing the tension in the string changes the pitch, which in physics terms means changing the resonant frequency of vibration. Similarly, changing the thickness (and thus the mass) of the string also affects its sound (frequency). String length must also have some effect, since a bass violin is much bigger than a normal violin and sounds much different. The interplay between these factors is explored in this laboratory experi- ment. You do not need to know physics to understand how instruments work. In fact, in the course of this lab alone you will engage with material which entire PhDs in music theory have been written. -
The Science of String Instruments
The Science of String Instruments Thomas D. Rossing Editor The Science of String Instruments Editor Thomas D. Rossing Stanford University Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA) Stanford, CA 94302-8180, USA [email protected] ISBN 978-1-4419-7109-8 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-7110-4 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7110-4 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com) Contents 1 Introduction............................................................... 1 Thomas D. Rossing 2 Plucked Strings ........................................................... 11 Thomas D. Rossing 3 Guitars and Lutes ........................................................ 19 Thomas D. Rossing and Graham Caldersmith 4 Portuguese Guitar ........................................................ 47 Octavio Inacio 5 Banjo ...................................................................... 59 James Rae 6 Mandolin Family Instruments........................................... 77 David J. Cohen and Thomas D. Rossing 7 Psalteries and Zithers .................................................... 99 Andres Peekna and Thomas D. -
A Framework for the Static and Dynamic Analysis of Interaction Graphs
A Framework for the Static and Dynamic Analysis of Interaction Graphs DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Sitaram Asur, B.E., M.Sc. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2009 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Prof. Srinivasan Parthasarathy, Adviser Prof. Gagan Agrawal Adviser Prof. P. Sadayappan Graduate Program in Computer Science and Engineering c Copyright by Sitaram Asur 2009 ABSTRACT Data originating from many different real-world domains can be represented mean- ingfully as interaction networks. Examples abound, ranging from gene expression networks to social networks, and from the World Wide Web to protein-protein inter- action networks. The study of these complex networks can result in the discovery of meaningful patterns and can potentially afford insight into the structure, properties and behavior of these networks. Hence, there is a need to design suitable algorithms to extract or infer meaningful information from these networks. However, the challenges involved are daunting. First, most of these real-world networks have specific topological constraints that make the task of extracting useful patterns using traditional data mining techniques difficult. Additionally, these networks can be noisy (containing unreliable interac- tions), which makes the process of knowledge discovery difficult. Second, these net- works are usually dynamic in nature. Identifying the portions of the network that are changing, characterizing and modeling the evolution, and inferring or predict- ing future trends are critical challenges that need to be addressed in the context of understanding the evolutionary behavior of such networks. To address these challenges, we propose a framework of algorithms designed to detect, analyze and reason about the structure, behavior and evolution of real-world interaction networks. -
The Musical Kinetic Shape: a Variable Tension String Instrument
The Musical Kinetic Shape: AVariableTensionStringInstrument Ismet Handˇzi´c, Kyle B. Reed University of South Florida, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tampa, Florida Abstract In this article we present a novel variable tension string instrument which relies on a kinetic shape to actively alter the tension of a fixed length taut string. We derived a mathematical model that relates the two-dimensional kinetic shape equation to the string’s physical and dynamic parameters. With this model we designed and constructed an automated instrument that is able to play frequencies within predicted and recognizable frequencies. This prototype instrument is also able to play programmed melodies. Keywords: musical instrument, variable tension, kinetic shape, string vibration 1. Introduction It is possible to vary the fundamental natural oscillation frequency of a taut and uniform string by either changing the string’s length, linear density, or tension. Most string musical instruments produce di↵erent tones by either altering string length (fretting) or playing preset and di↵erent string gages and string tensions. Although tension can be used to adjust the frequency of a string, it is typically only used in this way for fine tuning the preset tension needed to generate a specific note frequency. In this article, we present a novel string instrument concept that is able to continuously change the fundamental oscillation frequency of a plucked (or bowed) string by altering string tension in a controlled and predicted Email addresses: [email protected] (Ismet Handˇzi´c), [email protected] (Kyle B. Reed) URL: http://reedlab.eng.usf.edu/ () Preprint submitted to Applied Acoustics April 19, 2014 Figure 1: The musical kinetic shape variable tension string instrument prototype. -
A Comparison of Viola Strings with Harmonic Frequency Analysis
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Student Research, Creative Activity, and Performance - School of Music Music, School of 5-2011 A Comparison of Viola Strings with Harmonic Frequency Analysis Jonathan Paul Crosmer University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/musicstudent Part of the Music Commons Crosmer, Jonathan Paul, "A Comparison of Viola Strings with Harmonic Frequency Analysis" (2011). Student Research, Creative Activity, and Performance - School of Music. 33. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/musicstudent/33 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Music, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Research, Creative Activity, and Performance - School of Music by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. A COMPARISON OF VIOLA STRINGS WITH HARMONIC FREQUENCY ANALYSIS by Jonathan P. Crosmer A DOCTORAL DOCUMENT Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Musical Arts Major: Music Under the Supervision of Professor Clark E. Potter Lincoln, Nebraska May, 2011 A COMPARISON OF VIOLA STRINGS WITH HARMONIC FREQUENCY ANALYSIS Jonathan P. Crosmer, D.M.A. University of Nebraska, 2011 Adviser: Clark E. Potter Many brands of viola strings are available today. Different materials used result in varying timbres. This study compares 12 popular brands of strings. Each set of strings was tested and recorded on four violas. We allowed two weeks after installation for each string set to settle, and we were careful to control as many factors as possible in the recording process. -
Tuning a Guitar to the Harmonic Series for Primer Music 150X Winter, 2012
Tuning a guitar to the harmonic series For Primer Music 150x Winter, 2012 UCSC, Polansky Tuning is in the D harmonic series. There are several options. This one is a suggested simple method that should be simple to do and go very quickly. VI Tune the VI (E) low string down to D (matching, say, a piano) D = +0¢ from 12TET fundamental V Tune the V (A) string normally, but preferably tune it to the 3rd harmonic on the low D string (node on the 7th fret) A = +2¢ from 12TET 3rd harmonic IV Tune the IV (D) string a ¼-tone high (1/2 a semitone). This will enable you to finger the 11th harmonic on the 5th fret of the IV string (once you’ve tuned). In other words, you’re simply raising the string a ¼-tone, but using a fretted note on that string to get the Ab (11th harmonic). There are two ways to do this: 1) find the 11th harmonic on the low D string (very close to the bridge: good luck!) 2) tune the IV string as a D halfway between the D and the Eb played on the A string. This is an approximation, but a pretty good and fast way to do it. Ab = -49¢ from 12TET 11th harmonic III Tune the III (G) string to a slightly flat F# by tuning it to the 5th harmonic of the VI string, which is now a D. The node for the 5th harmonic is available at four places on the string, but the easiest one to get is probably at the 9th fret. -
Chapter 5 Waves I: Generalities, Superposition & Standing Waves
Chapter 5 Waves I: Generalities, Superposition & Standing Waves 5.1 The Important Stuff 5.1.1 Wave Motion Wave motion occurs when the mass elements of a medium such as a taut string or the surface of a liquid make relatively small oscillatory motions but collectively give a pattern which travels for long distances. This kind of motion also includes the phenomenon of sound, where the molecules in the air around us make small oscillations but collectively give a disturbance which can travel the length of a college classroom, all the way to the students dozing in the back. We can even view the up–and–down motion of inebriated spectators of sports events as wave motion, since their small individual motions give rise to a disturbance which travels around a stadium. The mathematics of wave motion also has application to electromagnetic waves (including visible light), though the physical origin of those traveling disturbances is quite different from the mechanical waves we study in this chapter; so we will hold off on studying electromagnetic waves until we study electricity and magnetism in the second semester of our physics course. Obviously, wave motion is of great importance in physics and engineering. 5.1.2 Types of Waves In some types of wave motion the motion of the elements of the medium is (for the most part) perpendicular to the motion of the traveling disturbance. This is true for waves on a string and for the people–wave which travels around a stadium. Such a wave is called a transverse wave. This type of wave is the easiest to visualize. -
The Simulation of Piano String Vibration
The simulation of piano string vibration: From physical models to finite difference schemes and digital waveguides Julien Bensa, Stefan Bilbao, Richard Kronland-Martinet, Julius Smith Iii To cite this version: Julien Bensa, Stefan Bilbao, Richard Kronland-Martinet, Julius Smith Iii. The simulation of piano string vibration: From physical models to finite difference schemes and digital waveguides. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America, 2003, 114 (2), pp.1095-1107. 10.1121/1.1587146. hal-00088329 HAL Id: hal-00088329 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00088329 Submitted on 1 Aug 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License The simulation of piano string vibration: From physical models to finite difference schemes and digital waveguides Julien Bensa, Stefan Bilbao, Richard Kronland-Martinet, and Julius O. Smith III Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA), Department of Music, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-8180 A model of transverse piano string vibration, second order in time, which models frequency-dependent loss and dispersion effects is presented here. This model has many desirable properties, in particular that it can be written as a well-posed initial-boundary value problem ͑permitting stable finite difference schemes͒ and that it may be directly related to a digital waveguide model, a digital filter-based algorithm which can be used for musical sound synthesis. -
Homelab 2 [Solutions]
Homelab 2 [Solutions] In this homelab we will build a monochord and measure the fundamental and harmonic frequencies of a steel string. The materials you will need will be handed out in class. They are: a piece of wood with two holes in it, two bent nails, and a steel guitar string. The string we will give you has a diameter of 0.010 inch. You will also find it helpful to have some kind of adhesive tape handy when you put the string on the monochord. As soon as you can, you should put a piece of tape on the end of the string. The end is sharp and the tape will keep you from hurting your fingers. Step 1 Push the nails into the holes as shown above. They should go almost, but not quite, all the way through the board. If you push them too far in they will stick out the bottom, the board will not rest flat, and you might scratch yourself on them. You won't need a hammer to put the nails in because the holes are already big enough. You might need to use a book or some other solid object to push them in, or it might help to twist them while you push. The nails we are using are called 'coated sinkers.' They have a sticky coating that will keep them from turning in the holes when you don't want them to. It cannot be iterated enough to be careful with the nails. Refer to the diagram above if you are unsure about how the final product of this step looks like. -
Guitar Harmonics - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Guitar Harmonics from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
3/14/2016 Guitar harmonics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Guitar harmonics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A guitar harmonic is a musical note played by preventing or amplifying vibration of certain overtones of a guitar string. Music using harmonics can contain very high pitch notes difficult or impossible to reach by fretting. Guitar harmonics also produce a different sound quality than fretted notes, and are one of many techniques used to create musical variety. Contents Basic and harmonic oscillations of a 1 Technique string 2 Overtones 3 Nodes 4 Intervals 5 Advanced techniques 5.1 Pinch harmonics 5.2 Tapped harmonics 5.3 String harmonics driven by a magnetic field 6 See also 7 References Technique Harmonics are primarily generated manually, using a variety of techniques such as the pinch harmonic. Another method utilizes sound wave feedback from a guitar amplifier at high volume, which allows for indefinite vibration of certain string harmonics. Magnetic string drivers, such as the EBow, also use string harmonics to create sounds that are generally not playable via traditional picking or fretting techniques. Harmonics are most often played by lightly placing a finger on a string at a nodal point of one of the overtones at the moment when the string is driven. The finger immediately damps all overtones that do not have a node near the location touched. The lowest-pitch overtone dominates the resulting sound. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_harmonics 1/6 3/14/2016 Guitar harmonics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Overtones When a guitar string is plucked normally, the ear tends to hear the fundamental frequency most prominently, but the overall sound is also 0:00 MENU colored by the presence of various overtones (integer multiples of the Tuning a guitar using overtones fundamental frequency). -
Standing Waves Physics Lab I
Standing Waves Physics Lab I Objective In this series of experiments, the resonance conditions for standing waves on a string will be tested experimentally. Equipment List PASCO SF-9324 Variable Frequency Mechanical Wave Driver, PASCO PI-9587B Digital Frequency Generator, Table Rod, Elastic String, Table Clamp with Pulley, Set of 50 g and 100 g Masses with Mass Holder, Meter Stick. Theoretical Background Consider an elastic string. One end of the string is tied to a rod. The other end is under tension by a hanging mass and pulley arrangement. The string is held taut by the applied force of the hanging mass. Suppose the string is plucked at or near the taut end. The string begins to vibrate. As the string vibrates, a wave travels along the string toward the ¯xed end. Upon arriving at the ¯xed end, the wave is reflected back toward the taut end of the string with the same amount of energy given by the pluck, ideally. Suppose you were to repeatedly pluck the string. The time between each pluck is 1 second and you stop plucking after 10 seconds. The frequency of your pluck is then de¯ned as 1 pluck per every second. Frequency is a measure of the number of repeating cycles or oscillations completed within a de¯nite time frame. Frequency has units of Hertz abbreviated Hz. As you continue to pluck the string you notice that the set of waves travelling back and forth between the taut and ¯xed ends of the string constructively and destructively interact with each other as they propagate along the string.