Baja California Languages: Description and Linguistic Prehistory Southern California Pacific Linguistics, Part 1 David Leedom Shaul Center for the Study of Origins and Department of Anthropology University of Colorado, Boulder School of Anthropology, University of Arizona Report 19 Survey of California and Other Indian Languages University of California, Berkeley October 2020 © 2020 by David Leedom Shaul. Anyone may copy or reproduce this book (in full or in part) foreducation, language learning or teaching, or research. No commercial or for-profit use is permitted. This work is dedicated to the Center for the Study of Origins at the University of Colorado, Boulder Acknowledgements I would like to thank the Center for the Study of Origins for the opportunity to work on this project during the Spring term of 2020. Their financial support is greatly appreciated. Ali Laird, in particular, was of great assistance. The libraries of the University of Colorado and the University of Arizona were crucial in completing this project. Johanna Nichols and Pam Munro contributed to my thought process and made helpful comments. Raoul Zampoini made several important comments of Waikua. Scott Ortman provided encouragement and comments. Cindy Coan did proof-reading and rescued the word processing manuscript. Mauricio Mixco and Rauol Zamponi provided facsimiles and transcriptions of the Cochimi and Waikura originals, and Johann Baegert's word-by-word glossing of Waikura (and his systematic spelling) contributed to an accurate analysis of Waikura. Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction The Monqui Language Bottleneck Linguistics Chapter 2 The Sound Pattern of Cochimí Sources of Cochimí Data Sound Pattern Consonants Nasals Consonant Alternation Vowel s Syllable Structure and Prosody Transcriptional Practice Chapter 3 Word Stucture of Cochimí Noun Derivation Noun Inflection The Collective Marker /-l/ Pronouns and Demonstratives Numerals Quantifiers Verb Derivation Verb Prefixes Verb Suffixes Verb Inflection Non-Singular Marking in Cochimí Comparative and Superlative Chapter 4 Phrase and Sentence Structure in Cochimí Simple Sentence Ergative Case For Marking Control Noun Phrase Verb Phrase Double Predicates Imperative and Related Structures Questions Passive Relative Clauses Nominalization Complementation Conjunction Chapter 5 Hervas Cochimí and Cochimí Variation Sound Pattern of Hervas Cochimí Structural Sketch of Hervas Cochimí Chapter 6 The Robinia Language Sound Pattern of Robinia Grammatical Notes on Robinia Comparison of Robinia with Historic Neighbor Languages Chapter 7 The Waikura Language Sound Pattern of Waikura Word Structure of Waikura Sentence and Phrase Structure of Waikura Chapter 8 The Pericú Language Chapter 9 Hokan Affinity of Baja Languages The Hokan Spread into Baja California Inherited Grammatical Artifacts from Proto-Hokan Yuman-Cochimí-Robinia Chapter 10 Linguistic Prehistory of Baja California Cochimí Dialects Seri on the Eastern Baja Coast Overlap Between Kiliwa and Cochimí Hokan Affinity of Baja Languages Cochimian and Tepiman Linguistic Baja California as a Linguistic Area Pacific Rim Linguistic Area Appendix A Northern Cochimí Texts Appendix B Central Cochimí Text Appendix C Southern Cochimí Texts Appendix D Cochimí Lexicon Appendix E English-Cochimí Index Appendix F Hervas Cochimí Text and Glossary Appendix G Gabb Cochimí Data Appendix H Robinia Lexicon and Comparison with Other Baja Languages Appendix I Waikura Linguistic Data Appendix J Hokan Affinity of Yuman, Cochimí, and Robinia Appendix K Linguistic Fragments of Monqui? References Cited Abbreviations Abs absolutive pl. plural Adj adjective pl.o. plural object marker Atr attributive Poss possessive caus. causative postp. postposition Cl. classifier pref. prefix coll. collective Prep preposition Conj conjunction Pres present tense Dat dative Prox proximal dem. demonstrative purp. purposive Distr distributive Q question marker DS different-subject Rel relative marker Dur durative rela. relational dv. ditransitive verb res. resultative Erg ergative S stative Fut future sg. singular Ger gerund Sp. Spanish Imp imperative Spec. specifier iv. intransitive verb SS same-subject lit. literally Stat stative loc. locative Sub subordinate m.sp. man speaking Subj subjective n. noun suf. suffix Nah. Náhuatl tv. transitive verb Nom nominalization v. verb Obj objective var. variant Opt optative Ver verative Pas passive w.sp. woman speaking Perf perfective Chapter 1 Introduction The purpose of this volume is to gather all of the data on the native languages of Baja California together, with "Baja California" being understood to be the territory below the areas where Paipai and Kiliwa are/were spoken. The languages include Cochimí, Robinia, Waikura, Seri, Monqui, and Pericú. The testimony of the Jesuits, the initial contact in the southern half of Baja, is uniform in agreeing on at least four distinct languages: Cochimí, Waikura, Monqui, and Pericú (Clavijero 1970:50; Baegert 1952; del Barco 1973). To these may be added Seri (see "Seri on the Eastern Baja Coast" in Chapter 10), and Robinia (Chapter 6, Appendix H) formerly counted as a variety of Cochimí, but noted by Troike (1976) as a separate language as "Cochimí II." Mixco (1978a, 1979) grouped all the Cochimí data together as "Cochimí," treating it as a union Cochimí written with regularized morphemes, but in Mixco (2006) he recognized the Cochimí varieties as "Cochimían." Cochimían includes the Cochimí dialects and Robinia, but probably not Monqui. Major summaries of the tribes and languages of Baja California (for example: Massey 1949; Laylander 1997) have proposed Baja language families based on very little or no real linguistic data. This book is different because I only look at real language data that has come down to us. We can be thankful that the Jesuits expelled from New Spain in 1767 took care to preserve some of what they knew about Baja languages and cultures, after their papers and books were confiscated in Havana, Cuba, before their return to Europe. Mixco noted that "the available Jesuit sources on the extinct indigenous languages of Baja California have been virtually exhausted" (2006:37). All data is subject to reanalysis, and I hope he is happy with the results presented here. The Jesuits had a fairly broad outlook on the languages of Baja. If there was no case marking (as in Waikura nouns), they didn't mention it. If there was tense-aspect marking, they gave the major details. A cosmopolitan outlook is shown by the following comment by Baegert, whose comments on Baja and its peoples are usually quite acerbic. I can say that it [the Waikura language] is savage and barbaric in the highest degree. When I use the terms "savage and barbaric," I do not mean a hard pronunciation or a succession of many consonants, for these things are not essential and innate characteristics of a language but are, it would seem, purely accidental and superficial. They are imagined by those who do not understand the so-called savage language. As everyone knows, the Italians and the French accuse the Germans, and the Germans the Bohemians or the Poles, of speaking a barbaric tongue; but they do so only until they are able to converse with each other (1952:95). Baegert goes on to explain that the Waikura language reflects the needs and cultural interests of its speakers, which he considered to be savage in terms of simple technology and social organization. The five languages that occupy our attention here as Baja languages are: Robinia, Cochimí, Waikura, Pericú and Monqui. In addition, we must pay some attention of the Yuman languages and Seri. Robinia is a language recorded from a speaker in Hermosillo, Sonora, as "Cochimí" -- but it is clearly a separate language from Cochimí (Troike 1976). Waikura is reported from a Jesuit source (Baegert 1771 and 1772, 1952; 1982), and has received some treatment (Zamponi 2004). Seri was spoken on the eastern Baja coast opposite Tiburon Island (Casanova 2012), as shown in a loan word into Northern Cochimí. Only a few lexical artifacts are reported for Pericú (Leon-Portilla 1976). Each of these languages are discussed in their own chapters, except for Seri which is treated extensively in resources that are readily available elsewhere. For Monqui, see the section below and Appendix K. Most of the data that we have for Baja California languages is for Cochimí. There is already a summary (Mixco 1978) -- so why another book that deals with Cochimí? One major reason is that Cochimí is different from the analyis of Mixco (ergative case marking; case marking and tense-aspect marking are added at the phrase level, not at the word level; ergative case for grammatical control; double predicates; complementation). Two, there is fuller treatment (the inclusion of the Northern Cochimí data recorded by Gabb and Hervas), and fuller and clearer discussion of Cochimí dialects. A third reason for a new treatment of Cochimí is a format that is easier to follow (separate treatment of each Cochimí data set; word and sentence grammar more clearly shown). The Cochimí reported by del Barco and Clavijero intially appears to be more diverse than it actually is; the four example texts of the Lord's Prayer (Clavijero 1970) are actually more or less elaborate uses of the same language. The sound pattern (Chapter 2) and most of the grammar (Chapters 3, 4) are common to all of the Cochimí texts, and the texts share the same assemblage of lexical artifacts. This is to be expected because language is an adaptive tool in areas as arid as the central desert of Baja California: the local forager patrilineal family may be dispersed to neighboring groups allied in kinship and language. These chapters must be tempered with the Cochimí variety reported by Hervas, which has its own chapter and data appendix. Two Americans (William Gabb, John Bartlett) were able to find speakers of Cochimí and Robinia in the middle of the 1800s. By the early 1900s, only a few handfuls of words were remembered by descendants of the last speakers -- indeed, of the Cochimí data collected by John Peabody Harrington (Mixco 1977a), only a few items are clearly recognizable as Cochimí.