Mapping of Ofada Rice Production Areas

PrOpCom Making Nigerian Agricultural Markets Work for the Poor

Monograph Series # 21

Agricultural Media Resources and Extension Centre (AMREC) University of Agriculture PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria

CONSULTANTS A.M. Omotayo - Rural Sociologist - Team Leader K. Elemo - Cropping Systems Agronomist J. Oyedepo .GISAnalys

March, 2007

Funding for this programme is provided by the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID)

40 Mississippi Street, Maitama, Abuja, Nigeria • Tel: +(234) 9 413 8291/2 • Fax: +(234) 9 413 829

1 Disclaimer

The PrOpCom Monograph Series seeks to provide a broader dissemination of the information and views collected through the efforts of the various service providers and consultants undertaking work in support of the PrOpCom programme. We believe this information will be useful in informing the policy dialogue in Nigeria and for improving the planning and execution of agricultural and agribusiness activities within the country.

The documents in this series represent the final deliverables as presented by the engaged service providers or consultants in responds to terms of reference of contracts let by PrOpCom in execution of its programme. They have not been further edited or editorially polished. Consequently, there is wide variation in the editorial quality of these documents. Nevertheless, the information contained in these document is deems useful for policy and planning purposes.

The views and opinions expressed in these documents are solely those of the authors of the document and do not necessarily represent the views of PrOpCom, SAII Associates, Chemonics International or PrOpCom’s funding agent, the Government of the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID)

Information from these documents can be freely used and quoted on condition that it is properly sourced to the concerned document.

2 List of Acronyms ADPs Agricultural Development programmes

AMREC Agricultural Media Resources and Extension Centre

GIS Geographical Information Systems

GPS Global positioning Systems

ToR Terms of Reference

LGA Local Government Area

FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation

PropCom Promotiung pro-poor opportunities in the service and commodity market

FGD Focus Group Discussion

FORMECU Forestry Monitoring, Evaluation and Coordinating Unit

LANDSAT Land Satellite

3 Table of contents

List of Tables 5

List of Figures 5

Executive summary 7

Introduction 10

The study area 11

Sampling method 11

Mapping methodologies 11

Creating the GIS maps 12

Additional data acquisition 12

Results and discussion 12

Socioeconomic characteristics and profile of the Ofada rice production system 12

Flow of Ofada rice from production through processing points to markets 25

Distance analysis 27

Distance analysis at the local level 54

Land suitability for rice production 61 Summary, conclusions and recommendations 68

4 List of tables Table 1: Production data in the Ofada rice value chain 15

Table 2: Location of clusters of rice farms and varieties cultivated 16

Table 3: Socioeconomic characteristics of Ofada rice farmers 18

Table 4: Proportion of flow of Ofada rice through production and 20 processing points in the three States

Table 5: Land Quality factors for upland rice 62

List of Figures Fig 1: Map of the study area showing Ofada rice production clusters 14 Fig 2: Map showing Ofada rice production clusters and the varieties of rice cultivated 17 Fig. 3: Chart showing comparison between farmer’s claim and empirical farm size 19 Fig. 4: Map showing proportion of flow of rice through production and processing ………………………………………………….21 Fig 5: Map showing proportion of flow of rice through production and processing points in Ekiti and Osun States……………….. 22 FIG 6: Map showing proportion of flow of rice through production and processing points in Ogun State……………………………23 Fig 7: Flow Charts Showing Movement Of Rice From Paddy Production To Market ………………………………………………24 Fig 8: Distance Analysis Farm locations and Agrochemicals points ………………28 Fig 9: Distance from farm locations to source of fertilizers……………………….. 29 Fig 10: Distance from farm location to point of threshing………………………….30 Fig 11: Distance from farm locations to parboiling points ……………………… 31 Fig 12: Distance between farm locations and paddy markets ……………………...32 Fig. 13: Distance from farms to rice milling points ………………………………..33 Figure 14: Distance from farms to parboiling points in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate ………………………………………..34 Figure 15: Distance from farms to seed sources in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate ……………………………………… 34 Figure 16: Distance from farms to threshing points in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate……………………………………… 36 Figure 17: Distance from farms to agrochemical points in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate ………………………………………..37 Figure 18: Distance from farms to milling points in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate 38 Figure 19: Distance from farms to fertilizer points in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate 39 Figure 20: Distance from farms to markets in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate 40 5 Figure 21: Distance from farms to fertilizer points in Ofada rice production clusters at Erin –Ijesha, Osun State 41 Figure 22: Distance from farms to seed sources in rice production clusters in Erin Oke, Osun Sate 42 Figure 23: Distance from farms to parboiling points at Erin Oke, Osun Sate 43 Figure 24: Distance from farms to milling points at Erin Oke, Osun Sate 44 Figure 25: Distance from farms to fertilizer source at Erin Oke, Osun Sate 45 Figure 26: Distance from farms to milled rice markets in Ogun Sate 46 Figure 27: Distance from farms to Agrochemical points in Ogun Sate 47 Figure 28: Distance from farms to sources of seeds in Ogun Sate 48 Figure 29: Distance from farms to fertilizer source in Ogun Sate 49 Figure 30: Distance from farms to rice milling points in Ogun Sate 50 Figure 31: Distance from farms to rice parboiling points in Ogun Sate 51 Figure 32: Distance from farms to rice threshing points in Ogun Sate 52 Figure 33: Distance from farms to paddy markets in Ogun State 53 Figure 34: Map of land use and land cover of Osun State 55 Figure 35: Map of land use and land cover in rice producing areas of Osun State (Erin Oke) 56 Figure 36: Map of land use and land cover of Ekiti State 57 Figure 37: Map of land use and land cover in rice producing areas of Ekiti State 58 Figure 38: Map of land use and land cover of Ogun State 59 Figure 39: Map of land use and land cover in rice production of Ogun State 60 Fig. 40: Land suitability map for rice production in Ekiti State 64 Fig. 41: Land suitability map for rice production in Osun State 65 Fig. 42: Land suitability map for rice production in Ogun State 66 References 70 Appendices 71

6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PropCom’s plan to support activities that impact on the Ofada rice value chain requires detailed and accurate information to develop appropriate interventions. Mapping of the Ofada rice value chain is important in obtaining the kind of information required. The mapping exercise could facilitate geographical targeting of interventions where they are needed, improve cost effectiveness of infrastructural development spending and more efficiently reach those who need intervention most. These no doubt are some of the cogent reasons for PropCom’s commissioning of this study. The terms of reference of the mapping exercise as specified by PropCom are to:  Identify the major areas of production of paddy that is used for Ofada rice broken down by aromatic and non-aromatic use.  Map the flow of Ofada rice from paddy production, soaking, parboiling and milling  determine the estimated quantity (in metric tons) that flow through these various channels linking the major markets that sell Ofada rice to traders, re-packagers and consumers and linked back to the major sources of products be it field paddy, par-boiled paddy or milled rice.  Establish a directory of clusters of major sources of commercial field paddy, par-boiled paddy and milled Ofada rice, both aromatic and non-aromatic; for use as public information to help in integration of the value chain and as a means to lower transaction costs. In addition to the terms of reference specified by PropCom, the research team added the following objectives:  Determine the distances of rice production areas from input sources, parboiling points, threshing points, milling points and marketing or repackaging points.  Empirically determine the land area currently devoted to Ofada rice production and the potentials for expansion  Characterize and classify the land resources in each of the three States for upland and lowland rice production considering such parameters as soil textural class, available Nitrogen, soil depth, Soil pH and water.

The mapping exercise was preceded by selection and training of field supervisors and enumerators on spatial data acquisition using hand held Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and how to conduct focus group discussion. They were then deployed to the three states to recruit and train field workers on spatial data acquisition for the mapping exercise. The mapping focused on attributes of locations, production, value addition facilities, groups of rice farmers, parboilers, and millers in each village.

Ofada rice was defined in this study as a local variety of rice with characteristic bold, short, mouth-filling, palate caressing, red coated karnel in its unpolished form. The mapping exercise identified major Ofada rice production clusters in Ogun, Osun and Ekiti States. It identified 201 Ofada rice farmers majority of whom are male, 204 parboilers mostly female, 36 rice mills in 55 villages and 11 local government areas in the three states.

Obafemi Owode local government area of Ogun State produced the highest quantity of Ofada rice (140,750 KG) in the study area. This was closely followed by Irepodun/Ifelodun Local government area of Ekiti (134,900KG). These two local government areas host Ofada village and Igbemo Ekiti respectively where there is a long tradition of rice production. The next highest producer is Oriade local government area in Osun State which recorded production 7 level of 70,100 KG. The highest quantity of rice parboiled and milled was 109,800 Kg and this is from Obafem Owode Local government area. The lowest quantity parboiled and milled was 7, 670 Kg from Ijero local government area of Ekiti State. The quantity of Ofada rice sold in paddy form was 7,540.5Kg in Ogun Waterside local government area of Ogun State and 14,560Kg in Ekiti West Local government area of Ekiti State. The total quantity of rice sold in paddy form was 22,230Kg.

Distance analyses data consistently show that facilities for rice threshing, parboiling, milling, were readily available at local levels and within a short distance (between 2 and 4 kilometres) of the farmers’ farm or residence. Although urban markets may appear to be very far away from rice production locations according to the data, farmers did not seem to have problems selling their paddy or milled rice as buyers came directly to these locations to buy. The data further show that locations of Ofada rice production inputs such as seeds, agrochemicals and fertilizer were far away from farmers’ field and residence (between 5 and 30 kilometres) and may not be readily available to the majority of rice farmers. It points to the need for direct intervention for improved access of farmers to such production inputs.

The total arable crop land in rice production areas of Ekiti state is 100,524.411Ha. This represents about 84 percent of the total land area in the four local governments where rice is produced. Less than 10 percent of this is currently under rice cultivation. In Osun state, Oriade local government area identified as the rice production area has 47,710Ha (79%) arable land. In Ogun state apart from 67% (337,180Ha) of land available as arable land with possibility for upland rice cultivation, about 625,62Ha or (12.5%) of the land area was categorised as wetland. This area could be explored for lowland rice cultivation.

Land resources around Aramoko, Ijero Ekiti up to Ifaki were classified as highly suitable for upland rice cultivation while the lands around Ado-Ekiti, Igbemo, Iyin Ekiti, Igede Ekiti and Igbemo are marginally suitable. The land around Efon Alaye, and Oke-Imesi were classified as moderately suitable. The implication of this is that rice farmers in Igbemo Ekiti would require special attention in soil management and land amendment practices to guarantee sustainable improved productivity. In Osun state soils close to Ilesha, particularly Erin Oke was classified as highly suitable, but over 79% of the arable land are categorised as marginal. Ogun state presents a unique feature especially around Obafemi Owode local government where almost 50% of the arable soil is considered as moderately suitable for the cultivation of upland rice.

Ijebu North Local government area presents a slightly different picture. One half of the area is categorised as marginally suitable while the other half is classified as moderately suitable. Soils of Ijebu water-side were generally deficient in major nutrients. The focus in this area should be development of lowland rice production. The soil condition in the rice production clusters is largely responsible for the pervasive low rice yields recorded.

The maps show very clearly, perhaps for the first time, where key infrastructures are located, how far away major production inputs are sourced by producers and the flow of Ofada rice from paddy production, soaking, parboiling and milling. The realities of distance, disparate

8 land quality and local conditions have particular implications for targeting and prioritization of interventions in the Ofada rice value chain.

One common problem in the Ofada rice production clusters is the low rice yield and low resource productivity. There were also the problems of lack of reliable seed market, and non use or non availability of fertilizer. Although NGOs, government agencies and Farmers Organizations appear to be working on issues related to these, a more comprehensive and coherent approach need be stimulated to ensure proper focus and relevance for sustainable rice production system in the three States.

Important areas of possible intervention in the Ofada rice value chain therefore are in facilitating reliable seed production system, sustainable input supply and development of value addition and market infrastructures. It would not suffice to just introduce improved seeds and promote efficient seed distribution networks. This should be accompanied by on- farm varietal trials and demonstrations that would enable farmers to learn and ensure sustainability of production activities. Similarly, market oriented programming should focus on development of market systems and infrastructure that functionally integrates both input and output markets through incorporation of credit, financial intermediation and training that meets the present constraints of critical actors in the Ofada rice value chain. In other words, market oriented programming should not exclude the producer .i.e the farmer.

This mapping exercise was carried out when there was no crop growing on the field. A more detailed mapping of the production system with empirical farm management data would reveal more comprehensively the problems associated with each stage of the Ofada rice production system.

9 MAPPING OF OFADA RICE PRODUCTION AREAS

INTRODUCTION Rice (Oryza sativa L.) which was once considered a special treat during festivals in most homes in Nigeria has assumed the position of one of the most important staple foods in recent years. While domestic production of the commodity estimated at 4.6 metric tonnes has not kept pace with the increasing demand, the country has had to resort to massive importation over the years. The domestic production levels remained either stagnant or even depressed in some cases due to crude and back breaking methods still employed by most producers, weak infrastructural base, high production costs and numerous market imperfections.

Ofada rice is commonly assumed to be a type of rice that has long been cultivated and produced in a community called Ofada in Ogun State. Its rise to eminence as a popular type of rice is associated with what has been described as its characteristic bold, short, mouth- filling, palate caressing, red coated karnel in its unpolished form. Although many varieties of rice produced locally fit the description of Ofada rice, each type comes with different kinds of local names associated with either the communities where such varieties are produced or the original source of the variety. For instance some local rice called Igbemo rice, Kogi rice, etc fit the Ofada rice description. The term Ofada rice therefore refers generically to mean any locally produced rice that fits the description profiled above irrespective of where the rice is produced in the three states where this study was carried out.

As noted in one of PropCom’s documents, Ofada rice has recently become popular as specialty rice often served at parties and other status events by the elites; sold in fast food restaurants, and also in ½ kg boxes by marketers in Lagos, Ibadan Abeokuta and other cities in the South West with spread effects to other parts of the country. The proposition by PropCom to support activities that impact on the entire Ofada rice value chain is a step in the right direction. However information is required to support decision making and develop appropriate interventions. Mapping of the Ofada rice value chain is important in developing a decision support mechanism for the overall improvement of the rice production system. Mapping will facilitate geographical targeting of interventions where they are needed, improve cost effectiveness of infrastructural development spending and more efficiently reach those who need intervention most.

The terms of reference of the mapping exercise as specified by PropCom are to:  Identify the major areas of production of paddy that is used for Ofada rice broken down by aromatic and non-aromatic use.  Map the flow of Ofada rice from paddy production, soaking, parboiling and milling  determine the estimated quantity (in metric tons) that flow through these various channels linking the major markets that sell Ofada rice to traders, re-packagers and consumers and linked back to the major sources of products be it field paddy, par-boiled paddy or milled rice.  Establish a directory of clusters of major sources of commercial field paddy, par-boiled paddy and milled Ofada rice, both aromatic and non-aromatic; for use as public information to help in integration of the value chain and as a means to lower transaction costs.

10 In addition to the terms of reference specified by PropCom, the research team added the following objectives:  Determine the distances of rice production areas from input sources, parboiling points, threshing points, milling points and marketing or repackaging points.  Empirically determine the land area currently devoted to Ofada rice production and the potentials for expansion  Characterize and classify the land resources in each of the three States for upland and lowland rice production considering such parameters as soil textural class, available Nitrogen, soil depth, Soil pH and water.

Study Area The mapping exercise covered Ofada rice production communities in the five (5) rice production clusters in Ogun state, namely, Obafemi Owode, Abeokuta North, Ogun Water side, Ifo, Ewekoro and Ijebu-North Local government areas. Also included are the rice production clusters of Igbemo, Ijero, Aramoko, Efon Alaye Afawo, Are, Erio all in Ekiti State and Erin-Ijesha and Erin -Oke in Osun State.

Ofada Rice The first task was to define and come to a unanimous decision on the description of Ofada rice since there were several varieties of rice which fit the common descriptions of Ofada rice. It was agreed upon by our research team and field workers that any variety of rice called local rice with the following characteristics - bold, short, red coated kernel when milled should be accepted as Ofada rice.

Aromatic Ofada rice It is doubtful whether what is commonly referred to as aromatic Ofada rice is actually aromatic. This is because it is believed that aromatic trait in a rice variety is a chemical trait that is genetically inherited .Whether a variety is scented or not may be detected during anthesis or flowering, milling and cooking (Chang and Bardenas 1965). It is believed that there is a volatile chemical yet to be identified that is responsible for the aroma of rice. This is different from the odor from over soaking rice before parboiling (fermentation) that some consumers cherish but confuse with aroma. Indeed, any variety of rice could be fermented to produce the kind of odour often associated with the so called “aromatic Ofada rice” With this in mind our classification of aromatic/non aromatic Ofada rice was based on whether or not rice was soaked to achieve fermentation before parboiling.

Sampling method A combination of purposive and multi-stage random sampling procedures was used in selecting the sample for this study. States were selected purposively based on the terms of reference provided by PropCom. The Local government areas were also selected purposively based on the terms of reference and the local governments identified by the State ADP for rice cultivation. Villages and farmers in the local government areas were selected based on the proportional volume of rice production activities. In some communities and villages, complete enumeration of rice farmers, parboilers, and millers were carried out depending on the number of such people in each community or village.

11 Mapping Methodologies The mapping exercise was preceded by selection and training of field supervisors or enumerators on the use of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and how to conduct focus group discussion. Field supervisors were then deployed to the three states to recruit and train field workers on the use of GPS in the acquisition of spatial data for the mapping exercise and on how to conduct focus group discussions. The focus group discussions involved groups of rice farmers, parbiolers, and millers in each village and it centred on types and varieties of rice cultivated, farm size, length of period of rice cultivation, paddy yield, quantities of paddy sold as paddy, quantity milled, etc.

The following spatial variables were used for the mapping exercise: Variable Source Distance to and from production and value addition facilities GPS coordinates Empirical farm size GPS coordinates of farm perimeter Soil Fertility/characterization of land resources Soil samples analyzed + FAO Digital Soil Map of the World Land use/Land cover Geomatics of Canada Ofada rice paddy production sites GPS coordinates Ofada rice milling and per boiling sites GPS coordinates Quantity of Ofada rice through value chain Fieldwork data Directory of commercial paddy/milled rice Fieldwork data

Creating the GIS maps Trained enumerators obtained the coordinates of locations needed for creating the maps using high precision GPS receivers (Garmin 12+, Garmin Etrex and Megalin receivers). The coordinates were incorporated into geo-referenced digital map of the study areas. Location of farms, markets, roads, and value addition infrastructure were incorporated into the maps. These data, including the geographic location of farmers’ residence and farms form the farmers’ GIS directory. Other data considered useful for spatial analysis were also collected. The full attributes of the area were captured through observation, Focus Group Discussion FGD, key informant interviews, discussion with rice growers association in each State and secondary sources.

Soil samples were collected from the top (15cm from the top) and sub-soil (Beyond 15cm from the top) of selected sample of farms in each local government area and the geographical coordinates of points where soil samples were collected was obtained.

The attributes were then put into a relational database in a Geographical Information System (GIS). Spatial data were analysed using Arc view 3.2a

Additional data acquisition Additional data were obtained from secondary sources such as Satellite remote sensing data, Topographical map sheets, census/farm household list of the Agricultural Development Programmes.(ADPs). Socioeconomic and production data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

12 Results and discussion Socioeconomic characteristics and profile of the Ofada rice production system Table 1 presents the number of farmers sampled, in the Local Government areas alongside the area of farm, quantity of paddy produced and yield in the previous cropping year as well as the number of parboil\ers and rice mills found. A total of 201 farmers, 204 parboilers, 36 rice mills, were contacted in 55 villages and 11 local government areas in the three states where Ofada rice is produced in south western Nigeria. The quantities of paddy produced by these farmers are expressed per local government and State.

In Osun State, Ofada rice farmers were found contiguously clustered at Erin-Oke and Erin Ijesha in Oriade Local government area (LGA). In Ogun State these clusters were found in five local government areas while they were found located in five local governments in Ekiti State..

The number of farmers sampled varied from 11 at Efon-Alaye to 53 at Irepodun/ Ifelodun LGA. The farm area was found to vary from 8.2 ha at Ijero Ekiti to 325.9 ha at Obafemi Owode Local government areas. About 69% of Ofada rice producing areas was found in Ogun State while 22% was found in Ekiti State. About 9% of the farm area was in Osun State. Of the 531.625 tons of paddy produced, only 51% of it was accounted for by Ogun State. This is principally because of low yield. The average paddy yield for Ogun State was less than 1 ton per hectare. However, there was an exceptionally impressive paddy yield of about 2t/ha at Ewekoro LGA. The average grain yield of 2.0t/ha is expected from upland rice (IAR&T, 1978). Ekiti State accounted for over 32% of the total production with the paddy yield varying between 1.2t/ha at Irepodun/ Ifelodun LGA to 1.4 tons/ha at Ijero Ekiti. Rice yield in the rice production clusters in the three states appears to be directly related to the nutrient status of the soils rather than management capability or varieties under cultivation.

Because most farmers also get involved in parboiling of rice there was the tendency to have as many parboilers as farmers in most locations. The numbers of rice mills were unusually high in Oriade LGA relative to the number of farmers and the quantity of paddy produced (12 rice mills, 26 farmers, 70,100 Kg of paddy). This could be as a result of the fact that the community has been well known for rice production over the years and producers bring paddy from elsewhere for milling.

Figure 1 is the map of the study area showing clusters of Ofada rice production areas in Ogun Osun and Ekiti States.

Table 3 shows the socio-economic characteristics of Ofada rice farmers. The data show that over 70 percent of the farmers are below the age of fifty years. This is an indication that most of them are in their very active years. This age structure is not typical of the farming populace in Nigeria as many previous studies indicate that most farmers are over fifty years. Table 2 shows that many other varieties of rice other than Ofada were cultivated in the rice production clusters. Even in Ogun State where Ofada rice is very popular and is the dominant variety in some local government areas, some local varieties of rice such as Mokwa, Igbemo with similar characteristics to that of Ofada were cultivated. Other relatively new varieties are also being cultivated by farmers.

Table 2 shows the location of clusters of rice farms and the rice varieties cultivated. Data 13 in table 2 reveal that other varieties of rice apart from Ofada were cultivated in the rice production clusters. In Ekiti State, Igbemo cluster is made up of Afawo, Are, Igbemo, Iworoko in Irepodun Ifelodun local government area. In this cluster, farms are usually in contiguous, small patches of 1 to 2 hectares. Land preparation for rice cultivations starts around February every year and planting is . Farmers pool resources particularly for post harvest activities such as harvesting, parboiling, milling. Most popular and dominant, varieties like ITA 150 and Mokwa are also cultivated in some of the local government areas. In the other states of Osun and Ekiti, ITA 150 and Igbemo rice are also popularly cultivated by farmers.

The data in Table 3 also show that over 78 percent of Ofada rice farmers are men while the remaining 22 percent are women. Most of the farmers are small scale producers as over 80 percent of them cultivated less than 1 hectare.

The issue of farm size was explored empirically by taking GPS perimeter coordinates of a random sample of at least ten farms in each local government area. This was done to obtain the actual size of the farm using GIS area measurement menu in ArcView 3.2a. The average farm size across the three States was 3.95 Ha from what farmers reported, while the average farm size from empirical measurement was 0.72 Ha. There was very low correlation between what the farmer reported and the results obtained from empirical measurement. This is depicted in Figure 3.

Only a small proportion (4%) of the farmers used mechanized land preparation. The data in Table 3 also indicate very low external input in the Ofada rice production system as less than 20 percent of the farmers used fertilizers, improved seeds and all the farmers threshed their rice manually. Most (68%) Ofada rice farmers sourced their seeds from their previous harvests.

14 4°40' 5°00' 5°20' 5°40'

Oro Egbe Kwarastate Ogbomosho Offa Owa Okeho Ila Orangun Iseyin Inisha 8°00' Ada 8°00' Oyo IjeroEkiti N Ijero Ifaki Osogbo AreEkiti OyoState Aramoko Fiditi Efon W E Iwo Igbemo Ilesha Efon Ado Ekiti S

Ile Ife IkereEkiti Imeko Ipetu Ijesha IgboOra Oriade

Ibadan Gbongan Ilara Iju

Aiyetoro Akure Isho Ogunstate 7°40' Ileoluji 7°40' AbeokutaNorth Abeokuta Idanre Ondo IjebuNorth Ijebu-Igbo Ewekoro Obafemi-Owode Isara Ilaro Ajegunle Ondostate Ifo Shagamu IjebuOde Ore Owode Iyesi Imushin

Ado Epe Lagos Metropolis IgoObaz ItaOtu 7°20' LagosState Irele 7°20' OgunWaterside

Ek iti state Ikare A koko

Ondo state

4°40' 5°00' 5°20' 5°40'

Roads Majorurbancentres Clustersofriceproductionareas 20 0 20 40 Kilometers LGAsvisited Studyarea Neighbouringstates

Fig. 1: Map of study area showing Ofada rice production clusters (Inset map of Nigeria)

15 Table 1: Production data from Ofada rice producing clusters No of No of No of Total Qty per Qty per Qty per Farmers Parboilers Rice Farm Cluster LGA State sampled sampled Mills Area (Kg) (kg) (kg) (Ha) Ekiti State Ijero Ekiti 15 15 1 8.2 11,800 11,800 Ekiti West 34 11 3 16.6 22,400 22,400 Irepodun/Ifelodun 53 41 3 109.1 134,900 134,900 Efon –Alaaye 11 11 3 13 17,000 17,000 186,100 Osun State Oriade LGA 26 26 12 64 70,100 70,100 70,100 Ogun State Abeokuta North 28 17 0 55.5 41,250 41,250 Obafemi Owode 42 40 4 325.9 140,750 140,750 Ijebu North 15 12 1 46.9 42,000 42,000 Ewekoro 15 15 5 17.2 40,000 40,000 Ogun Water side 15 16 4 27.3 11,425 11,425 275,425 Total 201 204 36 683.7 531,625 531,625 531,625

Source: Fieldwork; Data per state is from the sample of farmers interviewed and not the entire production data for each state. Quantities reported are based on production in one year during the previous farming season corroborated by data from each State Agricultural Development Programme.(ADP).

16 Table 2: Location of clusters of rice farms and varieties cultivated

State L.G.As Clusters Varieties planted Ekiti Efon –Alaye Efon –Alaye Igbemo, Ofada, ITA 150 Ijero Ijero-Ekiti Igbemo, Ofada, ITA 150 Irepodun/Ifelodun Afao Igbemo, Ofada, ITA 150 Are Igbemo, ,ITA 150 Igbemo Igbemo, ITA 150 Iworoko Igbemo, ITA 150 Ekiti west Erio Igbemo, ITA 150 Aramoko Igbemo, , ITA 150 Osun Oriade Erinoke/Erin ITA150,Canada,Ofada,Igbemo Ijesha

Ogun Abeokuta north Alamala ITA150, Mokwa Baracks Ijale papa ITA150, Mokwa Anigbado ITA150, Mokwa Tibo-Akungun ITA150, Mokwa Ewekoro Onibotuje Adekunle-Sigo road Mosan Egan Ijebu North Aparaki Imope Odosapo Obafemi owode Ogboloko Ofada, ITA 150, Ofada-Abaren Moloku Asipa Ogun waterside Odeomi Lago Island Mufere island

17 4°40' 5°00' 5°20' 5°40'

N Kwarastate

W E

S Ijero ' Variety planted: 8°00' 00 OyoState ITA150 Efon Irepodun/Ifelo Oriade Varietyplanted: Igbemo Igbemo,ITA150 Canada Ekiti west ITA 150 n i

n OsunState e Varietyplanted: B Odeda f Mokwa, ITA150 o AbeokutaNorth

c Ogunstate i l b u p

' e 7°40Local' Rice varieties 40

R Ewekoro Obafemi-Owode IjebuNorth Government planted Varietyplanted: Varietyplanted: Varietyplanted: Areas Ofada, ITA150 Ofada, ITA150, ITA150 Ondostate Mokwa Ofada Abeokuta ITA 150 Ifo North Obafemi- Ofada, ITA 150 OgunState Owode Ijebu North Ofada, ITA 150 Ewekoro Ofada, ITA 150, Mokwa Lagosstate OgunWaterside Ogun ITA 150 Waterside Varietyplanted: Ijero ITA 150 ITA150 Ekiti West Igbemo, ITA ' 7°20' 150 20 Efon Igbemo, ITA 150 Irepodun/ ITA 150 Ifelodun Oriade ITA 150, Canada, Ofada, Igbemo 4°40' 5°00' 5°20' 5°40'

Typeof riceplanted ITA150 20 0 20 40 Kilometers ITA150, Canada, Ofada,Igbemo Igbemo,ITA150 Mokwa, ITA150 Ofada, ITA150 Ofada, ITA150,Mokwa Studyarea Neighbouringstates

Fig. 2: Map showing Ofada rice production clusters and the varieties of rice cultivated

18 Table 3: Socioeconomic characteristics of Ofada rice farmers

VARIABLE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE Age <30 27 13.7 31-40 62 31.5 41-50 52 26.4 51-60 43 21.8 >60 13 6.6 Total 197 100 Sex Female 42 21.3 Male 155 78.7 Total 197 100 Marital Status Married 184 93.4 Single 13 6.6 Total 197 100 Household size 1-5 59 29.9 6-10 126 64.0 >10 12 6.1 Total 197 100 Farm size <2.5 162 82.2 2.6-5.0 32 16.2 >5.0 3 1.5 Total 197 100 Method of Land Preparation Manual & Mechanized 1 0.5 Manual 188 95.4 Mechanized 8 4.1 Total 197 100

Fertilizer usage No 157 79.9 Yes 40 20.3 Total 197 100 Weeding Interval Once 25 12.7 Twice 120 60.9 More than twice 52 26.4 Total 197 100 Sources of seeds Agro services 35 17.8 Previous harvest 134 68.0 Fellow farmers 27 13.7 Open market 1 0.5 Total 197 100 Marketed rice form Milled form 171 86.8 Paddy form 26 13.2 Total 197 100 Type of thresher Manual 197 100

19 18 ) a H (

e z i

s 16

n r a F 14

_ Farms A H _ _ A E Farmer's claim R A Empirical measurement

Fig. 3: Chart showing comparison between farmer’s claim and empirical farm size

20 Table 4: Proportion of flow of Ofada rice through production and processing points in the three States

State Local Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity of whole Government produced soaked (kg) parboiled (kg) sold as milled (kg) grain rice Areas (kg) paddy (kg) recovered (kg) Ekiti Ijero 11,800 0 7,670 0 7,670 4,985.5 Ekiti Ekiti West 22,400 0 8,960 14,560 8,960 5,824 Ekiti Efon –Alaye 17,000 0 17,000 0 15,550 11,070.5 Ekiti Irepodun/Ifelodun 134,900 0 87,685 0 87,685 56,995.3 Osun Oriade 70,100 64,100 64,100 0 64,100 41,665 Ogun Abeokuta North 41,250 0 36,260 0 36,260 23,569 Ogun Obafemi-Owode 140,750 0 109,850 0 109,850 71,402.5 Ogun Ijebu North 42,000 0 42,000 0 42,000 27,300 Ogun Ewekoro 40,000 0 24,708 0 24,708 16,060.5 Ogun Ogun Waterside 11,425 0 3,244 7,540.5 3,244 2,108.6 Total 531,625 64,100 407,237 22,100.5 400,027 *260,980.9

* Some farmers sold their rice in paddy form. The total whole grain recovered is therefore a function of quantity milled.

21 3°20' 3°40' 4°00'

W E

Kwarastate S Kogistate

Ekiti West LGA IjeroLGA 7°20' OyoState EfonLGA Irepodun/Ifelodun 7°20' #

# LGA #

Oriade Local Quantity Quantity Quantity OsunState LGA EkitiState Government produced parboiled milled n i Irepodun/Ifelodun Areas (kg) (kg) (kg) n

e LGA

B Ijero 11,800 7,670 7670 f o c

i Ekiti West 22,400 8,960 8,960

l AbeokutaNorth LGA b u

p Efon –Alaye 17,000 17,000 15,550 e

R Obafemi-Owode LGA IjebuNorthLGA Ondostate Irepodun/Ifelodun 134,900 87,685 87,685 EwekoroLGA 7°00' 7°00' Oriade 70,100 64,100 64,100 OgunState Abeokuta North 41,250 36,260 36,260 Edostate Obafemi-Owode 140,750 109,850 109,850 Lagosstate Ogun Waterside LGA Ijebu North 42,000 42,000 42,000 Ewekoro 40,000 24,708 24,708 Ogun Waterside 11,425 3,244 3,244

6°40' 6°40'

3°20' 3°40' 4°00'

Proportionsofriceflowinprocessingpoints QtyProduced Qty.Parboiled 70 0 70 Kilometers Qtysoldaspaddy Qty.Milled Qty.ofBrownrice Studyarea Neighbouringstates

FIG. 4: Map showing proportion of flow of rice through production and processing points in the three States

22 5°00' 5°20'

8°00' 8°00' Odo-Otin Moba Ifedayo N Ila Ilejemeje Ifelodun Boluwaduro W E

Ijero S Oye Ido-Osi Ikole Boripe Obokun Ijerocluster

Iworokocluster Aramokocluster Arecluster Osunstate Igbemocluster 7°40' Irepodun/Ifelodun 7°40' Efoncluster Eriocluster IleshaWest Efon Ado-Ekiti IleshaEast Gboyin Ekiti West Erinoke_Erinijesha cluster Ekitistate

AtakumosaWest Ekiti South-West Ikere Oriade Emure Ise/Orun

Ondostate 7°20' AtakumosaEast 7°20'

5°00' 5°20' Proportionofriceflow Produced 20 0 20 Kilometers Soaked Parboiled Milled Local Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity Clustersofriceproductionareas Government produced soaked parboiled milled Ofadariceproductuionareas Areas (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) LocalGovernmentAreas Ijero 11,800 7,670 7,670 Studyarea Ekiti West 22,400 8,960 8,960 Neighbouringstates Efon 17,000 17,000 15,550 Irepodun/ 134,900 87,685 87,685 Ifelodun Oriade 70,100 64,100 64,100 64,100 Fig. 5: Map showing proportion of flow of rice through production and processing points in Ekiti and Osun states

23 3°20' 3°40' 4°00' OyoState OsuNnstate Ef

W E

S Oriade n i n e

B Oyostate

7°20' f 7°20' o

c Ogunstate i l AbeokutaNorthLGA b u p

e IjebuNorthLGA R

EwekoroLGA Obafemi-OwodeLGA IfoLGA

7°00' 7°00'

Lagosstate OgunWaterside

Badagry LGA

6°40' 6°40'

3°20' 3°40' 4°00' Proportionsofflowofriceinprocessingpoints QtyProduced Qty.Soaked Local Quantity Quantity Quantity 40 0 40 Kilometers Qty.Parboiled Government produced parboiled milled Qtysoldaspaddy Areas (kg) (kg) (kg) Qty.Milled Abeokuta North 41,250 36,260 36,260 Qty.ofBrownrice Obafemi-Owode 140,750 109,850 109,850 Studyarea Neighbouringstates Ijebu North 42,000 42,000 42,000 Ewekoro 40,000 24,708 24,708 Ogun Waterside 11,425 3,244 3,244

Fig. 6: Map showing proportion of flow of rice through production and processing points in Ogun state

24 SOAKING

G PADDY RICE SOAKED FOR

N RICE MARKET

I AROMATIC RICE

S (64,100KG) MIILED S RICE SOLD E IN THE

C PARBOILING MILING MARKET 260,980.9Kg O PADDY RICE PADDY RICE PARBOILING TAKEN TO R (407,237KG) THE MILL FARM P (407,237KG) PADDY RICE PRODUCTION (531,625 KG)

RICE SOLD RE-PACKAGERS IN PADDY FORM STORAGE 22,100.5 KG PADDY RICE OTHER STORED USES (102,287.5 KG)

FARM IMPUTS  SEEDS (6959.7KG)  LABOUR  FERTILISER  AGROCHEMICALS

FIG 7: FLOW CHARTS SHOWING MOVEMENT OF RICE FROM PADDY PRODUCTION TO MARKET

25 FLOW OF OFADA RICE FROM PRODUCTION THROUGH PROCESSING POINTS TO MARKETS Data in Table 4 and Figures 4-7 show the flow of Ofada rice from production through processing points to markets in the three States. Table 4 shows the quantities of rice produced, soaked, parboiled, sold as paddy and milled. The data indicates that Obafemi Owode local government area of Ogun State produces the highest quantity of Ofada rice (140,750 KG) in the study area. This is closely followed by Irepodun/Ifelodun Local government area of Ekiti (134,900KG). These two local government areas host Ofada village and Igbemo Ekiti respectively where there is a long tradition of rice production. The next highest producer according to the data in Table 4 is Oriade local government area in Osun State which recorded production level of 70,100 KG. Erin-Oke is the leading rice producing community in the local government area and it happens to be the only place where “aromatic” Ofada rice was produced.

“Aromatic” Ofada rice is produced by soaking the rice for three to five days for it to ferment before parboiling. Generally, soaking rice for a few hours before parboiling appears to be a common practice in rice processing. The quantity of rice soaked at Erin Oke for the production of “aromatic” rice was 64,100 Kg.

The quantities of rice parboiled and the quantities taken to mills are the same in all the local government areas surveyed. This perhaps is because parboiling is a necessary and important stage in processing rice into edible forms. The highest quantity of rice parboiled and milled was 109,800 Kg and this is from Obafem Owode Local government area. The lowest quantity parboiled and milled was 7,670 Kg and this is from Ijero local government area o Ekiti State.

Some producers sold some quantity of rice in paddy form. These are usually sold to marketers and packagers or re-packagers who later parboil, mill and package in 1/2Kg and 1Kg packets. The quantity of Ofada rice sold in paddy form was 7,540.5Kg in Ogun Waterside local government area of Ogun State and 14,560Kg in Ekiti West Local government area of Ekiti State. The total quantity of rice sold in paddy form was 22,100.5Kg as shown in the flow chart in Fig 7.

The quantity of whole grain Ofada rice recovered from milling was within the range of60 and 65% of the quantity of parboiled paddy sent for milling. In cases where there is a wide disparity between the quantity recovered and quantity sent for milling, it would be as a result of quality of milling machine, the state of parboiled rice, and the variety of rice being milled. The quantity of whole grain rice recovered was 260,980.9 Kg, as shown in Fig 7.

Ofada rice production clusters In Obafemo Owode local government area in Ogun State, rice fields are located contiguously. Land preparation starts between February and March. Planting commences in April or as soon as the rains become steady. Most land preparation is done manually using family labour or a combination of family and paid labour. Harvesting starts between July and August. The months between July and October are usually very busy in the calendar of Ofada rice growers because this is when most activities in the rice value chain, such as drying, parboiling, milling and packaging for the market takes place. In some production clusters around Erin Ijesha, two crops of rice are produced in a year. These are between April to July and August to October. As such, there is no time of the year when paddy or milled rice is not avialble for sale.

Information obtained from farmers in Ijebu North local government area show that rice planting starts in May but land preparation was going on at the time of the fieldwork in February. It was also gathered that there are rice farmers at Odedeyo and Idode Imomo in Ijebu North East Local Government Area. All rice farmers in the study area are migrant farmers from Cotonou, Republic of Benin. Apart from rice farming activities, crops like maize, yam and cocoyam are also grown by the farmers. Most indigenes of the local government area are not involved in rice production.

Although there was a milling machine at Imope, most rice farmers in this locality preferred taking their paddy to Lafenwa market in Abeokuta rather than Ijebu Ode for milling and selling because of what the farmers thought was “better market bargain” , cost of transportation notwithstanding.

Birds were considered the most serious problem in rice cultivation in the area. Farmers mentioned a widespread rumour that there was a pesticide for controlling birds and would like to buy if it was available. Farmers here described four major types of rice they were familiar with. These are; Alabere (the grain has pointed ends); others include epo funfun (Aroso) epo pupa and the short type. It was noted that they all preferred the short type because according to the farmers “it has more weight than Aroso”

The same scenarios painted above are found virtually in all the rice production clusters across southwest Nigeria. In Obafemi Owode local government area for instance, some of the constraints identified as limiting the production of Ofada rice are: Problem of bird attack Lack of credit facilities Problems associated with middlemen Labour problem Long distance of rice mills to farm locations. Although most rice framers in this locality were indigenes unlike the Ijebu North local government area, many local farmers were abandoning rice production because of the problems highlighted above. Urbanization was also believed to be taking its toll on some of the towns and villages that were well noted for Ofada rice production. For instance, it was reported that many farmers in Ofada town had sold their farm land previously used for Ofada rice production and are now into other businesses. The story is quite similar in other rice production clusters in Ekiti and Osun States.

27 Important areas where interventions could be targeted in the Ofada rice value chain therefore are in facilitating reliable seed production system, sustainable input supply and development of value addition and market infrastructure.

DISTANCE ANALYSIS Distance to and from production facilities determines to a large extent access to those facilities, quality of final products and transactional costs. Distance as a spatial factor also facilitates the identification of critical areas where interventions are needed, assists in monitoring changes and assessing impact by providing baseline information.

Distances from and to facilities across the three States were analysed and are presented in Figures 8-13. Cluster level distance analyses maps are presented in Figures 14 to 32. The maps show buffers of 2, 4, 5, 10 kilometres. Each circle represents a buffer indicating a distance from the thematic point in focus. The numbers of households, or farmers or parboilers as the case may be, within each buffer are then counted and percentage calculated. These are presented in tabular form close to each map.

Figure 8 and the table attached to it indicate that only about 28 percent of Ofada rice farmers were within four kilometre range of source of Agrochemicals across the three States. Over seventy percent of the farmers would need to travel at least between 5-12 kilometres to obtain agro-chemicals

Distance to fertilizer points shown in Fig 9 and the associated table indicates that about 40 percent of Ofada rice farmers would need to travel at least 10 kilometres as in order to obtain fertilizer. This finding seems to partly explain the reason for the very few numbers of farmers who actually used fertilizer in rice production as reported in the earlier section of this report.

As shown in Figure 10, most rice farmers threshed their paddy within the farm or close to the farm location as over 90 percent of farmers were within the radius distance of between 0 and 2 Kilometres to threshing points. Similarly, most parboiling of paddy took place within a distance of 0 to 4 kilometres of the farmers’ farm as shown in Figure 11. The same trend of short distance from farms to rice paddy markets and rice milling points are recorded as shown in Figures 12 and 13 across the three States. Figure 13 and the associated table shows that about 82% of producers were within four kilometres of the location of rice mills. Less than 20% of the producers would need to travel between 5 and 9 Kilometres to access a rice mill. The implication of this is that most producers are within a short distance from the nearest rice mills. Although distance from rice mills may not be a problem in most of the Ofada rice production clusters, age, milling efficiency, quality and sanitation standards around the mills appear to be the major problems from our observations during the fieldwork.

DISTANCE ANALYSIS AT THE LOCAL LEVEL Distance analysis when broken down into state and cluster levels are consistent with the results for the regional rice production clusters presented in the first set of maps. However, the data reveal more closely the real situation as far as each state or production

28 cluster is concerned. The maps for State and cluster level distances for each parameter are presented in Figures 14 to 33.

The distance analyses data presented in Figures 13 to 33 consistently show that facilities for rice threshing, parboiling, milling, were readily available at local levels and within a short distance (between 2 and 4 kilometres) of the farmers’ farm or residence. Although urban markets may appear to be very far away from these rice production locations according to the distance analysis data, farmers did not seem to have problems selling their paddy or milled rice as buyers come directly to these locations to buy. The same data show that points of production inputs such as seeds, agrochemicals and fertilizer were far away from farmers’ field and residence (between 5 and 30 kilometres) and may not be readily available to the majority of rice farmers. This point to the need for direct intervention by agencies concerned to improve access of farmers to these production inputs.

29 DISTANCE BETWEEN FARM LOCATIONS AND AGROCHEMICALS LOCATIONS

  

  Kosubosu

Okuta

Kishi Manfu Major Towns Igboho Share Lafiagi Major Roads Igbeti Pategi Neigbouring states.shp Saki # Agro.shp # Farm location Ilorin 4 km Buffer of Farm location 4 Ayede 8 Omi 12 Ogbomosho Offa Owa 16 Okeho 20 Iseyin Aiyetotro Gbede  Ada ##  24 Oyo Ilobu # Ikole E kiti Bakumi 28 Ijero Ekiti Kabba Lokoja # # # ## Ikole Ekiti 32 Ilesha #### ## Fiditi # ## # Onukpo Ogun Rice Producing Area Iwo Ilesha ###### Ado Ekiti ##### Okene Osun Rice Producing Area Ile Ife Egume Ekiti Rice Producing Area Igbo Ora Ise Ekiti Ajaokuta ###### Ibadan Yola Iju Okpo Aiyetot###r####o###### ###### ### # Akure Abeokuta Owo Abeokuta ## ##### Ondo Idah ### ### ####### # # ### ### ### ## Ijebu-I##g###bo ####### #### Ilaro Ijebu-Igbo Ifon Shagamu Alakuko Ore Epe Lagos Metropolis Ita IOta tOutu ### Irele ##########

  0 5 Km

   Fig8: Distance Analysis Farm locations and Agrochemicals points

Buffer zone (KM) Agrochemicals % 0-4 2 28.6

5-8 2 28.6 9-12 2 28.6 13 and above 1 14.2 DISTANCE BETWEEN FARM LOCATIONS AND FERTILIZER LOCATIONS

  

 Kosubosu 

Okuta Kishi Manfu Major towns.shp Igboho Share Lafiagi Major roads.shp Igbeti Pategi Neigbouring states.shp Saki # Fertilizer # Farm locations Ilorin 3 km Buffer of Farm locations 3 Ayede 6 Omi 9 Offa 12 Ogbomosho Owa Okeho 15 Iseyin Aiyetotro Gbede  ##  18 Ada 21 Oyo Ilobu Ikole Ekiti Kabba Bakumi Ijero E#kiti # ## Ikole Ekiti Lokoja 24 #### # Ilesha # # Ogun lga Fiditi # ## # Onukpo Iwo Ilesha #### Ado Ekiti Osun lga ##### Okene Egume Ekiti lga Igbo Ora Ile Ife Ise Ekiti Ajaokuta ###### Ibadan Yola Iju ### Okpo Aiyetot#####r####o### #### ### # Akure AbOeGoUkuN#taSTATE Owo Abeo#k#uta Idah ###### ## ########### Ondo # ## #### # # # #### ##### ### Ijebu-I###g###bo Ilaro ### ## Ifon Shagamu Ijebu-Igbo Alakuko Ore

Lagos Metropolis Epe Ita IOta tOutu ### Irele #####

  0 5 Km

  

Fig 9: Distance from farm locations to source of fertilizers

Buffer zone (KM) Fertilizers % 0-10 3 37.5

11-20 5 62.5

31 DISTANCE BETWEEN FARM LOCATIONS AND THRESHING POINTS

  

N  

Kosubosu

Okuta Kishi Manfu Major Towns EKITI STATE Major roads Igboho Share Lafiagi Igbeti Pategi # Threshing Saki % Farm location Ilorin 2 Km Buffer of Farm location OSUN STATE Ayede 2 Omi 4 Offa Iwere Ogbomosho Owa 6 Iseyin  Ada ##%%  8 Oyo Ilobu Ijero Ekiti Ikole Ekiti Kabba Bakumi % # %###%% Lokoja 10 OGUN STATE Ilesha # %%#%#%#% % %% Onukpo Neigbouring states Iwo Ilesha %%% Ado Ekiti %%%% Okene Iroko Egume Ogun Rice Producing Area Igbo Ora Ile Ife Ise Ekiti #%####%%%% Ibadan Osun Rice Producing Area # Aiyetotro%%% Okpo ####%%%%%%%%%#########%%%%##%%###%%% Ago Owu Akure Ekiti Rice Producing Area Abeoku###ta Owo Abeokuta Idah %%% #####%%%%%%####%#% %%%%% #%%%% %# Ondo %% ####%%% #%Isara %%########%%% ###%%%#% #%#% %%%#####%#%% Ilaro ###%%%#%%%### Ifon Shagamu Ijebu-Igbo Alakuko Ore

Lagos Metropolis Epe ItaItOa Ottu # Irele %% %######%%%%%%####%

  0 5 Km

  

Fig 10: Distance from farm location to point of threshing

Buffer zone (KM) Threshing points % 0-2 106 90.6

3- 4 8 6.9 5 and above 3 2.5

32   

  Kosubosu N

Okuta

Kishi Manfu

Igboho Share Lafiagi Igbeti Pategi Saki Major Towns Major roads Ilorin Neigbouring states.shp # Farm location Ayede # Parboiling Points Omi Ogbomosho Offa Buffer 1 of Farm location.shp Owa   Okeho 2 Aiyetotro Gbede Iseyin ## 4 Ada 6 Oyo Ilobu ## Ikole Ekiti Bakumi Ijero Ekiti # Kabba #### ## Ikole Ekiti Lokoja 8 Ilesha #### #### Fiditi OSUN STATE # ### Onukpo 10 Ilesha Iwo ########## AdoEKEIkTiItiSTATE 12 ##### Okene Ile Ife Ise Ekiti Ajaokuta Egume Ekiti Rice Producing Area Igbo Ora Iju Osun Rice Producing Area ###### Ibadan Yola ## Okpo Ogun Rice Producing Area Aiyetotro### ##################### Akure Abeokuta Owo Abeokuta ## ######## Ondo Idah ##### ### ############### # ### ##### # # ###### ######## ### Ijeb#u-I####g#########bo Ilaro ########### Ifon Shagamu Ijebu-Igbo OGUN STATE Alakuko Ore

Lagos Metropolis Epe Ita IOta tOutu # Irele ###################  #  0 5 Km

  

Fig.11: Distance from farm locations to parboiling points

Buffer zone (KM) Parboiling points %

0-4 104 95.4

5- 8 4 3.7 9 and above 1 0.9

33   

N  

Boria Kosubosu

Okuta Kishi Manfu Major Towns Major Roads Neigbouring states.shp Lafiagi Igboho Share # Milling points Igbeti Pategi # Farm location Saki 2 km Buffer of Farm location 2 Ilorin 4 6 Ayede 8 Omi 10 Offa 12 Ogbomosho Owa  Okeho  14 Aiyetotro Gbede 16 Iseyin ## Ada # Ogun Rice Producing Area Oyo Ilobu ### Ikole Ekiti Bakumi Ijero Ekiti # Kabba Lokoja Osun Rice Producing Area ###### ##### Ikole Ekiti Ilesha ######## Ekiti Rice Producing Area Fiditi # ### Onukpo Iwo Ilesha ############## Ado Ekiti ####### Okene Egume Meko Igbo Ora Ile Ife Ise Ekiti Ajaokuta ###### Ibadan Yola Iju ### Okpo Aiyeto####t#####r####o##### Akure Abeok####uta Owo Abeokuta Idah ## ########## Ondo ######## #### # ### ### ## ##### ######## ### Ijebu-#I####g#bo Ilaro # ##### Ifon Shagamu Ijebu-Igbo Alakuko Ore

Lagos Metropolis Epe ItaIOta tOutu #### Irele   ######## 0 5 Km

  

Fig 12: Distance between farm locations and paddy markets

Buffer zone (KM) Paddy markets %

0-7 30 79 8-14 1 2.1 15-21 1 2.1 22 and above 3 6.3

34 DISTANCE BETWEEN FARM LOCATIONS AND PADDY MARKETS   

 Kosubosu  N

Okuta Kishi Manfu

Igboho Share Lafiagi Igbeti Major towns.shp Pategi 7 km Buffer of Farm location Saki 7 14 Ilorin 21 28 Ayede 35 Omi 42 Offa 49 Ogbomosho Owa Okeho 56 Iseyin Aiyetotro Gbede 63 # Major roads.shp  Ada ##  Oyo Ilobu # Ikole Ekiti Kabba Bakumi Neigbouring states.shp Ijero E###k#iti # ## Lokoja #### # # Paddy Market Ilesha # # ## Onukpo # Farm location Iwo Ilesha #### Ado Ekiti ####### Okene Ogun Rice Producing Area # Osun Rice Producing Area # Ile Ife Egume Igbo Ora Ise Ekiti Ajaokuta Ekiti Rice Producing Area ### Ibadan Iju ### Okpo Aiyetot####r#######o ##### Ago Owu Akure Abeok#uta Owo Abeokuta ## ########### Ondo Idah ######### #### # ##### ### ## ### #### ## Ijebu-I#g######bo Ilaro # ########### Ifon Shagamu Ijebu-Igbo Alakuko Ore

Lagos Metropolis Epe Ita OIta tOutu ### # Irele ##########

  0 5 Km

  

Fig. 13: Distance from farms to rice milling points

Buffer zone (KM) Rice milling points % 0-4 40 81.7 5- 8 6 12.2 9 and above 3 6.0

35 5°00' 5°20' Ilejemeje N

W E

Ijero S Oye % Ido-Osi Distance No of % of (km) farmers Farmers

## 2 9 56.25 % %% 4 2 12.5 ## # ## ## %% %# % % # # 6 5 31.5 % Irepodun/Ifelodun # % % % 7°40' % 7°40'

# Efon

Ado-Ekiti Ekiti West

5°00' 5°20'

% Ricefarms # Parboilingpoints Distancetoparboilingpoints 7 0 7 Kilometers 2 4 6 8

Figure 14: Distance from farms to parboiling points in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate 5°00' 5°20'

Ijero W E

Oye S % # Ido-Osi

Distanc No of % of % # # %% e (km) farmers Farmers # # %% ## % % % 2 2 12.5 % Irepodun/Ifelodun % % %% 4 7 43.75 # 6 5 56..25 7°40' 7°40' Efon #

Ado-Ekiti Ekiti West

5°00' 5°20' % Ricefarms # Seedsources. Distancetoseedsources(Km). 2 7 0 7 Kilometers 4 6 8 Ekitilgas.shp Figure 15: Distance from farms to seed sources in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate

37 5°00' 5°20'

W E Ijero S Oye # % Ido-Osi

% # # %% Distance No of % of # %% %# # % % (km) farmers Farmers % # # Irepodun/Ifelodun 7°40' % # #% 7°40' % # % 2 10 62.5 4 2 12.5 >6 4 25

Ado-Ekiti

5°00' 5°20'

% Ricefarms # Threshingpoints 6 0 6 Kilometers Distancetothreshingpoints(Km) 1 2 3 Ekiti lgas.shp Figure 16: Distance from farms to threshing points in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate

38 5°00' 5°20'

Ilejemeje N

W E

S Ijero Oye % Ido-Osi

# Distance No of % of (km) farmers Farmers % %% 2 2 12.5

# %% #% 4 5 31.5 % % % Irepodun/Ifelodun 7°40' % % 7°40'>6 9 56.25 % %

Efon #

Ado-Ekiti Ekiti West 5°00' 5°20'

# Agrochemicalpoints. % Ricefarms 7 0 7 Kilometers DistancetoAgrochemicalpoints(Km) 2 4 6 8 Ekitilgas.shp

Figure 17: Distance from farms to agrochemical points in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate

39 5°00' 5°20' Ilejemeje N

W E

S Ijero Oye % Distance No of % of $ Ido-Osi (km) farmers Farmers

$ 2 6 37.5 4 4 25

% 6 6 37.5 $ %% $

$ $$$ $$ 7°40' %% % 7°40 $$ % % % Irepodun/Ifelodun $ % % %%

5°00' 5°20' % Ricefarms $ Millingpoints Buffer1ofMillingpoints 6 0 6 Kilometers 2 4 6 Ekitilgas.shp Figure 18: Distance from farms to milling points in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate

40 5°00' 5°20'

W E Oye S Ido-Osi Ijero%

% %% Irepodun/Ifelodun %% % % % % % % 7°40' %% 7°40' Efon AISA,AdoEkiti & & Ilesha Ekiti West Distance No of % of Ado-Ekiti (km) farmers Farmers Ekitistate 10 0 0 Osunstate Ekiti South-West Ikere 20 12 75 30 4 25

Ise/Or 5°00' 5°20'

& Fertiliserpoints % Ricefarms Distancetofertiliserpoints(kM) 10 0 10 Kilometers 10 20 30 40 Ekitistate Figure 19: Distance from farms to fertilizer points in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate

41 5°00' 5°20'

W E Oye ' S % Ido-Osi Ijero '

' % '' %% Irepodun/Ifelodun %% % % % Distance No of % of % % % 7°40' %% 7°40' (km) farmers Farmers Efon Ekiti West 10 5 31.25 Ado-Ekiti 20 2 12.5 Ekitistate

Osunstate 30->40 6 56.25 Ekiti South-West Ikere

Ise/Or 5°00' 5°20'

' Ricemarkets % Ricefarms Distancetoricemarkets(Km) 10 0 10 Kilometers 10 20 30 40 Ekitistate

Figure 20: Distance from farms to markets in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate

42 5°00' 5°20'

N AgricImputSupplyAgency %U Ilesha W E S Distance No of % of

17Km (km) farmers Farmers 18 10 25.6 Oriade 18Km 19 25 64.1 IleshaEast 20 4 10.3 °40' 19Km 7°40

$ $ $$ $ $$$ AtakumosaEast $$ 20Km $

AtakumosaWest $$

$ $ $ 22Km $

5°00' 5°20'

$ Ricefarms %U Fertiliserpoint 3 0 3 Kilometers Distancetofertiliserpoint 18 19 20 Osunstate

Figure 21: Distance from farms to fertilizer points in Ofada rice production clusters at Erin –Ijesha, Osun State

43 5°00' 5°20'

N Distance No of % of ha, Agricultural ImputSupplyAgency %U W E (km) farmers Farmers

S 2 14 56 17Km 4 6 24 6 5 20 Oriade 18Km

IleshaEast

°40' 19Km 7°40

$ $ $$ $ $$$ AtakumosaEast $$ 20Km $

AtakumosaWest $$

$ $ $ 22Km $

5°00' 5°20'

$ Ricefarms %U Seedsource Distancetoseedsource 3 0 3 Kilometers 18 19 20 Osunstate

Figure 22: Distance from farms to seed sources in rice production clusters in Erin Oke, Osun State

44 5°00' 5°20'

W E

ErinOke %U $%U%U%U%U%U $$ $ $

$$$ 7°40' 7°40 $$ $

$ $

$ $ $ $

5°00' 5°20'

$ Ricefarms %U Parboilingpoints 1 0 1 Kilometers Distancetoparboilingpoints 2 4 6

Figure 23: Distance from farms to parboiling points at Erin Oke, Osun State

45 5°00' 5°20'

W E

ErinOke % %%%%% $%%%% % % %% $$ $ $ Distance No of % of $

$$$ (km) farmers Farmers °40' 7°40 $$ $ 2 14 56 4 6 24

$ 6 5 20 $

$ $ $ $

5°00' 5°20'

$ Ricefarms % Millingpoints 1 0 1 Kilometers Distancetomillingpoints 2 4 6 Osunstate Figure 24: Distance from farms to milling points at Erin Oke, Osun State

46 5°00' 5°20'

N Distance No of % of #S IleshaAgricImput SupplyAgency

W E aWest (km) farmers Farmers S 17Km 18 10 25.6

18Km 19 25 64.1 IleshaEast 20 4 10.3 19Km 7°40' 7°40' ErinOke $ $ $$ $ $$$ 20Km AtakumosaEast $ $

AtakumosaWest $$

$ $ $ 22Km $

5°00' 5°20'

#S Fertiliserpoints $ Ricefarms DistanceFertiliserpoint 3 0 3 Kilometers 18 19 20 Osunstate

Figure 25: Distance from farms to fertilizer source at Erin Oke, Osun State

47 3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

N %[[%[

W E

%[ S %[ Distance No of % of %[ %[ %[ %[ ##### (Km) Farmers Farmers 15 72 63.16 %[%[%[%[ %[ #%[ %[ %[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ 7°00' ### #%[%[ %[ 7°00' %[ %[ 30 21 18.42 %[ # # %[ %[[ %[ %[ %[ %[[ %[ %[ %[%[ %[ %[[ %[ %[%[%[ 45 6 5.26 # %[%[ %[[ 60 15 13.16

# Milled rice markets %[ Farm locations Dista nce to milled ric e markets 6°30' 6°30' 15 30 # 45 %[%[[ %[%[[%[#%[ 60 %[ 75 Ogun state 3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

20 0 20 40 Kilometers

Figure 26: Distance from farms to milled rice markets in Ogun State

48 3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

%[[ %[[%[ N Distance No of % of

W E %[ (Km) Farmers Farmers # %[ S %[ %[ %[ %[ # 25 61 53.5 50 23 20.2 %[ %[[%[ %[ %[ %[[ %[[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[%[ %[ %[ %[[ 75 15 13.15 7°00' %[ 7°00' %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[%[%[ %[[%[ >100 15 13.15 %[ %[

# Agrochemical points %[ Fa rm loc ations Distance to Agrochem ical points 6°30' 6°30' 25 50 %[%[[ 75 %[ %[[%[%[ 100 %[ 125 Ogun state 3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

20 0 20 40 Kilometers

Figure 27: Distance from farms to Agrochemical points in Ogun State

49 3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

N %[[%[ Distance No of % of W E (Km) Farmers Farmers %[ S % %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ % 5 66 10 17

%[%[%[%[%[ %[ %[ %%%%[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ 20 8 %[ %[ % 7°00' %[%[ %[ 7°00' %[ %[%% %[ %[ %[[%%% 25 2 %[ %[ %[ %[[ %[ %[ %[%[ %[ %[[ %[% %[%[%[%% %[%[%%% %[%%%[

% Seed sources %[ Farm locations Distance to seed sources 5 6°30' 6°30' 10 15 20 %[%[[ %[%[[%[%[ 25 %[ 50 Ogun state 3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

20 0 20 40 Kilometers

Figure 28: Distance from farms to sources of seeds in Ogun State

50 3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

W E %[[%[ S

%[ # %[ %[ %[ %[ %[[ # #

7°00' %[%[[ %[ 7°00' %[ %[[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[[ %[ # %[ %[[ %[ %[ %[ %[[ %[ %[ %[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[%[%[ %[[%[ %[[

# Fertiliser points. %[ Farm locations Distance to fertiliser points 6°30' 6°30' 20 40 60 %[%[[ %[%[[%[%[ 80 %[ 100 Ogun state 3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

20 0 20 40 Kilometers

Figure 29: Distance from farms to fertilizer source in Ogun State

Distance No of % of (Km) Farmers Farmers 20 69 60.5 40 14 12.28 60 16 14 >100 15 13.1

51 3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

%[[%[ N

W E

%[ %[ S %[ %[ %[ %[ Y#

%[ %[ %[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[[ %[[ %[ %[[ %[[%[ %[ 7°00' %[ %[ 7°00' %[ # Y# Y %[ %[[ %[ %[ %[ %[[ %[ %[ %[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[%[%[ Y# %[%[ %[[

Y# Milling points %[ Farm locations Distance of farm to milling points 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Ogun state

6°30' 6°30'

%[%[[ %[Y%[#[Y%[#%[ %[

3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

20 0 20 40 Kilometers

Figure 30: Distance from farms to rice milling points in Ogun State

Distance No of % of (Km) Farmers Farmers 5 36 31.6 10 27 23.7 15 15 13.2 20 13 11.4 25 6 5.2 30 3 2.6 35 14 12.3

52 3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

N %[[%[

W E %% %[ S %[ %%%%[ %%[ %%%%%[ % %[%%%

% %[%[%[%[%[ %[ %[ %[%%%%%[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %%%%[ %[ %[ %[[%[ %[ %[ %[%%% 7°00' %[ 7°00' %[ %[% %[%[ %[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ % %[ %[ %[%%%% %[%[%[%%[ %%[[%[%%% %[

% Parboiling points %[ Farm locations Distance to parboiling points 3 6 9 12 Ogun state

6°30' 6°30' % %[%[[%[ %[ %[[%%%%%%[%[ %[

3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

20 0 20 40 Kilometers

Figure 31: Distance from farms to rice parboiling points in Ogun State

Distance No of % of (Km) Farmers Farmers 3 92 80.7 6 1 0.87 9 4 3.51 12 9 7.9 >12 8 7.0

53 3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

%[%%[%[ W E

% % S %[ %[%% %[ %%%%[ %[%%%% %%%%% %%%%[

%%%

%[%%[[%[%%%%[ %[ %[[ %[%%%%%[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ 7°00' %[[%[ %[ 7°00' %[ %[%%% %[ %[ %[[%%%%%%%% %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[%[ %[ %[%% %[%% %[ %[%[%%%%%[ %[%[%%% %[%%[

% Thresh in g points %[ Farm locatio ns 6°30' 6°30' Distan ce o f farm to threshin g po ints % 2 %[%[[ %[ %[[%%%%%%%[ 4 %[ 6 8 Og un state 3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

20 0 20 40 Kilometers

Figure 32: Distance from farms to rice threshing points in Ogun State

Distance No of % of (Km) Farmers Farmers 2 90 78.9 4 2 1.75 6 1 0.87 8 4 3.51 >8 17 14.9

54 3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

%[[%[ N

W E %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ S #

#%[ #%[ %[%[####%[ %[ %[ %[[%[ #%[ %[# %[# %[ %[ %[ # %[[ %[ %[ # %[ %[ %[# %[ # 7°00' %[ %[[ 7°00' %[# %[ %[ %[ #%[ %[# %[%[# %[ %[ %[# %[%[%[[ # %[[#%[## %[#

# Paddy rice markets. %[ Farm locations Distance to Paddy m arket 5 6°30' # 6°30' %[[%[[ %[%[[%[#%[ 10 %[ 15 20 25 Ogun state 3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

20 0 20 40 Kilometers

Figure 33: Distance from farms to paddy markets in Ogun State

Distance No of % of (Km) Farmers Farmers

5 62 54.4 10 10 8.8 15 3 2.6 20 2 1.8 25 16 14 >25 21 18.4

55 4°00' 4°10' 4°20' 4°30' 4°40' 4°50' 5°00' 5°10'

Ila O ran gun 8°00' O do-O tin 8°00' Ifedayo In is ha Ila Boluwaduro IrepodunIfelAoduan O rolu O ke Im es hi 7°50' Ejigbo Ilob u O lorunda 7°50' Boripe Egbedore O bokun O sog bo Ib oku n O la-O luw a Ede O sogbo Ede N orth Iles ha Efon Alay e 7°40' 7°40' Iwo Iw o Ede South Ilesha W est Ilesha E asItjeb u Je sha Ro ads. Aiyedire O de O m un 7°30' Atakum osa W est 7°30' O fada rice pro ductio n area G bon gan Ile Ife Ip etu Ije sha Ife Central O ther LG As Irew ole Land co ver types Ife East Forest/Tree crop p lantatio n 7°20' Yola Ife N orth 7°20' Aiyedaade G rassland Isokan Ofada R ic e Atakum osa G rassland /w oo dland Ago O wu Produ ction Area East Ileo lu ji M arsh /w etlan ds 7°10' Ife te do 7°10' Ife South Rain Forest O ndo Rain fed arable cro ps Ro ck outcrop 7°00' 7°00' Settlem ent 20 0 20 Kilometers W aterbo dies M ajor settlem en ts 4°00' 4°10' 4°20' 4°30' 4°40' 4°50' 5°00' 5°10'

Figure 34: Map of land use and land cover of Osun State

56 4°40' 4°44' 4°48' 4°52' 4°56' 5°00' 5°4' 7°44' N 7°44'

W E

S 7°40' Efon Alaye 7°40' Ilesha

7°36' 7°36' Land cover Land % Land Ijebu Jesha categories Coverage Coverage (Ha) 7°32' 7°32' Forest 9918.3 16.43 Arable crop land 47710 79 Ogotun Rock out crops 1,463.3 2.42 Major 1259.3 2.08 7°28' Ipetu Ijesha 7°28' settlements

7°24' 7°24' Roads

7°20' 7°20' Ofada rice production area Erin Oke Landcover types in Oriade LGA

5°12' Rain Forest 4°40' 4°44' 4°48' 4°52' 4°56' 5°00' 5°4' Rainfed arable crops 10 0 10 20 Kilometers Rock outcrop Settlement Major settlements

Figure 35: Map of land use and land cover in rice producing areas of Osun State (Erin Oke)

57 5°00' 5°30'

8°00' 8°00'

W E Ijero Iloro Ayede Ushi Ijero S Ijero Ekiti Ifaki Oye Ikole Ek iti

Ire Ekiti Efon Irepodun/If elodun Aram ok o Ekiti Igbem o Ekiti Iyin Ekiti Ekiti W est Ado E kiti Aisegba Ofada rice production areas Ilaw e E kiti Other LGAs Land covetypes 7°30' 7°30' Forest plantation Igbara O do Ikere Ekiti Grassland Ise E kiti Grassland/woodland Emure Ekiti Gullies Ofada Rice Produc tion Areas Irrigation project Mining areas Rain Forest Rainfed arable crops Riparian forest Ro ck outcrop 5°00' 5°30' Settlem ent 30 0 30 Kilometers Tree/forest plantation Un disturbed forest Water bodies Urban areas in ekiti.shp

Figure 36: Map of land use and land cover of Ekiti State

58 5°00' 5°10' 5°20' 5°30'

W E

Ayede S Iloro Ushi Land cover Land % Land categories Coverage Coverage 7°50' OkeImeshi Ikoro 7°50' (Ha) Ijero Oye Forest reserve/ 520.87 0.44 Ifaki Egusi Ikole Agric. tree plantation Arable crop land 100524.41 84.18 IreEkiti Rock out crops 5271.61 4.41 Major 2420.5 2.03 settlements AramokoEkiti IgbemoEkiti Rain 10679.73 8.94 IgedeEkiti forest/riparian 7°40' 7°40' EfonAlaye IyinEkiti forest

AdoEkiti Aisegba IlaweEkiti

Ogotun IgbaraOdo 7°30' IkereEkiti 7°30' IseEkiti 5°00' 5°10' 5°20' 5°30'

Ofadariceproductionareas 7 0 7 14 Kilometers Landcoverekitiriceproductionarea Forestreserve/Agric.treeplantation RainForest Rainfedarablecropland Rockoutcrop Settlement Urbanareasinekiti.shp Figure 37: Map of land use and land cover in rice producing areas of Ekiti State

59 3°00' 3°30' 4°00' 4°30'

W E

S Imeko-Afon

7°30' 7°30'

Odeda YewaNorth AbeokutaNorth

Aiyetotro

Abeokuta IjebuNorth

Ewekoro Obafemi-Owode Remo-North 7°00' Isara Ijebu-Igbo 7°00' Owode AgoIwoye Iperu Ajegunle Ikenne IjebuEast Ilaro Ilaro Shagamu IjebuOde YewaSouth Ifo Alakuko Ijebu-Ode

AdoOdo/Ota Ipokia Ado ItaOtu OgunWaterside 6°30' 6°30'

3°00' 3°30' 4°00' 4°30' Roads OfadaRiceProductionAreas OtherLGAs Landcovertypes. 30 0 30 Kilometers Forestreserve/Agricultural treePlantation Grassland/woodland Rainforest/Riparianforest Rainfedarablecropland Rockoutcrop Settlement Swamp/wetland Waterbodies Settlements Figure 38: Map of land use and land cover of Ogun State

60 3°00' 3°30' 4°00' 4°30'

W E

S Land cover Land % Land Aiyetotro categories Coverage Coverage (Ha) (Ha) Abeokuta Forest Reserve/ 8671.8 1.86 Agric. Tree crop 7°00' 7°00' plantation Isara Ijebu-Igbo AgoIwoye Arable crop land 337180 72.2 Owode Iperu Ajegunle Rain 44767.3 9.6.1 Ilaro forest/riparian Shagamu IjebuOde Ifo forest Alakuko Major 4411.3 0.94 settlements Swamp/wetlands 62562.7 12.5 Water bodies 9462.32 2.02 ItaOtu

6°30' 6°30'

3°00' 3°30' 4°00' 4°30' Roads OfadaRiceProductionAreas Landcovertypes Forestreserve/AgriculturaltreePlantation 20 0 20 Kilometers Rainforest/Riparianforest Rainfedarablecropland Settlement Swamp/wetland Waterbodies Settlements Figure 39: Map of land use and land cover in rice producing areas of Ogun State

61 LAND SUITABILITY FOR RICE PROUCTION Ofada rice production areas can be described in terms of its soil conditions and land cover types. The study examined land suitability with reference to all upland rice including Ofada rice cultivation. Land use/land cover classification is one useful way of identifying areas where environmental limitations are at a minimum for extensive cultivation of any crop. This kind of information when combined with that of soil conditions provides useful data on where precisely is best for rice cultivation. The land use/land cover of the three states under study are described in terms of size of land occupied by human settlements and natural features such as forest, water bodies, crop plantations and rock out crops. More importantly is the size of available arable land since areas suitable for different types of agricultural development can be identified from the available land.

The land cover maps were developed from the data on National land cover categorisation by the Forestry Monitoring Evaluating and Coordination Unit (FORMECU). The data had been prepared from series of over flights and mosaics of several scenes of LANDSAT Imageries. Although the land cover maps were created for the three states; Ekiti, Osun and Ogun state specific attention was paid to the rice production areas within these states. The land cover maps are presented in Figures 34 to 39.

In Ekiti state, four local government areas were studied namely; Efon- Alaye, Ekiti west and Irepodun / Ifelodun and Ijero which constitute the major rice production area in Ekiti State. The arable crop land is about, 100,524.411Ha which represents about 84 percent of the land area of the area. Less than 10 percent of this is currently under rice cultivation in the State.

In Osun state, Oriade local government area identified as the rice production area had quite an expanse of rocks and rock out crops. In spite of this there is still about 47,710Ha (79%) arable land.

Ogun state has a slightly different configuration in the land cover categories identified. Six major categories of land cover types were identified as against four in Osun and the five in Ekiti. Apart from 67% (337,180Ha) of land available as arable land with possibility for upland rice cultivation, about 625,62Ha or (12.5%) of the land area can be categorised as wetland. This area could be explored for lowland rice cultivation within the five local government areas studied.

Availability of arable land however does not ultimately determine site selection for crop production especially when the aim is maximum yield with optimal production input. Since farmers lack the wherewithal to effect soil amendment and improve the quality of soil determining accurately the most suitable locations for specific crops becomes a better option to maximise crop yield and productivity.

62 To do this, soil characteristics has to be mapped and matched with expected crop yield. From such information a prescription map can be developed to show for instance how much of chemical fertilizer could be applied to particular locations across the field. Other type of prescription map is to decide based on the information available, where it would best to cultivate for a crop. Since it would be practically impossible to take and analyse soil samples from every location across the entire study area, samples of soil was collected from 10 farms per local government area contacted and it was analysed to determine which soils could provide the greater support to upland rice in the study area and South western Nigeria at large.

Five parameters were considered most crucial for rice production namely; available Phosphorus, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), organic carbon, Textural class, pH, available Nitrogen and soil depth.

The data collected were combined with the FAO soil classification that has been created as ArcInfo format grid and converted back to shape files. Each land quality (Soil parameters) is a thematic layer in the GIS in which contains spatial data and its associated attributes. Each of the parameters was added into the GIS as a layer and by Overlay operation (Multiplication) the parameters were combined to give a single layer. The evaluation model for rice is defined using the value of factors rating as follows: suitability=R*NAI*D*T. The overlay process of these layers was performed to produce a resultant polygonal layer upon which the evaluation model was applied. The resultant layers produced the suitability maps for rice.

The suitability evaluation for rice was based mainly on the method described by FAP (1983). The map resulting from the overlay process of the selected land qualities was finally reclassified as either; Highly suitable, Moderately suitable, Good and Marginally suitable. The requirement of rice was reviewed from a number of publications (FAO (1983), FAO (1991), LLD (1990), Sys et al (1993), Delante (1993)) and Eco crop website of the Food and Agricultural organisation. The qualities considered in developing the suitability maps are as stated in Table 5.

Table 5: Land Quality factors for upland rice Land use requirement Factor rating Rainfall (R) Annual m.m >1,500 1100-1500 900- <900 rainfall 1100 Soil Depth (D) Nutrient availability NAI >0.60 0.40-0.60 0.10- <0.10 Index (NAI) 0.40 N % >0.2 0.1-0.2 <0.1 -

PH - 5.6-7.3 7.4-7.8 7.9-8.4 >8.4 5.1-5.5 4.0-5.0 <4.0 Water retention Soil - CL, Si, SCL, L, SiCL, LS G, S, capacity (T) texture SiL, C, AC SiC, SL SC

63 Temperature and rainfall are generally adequate and well distributed and almost uniform over south western Nigeria. Hence temperature in particular was not considered in the land suitability calculation. The land suitability maps for the rice production clusters in the three States are presented in Figures 40 to 42

64 5°00' 5°20' 5°40'

8°00' 8°00'

Iloro Ayede Us hi Ikoro Oke Im eshi Ije ro Ek iti Suitability Land % area of Ifa ki OyEegus i Iko le E kiti Om u Ekiti (million land Ire Ekiti Om u O bad ore Ha) area Aram o ko Ekiti Marginal 0.42 78.3 Ig ede Ek iti Igbem o E kiti Moderate 0.053 9.7 7°40' Efon A la y e 7°40' Iyin Ek iti Good 0.051 9.4 Ado Ek iti Ilawe Ekiti Aisegba High 0.014 2.6

Og otun Igba ra O do Ikere Ekiti Ise Ekiti Roads Em ure Ekiti Major tow ns Land suitability for rice c ultivation Marginal suita bility Moderate suita bility 7°20' 7°20' Good suita bility Iso High s uitability Ek iti state

5°00' 5°20' 5°40'

10 0 10 Kilometers

Fig. 40: Land suitability map for rice production in Ekiti State

65 4°00' 4°20' 4°40' 5°00' N

Ila O rangun 8°00' 8°00' Inisha Ire Ada

Ilobu Oke Im eshi Suitability Land % Osogbo Ibokun area Total Ede (million land Ha) area 7°40' 7°40' Kuta Efon Alaye Marginal 0.69 75.1 Iwo Ilesha Ile O gbo Moderate 0.079 8.6 Ode O mun Ijebu Jesha Good 0.11 11.96 Kajola Ipetu modu High 0.04 4.3 Gbongan Ile Ife Ipetu Ijesha

Yola 7°20' 7°20'

Ago O wu Ileoluji Ifetedo Okeigbo Roads Major tow ns Ondo Land suitability High s uitability 7°00' 7°00' Good suita bility Moderate suita bility Marginal suita bility

4°00' 4°20' 4°40' 5°00' Osun sta te. 10 0 10 20 Kilometers

Fig. 41: Land suitability map for rice production in Osun State

66 3° 00' 3° 30' 4° 00' 4° 30'

8° 00' 8°00'

7°30' 7°30' Suitability Land % Im e k o area Total (million area Aiyeto tr o Ha) Marginal 0.53 26.49 Ab eo k u ta Moderate 0.7 35.37 Good 0.43 21.63 Isa ra High 0.33 16.51 7° 00' Ije b u- Ig b o 7°00' Oja O d a n Ila ro Ajeg u n le Ip e ru Ag o Iw o ye Ilish an Ifo Ije b u O de Sh ag a m u Alak u ko Roa d s Ow o d e M ajor tow ns Id iro ko R ic e su ita b ility Ad o- Od o Hig h su ita bilit y Ita O tu Iw o p in M od era te s uita bility 6°30' 6°30' G oo d su ita b ility M arg in al s uitab ility 20 0 20 40 Kilom eters Inlan d W at er O gu n st ate .

3° 00' 3° 30' 4° 00' 4° 30'

Fig. 42: Land suitability map for rice production in Ogun State

67 LAND AND SOIL CONDITION In Ekiti west local government area, it was established that the soils around Aramoko and Ijero Ekiti up to Ifaki were highly suitable for upland rice cultivation while the soils around Ado-Ekiti, Iyin Ekiti Igede Ekiti and Igbemo are marginally suitable for rice cultivation.The soils around Efon Alaye, and Oke Imesi have moderate suitability. The implication of this is that rice farmers in Igbemo Ekiti would require special attention in soil management and land amendment practices to guarantee steady and improved productivity.

In Osun state soils close to Ilesha, particularly Erin Oke was classified as highly suitable, but over 79% of the arable land are categorised as marginal. Ogun state shows a little exception especially around Obafemi Owode local government where almost 50% of the arable soil is considered as highly suitable for the cultivation of upland rice. This is a bit surprising given the long years of rice cultivation in the area one would expect the soil to be generally deficient in critical rice soil nutrients. The explanation could be that most farmers adopting the rotational fallow system have somehow perfected a form of land management strategy that ensured quick replenishment of soil nutrients

Generally soils of south-western Nigeria have been described by Moss (1957), Smyth and Montgomery (1962). The parent material is a major determinant of soil characteristics. Soils of the study area are predominantly forest soils derived from metamorphic and igneous rocks (basement complex). An exemption is the Ijebu water-side dominated by deltaic deposits, fresh water swamp soils and saline mangrove soils.

Soils of the basement complex parent material have red to brown upper subsoil with higher clay content than the surface or lower sub-soil. The soils are characterized with slight to moderate leaching. Nitrogen response may not be obtained on soils that are newly cleared from about 10 years of bush fallow. Total N is generally above 0.1% (considered minimum for rice) while organic matter is usually above 1.5%. Because these soils have high Phosphorus adsorption capacity, phosphorus deficiency could present a serious problem. Since most of the phosphorus is in organic form, a high proportion of the available P is released through mineralization of organic phosphorus. The potassium status of these soils could vary widely. In high rainfall areas, economic response to K could be obtained after a year as a result of erosion, low mineral reserves and wide variation in the mineral composition of the parent material. There is a general decline in the initial soil fertility under continuous cultivation.

Summary, conclusions and recommendations

PropCom’s plan to support activities that impact on the Ofada rice value chain requires accurate information to develop appropriate interventions. Mapping of the Ofada rice value chain is important in obtaining the kind of information required. The mapping exercise is expected to facilitate geographical targeting of interventions where they are needed, improve cost effectiveness of infrastructural development spending and more efficiently reach those who need intervention most. These no doubt are some of the cogent reasons for PropCom’s commissioning of this study.

68 The mapping exercise identified major Ofada rice production areas in Ogun, Osun and Ekiti States. It identified 254 Ofada rice farmers majority of whom are males, 204 parboilers mostly females, 36 rice mills in 55 villages and 11 local government areas in the three states.

Obafemi Owode local government area of Ogun State produced the highest quantity of Ofada rice (135,850 KG) in the study area. This was closely followed by Irepodun/Ifelodun Local government area of Ekiti (134,90KG). These two local government areas host Ofada village and Igbemo Ekiti respectively where there is a long tradition of rice production. The next highest producer is Oriade local government area in Osun State which recorded production level of 70,100 KG. The highest quantity of rice parboiled and milled was 109,800 Kg and this is from Obafem Owode Local government area. The lowest quantity parboiled and milled was 7, 670 Kg and this is from Ijero local government area of Ekiti State. The quantity of Ofada rice sold in paddy form was 21,110 Kg in Ogun Waterside local government area of Ogun State and 15,700 Kg in Ekiti West Local government area of Ekiti State. The total quantity of rice sold in paddy form was 36, 813Kg.

The distance analyses data consistently show that facilities for rice threshing, parboiling, milling, were readily available at local levels and within a short distance (between 2 and 4 kilometres) of the farmers’ farm or residence. Although urban markets may appear to be very far away from rice production locations according to the distance analysis data, farmers did not seem to have problems selling their paddy or milled rice as buyers come directly to these locations to buy. The data further show that locations of Ofada rice production inputs such as seeds, agrochemicals and fertilizer were far away from farmers’ field and residence (between 5 and 30 kilometres) and may not be readily available to the majority of rice farmers. This situation points to the need for direct interventions to improve access of farmers to all rice production inputs. It would not suffice to just introduce improved seeds and promote efficient seed distribution networks. This should be accompanied by on-farm varietal trials and demonstrations that would enable farmers to learn and ensure sustainability of production activities.

The total arable crop land in the rice production areas of Ekiti state is 100,524.411Ha. This represents about 84 percent of the total land area. Less than 10 percent of this is currently under rice cultivation in the State. In Osun state, Oriade local government area identified as the rice production area has 47,710Ha (79%) arable land. In Ogun state apart from 67% (337,180Ha) of land available as arable land with possibility for upland rice cultivation, about 625,62Ha or (12.5%) of the land area was categorised as wetland. This area could be explored for lowland rice cultivation within the five local government areas studied.

It was established that the soils around Aramoko, Ijero Ekiti up to Ifaki were highly suitable for upland rice cultivation while the soils around Ado-Ekiti, Iyin Ekiti, Igede Ekiti and Igbemo are marginally suitable for rice cultivation. The soils around Efon Alaye, and Oke Imesi were classified as moderately suitable. The implication of this is that rice farmers in Igbemo Ekiti would require special attention in soil management and land amendment practices to guarantee steady and improved productivity. In Osun state soils close to Ilesha, particularly Erin Oke was classified as highly suitable, but over 79% of the arable land are categorised as marginal. Ogun state presents a unique feature especially around Obafemi Owode local government where almost 50% of the arable soil is considered as highly suitable for the cultivation of upland rice. This is a bit surprising given the long years of rice cultivation in the area one would expect the soil to be generally deficient in critical rice soil

69 nutrients. The could be that most farmers adopting the who are well known to use the rotational fallow system have somehow perfected this form of land management strategy for ensuring quick replenishment of lost soil nutrients

In conclusion, the distance analysis maps reveal the importance of spatial targeting and prioritization of interventions. It is hoped that this result will be utilized by PropCom in developing, prioritizing and targeting interventions to positively impact the Ofada rice value chain in south western Nigeria.

A number of issues related to the Ofada rice value chain require further research and analysis. This mapping exercise was carried out when there was no crop growing on the field. A more detailed mapping of the production system with empirical of farm management data would reveal more comprehensively the problems associated with each stage of the Ofada rice production system. One common problem in the Ofada rice production clusters is the low rice yield and low resource productivity. There were also the problems of lack of reliable seed market, and non use or non availability of fertilizer.

Important areas where PropCom could intervene in the Ofada rice value chain therefore are in facilitating reliable seed production system, sustainable input supply and development of value addition and market infrastructure

70 References Bo-heng Li, 1990. Application of Remote Sensing and GIS, China's Land Survey, Evaluation and Administration. Proceeding of the 11th ACRS vol 11Nov. 15-21, 1990 Guangzhou, China.

Delante, V.Z., 1993, Land Suitability Classification for Cassava, pineapple and rubber using GIS in A, Pluak Daeng, Rayong Prov. M.Sc. Res. Study, AIT Thailand.

FAO. 1983. Guidelines: Land Evaluation for Rainfed agriculture soils Bulletin No. 52 Rome: 237.

FAO. 1991. Guidelines: Land Evaluation for Extensive Grazing. FAO Soils Bulletin No.58. Rome: Land Development, 1990. Land Evaluation for Economic crops. Min. of Agriculture and cooperatives.

Moss. R. P. 1957. Report of the classification of soil found sedimentary rocks. In western Nigeria Soil Survey Report. No. 67 Radcliffe D.J. and Rochette L. Maize in Angonia. 1983. An analysis of factors production. Field Report 30, FAO/UNDP MOZ/75/011, Maputo. Ver. 22.

Smyth A. J. and R. F. Montgomery, 1962. Soils and Land Use in Central Western Nigeria. Government Press Ibadan

Sys. C, Ranst. V Debaveye. J. and Beenaert. F. 1993. Land Evaluation Part III crop requirements. Agr. Publication No. 7, ITC Ghent.

71 Appendices Textural Classification of soils

GRIDCODE CATEGORY RICECODE 32 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || coarse textured 2 soils 23 Course Texture Soils (sandy) || medium textured 3 soil 43 Fine Textured Soils (clay) || medium textured 1 42 Fine Textured Soils (clay) || coarse textured 1 32 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || coarse textured 2 soils 32 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || coarse textured 2 soils 32 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || coarse textured 2 soils 32 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || coarse textured 2 soils 34 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || fine textured soils 2 34 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || fine textured soils 2 23 Course Texture Soils (sandy) || medium textured 3 soil 42 Fine Textured Soils (clay) || coarse textured 1 30 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || 2 43 Fine Textured Soils (clay) || medium textured 1 43 Fine Textured Soils (clay) || medium textured 1 30 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || 2 20 Course Texture Soils (sandy) || 3 97 Water 23 Course Texture Soils (sandy) || medium textured 3 soil 97 Water 97 Water CEC 20 Course Texture Soils (sandy) || 3 34 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || fine textured soils 2 20 Course Texture Soils (sandy) || 3 97 Water 30 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || 2 20 Course Texture Soils (sandy) || 3 43 Fine Textured Soils (clay) || medium textured 1 20 Course Texture Soils (sandy) || 3 30 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || 2 24 Course Texture Soils (sandy) || fine textured soils 3 43 Fine Textured Soils (clay) || medium textured 1 34 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || fine textured soils 2 30 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || 2 24 Course Texture Soils (sandy) || fine textured soils 3 30 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || 2 43 Fine Textured Soils (clay) || medium textured 1

72 ID DESCRIPTION 10 10 = <4meq/100g || 12 12 = <4meq/100g || 4-10meq/100g 13 13 = <4meq/100g || >10-20meq/100g 20 20 = 4-10meq/100g || 21 21 = 4-10meq/100g || <4meq/100g 23 23 = 4-10meq/100g || >10-20meq/100g 24 24 = 4-10meq/100g || >20-40meq/100g 30 30 = >10-20meq/100g || 31 31 = >10-20meq/100g || <4meq/100g 32 32 = >10-20meq/100g || 4-10meq/100g 34 34 = >10-20meq/100g || >20-40meq/100g 35 35 = >10-20meq/100g || >40meq/100g Nitrogen 40 40 = >20-40meq/100g || 42 42 = >20-40meq/100g || 4-10meq/100g 43 43 = >20-40meq/100g || >10-20mq/100g 45 45 = >20-40meq/100g || >40meq/100g 50 50 = >40meq/100g || 52 52 = >40meq/100g || 4-10meq/100g 53 53 = >40meq/100g || >10-20meq/100g 54 54 = >40meq/100g || >20-40meq/100g 97 97 = Water 99 99 = Glaciers, Rock, Shifting sand, Missing data ID GRIDCODE CATEGORY RICECODE 3718 23 >0.02-0.08 || >0.08-0.2 3 3782 31 >0.08-0.2 || 0-0.2 2 3803 30 >0.08-0.2 || 2 3818 30 >0.08-0.2 || 2 3850 30 >0.08-0.2 || 2 3902 32 >0.08-0.2 || >0.02- 2 0.08 3903 20 >0.02-0.08 || 3 3922 34 >0.08-0.2 || >0.2-0.5 2 3939 32 >0.08-0.2 || >0.02- 2 0.08 3940 24 >0.02-0.08 || >0.2-0.5 3 3941 23 >0.02-0.08 || >0.08-0.2 3 3957 23 >0.02-0.08 || >0.08-0.2 3 3976 32 >0.08-0.2 || >0.02- 2 0.08 3977 34 >0.08-0.2 || >0.2-0.5 2 3978 34 >0.08-0.2 || >0.2-0.5 2 3979 23 >0.02-0.08 || >0.08-0.2 3 3994 34 >0.08-0.2 || >0.2-0.5 2 4007 32 >0.08-0.2 || >0.02- 2 0.08 4055 30 >0.08-0.2 || 2 4056 34 >0.08-0.2 || >0.2-0.5 2 4090 25 >0.02-0.08 || >0.5 3 4096 21 >0.02-0.08 || >0-0.02 3 4097 12 0-0.02 || >0.02- 4 0.08

73 4098 12 0-0.02 || >0.02- 4 0.08 4115 30 >0.08-0.2 || 2 4116 32 >0.08-0.2 || >0.02- 2 0.08 4117 12 0-0.02 || >0.02- 4 0.08 4118 40 >0.2-0.5 || 1 4119 12 0-0.02 || >0.02- 4 0.08 4143 32 >0.08-0.2 || >0.02- 2 0.08 4144 32 >0.08-0.2 || >0.02- 2 0.08 4145 23 >0.02-0.08 || >0.08-0.2 3 4146 21 >0.02-0.08 || >0-0.02 3 4163 43 >0.2-0.5 || >0.08-0.2 1 4177 24 >0.02-0.08 || >0.2-0.5 3 4187 12 0-0.02 || >0.02- 4 0.08 4206 20 >0.02-0.08 || 3 4207 30 >0.08-0.2 || 2 4208 20 >0.02-0.08 || 3 4209 97 4210 20 >0.02-0.08 || 3 4211 23 >0.02-0.08 || >0.08-0.2 3 4224 97 4236 12 0-0.02 || >0.02- 4 0.08 4237 97 4238 20 >0.02-0.08 || 3 4239 34 >0.08-0.2 || >0.2-0.5 2 4255 12 0-0.02 || >0.02- 4 0.08 4256 12 0-0.02 || >0.02- 4 0.08 4257 97 4258 30 >0.08-0.2 || 2 4278 20 >0.02-0.08 || 3 4279 43 >0.2-0.5 || >0.08-0.2 1 4287 30 >0.08-0.2 || 2 4288 20 >0.02-0.08 || 3 4322 24 >0.02-0.08 || >0.2-0.5 3 4351 43 >0.2-0.5 || >0.08-0.2 1 4370 34 >0.08-0.2 || >0.2-0.5 2 4423 24 >0.02-0.08 || >0.2-0.5 3 4557 31 >0.08-0.2 || 0-0.2 2 4559 43 >0.2-0.5 || >0.08-0.2 1

PH ID GRIDCODE OID_ GRIDCODE_1 CATEGORY RICECODE 3139 32 11 32 ( >5.5--7.2 || >=4.5-5.5 ) 1 3182 23 7 23 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || >5.5-7.2 ) 3 3193 23 7 23 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || >5.5-7.2 ) 3 3209 23 7 23 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || >5.5-7.2 ) 3 3241 32 11 32 ( >5.5--7.2 || >=4.5-5.5 ) 1

74 3330 32 11 32 ( >5.5--7.2 || >=4.5-5.5 ) 1 3339 20 5 20 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || 3 3355 42 16 42 ( >7.2-8.5 || >=4.5-5.5 ) 2 3356 42 16 42 ( >7.2-8.5 || >=4.5-5.5 ) 2 3370 42 16 42 ( >7.2-8.5 || >=4.5-5.5 ) 2 3371 42 16 42 ( >7.2-8.5 || >=4.5-5.5 ) 2 3381 34 12 34 ( >5.5--7.2 || >7.2-8.5 ) 1 3382 34 12 34 ( >5.5--7.2 || >7.2-8.5 ) 1 3391 21 6 21 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || <4.5 ) 3 3397 32 11 32 ( >5.5--7.2 || >=4.5-5.5 ) 1 3405 31 10 31 ( >5.5--7.2 || <4.5 ) 1 3406 21 6 21 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || <4.5 ) 3 3416 20 5 20 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || 3 3417 20 5 20 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || 3 3418 97 25 97 Water 3419 20 5 20 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || 3 3420 23 7 23 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || >5.5-7.2 ) 3 3421 21 6 21 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || <4.5 ) 3 3428 97 25 97 Water 3439 31 10 31 ( >5.5--7.2 || <4.5 ) 1 3440 97 25 97 Water 3441 23 7 23 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || >5.5-7.2 ) 3 3451 31 10 31 ( >5.5--7.2 || <4.5 ) 1 3452 31 10 31 ( >5.5--7.2 || <4.5 ) 1 3453 97 25 97 Water 3463 30 9 30 ( >5.5--7.2 || 1 3494 23 7 23 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || >5.5-7.2 ) 3 3519 30 9 30 ( >5.5--7.2 || 1 3537 20 5 20 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || 3 3587 23 7 23 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || >5.5-7.2 ) 3 3715 12 1 12 (<4.5 ||>=4.5 - 5.5 4 ) 3717 30 9 30 ( >5.5--7.2 || 1 4304 30 9 30 ( >5.5--7.2 || 1

The nutrient availability index based on the method developed by Radcliff et al (1982) and is given by NAI=N*P*K*pH. Due to absence of data on Phosphorus and Potassium, NAI in this study was limited to N*pH

75 Appendix

Ofada rice production area Suitability rating Land Area (Ha) % Land cover Ogun state Abeokuta North High Moderate 5589.3 8.36 Good 25228.6 37.72 Marginal 36066.5 53.92 Ewekoro High 61566 99.3 Moderate Good Marginal 406.3 0.7 Ijebu North High Moderate 49389 57.87 Good 1446 1.7 Marginal 34515 40.43 Obafemi Owode High 42816.3 30 Moderate 34187.5 24 Good 8586.7 6 Marginal 56629.5 40 Ogun water side High 8155.9 14.11 Moderate Good 31454.5 54.38 Marginal 18225.4 31.51

Oriade High Moderate 9160.5 16.15 Good Marginal 47580.2 83.85

Ekiti State Efon High 350.1 1.95 Moderate 8438.3 46.85 Good Marginal 9221.2 51.2 Ekiti west High 4876.8 17.45 Moderate 14247.1 50.97 Good Marginal 8827.7 31.58 Ijero High 11947.4 34.04 Moderate 11788.5 33.59 Good Marginal 11362 32.37 Irepodun/Ifelodun High 2171.0 5.66 Moderate Good Marginal 36186.8 94.34

76 MAPPING OF RICE PRODUCTION IN OBAFEMI – OWODE LOCAL GOVERNEMNT AREA OF OGUN STATE ID Name of farmer Location of Coordinates Farm Quantity Quantity Form Farm Size produced Sold Marketed Latitude Longitude (Ha) (Kg) (Kg) 1 Chief Adedkunel Soyoye Lemode 7.02660 3.45326 2 3,000 2,500 Paddy form 2 Mr. Nureni Sorunke Ogboloko 7.03472 3.41932 0.6 1,000 950 Paddy 3 Mr. Tajudeen Akerele Ogboloko 7.03799 3.41504 3 5,000 4,250 Paddy 4 Mr. Idowu Saubana Ogboloko 7.03799 3.42774 3 3,500 3,450 paddy 5 Mr. Owolabi Ayinde Gbede 7.04315 3.41192 5 10,000 5,000 Paddy 6 Mr. Sikiru Popoola Lufoko 7.04161 3.40483 6 6,250 6,250 Paddy 7 Mr. Aina Haruna Itori 6.99625 3.35564 2.5 3,400 2,000 Milled 8 Mr. Yusuf Sobande Onimawa 6.91328 3.42368 2 1,500 1,300 Paddy 9 Mr. Amos Bankole Oketa 6.89431 3.39621 8 15,000 14,000 Paddy & milled 10 Pastor Adenekan Moluku Asipa 6.99243 3.56703 5 6,000 5.800 Paddy 11 Mr. Liadi Tanimowo Ogboloko 7.03402 3.41902 3 5,000 800 Paddy 12 Mr. Oritade Sodipe Orile Igbein 6.92725 3.49757 1.5 1,000 1,600 Milled 13 Mr. Saliu Oguneye Idiroko 6.90434 3.40388 1 1,600 1,600 Milled 14 Mr. Kamoru Ogunneye Idiroko 6.90434 3.40333 3 4,500 4,000 Paddy & milled 15 Mr. Nojimu Oguntolu Ayiwere 7.02744 3.40941 3 5,000 3,750 Paddy 16 Mrs. Lydia Bankole Odofin 6.89269 3.39640 2 3,400 3,000 Paddy & milled 17 Mrs. Esther Bankole Odofin 6.89565 3.39640 2 3,500 3,000 Milled 18 Mr. Babatunde Jelili Ofe 7.02626 3.39670 2 2,300 1,500 Milled 19 Mr. Idowu Adebari Adedotun 7.02527 3.39171 4 5,000 4,000 Milled 20 Mr. Asimiyu Salako Adedotun 7.02492 3.39160 2 2,500 1,800 Milled 21 Mr. Mufutau Lamidi Adedotun 7.02624 3.39270 2 2,500 1,80 Milled 22 Mr. Ajasa Oguntade Adedotun 7.02442 3.39090 3 2,000 1,300 Milled 23 Mr. Olufemi Oloyede Efuro 7.01297 3.36567 0.8 1,200 800 Milled 24 Mrs. Sekina Ogunbunmi Efuro 7.001324 3.36648 1.5 1,000 700 Milled 25 Mrs. Ayinke Oguntoyinbo Efuro 7.01222 3.36549 1.2 1,300 800 Milled

77 26 Mrs. Comfort Sodunke Oluwo Oke 6.97990 3.34894 1 1,000 800 Milled 27 Mr. Sodunke Sobanjo Oluwo Oke 6.97880 3.34778 2.5 2,800 1,500 Milled 28 Mrs. Adijat Aliyu Oluwo Oke 6.97900 3.34870 1.2 1,500 1,000 Milled 29 Mrs. Nuratu Alao Itori 6.99560 3.35540 1.2 1,500 1,000 Milled 30 Mr. Moyosore Aina Omu-Arogun 6.88020 3.44342 3 2,500 2,200 Paddy 31 Mr Micheal Oloyede Omu Arogun 6.88190 3.44400 3 2,500 2,250 Paddy 32 Mr. Salisu Ojelade Omu Arogun 6.88121 3.44441 3 2,600 2,250 Paddy 33 Mr. Rabiu Kilaso Kilaso 6.91362 3.42386 4 5,500 5,000 Paddy & Milled 34 Mr. Ojetunde Babatunde Ofada 6.86657 3.42989 4 4,500 4,150 Paddy 35 Mr. Fatai Oloyede Ofada 6.86772 3.42950 2 2,500 2,500 Paddy 36 Mr. Olaniran Ojetunde Ofada 6.86580 3.42909 7 10,000 7,500 Paddy 37 Mr. Taye Sobande Oniwawa 6.91528 3.42136 2 3,000 2,600 Paddy & Milled 38 Mr. Safi Olorode Igbore 6.91254 3.41322 1 1,400 1,400 Milled 39 Mr. Salami Akinlade Korisa 6.90686 3.47879 1.5 2,000 1,800 Paddy 40 Mr. Adeniyi Ijaduola Kosaelu 6.91638 3.49105 1.5 1,000 750 Milled 41 Mr. Raji Akinolu Omu Lisogbe 6.88290 3.44280 3.5 2,000 1,800 Paddy 42 Mr. Aremu Oje Someke 6.91390 3.48432 1 1,000 800 Paddy

78 79