Mapping of Ofada Rice Production Areas

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Making Nigerian Agricultural Markets Work for the Poor

Monograph Series # 15

Mapping of Ofada Rice Production Area

A.M. Omotayo. K. Elemo and J. Oyedepo

Agricultural Media Resources and Extension Centre (AMREC) University of Agriculture Abeokuta

March 2007

Funding for this programme is provided by the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID)

40 Mississippi Street, Maitama, Abuja, Nigeria • Tel: +(234) 9 413 8291/2 • Fax: +(234) 9 413 829

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Disclaimer

The PrOpCom Monograph Series seeks to provide a broader dissemination of the information and views collected through the efforts of the various service providers and consultants undertaking work in support of the PrOpCom programme. We believe this information will be useful in informing the policy dialogue in Nigeria and for improving the planning and execution of agricultural and agribusiness activities within the country.

The documents in this series represent the final deliverables as presented by the engaged service providers or consultants in responds to terms of reference of contracts let by PrOpCom in execution of its programme. They have not been further edited or editorially polished. Consequently, there is wide variation in the editorial quality of these documents. Nevertheless, the information contained in these document is deems useful for policy and planning purposes.

The views and opinions expressed in these documents are solely those of the authors of the document and do not necessarily represent the views of PrOpCom, SAII Associates, Chemonics International or PrOpCom’s funding agent, the Government of the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID)

Information from these documents can be freely used and quoted on condition that it is properly sourced to the concerned document.

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MAPPING OF OFADA RICE PRODUCTION AREAS

A.M. Omotayo. K. Elemo and J. Oyedepo Agricultural Media Resources and Extension Centre (AMREC) University of Agriculture PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria

REPORT OF A STUDY COMMISSIONED BY

PropCom

40 Mississippi St., Maitama, Abuja, Nigeria

March, 2007

5 6 List of Acronyms ADPs Agricultural Development programmes

AMREC Agricultural Media Resources and Extension Centre

GIS Geographical Information Systems

GPS Global positioning Systems

TOR Terms of Reference

LGA Local Government Area

FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation

PropCom Promoting pro-poor opportunities in the service and commodity market

FGD Focus Group Discussion

FORMECU Forestry Monitoring, Evaluation and Coordinating Unit

LANDSAT Land Satellite

7 8 Table of contents

List of Tables 4

List of Figures 4

Executive summary 6

Introduction 9

The study area 10

Sampling method 10

Mapping methodologies 10

Creating the GIS maps 11

Additional data acquisition 11

Results and discussion 11

Socioeconomic characteristics and profile of the Ofada rice production system 11

Flow of Ofada rice from production through processing points to markets 24

Distance analysis 25

Distance analysis at the local level 49

Land suitability for rice production 56 Summary, conclusions and recommendations 63

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List of tables

Table 1: Production data in the Ofada rice value chain 14

Table 2: Location of clusters of rice farms and varieties cultivated 15

Table 3: Socioeconomic characteristics of Ofada rice farmers 17

Table 4: Proportion of flow of Ofada rice through production and 19 processing points in the three States

Table 5: Land Quality factors for upland rice 57

List of Figures Fig 1: Map of the study area showing Ofada rice production clusters 13 Fig 2: Map showing Ofada rice production clusters and the varieties of rice cultivated 16 Fig. 3: Chart showing comparison between farmer’s claim and empirical farm size 18 Fig. 4: Map showing proportion of flow of rice through production and processing ………………………………………………….20 Fig 5: Map showing proportion of flow of rice through production and processing points in Ekiti and Osun States……………….. 21 FIG 6: Map showing proportion of flow of rice through production and processing points in Ogun State…………………………… 22 Fig 7: Flow Charts Showing Movement Of Rice From Paddy Production To Market ………………………………………………23 Fig 8: Distance Analysis Farm locations and Agrochemicals points ………………25 Fig 9: Distance from farm locations to source of fertilizers……………………….. 26 Fig 10: Distance from farm location to point of threshing………………………….27 Fig 11: Distance from farm locations to parboiling points ……………………… 28 Fig 12: Distance between farm locations and paddy markets ……………………...29 Fig. 13: Distance from farms to rice milling points ………………………………..30 Figure 14: Distance from farms to parboiling points in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate ………………………………………..31 Figure 15: Distance from farms to seed sources in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate ……………………………………… 32 Figure 16: Distance from farms to threshing points in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate……………………………………… 33 Figure 17: Distance from farms to agrochemical points in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate ………………………………………..34 Figure 18: Distance from farms to milling points in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate 35 Figure 19: Distance from farms to fertilizer points in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate 36 Figure 20: Distance from farms to markets in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate 37 Figure 21: Distance from farms to fertilizer points in Ofada

11 rice production clusters at Erin –Ijesha, OsunSate 38 Figure 22: Distance from farms to seed sources in rice production clusters in Erin Oke, Osun Sate 39 Figure 23: Distance from farms to parboiling points at Erin Oke, Osun Sate 40 Figure 24: Distance from farms to milling points at Erin Oke, Osun Sate 41 Figure 25: Distance from farms to fertilizer source at Erin Oke, Osun Sate 42 Figure 26: Distance from farms to milled rice markets in Ogun Sate 43 Figure 27: Distance from farms to Agrochemical points in Ogun Sate 44 Figure 28: Distance from farms to sources of seeds in Ogun Sate 45 Figure 29: Distance from farms to fertilizer source in Ogun Sate 45 Figure 30: Distance from farms to rice milling points in Ogun Sate 46 Figure 31: Distance from farms to rice parboiling points in Ogun Sate 47 Figure 32: Distance from farms to rice threshing points in Ogun Sate 48 Figure 33: Distance from farms to paddy markets in Ogun State 49 Figure 34: Map of land use and land cover of Osun State 50 Figure 35: Map of land use and land cover in rice producing areas of Osun State (Erin Oke) 51 Figure 36: Map of land use and land cover of Ekiti State 52 Figure 37: Map of land use and land cover in rice producing areas of Ekiti State 53 Figure 38: Map of land use and land cover of Ogun State 54 Figure 39: Map of land use and land cover in rice production of Ogun State 55 Fig. 40: Land suitability map for rice production in Ekiti State 59 Fig. 41: Land suitability map for rice production in Osun State 60 Fig. 42: Land suitability map for rice production in Ogun State 61

Appendices 66

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

PropCom’s proposition to support activities that impact on the Ofada rice value chain requires accurate information to develop appropriate interventions. Mapping of the Ofada rice value chain is important in obtaining the kind of information required. The mapping exercise could facilitate geographical targeting of interventions where they are needed, improve cost effectiveness of infrastructural development spending and more efficiently reach those who need intervention most. These no doubt are some of the cogent reasons for PropCom’s commissioning of this study. The terms of reference of the mapping exercise as specified by PropCom are to: • Identify the major areas of production of paddy that is used for Ofada rice broken down by aromatic and non-aromatic use. • Map the flow of Ofada rice from paddy production, soaking, parboiling and milling • determine the estimated quantity (in metric tons) that flow through these various channels linking the major markets that sell Ofada rice to traders, re-packagers and consumers and linked back to the major sources of products be it field paddy, par-boiled paddy or milled rice. • Establish a directory of clusters of major sources of commercial field paddy, parboiled paddy and milled Ofada rice, both aromatic and non-aromatic; for use as public information to help in integration of the value chain and as a means to lower transaction costs. In addition to the terms of reference specified by PropCom, the research team added the following objectives: • Determine the distances of rice production areas from input sources, parboiling points, threshing points, milling points and marketing or repackaging points. • Empirically determine the land area currently devoted to Ofada rice production and the potentials for expansion • Characterize and classify the land resources in each of the three States for upland and lowland rice production considering such parameters as soil textural class, available Nitrogen, soil depth, Soil pH and water.

The mapping exercise was preceded by selection and training of field supervisors and enumerators on spatial data acquisition using hand held Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and how to conduct focus group discussion. They were then deployed to the three states to recruit and train field workers on spatial data acquisition for the mapping exercise. The mapping focused on attributes of locations, production, value addition facilities, groups of rice farmers, par biolers, and millers in each village.

The mapping exercise identified major Ofada rice production areas in Ogun, Osun and Ekiti States. It identified 254 Ofada rice farmers majority of whom are males, 204 parboilers mostly females, 36 rice mills in 55 villages and 11 local government areas in the three states.

13 government area in Osun State which recorded a production level of 70,100 KG. The highest quantity of rice parboiled and milled was 109,800 Kg and this is from Obafem Owode Local government area. The lowest quantity parboiled and milled was 7, 670 Kg and this is from Ijero local government area of Ekiti State. The quantity of Ofada rice sold in paddy form was 21,110 Kg in Ogun Waterside local government area of Ogun State and 15,700 Kg in Ekiti West Local government area of Ekiti State. The total quantity of rice sold in paddy form was 36, 813Kg.

The distance analyses data consistently show that facilities for rice threshing, parboiling, milling, were readily available at local levels and within a short distance (between 2 and 4 kilometres) of the farmers’ farm or residence. Although urban markets may appear to be very far away from rice production locations according to the distance analysis data, farmers did not seem to have problems selling their paddy or milled rice as buyers came directly to these locations to buy. The data further show that locations of Ofada rice production inputs such as seeds, agrochemicals and fertilizer were far away from farmers’ field and residence (between 5 and 30 kilometres) and may not be readily available to the majority of rice farmers. This situation points to the need for direct intervention to improve access of farmers to all rice production inputs.

The total arable crop land in rice production areas of Ekiti state is 100,524.411Ha. This represents about 84 percent of the total arable land area in the four local governments where rice is produced. Less than 10 percent of this is currently under rice cultivation. In Osun state, Oriade local government area identified as the rice production area has 47,710Ha (79%) arable land. In Ogun state apart from 67% (337,180Ha) of land available as arable land with possibility for upland rice cultivation, about 625,62Ha or (12.5%) of the land area was categorised as wetland. This area could be explored for lowland rice cultivation within the five local government areas studied.

It was established that the soils around Aramoko, Ijero Ekiti up to Ifaki were highly suitable for upland rice cultivation while the soils around Ado-Ekiti, Iyin Ekiti, Igede Ekiti and Igbemo are marginally suitable. The soils around Efon Alaye, and Oke Imesi were classified as moderately suitable. The implication of this is that rice farmers in Igbemo Ekiti would require special attention in soil management and land amendment practices to guarantee steady and improved productivity. In Osun state soils close to Ilesha, particularly Erin Oke was classified as highly suitable, but over 79% of the arable land are categorised as marginal. Ogun state presents a unique feature especially around Obafemi Owode local government where almost 50% of the arable soil is considered as highly suitable for the cultivation of upland rice. This is a bit surprising given the long years of rice cultivation in the area one would expect the soil to be generally deficient in critical rice soil nutrients. It could be that most farmers in this area who adopt the well known use of rotational fallow system have somehow perfected this form of land management strategy for ensuring quick replenishment of lost soil nutrients

Ijebu North Local government area presents a slightly different picture. One half of the area is categorised as marginally suitable while the other half is classified as moderately suitable. Soils of Ijebu water-side are mostly deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. The focus in this area should be development of lowland rice production.

In conclusion, the distance analysis maps reveal the importance of spatial targeting and prioritization of interventions. It is hoped that this result will be utilized by PropCom in developing, prioritizing and targeting interventions to positively impact the Ofada rice value chain in south western Nigeria.

A number of issues related to the Ofada rice value chain require further research and analysis. This mapping exercise was carried out when there was no crop growing on the field. A more detailed mapping of the production system with empirical farm management data would reveal more comprehensively the problems associated with each stage of the Ofada rice production system.

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MAPPING OF OFADA RICE PRODUCTION AREAS

INTRODUCTION Rice (Oryza sativa L.) which was once considered a special treat during festivals in most homes in Nigeria has assumed the position of one of the most important staple foods in recent years. While domestic production of the commodity estimated at 4.6 metric tonnes has not kept pace with the increasing demand, the country has had to resort to massive importation over the years. The domestic production levels remained either stagnant or even depressed in some cases due to crude and back breaking methods still employed by most producers, weak infrastructural base, high production costs and numerous market imperfections.

Ofada rice is commonly assumed to be a type of rice that has long been cultivated and produced in a community called Ofada in Ogun State. Its rise to eminence as a popular type of rice is associated with what has been described as its characteristic bold, short, mouth-filling, palate caressing, red coated karnel in its unpolished form. Although many varieties of rice produced locally fit the description of Ofada rice, each type comes with different kinds of local names associated with either the communities where such varieties are produced or the original source of the variety. For instance some local rice called Igbemo rice, Kogi rice, etc fit the Ofada rice description. The term Ofada rice therefore refers generically to mean any locally produced rice that fits the description profiled above irrespective of where the rice is produced in the three states where this study was carried out.

As noted in one of PropCom’s documents, Ofada rice has recently become popular as specialty rice often served at parties and other status events by the elites; sold in fast food restaurants, and also in ½ kg boxes by marketers in Lagos, Ibadan Abeokuta and other cities in the South West with spread effects to other parts of the country. The proposition by PropCom to support activities that impact on the entire Ofada rice value chain is a step in the right direction. However information is required to support decision making and develop appropriate interventions. Mapping of the Ofada rice value chain is important in developing a decision support mechanism for the overall improvement of the rice production system. Mapping will facilitate geographical targeting of interventions where they are needed, improve cost effectiveness of infrastructural development spending and more efficiently reach those who need intervention most.

The terms of reference of the mapping exercise as specified by PropCom are to: • Identify the major areas of production of paddy that is used for Ofada rice broken down by aromatic and non-aromatic use. • Map the flow of Ofada rice from paddy production, soaking, parboiling and milling • determine the estimated quantity (in metric tons) that flow through these various channels linking the major markets that sell Ofada rice to traders, re-packagers and consumers and linked back to the major sources of products be it field paddy, par-boiled paddy or milled rice.

17 • Establish a directory of clusters of major sources of commercial field paddy, parboiled paddy and milled Ofada rice, both aromatic and non-aromatic; for use as public information to help in integration of the value chain and as a means to lower transaction costs. In addition to the terms of reference specified by PropCom, the research team added the following objectives: • Determine the distances of rice production areas from input sources, parboiling points, threshing points, milling points and marketing or repackaging points. • Empirically determine the land area currently devoted to Ofada rice production and the potentials for expansion • Characterize and classify the land resources in each of the three States for upland and lowland rice production considering such parameters as soil textural class, available Nitrogen, soil depth, Soil pH and water.

Study Area The mapping exercise covered Ofada rice production communities in the five (5) rice production areas of Ogun state, namely, Obafemi Owode, Abeokuta North, Ogun Water side, Ifo, Ewekoro and Ijebu-North Local government areas. Also included are the rice production clusters of Igbemo, Ijero, Aramoko, Efon Alaye Afawo, Are, Erio all in Ekiti State and Erin-Ijesha and Erin -Oke in Osun State.

Sampling method A combination of purposive and multi-stage random sampling procedure was used in selecting the sample for this study. States were selected purposively based on the terms of reference provided by PropCom. The Local government areas were also selected purposively based on the terms of reference and the local governments identified by the State ADP for rice cultivation. Villages and farmers in the local government areas were selected based on the proportional volume of rice production activities. In some communities and villages, complete enumeration of rice farmers, parboilers, and millers were carried out depending on the number of such people in each community or village.

Mapping Methodologies The mapping exercise was preceded by selection and training of field supervisors or enumerators on the use of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and how to conduct focus group discussion. Field supervisors were then deployed to the three states to recruit and train field workers on the use of GPS in the acquisition of spatial data for the mapping exercise and on how to conduct focus group discussions. The focus group discussions involved groups of rice farmers, parbiolers, and millers in each village and it centred on types and varieties of rice cultivated, farm size, length of period of rice cultivation, paddy yield, quantities of paddy sold as paddy, quantity milled, etc.

The following spatial variables were used for the mapping exercise: Variable Source Distance to and from production and value addition facilities GPS coordinates Empirical farm size GPS coordinates of farm perimeter

18 Soil Fertility/characterization of land resources Soil samples analyzed + FAO Digital Soil Map of the World Land use/Land cover Geomatics of Canada Ofada rice paddy production sites GPS coordinates Ofada rice milling and per boiling sites GPS coordinates Quantity of Ofada rice through value chain Fieldwork data Directory of commercial paddy/milled rice Fieldwork data

Creating the GIS maps Trained enumerators obtained the coordinates of locations needed for creating the maps using high precision GPS receivers (Garmin 12+, Garmin Etrex and Megalin receivers). The coordinates were incorporated into geo-referenced map of the study areas. Location of farms, markets, roads, and value addition infrastructure were incorporated into the maps. These data, including the geographic location of farmers’ residence and farms form the farmers’ GIS directory. Other data considered useful for spatial analysis were also collected. The full attributes of the area were captured through observation, Focus Group Discussion FGD, key informant interviews, discussion with rice growers association in each State and secondary sources.

Soil samples were collected from the top (15cm from the top) and sub-soil (Beyond 15cm from the top) of selected sample of farms in each local government area and the geographical coordinates of points where soil samples were collected was obtained.

The attributes were then put into a relational database in a Geographical Information System (GIS). Spatial data were analysed using Arc view 3.2a

Additional data acquisition Additional data were obtained from secondary sources such as Satellite remote sensing data, Topographical map sheets, census/farm household list of the Agricultural Development Programmes.(ADPs). Socioeconomic and production data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results and discussion Socioeconomic characteristics and profile of the Ofada rice production system A total of 254 farmers, 204 parboilers, 36 rice mills, were contacted in 55 villages and 11 local government areas in the three states where Ofada rice is produced in south western Nigeria. These data are presented in Table 1 below. Figure 1 is the map of the study area showing clusters of Ofada rice production areas in Ogun Osun and Ekiti States.

Table 2 shows the socio-economic characteristics of Ofada rice farmers. The data show that over 70percent of the farmers are below the age of fifty years. This is an indication that most of them are in their very active years. This age structure is not typical of the farming populace in Nigeria as many previous studies indicate that most farmers are over fifty years. Table 2 shows that many other varieties of rice other than Ofada were cultivated in the rice production areas in south western Nigeria. Even in Ogun State where Ofada rice is very popular and is the dominant variety in some local government areas, some local varieties of rice such as Mokwa, Igbemo with similar characteristics to that of Ofada were cultivated.

19 The data in Table 3 also show that over 78 percent of Ofada rice farmers are men while the remaining 22 percent are women. Most of the farmers are small scale producers as over 80 percent of them cultivated less than 1 hectare.

This issue of farm size was explored empirically by taking GPS perimeter coordinates of a random sample of at least ten farms in each local government area. This was done to obtain the actual size of the farm using GIS area measurement menu in ArcView 3.2a. The average farm size across the three States was 3.95 Ha from what farmers reported, while the average farm size from empirical measurement was 0.72 Ha. There was very low correlation between what the farmer reported and the results obtained from empirical measurement. This is depicted in Figure 3.

Only a small proportion (4%) of the farmers used mechanized land preparation. The data in Table 3 also indicate very low external input in the Ofada rice production system as less than 20 percent of the farmers used fertilizers, improved seeds and all the farmers threshed their rice manually. Most (68%) Ofada rice farmers sourced their seeds from their previous harvests. A prominent deficiency in the Ofada rice production system is the lack of commercial seed production. Farmers convert part of their grains to seed year after year. This may be partly responsible for the characteristic low yield associated with Ofada rice.

4°40' 5°00' 5°20' 5°40'

Or o Egbe Kwara state Ogb omo sho Of f a Owa Okeh o Ila Orangun Iseyin Inisha 8°00' Ada 8°00' Oyo Ijero Ekiti N Ijero Ifaki Osogbo Are Ekit i Oyo State Aramoko Fi di t i Ef on W E Iwo Igbemo Ilesha Ef on Ado Eki t i S

Ile Ife Ikere Eki ti Imeko Ipetu Ij esha Igbo Ora Ori ade Ibadan Ilara Gbo ng an Iju Aiyet or o Akur e Isho Ogun state 7°40' Ileoluji 7°40' Abeokuta North Abeokuta Idanr e Ond o Ijebu North Ijebu-Igbo Ewekoro Obafemi-Owode Aj egunl e Isara O d tate Ilaro n os Ifo Shagamu Ijebu Ode Ore Owod e Iyesi Imushin Ado Epe Lagos Metropol is Igo Obaz Ita Otu 7°20' Lagos State Irele 7°20' Ogu n Wat er si de Ekit istateIkare Ak oko Ondo st ate

4°40' 5°00' 5°20' 5°40'

Roads Major urban centres Cl usters of rice production areas 20 0 20 40 Kilometers LGAs visi ted Study area Neighbouring states

Fig 1: Map of the study area showing Ofada rice production clusters (Inset map of Nigeria)

21 Table 1: Production data in the Ofada rice value chain

No of No of No of Total Qty per Qty per Qty per Farmers Parboilers Rice Farm Cluster LGA State State L.G.As Clusters Mills Varieties Area planted (Ha) Osun State Oriade LGA 26 26 12 64 70100 70100 70100 Ogun Abeokuta North 28 17 0 55.53 47700 47700 Ewekoro 15 15 5 17.2 40000 40000 Ijebu North 15 12 1 46.9 25350 25350 Ogun Water side 15 16 4 27.3 11425 11425 Obafemi Owode 42 40 4 325.9 140750 140750 265225 Ekiti Ijero Ekiti 15 15 1 8.2 11800 11800 Ekiti West 34 11 3 16.6 22400 22400 Irepodun/Ifelodun 53 41 3 109.1 17100 17100 Efon –Alaaye 11 11 3 13 1700 1700 53000 Total 254 204 36 683.73 388325 388325 388325

Table 2: Location of clusters of rice farms and varieties cultivated

22 Ekiti Efon –Alaye Efon –Alaye Igbemo, Ofada, ITA 150 Ijero Ijero-Ekiti Igbemo, Ofada, ITA 150 Irepodun/Ifelodun Afao Igbemo, Ofada, ITA 150 Are Igbemo, ,ITA 150 Igbemo Igbemo, ITA 150 Iworoko Igbemo, ITA 150 Ekiti west Erio Igbemo, ITA 150 Aramoko Igbemo, , ITA 150 Osun Oriade Erinoke/Erin ITA150,Canada,Ofada,Igbemo Ijesha

Ogun Abeokuta north Alamala ITA150, Mokwa Baracks Ijale papa ITA150, Mokwa Anigbado ITA150, Mokwa Tibo-Akungun ITA150, Mokwa Ewekoro Onibotuje Adekunle-Sigo road Mosan Egan Ijebu North Aparaki Imope Odosapo Obafemi owode Ogboloko Ofada, ITA 150, Ofada-Abaren Moloku Asipa Ogun waterside Odeomi Lago Island Mufere island

4°40' 5°00' 5°20' 5°40' Kwara state

Odo-Otin Ifedayo Moba Ila Ilejemeje Bol uwaduro Ifelodun Irepodun Orol u Ej igbo Ijero Oye Olorunda Ido- Osi Bori pe Variety planted: 8°00' Egbedore Obokun 8°00' Ola-Oluwa ITA 150 Oyo State Osogbo Ede Nor th Ef on Imeko-Afon Osun state Ir epodun/IfelN o Var iety planted: Ede Sout h Ilesha West Iwo Igbemo, ITA 150 Ado-Ek i t i Var iety Ileshaplanted: East W E Ekiti west Aiyedire TA 150, Canada, Ekiti state

Ekiti South-West Ikere Ofada,Atakumosa WestIgbemo S Ife Central Ori ade n

i Ise /Oru Irewole

n Ife East e Var iety planted: Ai yedaade Ife North Atakumosa East B

Odeda f

Mokwa, ITA 150 Isokan o

Abeokuta North

c Ogun state i

l Egbado /Yewa North Abeok ut a South b Ife South u

7°40' p 7°40' e

R Ewekoro Oba f emi - Owo de Ij e bu No rt h Var iety planted: Remo-North Var iety planted: Var iety planted: Ondo state Ofada, ITA150, Mokwa Ofada, ITA 150 ITA 150, Ofada Ikenne Ijebu North-East Ijebu East Ifo LGA Ifo Egbado /Yewa South Shagamu Odogbolu Ijebu-Ode

Ifako/Ijaye Ado Odo/Ota Agege Ikeja Ikorodu Epe Alimosho Kos of e Ipokia

Oshodi/Isolo MushinShomolu

Surulere Lagos Island Lagos Mainland Ibeju Lekki Ogu n Wat er si de Ajeromi/ Ifelodun Badagry Ojo Amuwo Odofin Lagos state Apapa Et i -Osa Vari et y planted: Badagry LGA ITA 150 7°20' 7°20'

4°40' 5°00' 5°20' 5°40' Type of rice planted ITA 150 ITA 150, Canada, Ofada, Igbemo 2002040Kilometers Igbemo, ITA 150 Mokwa, ITA 150 Ofada, ITA 150 Ofada, ITA150, Mokwa Local Government Areas Study area Neighbouring states LGA VARIETY PLANTED

Ijero ITA 150 Ekiti West Igbemo, ITA 150 Efon Igbemo, ITA 150 Irepodun/Ifelodun ITA 150 Oriade ITA 150, Canada, Ofada, Igbemo Abeokuta North Mokwa, ITA 150 Obafemi-Owode ITA 150 Ijebu North Ofada, ITA 150 Ewekoro Ofada, ITA150, Mokwa Ogun Waterside ITA 150

Fig 2: Map showing Ofada rice production clusters and the varieties of rice cultivated

24 Table 3: Socioeconomic characteristics of Ofada rice farmers VARIABLE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE Age <30 27 13.7 31-40 62 31.5 41-50 52 26.4 51-60 43 21.8 >60 13 6.6 Total 197 100 Sex Female 42 21.3 Male 155 78.7 Total 197 100 Marital Status Married 184 93.4 Single 13 6.6 Total 197 100 Household size 1-5 59 29.9 6-10 126 64.0 >10 12 6.1 Total 197 100 Farm size <2.5 162 82.2 2.6-5.0 32 16.2 >5.0 3 1.5 Total 197 100 Method of Land Preparation Manual & Mechanized 1 0.5 Manual 188 95.4 Mechanized 8 4.1 Total 197 100

Fertilizer usage No 157 79.9 Yes 40 20.3 Total 197 100 Weeding Interval Once 25 12.7 Twice 120 60.9 More than twice 52 26.4 Total 197 100 Sources of seeds Agro services 35 17.8 Previous harvest 134 68.0 Fellow farmers 27 13.7 Open market 1 0.5 Total 197 100 . VARIABLE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE Marketed rice form Milled form 171 86.8 Paddy form 26 13.2 Total 197 100 Type of thresher Manual 197 100

Farn size (Ha) 14

0 Farms

Farmer's claim AREA__HA_ Empirical measurement

Fig. 3: Chart showing comparison between farmer’s claim and empirical farm size

26 Table 4: Proportion of flow of Ofada rice through production and processing points in the three States State Local Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity of whole Government produced soaked (kg) parboiled (kg) sold as milled (kg) grain rice Areas (kg) paddy (kg) recovered (kg) Ekiti Ijero 11800.00 0.00 7670.00 0.00 7670.00 4985.50 Ekiti Ekiti West 45900.00 0.00 29835.00 15700.00 29835.00 19392.75 Ekiti Efon –Alaye 17000.00 0.00 17000.00 0.00 15550.00 11070.50 Ekiti Irepodun/Ifelodun 134900.00 0.00 87685.00 0.00 87685.00 56995.25 Osun Oriade 70100.00 64100.00 64100.00 0.00 64100.00 41665.00 Ogun Abeokuta North 41250.00 0.00 36260.00 0.00 36260.00 23569.00 Ogun Obafemi-Owode 135850.00 0.00 109850.00 0.00 109850.00 71402.50 Ogun Ijebu North 42000.00 0.00 42000.00 0.00 42000.00 27300.00 Ogun Ewekoro 40000.00 0.00 24708.00 0.00 24708.00 16060.53 Ogun Ogun Waterside 31710.00 0.00 9004.00 21113.00 9004.00 5852.60

277330.3

Kwa 4°40' 5°00' 5°20' 5°40' ra state K o Ijero Irepodun/If elodun 8°00' Osun State 8°0 0 Oyo Sta te N EfonEkiti West W E

Ori ade S

Abeokuta North LGA 7°40' 7°4 0 Obafemi-Owode LGA

Ijebu North LGA ndo state Ewekoro LGA O Edo state Lagos Sta te 7°20' Ogun Waterside 7°2 0

4°40' 5°00' 5°20' 5°40' ProportionsLGAs v of i si flow t ed of rice in processing points Qty Produced Qty. Soaked Qty. Parboiled 20 0 20 40 Kilometers Qty sol d as paddy Qty. Milled Qty. of Brown rice St udy area Neighbouring states

FIG. 4: Map showing proportion of flow of rice through production and processing points in the three States

Od o- Ot i n 5°00' 5°20' 8°00' Ifedayo Mob a 8°00' Ijero Ila N Ilejemeje Ifelodun Boluwadur o W E

Oye S Local Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity Ido-Osi Government produced soaked parboiled milled Ijero cluster Ikole Bori pe Areas (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) Obokun Iworoko cluster Ijero 11800 7670 7670 AramokoIrepodun/Ifelodun cluster Are cluster Ekiti West 45900 29835 29835 Osun state Igbemo cluster Efon - Alaye 17000 17000 15550 7°40' Ef on 7°40' Efon cl uster Eri o cl ust er Irepodun/ 134900 87685 87685 Ekiti West Ifelodun Ilesha West Oriade/ 70100 64100 64100 64100 kiti state Ado- Eki t i Gboyin Osun State Ilesha Erinoke_ErinijeshaEast cluster E Ori ade

Atakumosa West Eki t i Sout h- West Ikere

7°20' ate 7°20'

Ondo st Emur e Ise /Orun

5°00' Proportion of rice flow 5°20' Atakumosa East Produced Soaked Parboiled 20 0 20 Kilometers Milled Clusters of rice production areas Ofada rice productuion areas Local Government Areas St udy area Neighbouring states

Fig 5: Map showing proportion of flow of rice through production and processing points in Ekiti and Osun States

29 3°20' 3°40' 4°00' Oyo State N Osun state Ef W E

S Or i ad e

n i

n e

B tate

7°20' f 7°20'

o Oy o s

Local Quantity Quantity Quantity c

l Government produced parboiled milled (kg) b Ogu n st at e u Abeokuta North LGA Areas (kg) (kg) p

e Abeokuta 41250.00 36260.00 36260.00 R Ijebu North LGA North Obafemi- 135850.00 109850.00 109850.00 Owode If o LGA Ewekoro LGA Ijebu North 42000.00 42000.00 42000.00 Obaf emi-Owode LGA 7°00' 7°00' Ewekoro 40000.00 24708.00 24708.00 Ogun 31710.00 9004.00 9004.00

Lagos sta te Waterside

Badagry LGA Ogun Waterside

6°40' 6°40'

3°20' Proportions3°40' of flow of rice in processing points4°00'

Qty Produced Qty. Soaked 40 0 40 Kilometers Qty. Parboiled Qt y sold as paddy Qty. Milled Qt y. of Br own ri ce Study area Neighbouring states FIG 6: Map showing proportion of flow of rice through production and processing points in Ogun State

FIG 7: FLOW CHARTS SHOWING MOVEMENT OF RICE FROM PADDY PRODUCTION TO MARKET SOAKING PADDY RICE SOAKED FOR RICE MARKET AROMATIC RICE (64 100KG) MIILED RICE SOLD IN THE PARBOILING MILING MARKET PADDY RICE PADDY RICE 2772344,03Kg PARBOILING TAKEN TO (428,112.5 KG) THE MILL RICE SOLD IN

FARM PROCESSING (426,662 KG) RE-PACKAGED PADDY RICE 1/2kg + 1kg PRODUCTION FORM (570,510 KG) RE-PACKAGERS RICE SOLD IN PADDY FORM 36,813 STORAGE KG PADDY RICE OTHER STORED USES (59,710 KG)

FARM IMPUTS SEEDS (6959.7KG) LABOUR FERTILISER AGROCHEMICALS

FLOW OF OFADA RICE FROM PRODUCTION THROUGH PROCESSING POINTS TO MARKETS Data in Table 4 and Figures 4-7 show the flow of Ofada rice from production through processing points to markets in the three States. Table 4 shows the quantities of rice produced, soaked, parboiled, sold as paddy and milled. The data indicates that Obafemi Owode local government area of Ogun State produces the highest quantity of Ofada rice (135,850 KG) in the study area. This is closely followed by Irepodun/Ifelodun Local government area of Ekiti (134,90KG). These two local government areas host Ofada village and Igbemo Ekiti respectively where there is a long tradition of rice production. The next highest producer according to the data in Table 4 is Oriade local government area in Osun State which recorded production level of 70,100 KG. Erin-Oke is the leading rice producing village in the local government area and it happens to be the only place where “aromatic” Ofada rice was produced.

“Aromatic” Ofada rice is produced by soaking the rice for three to five days for it to ferment before parboiling. Generally, soaking rice for a few hours before parboiling appears to be a common practice in rice processing. The quantity of rice soaked at Erin Oke for the production of “aromatic” rice was 64,100 Kg.

The quantities of rice parboiled and the quantities taken to mills are the same in all the local government areas surveyed. This perhaps is because parboiling is a necessary and important stage in processing rice into edible forms. The highest quantity of rice parboiled and milled was 109,800 Kg and this is from Obafem Owode Local government area. The lowest quantity parboiled and milled was 7, 670 Kg and this is from Ijero local government area of Ekiti State.

Some producers sold some quantities of rice in paddy form. These are usually sold to marketers and packagers or re-packagers who later parboil, mill and package in 1/2Kg and 1Kg packets. The quantity of Ofada rice sold in paddy form was 21,110 Kg in Ogun Waterside local government area of Ogun State and 15,700 Kg in Ekiti West Local government area of Ekiti State. The total quantity of rice sold in paddy form was 36, 813Kg as shown in the flow chart in Fig 7.

The quantity of whole grain Ofada rice recovered from milling is 65% of the quantity of parboiled paddy sent for milling. In cases where there is a wide disparity between the quantity recovered and quantity sent for milling, it would be as a result of quality of milling machine, the state of parboiled rice, and the variety of rice being milled. The quantity of whole grain rice recovered was 295,856.13Kg, as shown in Fig 7.

DISTANCE ANALYSIS Distance to and from production facilities determines to a large extent access to those facilities, quality of final products and transactional costs. Distances from and to facilities across the three States were analysed and are presented in Figures 8-13. More distance analyses maps focusing on rice production at the local level in each State are presented in Figures 14 to 32

Kosubosu Oku ta Kishi Manfu Major Towns Igboho Share Lafiagi Major Roads Igbeti Pategi Neigbouring states.shp Saki # Agro.shp # Farm location Ilorin 4 km Buffer of Farm location 4 Ayede 8 Omi 12 Og bomosh o Of fa Ow a 16 Oke ho 20 Iseyin Aiyetotro Gbede Ada # 24 Oyo Ilobu # Ikole Ekiti Bakumi 28 Ijero Ekiti Kabba Lokoja # # # # Ikole Ekiti 32 Ilesha ###### Fiditi # ### # Onukpo Ogun Rice Producing Area Iwo Ilesha ## Ado Ekit i #### Oke ne Osun Rice Producing Area Ile Ife Egume Ekiti Rice Producing Area Igbo Ora Ise Ekiti Ajaokuta # Ibadan Yola Iju Okp o Aiye tot# ro#### ## # # Akure Abeokuta Ow o Abeokuta Idah # ### On do ### ## #### # # ### # ##### ### Ijebu-Igbo### ### ## Ilaro Ijebu-Igbo Ifon Shagamu Alakuko Ore Epe Lagos Metropolis Ita ItaOtu Otu ## Irele ####

0 5 Km

Fig8: Distance Analysis Farm locations and Agrochemicals points

Buffer zone (KM) Agrochemicals %

0-4 2 28.6

5-8 2 28.6 9-12 2 28.6 13 and above 1 14.2

33 Figure 8 and the table attached to it indicate that only about 28 percent of Ofada rice farmers were within four kilometre range of source of Agrochemicals across the three States. Over seventy percent of the farmers would need to travel at least between 5-12 kilometres to obtain agro-chemicals

Kosubosu

Okuta Kishi Manfu Major towns.shp Igboho Share Lafiagi Major roads.shp Igbeti Pategi Neigbouring states.shp Saki # Fertilizer # Farm locations Ilorin 3 km Buffer of Farm locations 3 Ayede 6 Omi 9 Offa 12 Ogbomosho Owa Okeho 15 Iseyin Aiyetotro Gbede # 18 Ada 21 Oyo Ilobu Ikole E kiti Kabba Bakumi Ijero Ekiti# # # Ikole Ekiti Lok oja 24 ##### Ilesha # # Ogun lga Fiditi # ### # Onukpo Iwo Ilesha ## Ado Ekiti Osun lga #### Okene Egume Ekit i lg a Igbo Ora Ile Ife Ise Ekiti Ajaokuta # Ibadan Yola Iju # Okpo Aiye totro#### # # # Akure AbeokutaOGUN# STATE Owo Abeokuta### Idah #### ###### Ondo # ## ## # # # # #### ### Ijebu-Igbo#### Ilaro #### ## Ifon Shagamu Ijebu-Igbo Alakuko Ore Lagos Metr opolis Epe Ita ItaOtu Otu Irele ### ##

0 5 Km

Fig 9: Distance from farm locations to source of fertilizers

Buffer zone (KM) Fertilizers %

0-10 3 37.5

11-20 5 62.5

As for distance to fertilizer points, about 40 percent of Ofada rice farmers would need to travel at least 10 kilometres as shown in Figure 9, in order to obtain fertilizer. This finding seems to partly explain the reason for the very few numbers of farmers who actually used fertilizer in rice production as reported in the earlier section of this report.

N Kosubosu

Okuta Kishi Manfu Major Towns EKITI STATE Major roads Igboho Share Lafiagi Igbeti Pategi # Threshing Saki % Farm location Ilorin 2 Km Buffer of Farm location OSUN STATE Ayede 2 Omi 4 Offa Iwere Ogbomosho Owa 6 Iseyin Ada #% 8 Oyo Ilobu Ijero Ekiti Ik o le E k i ti Kabba Bakumi % # %##% Lokoja 10 OGUN STATE Ile s ha # %#%#%%#%# % %% Onukpo Neigbouring states Iwo Ilesha % Ado Ekiti %% Okene Iroko Egume Ogun Rice Producing Area Igbo Ora Ile Ife Ise Ekiti %## Ibadan Osun Rice Producing Area # Aiyetotro% Okpo %#%#%# %#%# Ago Owu Akure Ekiti Rice Producing Area Abeokuta# Owo Abe o ku ta Idah % %##%#%#% %%%% %# %# Ondo %% #% #%Isara %# #%#%%###% %## %%## Ilaro %##%# Ifon Shagamu Ij e bu -Igbo Alakuko Ore Lagos Metr opolis Epe Ita ItOtu a Otu # Irele %#%# %

05Km

Fig 10: Distance from farm location to point of threshing

Buffer zone (KM) Threshing points %

0-2 106 90.6

3- 4 8 6.9 5 and above 3 2.5

As shown in Figure 10, most rice farmers threshed their paddy within the farm or close to the farm location as such over 90 percent of the farmers travelled a distance of between 0 and 2 Kilometres to threshing points. Similarly, most parboiling of paddy took place within a distance of 0 to 4 kilometres of the farmers’ farm as shown in Figure 11. The

35 same trend of short distance from farms to rice paddy markets and rice milling points are recorded as shown in Figures 12 and 13 across the three States.

Kosubosu N

Okuta Kishi Manfu

Igboho Share Lafiagi Igbeti Pategi Saki Major Towns Major roads Ilorin Neigbouring states.shp # Farm location Ayede # Parboiling Points Omi Ogbomosho Offa Buffer 1 of Farm location.shp Owa Okeho 2 Aiyetotro Gbede Iseyin # 4 Ada 6 Oyo Ilobu # Ikole Ekiti Bakumi Ijero Ekiti # Kabba ### ## Ikole Ekiti Lok oja 8 Ilesha ####### Fiditi OSUN STATE # ## Onukpo 10 Iwo Ilesha Ado Ekiti ## EKITI STATE 12 ### Okene Ile Ife Ise Ekiti Ajaokuta Egume Ekiti Rice Producing Area Igbo Ora Iju Osun Rice Producing Area # Ibadan Yola # Aiye tot ro# Okpo Ogun Rice Producing Area ######## Akure Abeokuta Owo Abeokuta # ###### Ondo Idah ##### ### # ### ## # # ## #### ### Ijebu-Igbo# ### Ilaro ## Ifon Shagamu Ijebu-Igbo OGUN STATE Alakuko Ore

Lagos Metropolis Epe Ita ItaOtu Otu # Irele #### # 0 5 Km

Fig 11: Distance from farm locations to parboiling points

Buffer zone (KM) Parboiling points %

0-4 104 95.4

5- 8 4 3.7 9 and above 1 0.9

N Boria Kosubosu

Okuta Kishi Manfu Major To wn s Major Roads Neigbouring states.shp Lafiagi Igboho Share # Milling points Igbeti Pategi # Farm location Saki 2 km Buffer of Farm location 2 Ilorin 4 6 Ayede 8 Omi 10 Offa 12 Ogbomosho Owa Okeho 14 Iseyin Aiyetotro Gbede 16 Ada # # Bakumi Ogun Rice Producing Area Oyo Ilobu # Ikole Ekiti Kabba Osun Rice Producing Area Ijero #Ekiti# # # Ikole Ekiti Lokoja # ##### Ilesha ## Ekiti Rice Producing Area Fiditi # ## Onukpo Iwo Ilesha#### Ado Ekiti ### Okene Egume Meko Igbo Ora Ile Ife Ise Ekiti Ajaokuta ## Ibadan Yola Iju # Okpo Ai y et o# tr## o ## Akure Abeokuta# Owo Ab e ok ut a Idah ## ###### Ondo ## ## # # ## ## ### ### Ijebu-Igbo## #### #### Ilaro Ijebu-Igbo Ifon Shagamu Alakuko Ore

Lagos Metropolis Epe Ita ItaOtu Otu # Irele ### 0 5 Km

Fig 12: Distance between farm locations and paddy markets

Buffer zone (KM) Paddy markets %

0-7 30 79 8-14 1 2.1 15-21 1 2.1 22 and above 3 6.3

Kosubosu N Okuta Kishi Manfu Igboho Share Lafiagi Igbeti Major town s.shp Pategi 7 km Buffer of Farm location Saki 7 14 Ilorin 21 28 Ayede 35 Omi 42 Offa 49 Ogbomosho Owa Okeho 56 Iseyin Aiyetotro Gbede 63 ## Major roads.shp Ada ## Oyo Ilobu # Ikole E kiti Kabba Bakumi Neigbouring states.shp Ijero Ekiti### # # Lokoja Ilesha #### # Paddy Market # # ### Onukpo # Farm location Iwo Ilesha ## Ado Ekiti ### Okene Ogun Rice Pr oducing Area # Osun Rice Producing Area # Ile Ife Egume Igbo Ora Ise Ekiti Ajaokuta Ekiti Rice Producing Area ## Ibadan Iju # Okpo Aiye to t# ro## ## Ago Owu Akure Abeokuta# Owo Abeokuta # ##### Ondo Idah ###### ## # #### # ## # ### ## Ijebu-Igbo### Ilaro # ## Ifon Shagamu Ijebu-Igbo Alakuko Ore Lagos Metropolis Epe Ita ItaOtu Otu ## # Irele #### 0 5 Km

Fig. 13: Distance from farms to rice milling points

Buffer zone (KM) Rice milling points %

0-4 40 81.7

5- 8 6 12.2 9 and above 3 6.0

5°00' 5°20' Ilejemeje N W E Ijero S Oye % Ido-Osi Distance No of % of (km) farmers Farmers

# 2 9 56.25

% % 4 2 12.5 # # # # % %# % % # 6 5 31.5 % Irepodun/Ifelodun ## % % % 7°40' % 7°40'

# Efon

Ado-Ekiti Ekiti West 5°00' 5°20' % Rice farms # Parboiling points Distance to parboiling points 7 0 7 Kilometers 2 4 6 8

Figure 14: Distance from farms to parboiling points in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate

5°00' 5°20' N Ijero W E Oye S % # Ido-Osi

% # # % # # % # % %%Distanc No of % of % Irepodun/Ifelodun % % %% e (km) farmers Farmers

# 7°40' 7°40' 2 2 12.5 Efon # 4 7 43.75 Ado-Ekiti 6 5 56..25 Ekiti West

5°00' 5°20' % Ri ce f ar ms # Seed sources. Distance to seed sources (Km). 7 0 7 Kilometers 2 4 6 8

Figure 15: Distance from farms to seed sources in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate

5°00' 5°20' N W E Ijero S Oye # % Ido-Osi

Distance No of % of % # # % (km) farmers Farmers

# 2 10 62.5 % %# # % % % # # Irepodun/Ifelodun 4 2 12.5 7°40' % # #% 7°40' % # % >6 4 25

Ado-Eki ti

5°00' 5°20'

% Ri ce f arms # Threshing points 606Kilometers Distance to threshing points (Km) 1 2 3 Ekiti l h

Figure 16: Distance from farms to threshing points in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate

41 5°00' 5°20' Ilejemeje N W E

S Ijero Oye % Ido-Osi

# Distance No of % of (km) farmers Farmers % % 2 2 12.5 # % #% 4 5 31.5 % % % Irepodun/Ifelodun 7°40' % % 7°40'>6 9 56.25 % %

Efon #

Ado-Ekiti Ekiti West 5°00' 5°20' # Agrochemical points. % Ri ce far ms

7 0 7 Kilometers Distance to Agrochemical points (Km) 2 4 6 8

Figure 17: Distance from farms to agrochemical points in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate

5°00' 5°20' Ilejemeje N

W E Distance No of % of S (km) farmers Farmers Ijero Oye 2 6 37.5 % $ Ido-Osi 4 4 25 6 6 37.5 $

% $ % $ $ $ $$ 7°40' % % 7°40 $ % % % Irepodun/Ifelodun $ % % %%

5°00' 5°20' % Ri ce f arms $ Milling points Buffer 1 of Milling points 606Kilometers 2 4 6 Ekitil h

Figure 18: Distance from farms to milling points in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate

5°00' 5°20'

N W E Oye S Ido-Osi Ijero% Distance No of % of (km) farmers Farmers

% % Irepodun/Ifel odun 10 0 0 % % %% % 20 12 75 % % 7°40' %% 7°40' Efon 30 4 25 AI SA, Ado Eki t i &Ilesha Eki ti West & Ado-Eki ti

Ekiti state

Osun st at e Ekit i Sout h-West Ikere

Ise/Or 5°00' 5°20' & Fertiliser points % Rice farms Distance to fertiliser points (kM) 10 0 10 Kilometers 10 20 30 40

Figure 19: Distance from farms to fertilizer points in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate

5°00' 5°20'

W E Distance No of % of Oye ' S % Ido-Osi (km) farmers Farmers Ijero ' 10 5 31.25

' % '' % 20 2 12.5 Irepodun/Ifelodun % % %% % 30->40 6 56.25 % % 7°40' %% 7°40' Efon Eki ti West Ado-Eki ti

Ekiti state

Os un st at e Eki t i South-West Ikere '

Ise/Or 5°00' 5°20' ' Rice markets % Rice farms Distance to rice markets (Km) 10 0 10 Kilometers 10 20 30 40 Ekiti t t Figure 20: Distance from farms to markets in Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate

5°00' 5°20'

N Agric Imput Supply Agency %U Ilesha W E S Distance No of % of

17 Km (km) farmers Farmers 18 10 25.6 Ori ade 18 Km 19 25 64.1 Ilesha East 20 4 10.3 °40' 19 Km 7°40

$ $ $$ $ $ Atakumosa East $$ 20 Km $

Atakumosa West $$ $ $ $ 22 Km $

5°00' 5°20' $ Rice farms %U Fertiliser point 303Kilometers Distance to fertiliser point 18 19 20

Figure 21: Distance from farms to fertilizer points in Ofada rice production clusters at Erin –Ijesha, Osun Sate

5°00' 5°20'

N Distance No of % of ha, Agricultural Imput Supply Agency %U W E (km) farmers Farmers

S 2 14 56 17 Km 4 6 24 6 5 20 Ori ade 18 Km

Ilesha East

°40' 19 Km 7°40

$ $ $$ $ $ Atakumosa East $$ 20 Km $

Atakumosa West $$

$ $ $ 22 Km $

5°00' 5°20' $ Rice farms %U Seed source Distance to seed source 3 0 3 Kilometers 18 19 20 O t t

Figure 22: Distance from farms to seed sources in rice production clusters in Erin Oke, Osun Sate

5°00' 5°20'

N W E S Eri n Oke %U $%U%U%U%U%U $$ $ $ $ $

$ 7°40' 7°40 $$ $

$ $ $ $ $ $

5°00' 5°20'

$ Rice farms %U Parboiling points 101Kilometers Distance to parboiling points 2 4 6

Figure 23: Distance from farms to parboiling points at Erin Oke, Osun Sate

5°00' 5°20'

N W E Distance No of % of S (km) farmers Farmers Eri n Oke % %%% $% % %%%% 2 14 56 $$ $ $ 4 6 24

$ 6 5 20 $ °40' 7°40 $$ $

$ $ $ $ $ $

5°00' 5°20'

$ Ri ce farms % Milling points 101Kilometers Distance to mi lli ng points 2 4 6

Figure 24: Distance from farms to milling points at Erin Oke, Osun Sate

5°00' 5°20'

N Distance No of % of #S Ilesha Agric Imput Supply Agency

W E a West (km) farmers Farmers S 17 Km 18 10 25.6

18 Km 19 25 64.1 Ilesha East 20 4 10.3 19 Km 7°40' 7°40' Erin Oke $ $ $$ $ $ Atakumosa East $ 20 Km $ Atakumosa West $$ $ $ $ 22 Km $

5°00' 5°20' #S Fertiliser points $ Ri ce f arms Distance Fertiliser point 303Kilometers 18 19 20 O t t

Figure 25: Distance from farms to fertilizer source at Erin Oke, Osun Sate

3°00' 3°30' 4°00' #

N %[[%[ W E

%[ S %[ Distance No of % of %[ %[ %[ %[ ## (Km) Farmers Farmers 15 72 63.16 %[%[%[%[ %[ #%[ %[ %[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ 7°00' # #%[%[ %[ 7°00' %[ %[ 30 21 18.42 %[ # # %[ %[[ %[ %[ %[ %[[ %[ %[ %[%[ %[ %[[ %[ %[%[%[ 45 6 5.26 # %[%[ %[ %[[ 60 15 13.16

# Milled rice markets %[ Farm locations Distance to milled rice markets 6°30' 6°30' 15 30 # 45 %[%[[ %[%[[%[#%[ 60 %[ 75 Ogun state 3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

20 0 20 40 Kilometers

Figure 26: Distance from farms to milled rice markets in Ogun Sate

3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

%[[%[ N Distance No of % of

W E %[ (Km) Farmers Farmers # %[ S %[ %[ %[ %[ # 25 61 53.5 50 23 20.2 %[ %[[%[ %[ %[ %[[ %[[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[%[ %[ %[ %[[ 75 15 13.15 7°00' %[ 7°00' %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[%[%[ [%[%[ >100 15 13.15 %[ %[

# Agrochemical points %[ Fa rm loc ations Distance to Agrochemical points 6°30' 6°30' 25 50 %[%[[ 75 %[ %[[%[%[ 100 %[ 125 Ogun state 3°00' 3°30' 4°00' 20 0 20 40 Kilometers

Figure 27: Distance from farms to Agrochemical points in Ogun Sate

3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

N %[[%[ Distance No of % of W E (Km) Farmers Farmers %[ S % %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ % 5 66 10 17

%[%[%%%[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ 20 8 %[ %[ % 7°00' %[%[ %[ 7°00' %[ %[ %[ %[ %[[% 25 2 %[ %[ %[ %[[ %[ %[ %[%[ %[ %[[ %[% %[%[%[ %[%[ %[%[

% Seed sources %[ Farm locations Distance to seed sources 5 6°30' 6°30' 10 15 20 %[%[[ %[%[[%[%[ 25 %[ 50 Ogun state 3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

2002040Kilometers

Figure 28: Distance from farms to sources of seeds in Ogun Sate

3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

N Distance No of % of W E %[[%[ S (Km) Farmers Farmers

%[ # %[ %[ %[ %[ %[[ 20 69 60.5 # # 40 14 12.28 7°00' %[%[[ %[ 7°00' %[ %[[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[[ 60 16 14 %[ # %[ %[[ %[ %[ %[ %[[ %[ %[ %[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[%[%[ %[[%[ %[[ >100 15 13.1

# Fertiliser points. %[ Farm locations Distance to fertiliser points 6°30' 6°30' 20 40 60 %[%[[ %[%[[%[%[ 80 %[ 100 Ogun state 3°00' 3°30' 4°00' 2002040Kilometers

Figure 29: Distance from farms to fertilizer source in Ogun Sate

Distance No of % of (Km) Farmers Farmers 3°00' 3°30' 4°00' 5 36 31.6

N 10 27 23.7 %[[%[ W E 15 15 13.2 %[ %[ S %[ %[ %[ %[ 20 13 11.4 Y# 25 6 5.2

%[ %[ %[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[[%[ %[ %[ 30 3 2.6 %[ %[[ %[[ %[ %[[ %[[%[ %[ 7°00' %[ %[ 7°00' %[ # Y# Y 35 14 12.3 %[ %[[ %[ %[ %[ %[[ %[ %[ %[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[%[%[ Y# %[%[ %[[ Y# Milling points %[ Farm locations Distance of farm to milling points 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Ogun state

6°30' 6°30'

%[%[[ %[Y%[#[Y%[#%[ %[

3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

20 0 20 40 Kilometers

Figure 30: Distance from farms to rice milling points in Ogun Sate

Distance No of % of 3°00' 3°30' 4°00' (Km) Farmers Farmers

N %[[%[ 3 92 80.7 W E % %[ S 6 1 0.87 %%[ %[ %[ % %[ %[ % 9 4 3.51

%[%[%[ %[ %[ %[%[ %[ %[ %[ 12 9 7.9 %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[[%[ %[ %[ %[ 7°00' %[ 7°00' %[% >12 8 7.0 %[ %[ %[%[ %[%[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ % %[ %[ %[% %[%[%[[ %%[[%[ %[ % Parboiling points %[ Farm locations Distance to parboiling points 3 6 9 12 Ogun state

6°30' 6°30' % %[%[[%[ %[ %[[%[%[ %[

3°00' 3°30' 4°00' 20 0 20 40 Kilometers

Figure 31: Distance from farms to rice parboiling points in Ogun Sate

3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

N Distance No of % of %[[%[ W E

% % S %[ (Km) Farmers Farmers %[ %[ %[ %[ % %[ 2 90 78.9 % %[%%[[%[ %[ %[ %[[%[ %[ %[ %[[ %[ 4 2 1.75 %[ %[ %[ %[ 7°00' %[[%[ %[ 7°00' %[ %[ %[ %[ %[[% %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[%[ %[ %[ 6 1 0.87 %[% %[%[%[[ %[%[ %[[ 8 4 3.51 >8 17 14.9

% Threshing points %[ Farm locations 6°30' 6°30' Distance of farm to threshing points % 2 %[%[[ %[%[ %[ %[[%% 4 %[ 6 8 Ogun state 3°00' 3°30' 4°00' 20 0 20 40 Kilometers

Figure 32: Distance from farms to rice threshing points in Ogun Sate

Distance No of % of (Km) Farmers Farmers 3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

%[[%[ N 5 62 54.4 W E %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ %[ S # 10 10 8.8

#%[#%[[%[#%[ 15 3 2.6 %[ %[ %[ %[[%[ #%[ %[# %[# %[ %[ %[ # %[[ %[ %[ # %[ %[ %[# %[ # 7°00' %[[ 7°00' %[ %[ 20 2 1.8 #%[ %[ %[ #%[ %[# %[#%[ %[ %[ %[# %[%[%[[ # %[#[#%[ #%[ 25 16 14 >25 21 18.4

# Paddy rice markets. %[ Farm locations Distance to Paddy market 5 6°30' # 6°30' %[[%[[ %[%[[%[#%[ 10 %[ 15 20 25 Ogun state 3°00' 3°30' 4°00'

20 0 20 40 Kilometers

Figure 33: Distance from farms to paddy markets in Ogun Sate

57 DISTANCE ANALYSIS AT THE LOCAL LEVEL The distance analyses data presented in Figures 13 to 33 consistently show that facilities for rice threshing, parboiling, milling, were readily available at local levels and within a short distance (between 2 and 4 kilometres) of the farmers’ farm or residence. Although urban markets may appear to be very far away from these rice production locations according to the distance analysis data, farmers did not seem to have problems selling their paddy or milled rice as buyers come directly to these locations to buy. The same data show that points of production inputs such as seeds, agrochemicals and fertilizer were far away from farmers’ field and residence (between 5 and 30 kilometres) and may not be readily available to the majority of rice farmers. This point to the need for direct intervention by agencies concerned to improve access of farmers to all production inputs.

4°00' 4°10' 4°20' 4°30' 4°40' 4°50' 5°00' 5°10'

8°00' Odo-Otin Ila Orangun8°00' Ifedayo Ila In ishaBoluwaduro IrepodunIfelodun Orolu Ejigbo Olorunda Ada 7°50' Boripe Oke Imeshi7°50' EgbedoreIlob u Obokun Ola-Oluwa Osogbo Ib oku n EdeEde NorthOsogbo Ede South 7°40' Iwo Ilesha W estIlesha Efon Alaye7°40' Iwo Ilesha East Aiyedire Ijebu Jesha Roads. Ode Omun Atakumosa West 7°30' Gbongan Ife CentralIle Ife Ipetu Ijesha 7°30' Ofada rice production area Irewole Ife East Other LGAs Ife North Yola Aiyedaade Isokan Forest/Tree crop plantation 7°20' Atakumosa 7°20'Land cover types East Grassland Ago Owu IleoOfada lu ji Rice Grassland/woodland Ife South Ife te do Production Area Marsh/wetlands 7°10' 7°10' Ondo Rain Forest Rainfed arable crops Rock outcrop 7°00' 7°00' Settlement 20 0 20 Kilometers Waterbodies Major settlements 4°00' 4°10' 4°20' 4°30' 4°40' 4°50' 5°00' 5°10'

Figure 34: Map of land use and land cover of Osun State

59 4°40' 4°44' 4°48' 4°52' 4°56' 5°00' 5°4' 7°44' N 7°44'

W E Land cover Land % Land S categories Coverage Coverage 7°40' Efon Alaye 7°40' Erin Oke (Ha) Ilesha Forest 9918.3 16.43

7°36' 7°36' Arable crop land 47710 79 Ijebu Jesha Rock out crops 1,463.3 2.42 Major 1259.3 2.08 7°32' 7°32' settlements Ogotun

7°28' Ipetu Ijesha 7°28'

7°24' 7°24'

Roads

7°20' 7°20' Ofada rice production area Landcover types in Oriade LGA

5°12' Rain Forest 4°40' 4°44' 4°48' 4°52' 4°56' 5°00' 5°4' Rainfed arable crops 10 0 10 20 Kilometers Rock outcrop Settlement

Figure 35: Map of land use and land cover in rice producing areas of Osun State (Erin Oke)

5°00' 5°30'

8°00' 8°00'

W E Ijero

S Ijero Iloro Ayede Ushi Ijero Ekiti Ifaki Oye Ikole Ek iti Efon Irepodun/Ifelodun Ire Ekiti Aram ok oEkiti Ekiti West Igbemo Ekiti Iyin Ekiti Ado Ekiti Aisegba Ofada rice production areas Ilawe Ekiti Other LGAs Land covetypes 7°30' 7°30' Igbara Odo Ikere Ekiti Forest plantation Ise Ekiti Grassland Emure Ekiti Grassland/woodland Gullies Ofada Rice Production Areas Irrigation project Mining areas Rain Forest Rainfed arable c rops Riparian forest Rock outcrop 5°00' 5°30' Settlement 30 0 30 Kilometers Tree/forest plantation Undisturbed forest Water bodies

Figure 36: Map of land use and land cover of Ekiti State

61 5°00 ' 5°10 ' 5°20 ' 5°30 '

Iloro N

W E

Ayede S Land cover Land % Land Ijero Ushi categories Coverage Coverage Oye Ikole Ifaki Egusi (Ha) 7°50' Oke Imeshi Ikoro 7°50' Forest reserve/ 520.87 0.44 Agric. tree plantation Arable crop land 100524.41 84.18 Ire Ekiti Rock out crops 5271.61 4.41 Major 2420.5 2.03 Igede Ekiti 7°40' Efon Alaye 7°40' settlements Aramoko Ekiti Igbemo Ekiti Rain 10679.73 8.94 Ado Eki ti forest/riparian Iyin Ekiti forest

Aisegba Ilawe Ekiti 7°30' Ogotun 7°30'

Ise Ekiti 5°00' 5°10' Ikere Ekiti 5°20' 5°30'

Igbara Odo Ofada rice production areas 70714Kilometers Land cover ekiti rice production area Forest reserve/Agric. tree plantation Rain Forest Rainfed arable crop land Rock outcrop Settlement U b i ki i h Figure 37: Map of land use and land cover in rice producing areas of Ekiti State

Figure 38: Map of land use and land cover of Ogun State

3°00' 3°30' 4°00' 4°30'

W E Land cover Land % Land categories Coverage Coverage S (Ha) (Ha) Ai yet ot r o Forest Reserve/ 8671.8 1.86

Abeokuta Agric. Tree crop

plantation 7°00' 7°00' Arable crop land 337180 72.2 Isara Ago Iwoye Owode Ijebu-Igbo Rain 44767.3 9.6.1 Iperu IlaroAjegunle forest/riparian Shagamu Ijebu Ode forest Ifo Al akuko Major 4411.3 0.94 settlements Swamp/wetlands 62562.7 12.5 Water bodies 9462.32 2.02 6°30' 6°30' Ita Otu

3°00' 3°30' 4°00' 4°30' Roads Ofada Rice Production Areas Landcover types Forest reserve /Agricultural tree Plantation 20 0 20 Kilometers Rain forest/Riparian forest Rainfed arable crop land Settlement Swamp/wetland Water bodies S ttl t Figure 39: Map of land use and land cover in rice producing areas of Ogun State

LAND SUITABILITY FOR RICE PROUCTION Ofada rice production areas can be described in terms of its soil conditions and land cover types. The study examined land suitability with specific reference to rice cultivation. Land use/land cover classification is one useful way of identifying areas where environmental limitations are at a minimum for extensive cultivation of Ofada rice. This kind of information when combined with that of soil conditions provides useful data on where precisely is best for rice cultivation. The land use/land cover of the three states under study are described in terms of size of land occupied by human settlements and natural features such as forest, water bodies, crop plantations and rock out crops. More importantly is the size of available arable land since areas suitable for different types of agricultural development can be identified from the available land.

The land cover maps were developed from the data on National land cover categorisation by the Forestry Monitoring Evaluating and Coordination Unit (FORMECU). The data had been prepared from series of over flights and mosaics of several scenes of LANDSAT Imageries. Although the land cover maps were created for the three states; Ekiti, Osun and Ogun state specific attention was paid to the rice production areas within these states. The land cover maps are presented in Figures 34 to 39.

In Ekiti state, four local government areas were studied namely; Efon- Alaye, Ekiti west and Irepodun / Ifelodun and Ijero which constitute the major rice production area in Ekiti State. The arable crop land is about, 100,524.411Ha which represents about 84 percent of the land area of the area. Less than 10 percent of this is currently under rice cultivation in the State.

In Osun state, Oriade local government area identified as the rice production area had quite an expanse of rocks and rock out crops. In spite of this there is still about 47,710Ha (79%) arable land.

Ogun state has a slightly different configuration in the land cover categories identified. Six major categories of land cover types were identified as against four in Osun and the five in Ekiti. Apart from 67% (337,180Ha) of land available as arable land with possibility for upland rice cultivation, about 625,62Ha or (12.5%) of the land area can be categorised as wetland. This area could be explored for lowland rice cultivation within the five local government areas studied.

Availability of arable land however does not ultimately determine site selection for crop production especially when the aim is maximum yield with optimal production input. Since farmers lack the wherewithal to effect soil amendment and improve the quality of soil, accurate determination of the most suitable locations for specific crops becomes a better option to maximise crop yield and productivity.

To do this, soil characteristics have to be mapped and matched with expected crop yield. From such information a prescription map can be developed to show for instance how

65 much of chemical fertilizer could be applied to particular locations across the field. Other type of prescription map is to decide based on the information available best land site for a crop. Since it would be practically impossible to take and analyse soil samples from every location across the entire study area, samples of soil was collected from 10 farms per local government area contacted and it was analysed to determine which soils could provide the greater support to upland rice in the study area and South western Nigeria at large.

Five parameters were considered most crucial for rice production namely; available Phosphorus, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), organic carbon, Textural class, pH, available Nitrogen and soil depth.

The data collected were combined with the FAO soil classification that has been created as ArcInfo format grid and converted back to shape files. Each land quality (Soil parameters) is a thematic layer in the GIS which contains spatial data and its associated attributes. Each of the parameters was added into the GIS as a layer and by Overlay operation (Multiplication) the parameters were combined to give a single layer. The evaluation model for rice is defined using the value of factors rating as follows: suitability=R*NAI*D*T. The overlay process of these layers was performed to produce a resultant polygonal layer upon which the evaluation model was applied. The resultant layers produced the suitability maps for rice.

The suitability evaluation for rice was based mainly on the method described by FAP (1983). The map resulting from the overlay process of the selected land qualities was finally reclassified as either; Highly suitable, Moderately suitable, Good and Marginally suitable. The requirement of rice was reviewed from a number of publications (FAO (1983), FAO (1991), LLD (1990), Sys et al (1993), Delante (1993)) and Eco crop website of the Food and Agricultural organisation. The qualities considered in developing the suitability maps are as stated in Table 5.

Table 5: Land Quality factors for upland rice Land use requirement Factor rating Rainfall (R) Annual m.m >1,500 1100-1500 900- <900 rainfall 1100 Soil Depth (D) Nutrient availability NAI >0.60 0.40-0.60 0.10- <0.10 Index (NAI) 0.40 N % >0.2 0.1-0.2 <0.1 -

PH - 5.6-7.3 7.4-7.8 7.9-8.4 >8.4 5.1-5.5 4.0-5.0 <4.0 Water retention Soil - CL, Si, SCL, L, SiCL, LS G, S, capacity (T) texture SiL, C, AC SiC, SL SC

Temperature and rainfall are generally adequate and well distributed and almost uniform over south western Nigeria. Hence temperature in particular was not considered in the land suitability calculation. The land suitability maps for rice production clusters in the three States are presented in Figures 40 to 42

5°00' 5°20' 5°40'

8°00' 8°00' Suitability Land area % of (million Ha) land N area Marginal 0.42 78.3 Moderate 0.053 9.7 Iloro Ayede Ushi Good 0.051 9.4 Ikoro Oke Imeshi Ijero Ekiti High 0.014 2.6 Ifaki OyeEgusi Ikole Ekiti Omu Ekiti Ire Ekiti Omu Obadore Aramoko Ekiti Igbemo Ekiti 7°40' Efon Alaye Igede Ekiti 7°40' Iyin Ekiti Ado Ekiti Ilawe Ekiti Aisegba

Ogotun Igbara Odo Ikere Ekiti Ise Ekiti Emure Ekiti Roads Major towns

Land Marginalsuitability suitability for rice cultivation Iso Moderate suitability Good suitability 7°20' 7°20' High suitability Ekiti state 5°00' 5°20' 5°40'

10 0 10 Kilometers

Fig. 40: Land suitability map for rice production in Ekiti State

4°00' 4°20' 4°40' 5°00' N Suitability Land area % Total (million Ha) land area 8°00' Ila Orangun 8°00' Marginal 0.69 75.1 Inisha Ire Moderate 0.079 8.6 Ada Good 0.11 11.96 Ilobu Oke Imeshi High 0.04 4.3 Osogbo Ibokun Ede

7°40' 7°40' Kuta Efon Alaye Iwo Ilesha Ile Ogbo Ode Omun Ijebu Jesha Kajola Ipetu modu Gbongan Ile Ife Ipetu Ijesha

Yola 7°20' 7°20' Ago Owu Ileoluji Ifetedo Okeigbo Roads Ondo Major towns Land suitability High suitability 7°00' 7°00' Good suitability Moderate suitability Marginal suitability Osun state. 4°00' 4°20' 4°40' 5°00' 10 0 10 20 Kilometers

Fig. 41: Land suitability map for rice production in Osun State

3°00' 3°30' 4°00' 4°30' 8°00' 8°00' Suitability Land area % Total N (million Ha) area Marginal 0.53 26.49 Moderate 0.7 35.37 Good 0.43 21.63 7°30' 7°30' High 0.33 16.51

Im ek o

Aiyetotro Abeokuta Isara Ijebu-Igbo 7°00'Oja Odan Ilaro Ajegunle Iperu Ago Iwoye 7°00' Ilishan Ifo Ijebu Ode Shagamu Alakuko Owode Idiroko Ado-Odo Roads Ita O tu Major towns Iwopin

Hig h su itability Rice su itab ility Moderate suitability 6°30' 6°30' Good suitability M arg in al suitab ility 20 0 20 40 Kilometers Inlan d W ater Ogun state. 3°00' 3°30' 4°00' 4°30' Fig. 42: Land suitability map for rice production in Ogun State

In Ekiti west local government area, it was established that the soils around Aramoko and Ijero Ekiti up to Ifaki were highly suitable for upland rice cultivation while the soils around Ado-Ekiti, Iyin Ekiti Igede Ekiti and Igbemo are marginally suitable for rice cultivation. The soils around Efon Alaye, and Oke Imesi have moderate suitability. The implication of this is that rice farmers in Igbemo Ekiti would require special attention in soil management and land amendment practices to guarantee steady and improved productivity.

In Osun state soils close to Ilesha, particularly Erin Oke was classified as highly suitable, but over 79% of the arable land are categorised as marginal.

Ogun state shows a little exception especially around Obafemi Owode local government where almost 50% of the arable soil is considered as highly suitable for the cultivation of upland rice. This is a bit surprising given the long years of rice cultivation in the area one would expect the soil to be generally deficient in critical rice soil nutrients. The explanation could be that most farmers adopting the rotational fallow system have somehow perfected a form of land management strategy that ensured quick replenishment of soil nutrients

Generally soils of south-western Nigeria have been described by Moss (1957), Smyth and Montgomery (1962). The parent material is a major determinant of soil characteristics. Soils of the study area are predominantly forest soils derived from metamorphic and igneous rocks (basement complex). An exemption is the Ijebu water-side dominated by deltaic deposits, fresh water swamp soils and saline mangrove soils.

Soils of the basement complex parent material have red to brown upper subsoil with higher clay content than the surface or lower sub-soil. The soils are characterized with slight to moderate leaching. Nitrogen response may not be obtained on soils that are newly cleared from about 10 years of bush fallow. Total N is generally above 0.1% (considered minimum for rice) while organic matter is usually above 1.5%. Because these soils have high Phosphorus adsorption capacity, phosphorus deficiency could present a serious problem. Since most of the phosphorus is in organic form, a high proportion of the available P is released through mineralization of organic phosphorus. The potassium status of these soils could vary widely. In high rainfall areas, economic response to K could be obtained after a year as a result of erosion, low mineral reserves and wide variation in the mineral composition of the parent material. There is a general decline in the initial soil fertility under continuous cultivation.

71 Summary, conclusions and recommendations PropCom’s proposition to support activities that impact on the Ofada rice value chain requires accurate information to develop appropriate interventions. Mapping of the Ofada rice value chain is important in obtaining the kind of information required. The mapping exercise is expected to facilitate geographical targeting of interventions where they are needed, improve cost effectiveness of infrastructural development spending and more efficiently reach those who need intervention most. These no doubt are some of the cogent reasons for PropCom’s commissioning of this study.

Obafemi Owode local government area of Ogun State produced the highest quantity of Ofada rice (135,850 KG) in the study area. This was closely followed by Irepodun/Ifelodun Local government area of Ekiti (134,90KG). These two local government areas host Ofada village and Igbemo Ekiti respectively where there is a long tradition of rice production. The next highest producer is Oriade local government area in Osun State which recorded production level of 70,100 KG. The highest quantity of rice parboiled and milled was 109,800 Kg and this is from Obafem Owode Local government area. The lowest quantity parboiled and milled was 7, 670 Kg and this is from Ijero local government area of Ekiti State. The quantity of Ofada rice sold in paddy form was 21,110 Kg in Ogun Waterside local government area of Ogun State and 15,700 Kg in Ekiti West Local government area of Ekiti State. The total quantity of rice sold in paddy form was 36, 813Kg.

The distance analyses data consistently show that facilities for rice threshing, parboiling, milling, were readily available at local levels and within a short distance (between 2 and 4 kilometres) of the farmers’ farm or residence. Although urban markets may appear to be very far away from rice production locations according to the distance analysis data, farmers did not seem to have problems selling their paddy or milled rice as buyers come directly to these locations to buy. The data further show that locations of Ofada rice production inputs such as seeds, agrochemicals and fertilizer were far away from farmers’ field and residence (between 5 and 30 kilometres) and may not be readily available to the majority of rice farmers. This situation points to the need for direct interventions to improve access of farmers to all rice production inputs.

The total arable crop land in the rice production areas of Ekiti state is 100,524.411Ha. This represents about 84 percent of the total land area. Less than 10 percent of this is currently under rice cultivation in the State. In Osun state, Oriade local government area identified as the rice production area has 47,710Ha (79%) arable land. In Ogun state apart from 67% (337,180Ha) of land available as arable land with possibility for upland rice cultivation, about 625,62Ha or (12.5%) of the land area was categorised as wetland. This area could be explored for lowland rice cultivation within the five local government areas studied.

It was established that the soils around Aramoko, Ijero Ekiti up to Ifaki were highly suitable for upland rice cultivation while the soils around Ado-Ekiti, Iyin Ekiti, Igede Ekiti and Igbemo are marginally suitable for rice cultivation. The soils around Efon Alaye, and Oke Imesi were classified as moderately suitable. The implication of this is that rice farmers in Igbemo Ekiti would require special attention in soil management and land amendment practices to guarantee steady and improved productivity. In Osun state soils close to Ilesha, particularly Erin Oke was classified as highly suitable, but over 79% of the arable land are categorised as marginal. Ogun state presents a unique feature especially around Obafemi Owode local government where almost 50% of the arable soil is considered as highly suitable for the cultivation of upland rice. This is a bit surprising given the long years of rice cultivation in the area one would expect the soil to be generally deficient in critical rice soil nutrients. The could be that most farmers adopting the who are well known to use the rotational fallow system have somehow perfected this form of land management strategy for ensuring quick replenishment of lost soil nutrients

A number of issues related to the Ofada rice value chain require further research and analysis. This mapping exercise was carried out when there was no crop growing on the field. A more detailed mapping of the production system with empirical of farm management data would reveal more comprehensively the problems associated with each stage of the Ofada rice production system.

73 References Bo-heng Li, 1990. Application of Remote Sensing and GIS, China's Land Survey, Evaluation and Administration. Proceeding of the 11th ACRS vol 11Nov. 15-21, 1990 Guangzhou, China.

Delante, V.Z., 1993, Land Suitability Classification for Cassava, pineapple and rubber using GIS in A, Pluak Daeng, Rayong Prov. M.Sc. Res. Study, AIT Thailand.

FAO. 1983. Guidelines: Land Evaluation for Rainfed agriculture soils Bulletin No. 52 Rome: 237.

FAO. 1991. Guidelines: Land Evaluation for Extensive Grazing. FAO Soils Bulletin No.58. Rome:

Land Development, 1990. Land Evaluation for Economic crops. Min. of Agriculture and cooperatives.

Moss. R. P. 1957. Report of the classification of soil found sedimentary rocks. In western Nigeria Soil Survey Report. No. 67

Radcliffe D.J. and Rochette L. Maize in Angonia. 1983. An analysis of factors production. Field Report 30, FAO/UNDP MOZ/75/011, Maputo. Ver. 22.

Smyth A. J. and R. F. Montgomery, 1962. Soils and Land Use in Central Western Nigeria. Government Press Ibadan

Sys. C, Ranst. V Debaveye. J. and Beenaert. F. 1993. Land Evaluation Part III crop requirements. Agr. Publication No. 7, ITC Ghent.

74 Appendix 1: Soil analysis parameters

GRIDCODE CATEGORY RICECODE 32 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || coarse textured 2 soils 23 Course Texture Soils (sandy) || medium textured 3 soil 43 Fine Textured Soils (clay) || medium textured 1 Textural 42 Fine Textured Soils (clay) || coarse textured 1 Classifica 32 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || coarse textured 2 tion of soils soils 32 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || coarse textured 2 soils 43 Fine Textured Soils (clay) || medium textured 1 32 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || coarse textured 2 34 Mediumsoils Textured Soils (loamy) || fine textured soils 2 3230 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || coarse textured 2 24 Coursesoils Texture Soils (sandy) || fine textured soils 3 3430 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || fine textured soils 2 3443 FineMedium Textured Textured Soils Soils (clay) (loamy) || || medium fine textured textured soils 12 23 Course Texture Soils (sandy) || medium textured 3 soil 42 Fine Textured Soils (clay) || coarse textured 1 30 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || 2 43 Fine Textured Soils (clay) || medium textured 1 43 Fine Textured Soils (clay) || medium textured 1 30 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || 2 20 Course Texture Soils (sandy) || 3 97 Water CEC 23 Course Texture Soils (sandy) || medium textured 3 soil 97 Water 97 Water 20 Course Texture Soils (sandy) || 3 34 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || fine textured soils 2 20 Course Texture Soils (sandy) || 3 97 Water 30 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || 2 20 Course Texture Soils (sandy) || 3 43 Fine Textured Soils (clay) || medium textured 1 20 Course Texture Soils (sandy) || 3 30 Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || 2 24 Course Texture Soils (sandy) || fine textured soils 3

75 ID DESCRIPTION 10 10 = <4meq/100g || 12 12 = <4meq/100g || 4-10meq/100g 13 13 = <4meq/100g || >10-20meq/100g 20 20 = 4-10meq/100g || 21 21 = 4-10meq/100g || <4meq/100g 23 23 = 4-10meq/100g || >10-20meq/100g 24 24 = 4-10meq/100g || >20-40meq/100g 30 30 = >10-20meq/100g || 31 31 = >10-20meq/100g || <4meq/100g 32 32 = >10-20meq/100g || 4-10meq/100g 34 34 = >10-20meq/100g || >20-40meq/100g 35 35 = >10-20meq/100g || >40meq/100g 40 40 = >20-40meq/100g || 42 42 = >20-40meq/100g || 4-10meq/100g 43 43 = >20-40meq/100g || >10-20mq/100g 45 45 = >20-40meq/100g || >40meq/100g 50 50 = >40meq/100g || 52 52 = >40meq/100g || 4-10meq/100g 53 53 = >40meq/100g || >10-20meq/100g 54 54 = >40meq/100g || >20-40meq/100g 97 97 = Water 99 99 = Glaciers, Rock, Shifting sand, Missing data

Nitrogen ID GRIDCODE CATEGORY RICECODE 3718 23 >0.02-0.08 || >0.08-0.2 3 3782 31 >0.08-0.2 || 0-0.2 2 3803 30 >0.08-0.2 || 2 3818 30 >0.08-0.2 || 2 3850 30 >0.08-0.2 || 2 3902 32 >0.08-0.2 || >0.02- 2 0.08 3903 20 >0.02-0.08 || 3 3922 34 >0.08-0.2 || >0.2-0.5 2 3939 32 >0.08-0.2 || >0.02- 2 0.08 3940 24 >0.02-0.08 || >0.2-0.5 3 3941 23 >0.02-0.08 || >0.08-0.2 3 3957 23 >0.02-0.08 || >0.08-0.2 3 3976 32 >0.08-0.2 || >0.02- 2 0.08 3977 34 >0.08-0.2 || >0.2-0.5 2 3978 34 >0.08-0.2 || >0.2-0.5 2 3979 23 >0.02-0.08 || >0.08-0.2 3 3994 34 >0.08-0.2 || >0.2-0.5 2 4007 32 >0.08-0.2 || >0.02- 2 0.08 4055 30 >0.08-0.2 || 2 4056 34 >0.08-0.2 || >0.2-0.5 2

76 4090 25 >0.02-0.08 || >0.5 3 4096 21 >0.02-0.08 || >0-0.02 3 4097 12 0-0.02 || >0.02- 4 0.08 4098 12 0-0.02 || >0.02- 4 0.08 4115 30 >0.08-0.2 || 2 4116 32 >0.08-0.2 || >0.02- 2 0.08 4117 12 0-0.02 || >0.02- 4 0.08 4118 40 >0.2-0.5 || 1 4119 12 0-0.02 || >0.02- 4 0.08 4143 32 >0.08-0.2 || >0.02- 2 0.08 4144 32 >0.08-0.2 || >0.02- 2 0.08 4145 23 >0.02-0.08 || >0.08-0.2 3 4146 21 >0.02-0.08 || >0-0.02 3 4163 43 >0.2-0.5 || >0.08-0.2 1 4177 24 >0.02-0.08 || >0.2-0.5 3 4187 12 0-0.02 || >0.02- 4 0.08 4206 20 >0.02-0.08 || 3 4207 30 >0.08-0.2 || 2 4208 20 >0.02-0.08 || 3 4209 97 4210 20 >0.02-0.08 || 3 4211 23 >0.02-0.08 || >0.08-0.2 3 4224 97 4236 12 0-0.02 || >0.02- 4 0.08 4237 97 4238 20 >0.02-0.08 || 3 4239 34 >0.08-0.2 || >0.2-0.5 2 4255 12 0-0.02 || >0.02- 4 0.08 4256 12 0-0.02 || >0.02- 4 0.08 4257 97 4258 30 >0.08-0.2 || 2 4278 20 >0.02-0.08 || 3 4279 43 >0.2-0.5 || >0.08-0.2 1 4287 30 >0.08-0.2 || 2 4288 20 >0.02-0.08 || 3 4322 24 >0.02-0.08 || >0.2-0.5 3 4351 43 >0.2-0.5 || >0.08-0.2 1 4370 34 >0.08-0.2 || >0.2-0.5 2 4423 24 >0.02-0.08 || >0.2-0.5 3 4557 31 >0.08-0.2 || 0-0.2 2 4559 43 >0.2-0.5 || >0.08-0.2 1

PH ID GRIDCODE OID_ GRIDCODE_1 CATEGORY RICECODE 3139 32 11 32 ( >5.5--7.2 || >=4.5-5.5 ) 1 3182 23 7 23 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || >5.5-7.2 ) 3 3193 23 7 23 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || >5.5-7.2 ) 3 3209 23 7 23 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || >5.5-7.2 ) 3 3241 32 11 32 ( >5.5--7.2 || >=4.5-5.5 ) 1 3330 32 11 32 ( >5.5--7.2 || >=4.5-5.5 ) 1 3339 20 5 20 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || 3 3355 42 16 42 ( >7.2-8.5 || >=4.5-5.5 ) 2 3356 42 16 42 ( >7.2-8.5 || >=4.5-5.5 ) 2 3370 42 16 42 ( >7.2-8.5 || >=4.5-5.5 ) 2 3371 42 16 42 ( >7.2-8.5 || >=4.5-5.5 ) 2 3381 34 12 34 ( >5.5--7.2 || >7.2-8.5 ) 1 3382 34 12 34 ( >5.5--7.2 || >7.2-8.5 ) 1 3391 21 6 21 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || <4.5 ) 3 3397 32 11 32 ( >5.5--7.2 || >=4.5-5.5 ) 1 3405 31 10 31 ( >5.5--7.2 || <4.5 ) 1 3406 21 6 21 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || <4.5 ) 3 3416 20 5 20 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || 3 3417 20 5 20 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || 3 3418 97 25 97 Water 3419 20 5 20 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || 3 3420 23 7 23 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || >5.5-7.2 ) 3 3421 21 6 21 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || <4.5 ) 3 3428 97 25 97 Water 3439 31 10 31 ( >5.5--7.2 || <4.5 ) 1 3440 97 25 97 Water 3441 23 7 23 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || >5.5-7.2 ) 3 3451 31 10 31 ( >5.5--7.2 || <4.5 ) 1 3452 31 10 31 ( >5.5--7.2 || <4.5 ) 1 3453 97 25 97 Water 3463 30 9 30 ( >5.5--7.2 || 1 3494 23 7 23 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || >5.5-7.2 ) 3 3519 30 9 30 ( >5.5--7.2 || 1 3537 20 5 20 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || 3 3587 23 7 23 ( >= 4.5-5.5 || >5.5-7.2 ) 3 3715 12 1 12 ( < 4.5 || >= 4.5 - 5.5 4 ) 3717 30 9 30 ( >5.5--7.2 || 1 4304 30 9 30 ( >5.5--7.2 || 1

The nutrient availability index based on the method developed by Radcliff et al (1982) and is given by NAI=N*P*K*pH. Due to absence of data on Phosphorus and Potassium, NAI in this study was limited to N*pH

78 Appendix 2: land suitability rating for the Ofada rice production areas.

Ofada rice production area Suitability rating Land Area (Ha) % Land cover Ogun state Abeokuta North High Moderate 5589.3 8.36 Good 25228.6 37.72 Marginal 36066.5 53.92 Ewekoro High 61566 99.3 Moderate Good Marginal 406.3 0.7 Ijebu North High Moderate 49389 57.87 Good 1446 1.7 Marginal 34515 40.43 Obafemi Owode High 42816.3 30 Moderate 34187.5 24 Good 8586.7 6 Marginal 56629.5 40 Ogun water side High 8155.9 14.11 Moderate Good 31454.5 54.38 Marginal 18225.4 31.51

Oriade High Moderate 9160.5 16.15 Good Marginal 47580.2 83.85

Ekiti State Efon High 350.1 1.95 Moderate 8438.3 46.85 Good Marginal 9221.2 51.2 Ekiti west High 4876.8 17.45 Moderate 14247.1 50.97 Good Marginal 8827.7 31.58 Ijero High 11947.4 34.04 Moderate 11788.5 33.59 Good Marginal 11362 32.37 Irepodun/Ifelodun High 2171.0 5.66 Moderate Good Marginal 36186.8 94.34