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Okunubi and Olorunfemi (11) Ife Journal of Science vol. 18, no. 1 (2016) 133 INTEGRATED GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION OF REMOTELY SENSED SUSPECTED FAULT ZONES AROUND IWARAJA-IJEBU IJESA AREA OF OSUN STATE, NIGERIA. *Okunubi, M. O. and Olorunfemi, M. O. Dept. of Geology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria *Corresponding author: [email protected] (Received: 11th December, 2015; Accepted: 22nd January, 2016) ABSTRACT Magnetic profiling, electrical resistivity 2-D Dipole Dipole imaging and 1-D Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) were carried out over two suspected remotely sensed delineated mega lineaments in the area around Iwaraja – Ijebu Ijesa in Osun State, Southwest Nigeria. This was with a view to establishing the existence of the mega structures. Total field magnetic and electrical resistivity measurements were carried out along geophysical traverses established across the suspected fault zones. The magnetic measurements, carried out at 10 m interval, were corrected for diurnal variation and offset. The 2-D magnetic models generated along the traverses, delineated uneven magnetic basement relief with overburden thicknesses varying from 3.0 to 90.0 m and suspected steeply dipping magnetic dykes (suspected fault zones) with widths varying between 60 and 200 m. Inverted 2-D Dipole Dipole images and geoelectric sections along the geophysical traverses delineated five geologic layers comprising the topsoil, laterite, weathered layer, weathered/fractured basement and fresh basement. The 2-D Dipole Dipole images identified major low resistivity near vertical discontinuities typical of fault zones that correlated with the magnetic anomalous zones. The widths of the anomalous zones varied between 60 and < 200 m. The study concluded that the suspected mega lineaments are fault zones which were displaced slightly north of the present locations. Keywords: Geophysical Traverses, Magnetic Profiling, Electrical Resistivity, Suspected Fault Zones INTRODUCTION Different geophysical methods such as Resistivity, The understanding of subsurface sequence and Magnetic, Gravity, Ground Penetrating Radar the structural setting of an area is important in the (GPR), Electromagnetic and Seismic methods are siting of infrastructures such as highways, used for mapping geologic structures (Ganerød et schools, industrial buildings, hospitals, residential al., 2006). Geophysical measurements have been houses, and rail roads. Siting of infrastructures on used by several workers to map the subsurface to geological structures make them prone to high elucidate spatial distribution of rock units as well structural damages. Although serious as the underlying structures such as faults, folds geotechnical problems are generated by fault and intrusive rocks. Oluwafemi and Oladunjoye zones, nevertheless faulted rock strata commonly (2013) mapped basement topography and form reservoir for the accumulation of overburden structure using Resistivity and groundwater, hydrothermal fluid and also for base Electromagnetic methods in a typical basement and precious metal ore deposits. Faults exert complex terrain in southwestern Nigeria while important impact on regional system of fluid flow Adelusi et al. (2009), Bayode and Akpoarede (2011) (Emst and De Ridder, 1960, England et al., 1987, and Ojo et al. (2011) mapped fractured zones in Knipe, 1997, Stuurman and Atari, 1997). crystalline basement rocks using the Resistivity, Geological methods for mapping structures Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) include aerial photograph interpretation, field and Magnetic methods. mapping and borehole logging on both the down- and up-thrown sides of the fault. Geological Remote Sensing (RS) data such as satellite imagery mapping for structures is limited by vegetation can also be processed and interpreted for coverage and anthropogenic activities while lineaments. Such lineaments which may include borehole logging is capital intensive and gives only faults, fractured and shear zones could be relevant vertical information at a location. Most in hydrogeology and mineral exploration. geophysical methods on the other hand are However, certain features other than geologic relatively cheaper, quicker and give both vertical structures may also appear as lineaments on and horizontal information of the subsurface. lineament maps generated from remote sensing 134 Okunubi and Olorunfemi: Integrated Geophysical Investigation of Remotely Sensed Suspected Fault Zones data, hence it is necessary to verify lineaments of Description of the Project Environment interest using other method(s). Also, RS Geographic Location, Relief, Drainage and delineated lineaments suffer spatial distortion Climate which can be corrected through ground truthing The study area cuts across Ilesa and Oriade Local with geophysical surveys. Government Area of Osun State (Fig. 1b). It covers an areal extent of 26.3 km2. The area covers The interpretation of remotely sensed data of the Ilo-Aiyegunle, Ilo-Ile, Iloko-Ijesa and Iwaraja and area around Iwaraja – Ijebu Ijesa in Osun State is bounded by Latitudes 7˚ 37 ' 28 '' and 7˚ 40 ' 18 '' Southwestern Nigeria delineated two mega N and Longitudes 4˚ 46 ' 42 '' and 4˚ 49 ' 37 '' E (Fig. lineaments A and B suspected to be regional faults 1c). The topography of the study area is gently (Fig. 1). This study investigates the existence of undulating with an elevation ranging between 358 the suspected fault zones using integrated and 420 m above sea level (a. s. l.). On the western magnetic and electrical geophysical methods. part of the study area is a NNE-SSW flat topped ridge whose altitude is over 550 m. (a) (c) 4o 46' 4o 47' 4o 48' 4o 49' 4o 50' 4o 51' 4 00' E 12 00' E CHAD NIGER 7o 41' 12 00' N Ijebu-jesa NIGERIA Abuja o Ilo-Ile o A 7 40' ATLANTIC STATE BOUNDARY OCEAN NATIONAL BOUNDARY 200 km o MARINE Ilo-Aiyegunle Olasore School Legend 7o 39' Suspected Mega Structure B Iloko- Ijesa Study Area Dual Carriage (b) Major Road Minor Road Contour o 4 00' E 4 30' E 5 00' E Ilesa 7 38' KWARA STATE River Network 8 00' N Built Up Area Light Forest Iwaraja Scattered Oshogbo E Ilesa Farm Institute Cultivation T A o T Scrub S 7 37' I T I OSUN K 7 30' N E STATE Oriade L. G. A Ilesa L. G. A LEGEND STUDY AREA 7 00' E 0 L. G. A. BOUNDARY STATE BOUNDARY Figure 1: Topographical Map of the Study Area (Generated Using ArcGIS) There are also low laying outcrops within the Geological Setting of the Study Area study area. The study area is drained by many The study area is located within the Basement seasonal streams flowing in the N-S direction. The Complex of Southwestern Nigeria. It is underlain drainage pattern is dendritic. The study area lies entirely by the rocks of the Ilesha Schist Belt within the tropical climatic region marked by composed of quartz schist, quartzite and alternating wet and dry seasons. Temperature is amphibolite schist (Fig. 2c). A hilly outcrop of moderately high during the day and also varies quartz schist which is over 550 m high is emplaced from season to season. The average daily on the western flank of the study area while many temperature varies between about 20oC (for a very low-lying outcrops are also found within the study cold day) and about 35oC (for a very hot day). area. The topsoil within the study area is heavily lateralized. Okunubi and Olorunfemi: Integrated Geophysical Investigation of Remotely Sensed Suspected Fault Zones 135 (a) (c) 4 45' 18.9''E 4 50' 0.42''E Provinces 7 41' 10.96''N SOKOTO IJEBU JESA MINNA ABUJA o EGBE ITAKPE HILL ILO IJESA Part of Okemesi Schist belt 1 6 2 Anka 7 11 3 8 o 4 Wonako 9 QUARTZ 5 10 ILOKO SCHIST AMPHIBOLITE SCHIST ANTIFORMAL AXIS (b) TOWN OKE 2 Km ILA BALOGUN IWARAJA 7 37' 0.26''N LEGEND STUDY AREA OKINI OTAN OKE MIGMATITE-GNEISS ILE MESI COMPLEX AMPHIBOLITE OSOGBO ESA OKE QUARTZITE IJEBU OKE IBODE JESA QUARTZITE-SCHIST EFON GRANITE GNEISS ALAYE ILESA PORPHYRITIC ILOBA GRANITE AJIBOLU IKOGOSI IWARAJA ERIN ODO ANTIFORMAL AXIS SHOWING PLUNGE ERIN OKE FAULT OGOTUN OVERTURNED FOLD 7 30' 3.31''N IPERINDO o 4 30' 19.08''E 0 3 5 0' 29.63''E Figure 2: (a) Schist Belt localities within Nigeria (Woakes et al., 1987); (b) Geological Map of Area Around Ilesha (Adapted from Odeyemi, 1993); (c) Geological Map of the Study Area (Adapted from Odeyemi, 1993) The lineament map (Fig. 3) of the study area revealed and offset by subtracting the base station reading from N-S, NNE-SSW, NE-SW, NEE-SWW and E-W the traverse station reading at synchronized time. The trending lineaments including the two mega resulting residual total field data were subjected to lineaments A and B trending approximately WNW- three points running average filtering to eliminate ESE. spikes. The filtered residual total field data were presented as profiles. The magnetic profiles were MATERIALS AND METHODS interpreted both qualitatively and semi-quantitatively Magnetic Method using visual inspection and Oasis Montaj Software Total field magnetic measurements, with Proton respectively. Precession Magnetometer (GSM-9) GEM Model, were carried out along four geophysical traverses Electrical Resistivity Method varying in length between 1 and 4.55 km, trending The resistivity survey involved 2-D imaging with the approximately N-S, NNE-SSW and NE-SW and Dipole-Dipole array and 1-D Vertical Electrical established near-orthogonal to the suspected mega Sounding (VES) with the Schlumberger array. The structures (Fig. 4). The measurements were carried out Dipole Dipole data were acquired along three profiles progressively at 10 m interval facing northward with established along two geophysical traverses (TR 1b) the magnetometer's sensor oriented approximately S- (and TR 2a & b) (Fig. 4).The Dipole Dipole profiles N, along all the traverses. Magnetic measurements whose locations were constrained by the magnetic were also carried out at corresponding base-stations. profiles were 500, 600 and 600 m long. The raw field data were corrected for diurnal variation 136 Okunubi and Olorunfemi: Integrated Geophysical Investigation of Remotely Sensed Suspected Fault Zones A B Figure 3: Lineament Map of the Study Area (Generated Using ArcGIS) A dipole length of 20 m was adopted while the Velper, 2004) technique.
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