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The Press at Stonor The Press At Stonor (1581) The secret printing press was established at Stonor by a team of Catholic printers disguised as gentry. They were later joined by Fr Edmund Campion, but his superior, Fr Robert Persons, remained in London. Clandestine liaison with sympathisers at Oxford University was established by Fr William Hartley and Fr Arthur Pitts, a son of the deceased Iffley church papist of the same name. While visiting Oxford Fr Hartley discovered that Roland Jenks, the Catholic stationer and bookbinder of 'Black Assizes' fame, was in trouble with the authorities again. As Jenks had recently worked for Fr Persons, the Stonor team sent a messenger to London to give warning. It transpired that Fr Person's lodgings had already been raided by a hundred armed soldiers, and that a young Douai priest had been arrested nearby. The priest, Fr Alexander Bryant, was starved and severely tortured, but revealed nothing about the secret press. The former Oxford student's bravery allowed the printing to continue and enabled Fr Persons to escape to Stonor. The press was probably installed in the large bedroom at Stonor House called Mount Pleasant. This has concealed access through another small room to the vast attics. As the house is built on a slope it was possible to escape from the attics to the then thickly wooded rising land behind the house. Stonor House As it is today. In Tudor times it was even more surrounded by woods. By late June 1581 enough copies of Fr Campion's new book 'Decem Rationes' had been printed for circulation at Oxford. The full title in English was 'Ten Reasons Proposed to his Adversaries for Disputation in the Name of the Faith and Presented to the Illustrious Members of our Universities'. Fr Hartley smuggled more than 400 copies into Oxford, leaving several hundred on the benches of the university church of St Mary. The books caused consternation among the University and Anglican Church authorities. The work of the Stonor press was now complete, at least for the time being. A fortnight later, on Tuesday 11 July, Fr Campion and Fr Persons left Stonor. Fr Campion intended returning to Lancashire to collect his reference books but had been given permission by Fr Persons to go first to Lyford Grange. Francis Yate, the owner of the house, was in prison for refusing to conform to Anglicanism. His mother remained at Lyford and Yate had managed to get a letter to Fr Campion asking him to visit her. Fr Persons agreed to the Lyford visit on the strict condition that it was for one night only. Ralph Emerson, a Jesuit lay brother, was instructed to go with Fr Campion and make sure that he kept to schedule. Lyford Grange is a moated manor house near the River Ock, in a part of the Vale of White Horse as flat as Flanders. The house is now smaller than in Fr Campion's time but is strongly evocative of that period. Lyford Grange The moated manor was bigger in Campion's day It has already been noted that one of the Lyford Yates had recently become a Jesuit missionary in Brazil. The family, and their equally Catholic cousins four miles away at Buckland, were descended from John Yate, a Merchant of the Staple in Henry VIII's time. The Yates of Lyford were traditionally buried at St James's church, West Hanney, two miles north of Wantage. One of the monuments to them states that they died 'in the full Catholic Faith'. At the time of Fr Campion's visit to Lyford Grange the house had two chaplains, Fr Thomas Ford and Fr John Colleton. Fr Colleton had spent three years at the home of James Braybrooke, the expelled Inner Temple lawyer of Sutton Courtenay, jailed for his refusal to conform to Anglicanism. But there was something more remarkable about Lyford Grange. It was home to what may have been the last remnant of English monasticism still on native soil; a community of Brigittine nuns, still following the religious life. Their convent of Syon in Middlesex (where Syon House now stands) had been suppressed forty-two years earlier. At one time an aunt of Dame Cecily Stonor had been abbess of the community. Queen Mary restored the convent but it was suppressed again by Queen Elizabeth. Since then the nuns had been put in the custody of various unsympathetic people until they ended up at Lyford. Francis Yate's widowed mother had become one of the sisters. Fr Campion's overnight stay at Lyford passed off peacefully. After lunch he and Bro. Emerson headed towards Oxford, guided by Fr Colleton. Later that day a party of Catholics called at Lyford. They were disappointed to have missed the famous Jesuit, so Fr Ford was sent to bring Fr Campion back to preach to the visitors. Fr Campion and his companions were found at an inn near Oxford where they had met a large group of Catholics from the University, also eager to hear the author of the 'Ten Reasons'. Bro. Emerson was eventually persuaded to go on to Lancashire alone and to let Fr Campion return to Lyford to preach. So next day the two Lyford chaplains took Fr Campion back to the grange where he preached and celebrated Mass for the people gathered there. On the Sunday a government spy named Eliot joined the worshippers at Lyford. Eliot had worked in various Catholic households and was known to Mrs Yate's chef, who believed him to be a trustworthy Catholic. However, since they had last met Eliot had been in serious trouble with the law. He had been released from jail only after offering his services as a priest-hunter. This was a lucrative occupation because the priest-hunter could claim a third of the priest's considerable fine. Compton House Much altered, the house where the wife of the exiled Sir Francis Englefield died Eliot was one of thirty or forty people who attended Fr Campion's 10 o'clock Mass that Sunday morning. He then slipped away to call the nearest justice of the peace. As it happened the magistrate was less than enthusiastic. Quite apart from having his Sunday disturbed, he was a member of the then numerous Fettiplace family, some of whom remained Catholic and many of whom seem to have had Catholic sympathies. Indeed the wife of the exiled Catholic activist Sir Francis Englefield was a Fettiplace who had died only two years earlier, eight miles away at Compton Beauchamp. So too were John Yate of Buckland's wife and mother. Compton Beauchamp Next to the mano r, to day this is a charming Anglo -Catholic church The magistrate brought a posse of about a hundred men, who were probably no more enthusiastic than him. The ensuing search was less than thorough, and failed to find the three priests who were in a secret hiding place over a stairwell. The magistrate and his men were keen to leave but Eliot accused them of being secret Catholics. Justice Fettiplace defended hinmself by saying that he did not want to damage the house. As the evening wore on a second, more thorough search was made, but with no greater success. Next morning the search was resumed with more enthusiasm and the priests were captured. Other known Catholics in the house were arrested, including William Hildesley of Beenham. He was probably the youngest son of Margaret Hildesley (née Stonor) and may have been the Hildesley who, two years earlier, was studying for the priesthood at Douai, but who seems not to have been ordained. Although Justice Fettiplace's men found the three priests, they seem to have missed some of the incriminating evidence. In 1959 electricians working in the roof void found a wooden box about eight inches in diameter and of similar depth nailed to a joist. It had been there for 378 years. Inside the box was ancient vellum, still soft and pliable, on which was written a list of indulgences. Wrapped inside the vellum was an Agnus Dei (Latin for Lamb of God), a wax medallion issued by the Pope, so-called because it bore a picture of the Lamb of God. In Elizabeth's reign it was a criminal offence to import or possess such a medallion. The Lyford Agnus Dei For nearly 400 years it lay hidden in the roof The owner of Lyford Grange at the time of this remarkable find was a Miss Whiting who, with her companion Miss Morrell, had the Agnus Dei framed in gold. They presented it, together with its box and vellum wrapping, to the Jesuits of Campion Hall in Brewer Street, Oxford. There it is kept with a copy of a commentary on Aristotle's 'Physics' containing several specimens of Fr Campion's signature. After the arrests Justice Fettiplace summoned the Sheriff of Berkshire, Humphrey Forster of Aldermaston, to take charge of the prisoners. Like Fettiplace, Sheriff Forster must have found the situation embarrassing. He is said to have been an admirer of Campion and 'almost a Catholic', with plenty of Catholic neighbours. His branch of the Forsters owned Harpsden Court which is only five miles south of Stonor. (His great great great grandmother was Alice Stonor.) And his principal residence, Aldermaston Court, was virtually surrounded by lands controlled by Catholics: the Shalford estates of William Wollascott, Edmund Plowden's Wokefield and Burghfield estates, the Hildesleys' holdings at Beenham, Lady Marvyn's Ufton properties and the sequestrated estates of Sir Francis Englefield. At first Sheriff Forster stalled and had a message sent back to Lyford saying that he could not be found.
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