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Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Production Landscapes Working Paper 20 November 2005 Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Production Landscapes Caroline Petersen Brian Huntley Copyright 2005 Global Environment Facility 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 USA The text of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or nonprofit uses, without special permission, provided acknowledgment of the source is made.The GEF Secretariat would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this book for its source. Copies may be sent to the GEF Secretariat in care of the address above. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purposes without prior written consent of the GEF Secretariat.All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without ii written permission from the source. Contents Foreword v Len Good Introduction vi Brian Huntley and Caroline Petersen Part 1. Mainstreaming Biodiversity: Setting the Scene 1.What Is Mainstreaming Biodiversity? 2 Caroline Petersen and Brian Huntley 2. Biodiversity in the GEF Portfolio:The Role of Mainstreaming 12 Gonzalo Castro 3.The Process of Mainstreaming: Conditions, Constraints, and Prospects 18 Richard M. Cowling Part 2. Case Studies in Production Landscapes 4. Mainstreaming Biodiversity Conservation Initiatives in New Zealand 28 Robert McCallum 5. Mainstreaming Agrobiodiversity 36 Jeffrey A. McNeely 6. Mainstreaming Wildlife Conservation in Multiple-Use Forests of the Northern Republic of Congo 51 Paul Elkan and Sarah Elkan iii Part 3. Challenges and Opportunities in Mainstreaming 7.Achieving Sustainable Landscapes:A Calculus for Trade-Offs between Conservation and Human Use 68 Kent H. Redford 8. Mainstreaming Biodiversity through South Africa’s Bioregional Conservation Programs: 78 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Trevor Sandwith, Kristal Maze, Mandy Barnett, Sarah Frazee, and Mandy Cadman 9. Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Rural Development Programs in Mexico 91 Carlos Toledo 10. Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Transition Countries: UNDP/GEF Experiences 102 in Project Development in Eastern Europe, the CIS, and Asia Tehmina Akhtar and Jeffrey F.Griffin Part 4. Mainstreaming in the Private Sector 11. Mainstreaming Biodiversity Objectives into the Tea Industry:A Case Study of the 122 High Ranges,Western Ghats, India Pramod Krishnan 12. Mainstreaming Biodiversity in the Energy Industry 131 Sachin Kapila 13. Mainstreaming Biodiversity in the Mining Industry: Experiences from Alcoa’s Bauxite Mining 142 Operations in Western Australia Carl Grant and John Gardner Part 5. Achieving Mainstreaming Outcomes 14. Guidelines for Effective Interventions 154 Cape Town Workshop Participants Appendix. Cape Town Workshop Participants 164 iv Foreword Len Good The international conservation community has rea- to the GEF’s Scientific and Technical Advisory son to celebrate the setting aside of over 12 percent Panel (STAP), which was established in 1992 to of the Earth’s land surface for long-term protection. provide the GEF Council with strategic advice From minute reserves on oceanic islands to exten- where appropriate. sive mega reserves in tropical savannas and boreal forests, the protected area systems of the world have STAP’s response is presented in this volume, based become the cornerstone of biodiversity conserva- on a workshop held in Cape Town, South Africa, in tion. During the past decade, the Global September 2004.The workshop brought together Environment Facility (GEF) has contributed over experts from around the globe to review the main- $1.2 billion, and leveraged $3.1 billion in cofinanc- streaming concept, and to develop principles and ing, to supporting this agenda. conditions for its effective application.The work- shop also identified areas for GEF interventions to What we at the GEF have learned, however, is that promote the mainstreaming of biodiversity and to protected areas alone cannot ensure that our goal of propose tools to assess the effectiveness of such achieving global biodiversity benefits for the planet interventions. and its six billion people will be met. Unless we address the root causes of biodiversity loss and It is a great pleasure to endorse the products of the incorporate biodiversity conservation into all devel- Cape Town workshop and encourage the GEF fam- opment actions—and simultaneously incorporate ily to apply, where possible and appropriate, the 10 development goals into our conservation pro- principles for mainstreaming biodiversity described grams—we will not reduce, much less reverse, the in the following pages and listed in Box 14.1. I am current rates of biodiversity loss. confident that the excellent synergies developed between the GEF,its Implementing Agencies, and This realization has convinced the GEF Council to the STAP team will help us continue to increase the approve new strategies within the GEF biodiversity benefits of global biodiversity. work program. Strategic Priority 2 seeks to “main- stream biodiversity in production landscapes and sectors.” In attempting to position mainstreaming approaches into our work program, however, we found that the concept and its application were Len Good poorly understood by many stakeholders. It was, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman therefore, considered appropriate to refer this topic Global Environment Facility v Introduction Brian Huntley1 and Caroline Petersen2 “The most important lesson of the last ten years is that the objectives of the Convention will be impossible to meet until consideration of biodiversity is fully integrated into other sectors.The need to mainstream the conservation and sustainable use of biological resources across all sectors of the national economy, society, and the policy-making framework is a complex challenge at the heart of the Convention.”3 COP VI At the World Summit on Sustainable Development in the Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel (STAP) Johannesburg, South Africa, in 2002, world leaders of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), was agreed that reducing the rate of biodiversity loss and attended by individuals from those organizations, as improving the welfare of humankind were still elusive well as the implementing agencies of the GEF—the goals, despite the ambitious initiatives taken at the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Conference on the Environment and the United Nations Environment Programme Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. (UNEP), and the World Bank—and by a diverse Massive programs of integrated rural development, group of professionals from around the globe. 4, 5 community-based resource management, and similar innovations had failed to deliver the results expected. The aims of the workshop were: A new paradigm was needed to integrate biodiversity ■ to determine an operational definition of the con- conservation into thinking and action at all levels of cept of mainstreaming biodiversity in production intervention and across all sectors.The concept of landscapes and sectors, building on the work of “mainstreaming” biodiversity conservation was enter- previous workshops 6 ing the language of the new debate, but its meaning ■ to demonstrate the role of mainstreaming in and relevance were poorly understood, despite being advancing Convention on Biological Diversity a key concept in the new GEF program of work. (CBD) goals and Strategic Priority 2 of the GEF-3 program of work This volume contributes to broadening the ■ to explore the scale at which mainstreaming can understanding and application of the concept of most effectively be carried out mainstreaming biodiversity. It captures the inputs to ■ to critique successes and failures in achieving main- and findings of an international workshop held in streaming outcomes to date—consolidating and Cape Town, South Africa, in September 2004 on evaluating experience in different sectors Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Production Landscapes and ■ to brainstorm on modified or new approaches and Sectors.The workshop, co-hosted by the South tools to assist in designing more effective inter- vi African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) and ventions and achieving more effective main- streaming outcomes in the future, such as models In Achieving Sustainable Landscapes,Kent H. Redford of best practice, principles, and indicators. presents a paper that explores a calculus of the bio- diversity trade-offs involved in mainstreaming. The first three of the workshop aims are addressed in Trevor Sandwith and his colleagues write about the the first paper in this volume, which explores what we opportunities provided by a bioregional approach to mean by “mainstreaming biodiversity,” while the new conservation programs in southern Africa. Carlos approaches and tools—the products of the work- Toledo discusses the challenges of integrating biodi- shop—are outlined in the final paper, on guidelines for versity considerations into rural development pro- effective intervention.The remaining papers, which grams in marginal but biodiversity-rich areas of were presented at the open symposium preceding the Mexico. Finally,Tehmina Akhtar and Jeffrey F. workshop, represent a broad range of mainstreaming Griffin analyze a set of mainstreaming projects in initiatives—in Africa,Asia,Australia, Europe, and Latin Eastern Europe, the Commonwealth of America, and in a large number of production sec- Independent States, and Asia, exploring the special tors.They are organized under themes as follows: challenges and opportunities posed by transitional economies.
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