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World Heritage and Tourism in a Changing Climate United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization World Heritage and Tourism in a Changing Climate WWH_and_Tourism_23_may.inddH_and_Tourism_23_may.indd A 224/05/20164/05/2016 005:255:25 UNEP and UNESCO promote environmentally sound practices globally and in their own activities. This report is printed on paper from sustainable forests including recycled fi bre. The paper is chlorine free, and the inks vegetable-based. Our distribution policy aims to reduce UNEP’s and UNESCO’s carbon footprints. WWH_and_Tourism_23_may.inddH_and_Tourism_23_may.indd B 224/05/20164/05/2016 005:255:25 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization World Heritage and Tourism in a Changing Climate WWH_and_Tourism_23_may.inddH_and_Tourism_23_may.indd 1 224/05/20164/05/2016 005:255:25 World Heritage and Tourism in a Changing Climate Published by the United Nations Environment the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of Programme (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya; the United the UNESCO Open Access Repository (http://www. Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural unesco.org/open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-en). Organization (UNESCO), Paris, France; and the Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, MA, USA. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply United Nations Environment Programme, the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, PO BOX part of UNESCO and UNEP concerning the legal 30552, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or the delimitation of its frontiers or United Nations Educational, Scientific and boundaries. Cultural Organization, 7, place de Fontenoy United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 75352 Paris 07 SP, France The Authors are responsible for the choice and presentation of the facts contained in this book and Union of Concerned Scientists, Two Brattle for the opinions expressed therein, which are not Square, Cambridge, MA 02138-3780, USA necessarily the views or stated policy of UNESCO and/or UNEP and do not commit the Organizations. © UNESCO and UNEP, 2016 This publication may be reproduced in whole or ISBN UNEP: 978-92-807-3573-4 in part and in any form for educational or non- ISBN UNESCO: 978-92-3-100152-9 profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made and any extracts are provided in their proper contexts. UNESCO and UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. This publication was made possible with financial support of the Ministry for Ecology, Sustainable No use of this publication may be made for resale Development and Energy, France. or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from UNESCO and UNEP. This publication is available in Open Access under The images licensed from Dreamstime, Orkney the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 Media Group, Shutterstock and Travel Images in this IGO) licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- publication (see photo credits on page 3) do not fall sa/3.0/igo/). By using the content of this publication, under the above-mentioned CC-BY-SA licence and WH_and_Tourism_24_may.indd 2 24/05/2016 17:33 may not be used or reproduced without the prior PLACE The World Heritage Collection; 48 (right) © permission of the copyright holders. UNESCO / Francesco Bandarin; 50 (left) © Patrick Venenoso; 51, 52 © OUR PLACE The World Heritage Suggested citation: Markham, A., Osipova, E., Lafrenz Collection; 58 © Vincent Ko Hon Chiu; 59, 60, 62 © Samuels, K. and Caldas, A. 2016. World Heritage OUR PLACE The World Heritage Collection; 63 © and Tourism in a Changing Climate. United Nations David Geldhof; 68 © Martin (necktru); 71 © Vincent Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya and Ko Hon Chiu; 76 © OUR PLACE The World Heritage United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Collection; 80–81 © Jan van de Kam; 83 © Casper Organization, Paris, France. Tybjerg; 84, 85 © UNESCO / Junaid Sorosh-Wali; 86 © Aneta Ribarska. Cover picture: A hooded beach chair facing the Wadden Sea, a protected area for migratory birds The following photographs are reproduced under inscribed on the World Heritage List © Karen Kaspar / Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike license: Shutterstock.com. page 19 © derekkeats; 45 © www.Bildtankstelle. de; 66 (left) © David Adam Kess; 66 (right) © D. Online publication: http://whc.unesco.org/ Gordon E. Robertson; 70 © Jeroen Kransen Flickr; document/139944 75 © Kim Hansen. Printed by: UNESCO The image on page 49 was taken from NASA’s Earth Observatory, © NASA. Photographs: The following photographs are available for use under the Open Access The following photographs may only be reproduced Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 with the prior permission of the copyright holders: IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ page 20 © Jorg Hackemann | Dreamstime.com; 21 © by-sa/3.0/igo/): page 9 © OUR PLACE The World Arseniy Rogov | Dreamstime.com; 38 © Neil Bradfield Heritage Collection; 10 © UNESCO / Francesco | Dreamstime.com; 47 (right) © Feathercollector | Bandarin; 11 © UNESCO / Lodovico Folin-Calabi; 15 Dreamstime.com; 50 (right) © V. Sidoropolev / Travel- © UNESCO / Roland Lin; 16 © UNESCO / Francesco Images.com; 54 © Dennis Donohue | Dreamstime.com; Bandarin; 25 © OUR PLACE The World Heritage 55 © Adam Markham; 56 © Tanaonte | Dreamstime. Collection; 31 © Patrick Venenoso; 33 © Claudio com; 61 © Rafał Cichawa | Dreamstime.com; 64–65 Margottini; 34–35, 36 © UNESCO / Ron Van Oers; © Metropoway893 | Dreamstime.com; 67 © Pablo 37 © OUR PLACE The World Heritage Collection; 40 Hidalgo | Dreamstime.com; © 72–73 Liviovillani | © UNESCO / Lazare Eloundou Assomo; 41 © OUR Dreamstime.com; 74 © Checco | Dreamstime.com; 77 PLACE The World Heritage Collection; 42 © Tim © Orkney Media Group; 78 Adam Stanford © Aerial- Schnarr; 44 © Federica Leone; 46 © Vincent Ko Hon Cam Ltd; 82 © Wim Schooorlemmer / PRW; 87 © Neil Chiu; 47 (left) © Aneta Ribarska; 48 (left) © OUR Harrison | Dreamstime.com. WH_and_Tourism_23_may.indd 3 24/05/2016 06:34 WWH_and_Tourism_23_may.inddH_and_Tourism_23_may.indd 4 224/05/20164/05/2016 005:255:25 Foreword 5– Foreword rom Venice and its Lagoon to the Galápagos As this report shows, World Heritage properties Islands, some of the world’s most iconic provide opportunities for both climate mitigation FWorld Heritage sites are vulnerable to and adaptation. For example, well-preserved climate change. In this new analysis, the United forests and coastal habitats can help store Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the carbon and provide vital ecosystem services, United Nations Educational, Scientific and including natural protection against storms Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and the and floods. World Heritage sites can also act Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) highlight as learning laboratories for the study and the growing climate risks to World Heritage mitigation of climate impacts, as well as being sites and recommend a clear and achievable places to test resilient management strategies. response. Globally, we need to understand more Additionally, efforts can be made to increase about how climate change will affect all World visitors’ understanding of the significance of the Heritage sites, and how it will interact with and sites they visit and how climate change affects amplify the effects of other stresses, including them, ensuring that responsible behaviours and urbanization, pollution, natural resource practices support local communities and extraction and, increasingly, tourism. safeguard heritage assets. There are more than 1 000 World Heritage The need to act is both urgent and clear. We must properties in 163 countries and a great many of reduce greenhouse gas emissions in line with the them are important tourist destinations. At its Paris Agreement while providing the financial best, tourism drives economic development and resources, support and expertise necessary brings needed financial and social benefits, but, to ensure the resilience of World Heritage as this report demonstrates, rapid or unplanned properties over the long term. A growing tourism developments, or excessive visitor body of knowledge, management guidelines numbers, can also have a negative effect on the and policy tools already exists that can help us properties. Climate change is likely to exacerbate achieve these goals. Success will require us to existing stresses and bring direct impacts of its expand our networks and partnerships with local own. Sea-level rise, higher temperatures, habitat communities and businesses and to encourage shifts and more frequent extreme weather the tourism industry to join us in this vital task. events such as storms, floods and droughts, all have the potential to rapidly and permanently change or degrade the very attributes that make World Heritage sites such popular tourist destinations. Ligia Noronha, Director, Division of Industry, In adopting the Paris Agreement in December Technology and Economics, UNEP 2015, 195 countries acknowledged the importance of reducing greenhouse gases to a Mechtild Rössler, Director, Division for Heritage level that will keep global average temperature and World Heritage Centre, UNESCO rise since pre-industrial times well below 2°C. Achieving this goal is vital for the future of Ken Kimmell, President, Union of Concerned World Heritage. Scientists
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