Tourism's Impacts on Local Populations
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Develop Sustainable Ecotourism for Alger County, Michigan
OUR PROJECT: DEVELOP SUSTAINABLE ECOTOURISM FOR ALGER COUNTY, MICHIGAN Dr. Scott Jordan ([email protected]) & David Kronk ([email protected]) Northern Michigan University WHAT IS OVERTOURISM? • "Overtourism"- Tourism that has moved beyond the limits of acceptable change in a destination due to quantity of visitors, resulting in degradation of the environment and infrastructure, diminished travel experience, wear and tear on built heritage, and/or negative impacts on residents. WHAT IS ECOTOURISM? • Ecotourism is defined as "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and involves interpretation and education”. PRINCIPLES OF ECOTOURISM The travel experience should: 1. Support the conservation of natural areas and wildlife 2. Minimize air and water pollution as well as tourist waste 3. Offer safe and enriching or educational visitor experiences 4. Respect the cultural tradition of the host destination 5. Maintain and enhance the landscape so as to avoid physical or environmental degradation 6. Efficiently use scarce or non-renewable resources, and 7. Maximize opportunities for local prosperity for the host destination in the form of long-term economic viability for tourism, local management control, quality employment, local retention of visitor spending, and fair distribution of economic and social benefits. WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE ECOTOURISM? Sustainable: capable of being maintained at a steady level without damage to existing community, natural resources or economy. Ecotourism: -
Impacts of Tourism Revision Notes
Impacts of Tourism Revision Notes (B) DEFINITIONS Sustainable Tourism = Tourists can enjoy visiting a destination and their visit brings positive economic, environmental and social benefits to the country. Economy = Money and jobs. Social = Peoples’ lives. Environmental = Surroundings. May be man made or natural. Impact = Something that happens because of tourism. HIC = High Income Country e.g. UK, USA. LIC = Low Income Country e.g. Chad, Madagascar NEE = Newly Emerging Economy. 2 1 Positive impacts of tourism on the economy • The greatest effect is the multiplier effect i.e. money spent in an area gets re- spent in that area as people spend their wages. This continues to boost the local economy. • Tourism creates jobs. Hotels, airports and local attractions all require staff to function properly. Sometimes tourism creates jobs directly e.g. hotel and other times indirectly e.g. woman involved in building a motorway. • Inbound tourists i.e. tourists from another country are particularly important as they bring foreign currency e.g. $(US) or £(UK) to a country. • When money is spent on peoples’ wages or in hotels, airports and shops the government is able to tax this money. The taxes the government gets from tourists can be used to improve schools, hospitals, roads etc … for local people. 3 2 Negative economic impacts on local/host communities • Often money spent in an area goes to large multinational corporations e.g. Hilton Hotels and not to local people. • Many jobs in tourism are low paid and involve working unsociable hours. • In poorer countries involved in tourism workers often are not supported by trade unions and may not get sick pay, maternity pay or paid holidays. -
Dlabaja-Shima-V1
CARING FOR THE ISLAND CITY Venetians reclaiming the city in times of overtourism: contested representations, narratives and infrastructures [Received October 23rd 2020; accepted March 1st 2021 – DOI: 10.21463/shima.117] Cornelia Dlabaja University of Vienna, Austria <[email protected]> ABSTRACT: Overtourism has transformed Venice into a Disneyfied city in several ways, for example through short-term tourists and their perception and use of the city as a fun park. There is little perception of Venice as a lived-in space which is inhabited by families, elderly people and students going about their everyday lives in a city with only 52,000 inhabitants and a staggering 24 million visitors every year. The article examines the question of how Venetians are reclaiming their right to the island city as a common good for its inhabitants, relating this directly to how the city is cared for. It discusses the phenomena that come with the reshaping of the spaces and everyday lives of Venetian residents due to mass tourism. The different ways the city is inhabited are discussed, and the consequences thereof, based on ethnographic research containing field research in the form of qualitative interviews, participatory observations, analysis of social media activities on Facebook, analysis of secondary data and debates in the media. KEYWORDS: Right to the city, touristification, taking care, inhabiting the city, narratives of change Introduction: contested narratives of the island city This article explores the negotiations surrounding Venice as a contested, iconic, inhabited space, both through narratives and citizen protests, in the conteXt of touristification. It offers a closer look at the challenges of how Venice is cared for (Tronto, 2013)1, and the ways the city is inhabited in relation to the phenomenon of overtourism. -
Regulations on the Environmental Management of Tourism Development in Yunnan Province, China
REGULATIONS ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN YUNNAN PROVINCE, CHINA Erwei Dong on legislators, governments and private organization Doctoral Candidate to concern more about the negative impact of human Department of Recreation, Park and Tourism activities. Tourism is also acting as a rescuer of tourism Management resource to create revenue for environmental protection. The Pennsylvania State University On the other hand, tourists who show their interesting to 201 Mateer University Park 16802-1307 the natural resource may enhance the pride of the local [email protected] residents resulted in indirectly helping them to protect the natural resource and understand the value of nature Abstract conservation. On the contrary, tourism by no mean is This study is to systematically analyze what types of a pure “green industry” or “smokeless industry” which environmental policies regulate tourism development in has been reported to negatively impact on environment. regional level. Yunnan province situated in Southwest The issues of negative effects of tourism on environment China is selected as a research site in view of various should be divided into two parts: the first part is regulations on environmental management, well-known analytical or disintegrative which reflects the impact tourism destination and cultural diversity. The finding of on separate elements of environment element such as this study is that special regulations related to numbers air, geology, soils, water, vegetation, and wildlife. The of tourists, accommodation, transportation tools, second part is systemic or integrative which denotes the environmental education campaigns for tourists and impact on the holistic communities of biotic and abiotic the cooperation of tourism associations are needed to components such as coastal, inland, mountain and polar enhance tourism environment management. -
Overtourism in European Cities: from Challenges to Coping Strategies
FOCUS Gert-Jan Hospers an expanding group of European cities is confronted with the adverse effects of mass tourism. In this arti- Overtourism in European cle we explore overtourism, its challenges and possi- Cities: From Challenges to ble ways to cope with it. Next to a discussion of these issues at large, we deal with the case examples of Coping Strategies Barcelona and Amsterdam, and strategies proposed by the World Tourism Organization. The article ends with a short conclusion. CAUSES OF OVERTOURISM INTRODUCTION Overtourism may be a growing concern for European cities, as a topic it is not entirely new. For instance, Venice has been a tourist magnet for a long time. At Doxey (1975) proposed an ‘irritation index’, an ideal the end of the 18th century residents already com- type model mapping the changing perception of resi- plained about overcrowding. Since two decades, dents towards visitors in an area’s touristic life cycle. however, tourism in the Italian canal and heritage In the tourism development of a destination Doxey city has exploded. Between 2003 and 2017 the num- identified four stages of local responses: after initial ber of tourist overnight-stays rose from 6.2 million enthusiasm about the economic benefits of tourism Gert-Jan Hospers Radboud University, to 10.2 million, while the city was visited by nearly (euphoria), attitudes tend to change with the growth Nijmegen 35 million day-trippers in 2017 (Nolan and Séraphin of visitors. After a while, locals get used to tourists 2019). In the last group we find many cruise ships and may become indifferent (apathy). -
The Undisrupted Growth of the Airbnb Phenomenon Between 2014–2020
sustainability Article The Undisrupted Growth of the Airbnb Phenomenon between 2014–2020. The Touristification of European Cities before the COVID-19 Outbreak Łukasz Bugalski Faculty of Architecture, Gda´nskUniversity of Technology, 80-233 Gda´nsk,Poland; [email protected] Received: 25 September 2020; Accepted: 21 November 2020; Published: 25 November 2020 Abstract: As a result of the Airbnb eruption, not only has the character of the short-term rental market been completely transformed, but the decades long growth in tourism has also been further accelerated. Therefore, due to the new demands of the tourism economy, the major shift in the usage of historic city centers occurred–the process of ‘touristification’, that results in the emergence of its new, unsustainable form. Despite the significance of those circumstances, there is a lack of any broader quantitative research that would present the dynamic of the Airbnb phenomenon. Therefore, thanks to the recognition of AirDNA data, such statistical analysis has become possible. The goal of this paper is to investigate the Airbnb’s growth trajectories—data that bind together a market dimension of the growth in tourism and the community aspect of an urban change caused by its impact—from the perspective of its spatial distribution across Europe between 2014 and 2020. As a result, it was possible to follow the Airbnb phenomenon during its undisrupted period of growth—from its sudden eruption, further spread, and potential future after the COVID-19 outbreak—all together with its logarithmic character, concentration form, and momentum of already reached economic equilibrium. Keywords: Airbnb phenomenon; AirDNA data; short-term rental market; sharing economy; urban tourism; overtourism 1. -
Causes and Development Impacts of the Tourism Boom Exemplified By
Natascha Katharina Wieser Causes and Development Impacts of the Tourism Boom exemplified by Nazaré Master´s Thesis to be awarded the degree of Master of Arts in Global Studies at the University of Graz, Austria supervised by Univ. Prof. Dr. phil. Werner Piller Earth Science Department Graz, February 2019 Author´s Declaration Unless otherwise indicated in the text or references, or acknowledged above, this thesis is entirely the product of my own scholarly work. Any inaccuracies of fact or faults in reasoning are my own and accordingly I take full responsibility. This thesis has not been submitted either in whole or part, for a degree at this or any other university or institution. This is to certify that the printed version is equivalent to the submitted electronic one. II Table of Contents Table of Figures..................................................................................................................................... IV 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Tourism in Portugal ................................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Surf Tourism ............................................................................................................................ 6 1.3 Introduction of Big-Wave Surfing ............................................................................................ 8 1.3.1 Big-Wave Surfing ............................................................................................................ -
Consumption and the Environment (SOER2010)
CONSUMPTION AND THE ENVIRONMENT — 2012 UPDATE THE EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT STATE AND OUTLOOK 2010 What is the SOER 2010? The European environment — state and outlook 2010 (SOER 2010) is aimed primarily at policymakers, in Europe and beyond, involved with framing and implementing policies that could support environmental improvements in Europe. The information also helps European citizens to better understand, care for and improve Europe's environment. The SOER 2010 'umbrella' includes four key assessments: 1. a set of 13 Europe‑wide thematic assessments of key environmental themes; 2. an exploratory assessment of global megatrends relevant for the European environment; 3. a set of 38 country assessments of the environment in individual European countries; 4. a synthesis — an integrated assessment based on the above assessments and other EEA activities. SOER 2010 assessments Thematic Country assessments assessments Understanding SOER 2010 Country profiles climate change — Synthesis — Mitigating National and climate change regional stories Adapting to Common climate change environmental themes Climate change Biodiversity mitigation Land use Land use Nature protection Soil and biodiversity Marine and Waste coastal environment Consumption Assessment of Freshwater and environment global megatrends Material resources Social Air pollution and waste megatrends Water resources: Technological Each of the above quantity and flows megatrends are assessed by each EEA member Economic Freshwater quality country (32) and megatrends EEA cooperating country (6) Environmental Air pollution megatrends Urban environment Political megatrends All SOER 2010 outputs are available on the SOER 2010 website: www.eea.europa.eu/soer. The website also provides key facts and messages, summaries in non‑technical language and audio‑visuals, as well as media, launch and event information. -
Preventing Overtourism by Identifying the Determinants of Tourists’ Choice of Attractions
sustainability Article Preventing Overtourism by Identifying the Determinants of Tourists’ Choice of Attractions Hugo Padrón-Ávila * and Raúl Hernández-Martín Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Methods, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 26 July 2019; Accepted: 19 September 2019; Published: 21 September 2019 Abstract: Popular tourism destinations based on specific attractions along with coastal and island destinations have been considered potential candidates to suffer from overtourism. In this context, in-depth knowledge of the determinants of tourists’ choices of attractions can be used to improve policies against crowding. This paper analyzes why tourists decide to visit certain attractions instead of others in the context of an island destination with sustainability concerns. To do so, discrete choice models are used to determine if a set of 96 variables can explain why 11 attractions are visited on the island of Lanzarote. The results show that 86 variables are significant to explain visits to at least one of the attractions. The analysis also identifies both similarities and differences on the effects these variables have on the probability of visiting each of the 11 attractions. These results are useful to cluster attractions depending on the profile of those tourists most likely to visit them and to cluster variables regarding their effect on visiting attractions. Furthermore, the results provide useful information for public and private managers involved in evenly reallocating tourist flows in time and space to avoid the negative impacts of overtourism. Keywords: attractions; overtourism; tourists’ characteristics; destination management; discrete choice models 1. -
Global Environmental Consequences of Tourism Stefan Gossling*
Global Environmental Change 12 (2002) 283–302 Global environmental consequences of tourism Stefan Gossling*. Institute of Cultural Geography, Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat,. Werderring 4, 79085 Freiburg, Germany Abstract In 2000, almost 700 million international tourist arrivals were counted worldwide. Even though a global activity of this scale can be assumed to have a substantial impact on the environment, its consequences have never been assessed and quantified. In this contribution, five major aspects of the leisure-related alteration of the environment are investigated: (1) the change of land cover and land use, (2) the use of energy and its associated impacts, (3) the exchange of biota over geographical barriers and the extinction of wild species, (4) the exchange and dispersion of diseases, and (5), a psychological consequence of travel, the changes in the perception and the understanding of the environment initiated by travel. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Biodiversity; Climate change; Energy; Sustainable tourism; Travel 1. Introduction including travel (an indirect impact occurring on large regional scales). While the local ecological effects of Ecosystems provide services essential to humanity, tourism have been relatively well researched (summary which in short can be described as supporting life, e.g. in Hunter and Green, 1995), there is little informa- supplying materials and energy, absorbing waste pro- tion on how these effects add up globally. Furthermore, ducts, and providing culturally valuable assets (cf. the non-physical consequences of travel have remained Daily, 1997, 2000). Maintaining ecosystem integrity little investigated, although they might be as important must thus be a primary human goal, which is never- for global environmental change. -
The Impacts of Tourism Development in Rural Indigenous Destinations: an Investigation of the Local Residents’ Perception Using Choice Modeling
sustainability Article The Impacts of Tourism Development in Rural Indigenous Destinations: An Investigation of the Local Residents’ Perception Using Choice Modeling Kaowen Grace Chang 1,*, Hungju Chien 2, Hungyao Cheng 1 and Hsin-i Chen 3 1 Department of Landscape Architecture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 600, Taiwan; [email protected] 2 Commerce Technology Application Research Division, Commerce Development Research Institute, Taipei City 106, Taiwan; [email protected] 3 Department of Applied Science of Living, Chinese Culture University, Taipei City 111, Taiwan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-5-271-7581 Received: 9 November 2018; Accepted: 10 December 2018; Published: 13 December 2018 Abstract: Since indigenous areas have profound ethnic culture and ecological significance and sensitivity, successful tourism development must consider the perceptions of the indigenous community in order to build a mutual relationship grounded on respect and feasibility. The local indigenous communities are influenced by both the positive and negative impacts of tourism. To recognize which tourism impacts are most anticipated and concerning, we determined which and to what extent tourism impacts affect indigenous hosts’ support of alternatives for tourism plans. We used discrete choice modeling in the experiment design for empirical data collection and used mixed-logistic regression to evaluate the influence of each impact on local residents’ perceptions. We rank the effects of socio-culture, economic, and environmental tourism impacts. Our findings suggest that culture-related impacts most improve indigenous residents’ tourism development support. The residents expect economic impacts on both the regional and local scales. However, the results show a willingness to accept pollution following increased tourism. -
The Impact of Local Environmental Quality on International Tourism Demand: the Case of China
The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Master's Theses Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects Spring 5-18-2012 The mpI act of Local Environmental Quality on International Tourism Demand: The aC se of China Cong Huang [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.usfca.edu/thes Part of the Economics Commons Recommended Citation Huang, Cong, "The mpI act of Local Environmental Quality on International Tourism Demand: The asC e of China" (2012). Master's Theses. 21. https://repository.usfca.edu/thes/21 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Impact of Local Environmental Quality on International Tourism Demand: The Case of China Cong Huang Department of Economics University of San Francisco 2130 Fulton St. San Francisco, CA 94117 email: [email protected] May, 2012 Abstract: This paper studies the impact of local environmental quality on international tourism demand based on a panel data set of tourist arrivals from ten foreign countries in 18 typical provinces in China over the period of 1999-2010. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) with different specifications show that the growth of pollution has a negative and significant influence on the international tourism demand. More specifically, the air quality plays a crucial role in this relationship, whereas the water quality does not.