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MARINE LITTER SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY FINAL VERSION: DECEMBER 2017 Recommended Citation: UN Environment (2017)

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MARINE LITTER SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY FINAL VERSION: DECEMBER 2017 Recommended Citation: UN Environment (2017) MARINE LITTER SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY FINAL VERSION: DECEMBER 2017 Recommended citation: UN Environment (2017). Marine Litter Socio Economic Study, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi. Kenya. Copyright © United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment), 2017 ISBN No: 978-92-807-3701-1 Job No: DEP/2175/NA No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Communication Division, UN Environment P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya, [email protected]. The Government of Germany is gratefully acknowledged for providing the necessary funding that made the production of this publication “Marine Litter Socio Economic Study“ possible. Acknowledgements: Peer reviewers: Dr. Sarah Dudas (Vancouver Island University), Dr. Jesús Gago (Instituto Español de Oceanografía), Francois Galgani (IFREMER), Dr. Denise Hardesty (CSIRO), Gaëlle Haut (Surfrider Foundation), Heidi Savelli (UN Environment), Dr. Sunwook Hong (OSEAN), Dr. Peter Kershaw (GESAMP), Ross A. Klein (Cruise Junkie/ Memorial University of Newfoundland), Päivi Munne (Finnish Environment Institute), Dr. Sabine Pahl (Plymouth University), François Piccione (Surfrider Foundation), Emma Priestland (Seas at Risk), Jacinthe Séguin (Environment Canada), Kaisa Uusimaa (UN Environment) , Dr. Dick Vethaak (Deltares), Nancy Wallace (NOAA Federal) and Dr. Kayleigh Wyles (Plymouth University) Contributors: Felicia Chinwe Mogo (NIMASA), Julie Church (Ocean Sole), Dr. Jeni Cross (Colorado State University), Giulia Gitti (IEEP), Dr. Marion Gust (Ministère de l’Ecologie, du Développement durable, de l’Energie, France), Dr. Denise Hardesty (CSIRO), Maeve Howe (IEEP intern), Marianne Kettunen (IEEP), Jon Khoo (Interface/Net-Works), Tim Kiessling (Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile), Megan Lamson (Hawaii Wildlife Fund), Luc Mellaerts (SDVO), Bernard Merkx (Waste Free Oceans), Konar Mutafoglu (IEEP), Dr. Kirsten Oleson (University of Hawaii at Manoa), Michail Papadoyannakis (European Commission), Dr. James T. Potemra (University of Hawaii), Dr. Chelsea M. Rochman (University of California, Davis), Jason Rolfe (NOAA Federal), Daniela Russi (IEEP), Jean-Pierre Schweitzer (IEEP), Phemelo Segoe (Rethaka/Repurpose Schoolbags), Oyenike Shobowale (ACPML), David Stover (Bureo Inc.), Dr. Martin Thiel (Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile & CEAZA), Susanne Tumlin (Gryaab AB, Sweden), Ivan Victor (SDVO) and Sirini Withana (IEEP). Main authors Emma Watkins and Patrick ten Brink (IEEP). Corresponding author: Emma Watkins: [email protected] Design: Strategic Agenda Ltd Cover Design: Strategic Agenda Ltd Front page image credits (top to bottom, left to right): Shutterstock, Shutterstock, Shutterstock, Hillary Daniels, Alain Bachellier Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the views expressed do not necessarily represent the decision or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement. UN Environment promotes environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. Our distribution policy aims to reduce UN Environment's carbon footprint. MARINE LITTER: SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY MARINE LITTER: SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................... vii 1. Environmental/ecosystem impacts of marine litter ........................................................................19 1.1 Environmental and ecosystem impacts of marine litter ...........................................................................19 1.2 From ecosystem impacts to socioeconomic consequences .................................................................19 1.3 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................................23 2. Producer responsibility and consumer behaviour ...........................................................................25 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................25 2.2 Production as a source of marine litter .......................................................................................................25 2.3 Consumers as a source of marine litter ......................................................................................................27 2.4 Consumer groups impacted by marine litter (costs of inaction) ...........................................................31 2.5 Potential means of engagement/solutions (costs of action) ..................................................................31 2.5.1 Producers ..............................................................................................................................................31 2.5.2 Consumers .............................................................................................................................................34 2.6 Conclusions on producer responsibility and consumer behaviour .......................................................40 3. WASTE AND WASTE WATER INFRASTRUCTURE AND COSTS ..................................................43 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................43 3.2 A ‘hierarchy’ for marine litter ..........................................................................................................................43 3.3 The waste management sector as a source of marine litter ..................................................................44 3.4 Waste management methods to prevent marine litter ............................................................................45 3.4.1 Waste prevention ................................................................................................................................45 3.4.2 Waste collection ...................................................................................................................................47 3.4.3 Waste disposal .....................................................................................................................................49 3.5 Marine litter collection costs .........................................................................................................................50 3.6 Trash to treasure initiatives ............................................................................................................................51 3.7 Conclusions on waste management infrastructure and costs ..............................................................54 4. FISHING AND AQUACULTURE ................................................................................................................57 4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................57 4.2 Fishing and aquaculture as a source of marine litter ...............................................................................57 4.3 Impacts of marine litter on fishing and aquaculture (costs of inaction) ...............................................58 4.4 Cost of action to address the problems .....................................................................................................61 4.5 Conclusions on fishing and aquaculture ....................................................................................................65 5. TOURISM, AESTHETIC VALUE AND RECREATION .........................................................................67 5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................67 5.2 The tourism sector as a source of marine litter .........................................................................................67 5.3 Impacts of marine litter on the tourism sector (costs of inaction) .........................................................68 5.4 Cost of action to address the problems .....................................................................................................69 5.5 Conclusions on tourism, aesthetic value and recreational opportunities ............................................75 iv MARINE LITTER: SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY TABLE OF CONTENTS 6. COMMERCIAL SHIPPING ..........................................................................................................................79 6.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................79 6.2 The shipping sector as a source of marine litter.......................................................................................79
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