DOCSLIB.ORG

Legal Preconditions for Wind Power Implementation in Sweden and Denmark

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Legal Preconditions for Wind Power Implementation in Sweden and Denmark 2006:12 LICENTIATE T H E SI S Legal Preconditions for Wind Power Implementation in Sweden and Denmark Maria Pettersson Luleå University of Technology Department of Business Administration and Social Sciences Division of Jurisprudence 2006:12|: 102-1757|: -c -- 06 ⁄12 -- Legal Preconditions for Wind Power Implementation in Sweden and Denmark MARIA PETTERSSON Luleå University of Technology Department of Social Science Division of Jurisprudence 97187 Luleå, Sweden Phone: +46 920 492195 Fax: +46 920 492035 E-mail: Maria.Petterssonȱ@ltu.se Licentiate Thesis 2006 ABSTRACT Swedish energy policy relies heavily on the promotion of renewable energy re- sources, in particular wind energy and in 2002 the Swedish Government adopted a national planning goal of a yearly wind power generation of 10 TWh by 2015, which implies a substantial increase from the current 0.6 TWh level. The main purpose of this study is to analyse relevant functions of the Swedish law with reference to the implementation of wind power; the overarching question at issue being in what respects the law impedes respectively facilitates the development of wind power, and to compare the results from the Swedish analysis with the corresponding functions in Danish law, and b) to present some implications for the choice between different legislative measures to meet the Swedish wind power planning goal. The results are based on in-depth studies of relevant legal rules and case law, and the overall indications are: a) on one hand, that several of the Swedish legal rules in connection with the overarching management and use of land and water areas are vaguely formulated and provide an extensive room for discretion, which makes the outcomes unpredictable and increase the uncertainties associ- ated with wind power investments, b) on the other hand, that certain specific rules regarding the location of the windmills, together with the requirement to objectively assess alternative sites for the installation have shown to seriously hamper the establishment of windmills in Sweden, c) that the strong support for the municipal self-governance in connection with the system for physical plan- ning in Sweden implies that great stress is laid on the existence of territorial plans for wind power, which in turn implies that windmills are unlikely to be es- tablished without municipal consent, and finally d) that the installation of wind- mills on Swedish territory may require as many as five different permits, which imply time-consuming (and hence costly) processes with unpredictable out- comes. The results from the analysis of the corresponding Danish system reveal a quite different situation; the specific and precise regulations regarding the instal- lation of windmills in Denmark imply a lot less room for discretion which reduce the uncertainty in connection with the investment decision. Moreover, that the vertically integrated planning system in Denmark greatly enhances the possibili- ties to implement national planning objectives on the regional, municipal and local level. i ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................vii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................1 1.1 Background and Purpose of the Thesis ...................................................1 1.2 Methodology ...............................................................................................2 1.3 Relevant Functions with Reference to the Installation of Wind- mills..................................................................................................................5 1.3.1 Resource Utilization ..............................................................................5 1.3.2 Physical Planning .................................................................................7 1.3.3 Environmental Considerations.............................................................7 1.3.4 Authorization.........................................................................................7 1.3.5 Public Participation...............................................................................8 1.4 The Basis of Environmental Law .............................................................9 1.4.1 Sustainable Development – Concept or Legal Principle? .................10 1.4.2 Research in the Field of Environmental Law....................................12 Chapter 2 ON THE INFLUENCE OF INSTITUTIONS IN MATTERS OF IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES................................15 2.1 Institutional Theory .................................................................................16 2.2 Institutional Change ................................................................................19 Chapter 3 WIND ENERGY ...............................................................................23 3.1 Energy from the Wind.............................................................................23 3.1.1 Past and Present ..................................................................................23 3.2 Wind Power Vis-à-vis the Environment ................................................25 3.2.1 Visual Intrusion...................................................................................26 3.2.1 Noise.....................................................................................................26 3.2.3 Bird mortality.......................................................................................26 3.2.4 Telecommunication Interference........................................................27 3.2.5 Safety Aspects.......................................................................................27 3.2.6 Environmental Impacts of Offshore Installations .............................28 Chapter 4 THE CASE OF SWEDEN................................................................29 4.1 Introduction – Why Wind Power? .........................................................29 4.2 The Right to the Resource.......................................................................31 4.3 Law on Land Use and Planning in Sweden ...........................................33 4.3.1 The Concept of Sustainable Development in the Swedish Envi- ronmental Code....................................................................................34 4.3.2 National Physical Planning ................................................................35 iii 4.3.2.1 Basic Provisions Concerning the Management of Land and Water Areas.....................................................................................36 4.3.2.2 Special Provisions Concerning Land and Water Management in Certain Areas ..............................................................................48 4.3.3 Conclusive Remarks on the Basic and Special Resource Man- agement Provisions Vis-à-vis Wind Power Development ..................54 4.3.4 The LocationRequirement..................................................................56 4.3.4.1 The Location Requirement in Practice ...........................................59 4.3.4.2 Implications of the Application of the Location Requirement .......61 4.3.5 Local and Regional Planning – The Planning and Building Act .....63 4.3.5.1 Overall Objectives..........................................................................63 4.3.5.2 Consideration Rules........................................................................64 4.3.5.3 The Plans.........................................................................................66 4.3.5.4 Building Permits.............................................................................70 4.3.5.5 The StateControl ............................................................................71 4.3.6 Concluding Remarks on the Local and Regional Planning..............71 4.4 Specific Energy Related Legislation.......................................................73 4.4.1 Municipal Energy Planning................................................................73 4.4.2 Grid Connection Issues .......................................................................74 4.4.2.1 The ElectricityAct..........................................................................74 4.5 Additional Environmental Requirements..............................................75 4.5.1 The General Rules of Consideration ..................................................75 4.5.1.1 Rules of Obligation .........................................................................76 4.5.1.2 Cost-Benefit Assessment................................................................78 4.5.1.3 The Remediation Responsibility.....................................................79 4.5.2 Environmental Quality Standards......................................................80 4.5.3 The Permit Process – Implications for the Diffusion of Wind Power....................................................................................................82 4.5.3.1 Wind Power as an Environmentally Hazardous Activity ...............82 4.5.3.2 Legal Implications of Windmill Installations without Permit ........85 4.5.3.3 The Government’s Permissibility Assessment and the Mu- nicipal Right of Veto.......................................................................86 4.5.4 Legal Preconditions for Offshore Windmill Installations .................88 4.5.5
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Teritoriální Uspořádání Policejních Složek V Zemích Evropské Unie: Inspirace Nejen Pro Českou Republiku II – Belgie, Dánsko, Finsko, Francie, Irsko, Itálie1 Mgr
    Teritoriální uspořádání policejních složek v zemích Evropské unie: Inspirace nejen pro Českou republiku II – Belgie, Dánsko, Finsko, Francie, Irsko, Itálie1 Mgr. Oldřich Krulík, Ph.D. Abstrakt Po teoretickém „úvodním díle“ se ke čtenářům dostává pokračování volného seriálu o teritoriálním uspořádání policejních sborů ve členských státech Evropské unie. Kryjí nebo nekryjí se „policejní“ (případně i „hasičské“, justiční či dokonce „zpravodajské“) regiony s regiony, vytýčenými v rámci státní správy a samosprávy? Je soulad těchto územních prvků možné považovat za výjimku nebo za pravidlo? Jsou členské státy Unie zmítány neustálými reformami horizontálního uspořádání policejních složek, nebo si tyto systémy udržují dlouhodobou stabilitu? Text se nejprve věnuje „starým členským zemím“ Unie, a to pěkně podle abecedy. Řeč tedy bude o Belgii, Dánsku, Finsku, Francii, Irsku a Itálii. Klíčová slova Policejní síly, územní správa, územní reforma, administrativní mezičlánky Summary After the theoretical “introduction” can the readers to continue with the series describing the territorial organisation of the police force in the Member States of the European Union. Does the “police” regions coincide or not-coincide with the regions outlined in the state administration and local governments? Can the compliance of these local elements to be considered as an exception or the rule? Are the European Union Member States tossed about by constant reforms of the horizontal arrangement of police, or these systems maintain long-term stability? The text deals firstly
    [Show full text]
  • Areal Og Befolkning
    1 Areal og befolkning Tabel 1. Danmarks kystlinie, areal og befolkningstæthed. Coast line, area, and density of population. Kystlinie 1906' ArealI. april 1961 Befolknings- Folketal tæthed 26. sept. 1960 pr. km' Geografiske km' Geografiske km mil kv.mil 26. sept. 1960 1 3 4 5 0 A. Sjælland i alt ........................... 1 898,5 255,85 7 542,88 136,9 1 973 108 261,6 Københavns kommune ................... 67,8 9,14 83,38 1,5 721 381 8 651,7 Frederiksberg kommune .................. 8,70 0,2 114 285 13 136,2 Københavns amtsrådskreds ............... 183,1 24,68 493,46 9,0 486 139 985,2 Roskilde amtsrådskreds ................... 142,4 19,20 690,54 12,5 90 337 130,8 Frederiksborg amt ....................... 279,3 37,63 1 343,71 24,4 181 663 135,2 Holbæk amt ............................ 528,9 71,27 1 751,84 31,8 127 747 72,9 Sorø amts .............................. 211,9 28,55 1 478,60 26,8 129 580 87,6 Præstø amt ............................. 485,1 65,38 1692,65 30,7 121 976 72,1 B. Bornholm ............................... 158,3 21,34 587,55 10,7 48 373 82,3 C. Lolland-Falster .......................... 620,2 83,57 1 797,70 32,6 131 699 73,3 D. Fyn i alt ............................... 1 137,2 153,26 3482,10 63,3 413 908 118,9 Svendborg amt .......................... 633,6 85,39 1 666,51 30,3 149 163 89,5 Odense amtsrådskreds .................... 292,0 39,35 1 148,91 20,9 207273 180,4 Assens amtsrådskreds ..................... 211,6 28,52 666,68 12,1 57472 86,2 A-D.
    [Show full text]
  • A Meta Analysis of County, Gender, and Year Specific Effects of Active Labour Market Programmes
    A Meta Analysis of County, Gender, and Year Speci…c E¤ects of Active Labour Market Programmes Agne Lauzadyte Department of Economics, University of Aarhus E-Mail: [email protected] and Michael Rosholm Department of Economics, Aarhus School of Business E-Mail: [email protected] 1 1. Introduction Unemployment was high in Denmark during the 1980s and 90s, reaching a record level of 12.3% in 1994. Consequently, there was a perceived need for new actions and policies in the combat of unemployment, and a law Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs) was enacted in 1994. The instated policy marked a dramatic regime change in the intensity of active labour market policies. After the reform, unemployment has decreased signi…cantly –in 1998 the unemploy- ment rate was 6.6% and in 2002 it was 5.2%. TABLE 1. UNEMPLOYMENT IN DANISH COUNTIES (EXCL. BORNHOLM) IN 1990 - 2004, % 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Country 9,7 11,3 12,3 8,9 6,6 5,4 5,2 6,4 Copenhagen and Frederiksberg 12,3 14,9 16 12,8 8,8 5,7 5,8 6,9 Copenhagen county 6,9 9,2 10,6 7,9 5,6 4,2 4,1 5,3 Frederiksborg county 6,6 8,4 9,7 6,9 4,8 3,7 3,7 4,5 Roskilde county 7 8,8 9,7 7,2 4,9 3,8 3,8 4,6 Western Zelland county 10,9 12 13 9,3 6,8 5,6 5,2 6,7 Storstrøms county 11,5 12,8 14,3 10,6 8,3 6,6 6,2 6,6 Funen county 11,1 12,7 14,1 8,9 6,7 6,5 6 7,3 Southern Jutland county 9,6 10,6 10,8 7,2 5,4 5,2 5,3 6,4 Ribe county 9 9,9 9,9 7 5,2 4,6 4,5 5,2 Vejle county 9,2 10,7 11,3 7,6 6 4,8 4,9 6,1 Ringkøbing county 7,7 8,4 8,8 6,4 4,8 4,1 4,1 5,3 Århus county 10,5 12 12,8 9,3 7,2 6,2 6 7,1 Viborg county 8,6 9,5 9,6 7,2 5,1 4,6 4,3 4,9 Northern Jutland county 12,9 14,5 15,1 10,7 8,1 7,2 6,8 8,7 Source: www.statistikbanken.dk However, the unemployment rates and their evolution over time di¤er be- tween Danish counties, see Table 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Canada, 1872-1901
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bieedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. NEW DENMARK, NEW BRUNSWICK: NEW APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF DANISH MIGRATION TO CANADA, 1872-1901 by Erik John Nielsen Lang, B.A. Hons., B.Ed., AIT A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Histoiy Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario 25 April 2005 © 2005, Erik John Nielsen Lang Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Innovation and Industrial Policies and Strategies - a Selective Comparative European Study
    REGIONAL INNOVATION AND INDUSTRIAL POLICIES AND STRATEGIES - A SELECTIVE COMPARATIVE EUROPEAN STUDY By Patricia Doherty B. A. (Mgmt.) Thesis submitted for the award of M.B.S. (Master of Business Studies) to the Dublin Business School, Dublin City University. October 1997. Supervisors: Mr. Joseph Davis, Senior Lecturer, Faculty of the Built Environment, Dublin Institute of Technology, Bolton Street. Mr. Gerry Sweeney, Managing Director, SICA Innovation Consultants. I hereby certify that this material which I now submit for assessment on the programme of study leading to the award of M.B.S. is entirely my own work and has not been taken from the work of others save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. Signed : PryWuitx QoU/A-m Date : 6 ^ IQ? To the memory of Edith Acknowledgements There are a number of people without whose assistance this thesis could not have been completed. Firstly, I wish to express my thanks to my supervisors, Mr. Joe Davis and Mr. Gerry Sweeney, whose guidance, support and encouragement was vital to the completion of this study. I wish to thank Mr. Bob Kavanagh, Ms. Mary Sheridan, Ms. Christiane Brennan and all in D.I.T. Head Office for making this study possible. My thanks also, to the library and administrative staff of D.I.T. Bolton Street for all their help over the last two years. Sincerest thanks are due to all those in Denmark and the Mid-West region who gave their time for interview and special thanks is due to Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • IDENTIFIERS England, Denmark, Sweden, and Holland Which Was
    DOCUMENT REsopmE ED)16 79.7 PS 008 257 AUTHOR Hardqrove, Carol TITLE. Parent. Participation and Play Programs inHospitaSk Pediatrics in England, Sweden and Denmark.. SPONS AGENCY Panttmerican,Health Organization, Washington, D. C. PUB DATE 72 NOTE 73p. DR PRICE ifF-$0076 HC-$3.32 Plus Postage. ESRIPTORS. *Child Development; Family Involvement; Financi Support; *Foreign Countries; Furniture Design; Government Role; Hospitalized Children *Hospitals; *Parent Participation; *Play; Space Utilization; _Yolunteers IDENTIFIERS Denmark; England; Sweden ABSTRACT T. This paper presents the findings fro& a trip to England, Denmark, Sweden, and Holland which was desigied investigate how.hOspitals in these countries facilitate chifdren's healthy development during the stress of hospitalization. The areas specifically discussed are: J(1) initiating and reinforcing family involvement;(2) meeting childre ;'s need for play;(3) adapting space,,furnishihgs, and designs for parent and play programs; and (4) financing and publlcizing programs. Jnformation about the activities and functioning of government agencis, volunteer, and consumer advocate groups in each country are also included. (3MB) A ************************************ ************'********************** Documents acquired by ERIC inc ude many informal unpublished * *materials not available from ,o'the sources. ERIC makes_ every effort* *to obtain-the best copy AvailableNevertheless, items of marginal * *reproducibility are often encounte ed his affects the Auality * *of the microfiche and hardcopy
    [Show full text]
  • A Descriptive Analysis of Danish Regions
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Knudsen, Mette Praest Conference Paper Economic and competence regions: a descriptive analysis of Danish regions 42nd Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "From Industry to Advanced Services - Perspectives of European Metropolitan Regions", August 27th - 31st, 2002, Dortmund, Germany Provided in Cooperation with: European Regional Science Association (ERSA) Suggested Citation: Knudsen, Mette Praest (2002) : Economic and competence regions: a descriptive analysis of Danish regions, 42nd Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "From Industry to Advanced Services - Perspectives of European Metropolitan Regions", August 27th - 31st, 2002, Dortmund, Germany, European Regional Science Association (ERSA), Louvain-la-Neuve This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/115776 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte.
    [Show full text]
  • Labour Market Studies : Denmark
    Series ΝΊ Labour Market Studies DENMARK Employment & social affairs *» * * * European Commission Labour Market Studies Denmark By PLS Consult (Jens Henrik Haahr, Helle Ørsted and Hans Henrik Hansen) and Peter Jensen December 1996 This report was financed by and prepared for the use of the European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs. It does not necessarily represent the Commission's official position. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int) Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1997 ISBN 92-827-8760-5 © ECSC-EC-EAEC, Brussels · Luxembourg, 1997 Reproduction is authorized, except for commercial purposes, provided the source is acknowledged Printed in Belgium Contents page Executive Summary 6 1. Introduction 18 2. Unemployment in Denmark 21 2.1. Unemployment and its Causes 1980-1995 22 2.1.1. Cyclical and Structural Unemployment 1980-1995 22 2.1.2. Assessments of the Structural Rate of Unemployment in Denmark 24 2.1.3. Real Wage Rigidity 26 2.1.4. Hysteresis - the Persistence of Unemployment 27 2.1.5. Other Explanations of the Rise in Unemployment 28 2.1.6. Conclusions and Assessments 29 2.2. Macroeconomic Policies and Forecasts 30 2.2.1. Current Macroeconomic Policies in Denmark 31 2.2.2. Macroeconomic Targets in Relation to the EMU Criteria 32 2.2.3. The Impact of Present Macroeconomic Policies on Employment 34 2.2.4.
    [Show full text]
  • Denmark New Development, Trends and In-Depth Information on Selected Issues
    2004 NATIONAL REPORT TO THE EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point Denmark New Development, Trends and In-Depth Information on Selected Issues REITOX Preface This annual report on the drugs situation in Denmark has been produced by the Danish ”Focal Point” under the National Board of Health. The report was prepared during the autumn of 2004 and is the ninth report submitted to the European Moni- toring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). The report is available in a Danish and an English version and has been prepared in accordance with the guidelines set out by the EMCDDA. The report provides a description of the drugs situation in Denmark. It is based on the most recent statistical and epidemiological data as well as current information on focus areas, projects, activities and strategies within drug prevention and treat- ment. In addition, the report contains descriptions of current legislation and policy within the drugs field. Sociologist Kari Grasaasen is responsible for the epidemiology chapter in coopera- tion with Eva Hammerby, head of section, while Hans Henrik Philipsen, Head of Section, has prepared the part describing prevention. Helle Petersen, MD, has pre- pared the chapter on buprenorphine. Other sections of the report have been written in cooperation with the Danish Ministry of Justice, The Ministry of Social Affairs and the Ministry of Interior and Health as well as the counties. The Danish member of the EMCDDA’s Scientific Committee, special consultant Anne-Marie Sindballe, and the Advisory Drugs Committee under the National Board of Health contributed comments and constructive criticism. Birgitte Neumann, the National Board of Health, was responsible for layout, design and proof reading.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Impacts a Comparative Nordic Perspective
    Restructuring the State – Regional Impacts A Comparative Nordic Perspective Edited by Kaisa Lähteenmäki-Smith and Lars Olof Persson With contributions by: Paul Olav Berg, Torben Dall Schmidt, Sigurður Gudmunðsson, Valdimar Halldórsson, Merja Kokkonen, Kaisa Lähteenmäki-Smith, Jörg Neubauer, Lars Olof Persson and Stein Østbye Future Challenges and Institutional Preconditions for Regional Development Policy, Volume 5 Nordregio 2002 First published in 2002 by Nordregio. PO Box 1658, SE-111 86 Stockholm, Sweden Tel. +46 8 463 54 00, fax: +46 8 463 54 01 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.nordregio.se Restructuring the State – Regional Impacts: A Comparative Nordic Perspective. Edited by Kaisa Lähteenmäki-Smith and Lars Olof Persson. Stockholm: Nordregio 2002 (Nordregio Report 2002:9) (Future Challenges and Institutional Preconditions for Regional Development Policy, Volume 5) ISSN 1403-2503 ISBN 91-89332-30-X Nordic co-operation takes place among the countries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, as well as the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. The Nordic Council is a forum for co-operation between the Nordic parliaments and governments. The Council consists of 87 parliamentarians from the Nordic countries. The Nordic Council takes policy initiatives and monitors Nordic co-operation. Founded in 1952. The Nordic Council of Ministers is a forum for co-operation between the Nordic governments. The Nordic Council of Ministers implements Nordic co-operation. The prime ministers have the overall responsibility. Its activities are co-ordinated by the Nordic ministers for co-operation, the Nordic Committee for co-operation and portfolio ministers. Founded in 1971. Stockholm, Sweden 2002 Preface Across all Nordic countries there is now an intensive debate on changing responsibilities and the division of labour between the state and the regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Debating Participation
    DEBATING PARTICIPATION ACTORS SHAPING SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT Edited by Gustavo Ribeiro Søren Lund Michael Mullins Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts School of Architecture 2004 CONTENTS Introduction 7 Gustavo Ribeiro, Søren Lund, Michael Mullins Debating Participation 21 Participation and Agency: Hybrid Identities in the Making of Green Knowledge Andrew Jamison 37 Participation and Consensus-seeking for Sustainable Development? The Experience of the Danish LA21 Approach Jesper Holm Communities 65 Urban Development Discourses, Environmental Management and Public Participation: The Case of the Mae Kha Canal in Chiang Mai – Thailand Gustavo Ribeiro , Angunthip Srisuwan 81 Participation as Symbolic Violence: The Social Dynamics of an Environmental Project in Southern Thailand Mikkel Funder Government and Civil Society 95 The Stories of Two Bridges in Ghana: Facts from Research Spiced with a Little Fiction. Jørgen Andreasen 2 | Debating Participation 101 Participation in a Post-Socialist Society – Cases from Mozambique Jørgen Eskemose 129 Participation – A Road Leading to Democracy? Elisabeth Riber Christensen 137 Social Shaping of a Community-Based Organisation‘s Activities – The Case of the Meadowlands Environmental Group, South Africa Søsser Brodersen, Christian Eghoff and Michael Søgaard Architects and Planners 157 Architectural Practice in South Africa Rodney Harber 163 Participation and 3D Visualisation Tools Mikkel Holm Jensen, Sune Henriksen, Mette Haase, Morten B. Kristiansen, Morten Mogensen, Michael Mullins Lessons Learned
    [Show full text]
  • Modelling the Seasonality of Hotel Nights in Denmark by County and Nationality
    Paper for the 41st Congress of the European Regional Science Association, 29th August - 1st September 2001, Zagreb, Croatia Modelling the seasonality of hotel nights in Denmark by county and nationality Nils Karl Sørensen Danish Institute of Border Region Studies, Persillegade 6, DK-6200 Aabenraa, Denmark. Tel: +45 74 62 55 50. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Over the past few decades preferences for holidays have changed. Today people are more inclined to separate their holidays into several sub-periods, giving them the opportunity for summer as well as winter breaks. When people are on holiday, they consume accommodation such as residential house nights, camping nights, hotel nights, etc. Therefore, a change in their preferences should be reflected in the seasonal pattern of the type of accommodation under consideration. In the present case, the seasonal variation of hotel nights in Denmark will be examined1. Such an analysis may be important for several reasons. Consider, as an example, the hotel demand for labour. During the peak season demand will be high, with an increasing wage rate, and off-season the unemployment rate will increase. In an economy with low mobility, and partly public financed unemployment benefits as is the case in Denmark, this situation is surely not optimal. Due to the lack of monthly labour market statistics for the sector, the presence of reliable monthly statistics on hotel nights provides the point of departure for the present analysis2. This change in the preferences of holiday makers has not only occurred for Danes, but throughout the world. Consequently, the data set used on hotel nights for Denmark is divided into 13 different nationalities.
    [Show full text]