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Invazivní Druhy Padlí V České Republice Diplomová Práce

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Invazivní Druhy Padlí V České Republice Diplomová Práce UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI Přírodovědecká fakulta Katedra botaniky INVAZIVNÍ DRUHY PADLÍ V ČESKÉ REPUBLICE DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE Marie Ascherová Studijní obor: Chemie – Biologie Forma studia: prezenční Vedoucí diplomové práce: Doc. RNDr. Barbora Mieslerová, Ph.D. Olomouc 2016 1 Prohlášení „Tímto prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně za odborného vedení Doc. RNDr. Barbory Mieslerové, Ph.D. a za použití uvedených literárních zdrojů.“ 2 Poděkování Ráda bych poděkovala RNDr. Barboře Mieslerové, Ph.D. za vedení diplomové práce, odbornou konzultaci, za cenné rady a připomínky při zpracování diplomové práce. Tato práce byla podporována z vnitřního grantu Univerzity Palackého v Olomouci IGA PřF-2016-001, za což moc děkuji. 3 BIBLIOGRAFICKÁ IDENTIFIKACE Jméno a příjmení: Marie Ascherová Název práce: Invazivní druhy padlí v České republice Typ práce: Diplomová Pracoviště: Katedra botaniky Vedoucí práce: Doc. RNDr. Barbora Mieslerová, Ph.D. Rok obhajoby práce: 2016 Abstrakt: Tato diplomová práce je zaměřená na vybrané invazivní druhy padlí řádu Erysiphales v České republice. Teoretická část je věnována charakteristice řádu Erysiphales včetně popisu životního cyklu, morfologických struktur, geografického rozšíření, epidemiologii a významu padlí. Praktická část se zabývá studiem invazivních druhů padlí na území České republiky. Jsou zde popsány materiály a metodika sběru, tzn. uchování a příprava vzorků a následné měření velikostí konidií, konidioforů, bazální buňky konidioforů, počet distálních buněk na konidioforu, průměr chasmothecií, délka a počet apendixů a počet a velikost vřecek. U každého druhu padlí se sledovala fenologie výskytu v průběhu roku 2015. Morfologické charakteristiky byly srovnávány s údaji z monografie Braun a Cook (2012) a z vědeckých článků a byl určován druh padlí, kterým byla hostitelská rostlina infikována. Všechny druhy padlí se podařilo identifikovat podle monografie padlí (Braun a Cook, 2012). Klíčová slova: Erysiphales, konidie, konidiofory, chasmothecia,invazivní druhy Počet stran: 114 Počet příloh: 0 Jazyk: český 4 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL IDENTIFICATION Autorʼs first name and surname: Marie Ascherová Title: The invasive species of powdery mildews in the Czech Republic Type of Thesis: Msc. Thesis Department: Department of Botany Supervisior: Doc. RNDr. Barbora Mieslerová, Ph.D. The year of presentation: 2016 Abstract: The thesis is focused on selected invasive species of powdery mildews of order Erysiphales in the Czech Republic. The theoretical part is focused on the characterization of the order Erysiphales including the description of the life cycle, morphological structures, geographic occurence, epidemiology and importance of powdery mildew. The practical part deals with the study of invasive species of powdery mildew in the Czech Republic. There are described materials and collection methodology, i.e. the preservation and the preparation of samples and subsequent measurement of the size of conidia, conidiophores, basal cell of conidiophores, number of distal cells on a conidiophore, diameter of chasmothecia, length and number of appendices and the number and size of asci described in the thesis. Phenology occurrence was monitored for each species of powdery mildew during 2015. Morphological characteristics were compared with data contained in Braun and Cook Monography (2012) and scientific articles and the kind of powdery mildew which infected the host plant was determined. All powdery mildew species were identified in accordance with Powdery Mildew Monography (Braun and Cook, 2012). Key words: Erysiphales, conidia, conidiophores, chasmothecia, invasive species Number of pages: 114 Number of appendices: 0 Language: Czech 5 OBSAH 1 ÚVOD ............................................................................................................................ 8 2 CÍLE PRÁCE ............................................................................................................... 9 3 LITERÁRNÍ REŠERŠE ............................................................................................ 10 3. 1 CHARAKTERISTIKA ŘÁDU ERYSIPHALES ................................................. 10 3. 1. 1 ŽIVOTNÍ CYKLUS ..................................................................................... 10 3. 1. 1. 1 INFEKCE .............................................................................................. 11 3. 1. 1. 2 PŘEŽITÍ NEPŘÍZNIVÝCH PODMÍNEK ........................................... 12 3. 1. 1. 3 NEPOHLAVNÍ ROZMNOŽOVÁNÍ ................................................... 12 3.1.1.3.1 MYCELIUM ..................................................................................... 13 3. 1. 1. 3. 2 APRESORIA................................................................................. 14 3. 1. 1. 3. 3 HAUSTORIA ................................................................................ 15 3. 1. 1. 3. 4 KONIDIOFORY ........................................................................... 16 3. 1. 1. 3. 5 KONIDIE ...................................................................................... 17 3. 1. 1. 3. 5. 1 KLÍČENÍ KONIDIÍ ............................................................... 18 3. 1. 1. 4 POHLAVNÍ ROZMNOŽOVÁNÍ ........................................................ 20 3. 1. 1. 4. 1 VÝVOJ ASKOMAT ..................................................................... 20 3. 1. 1. 4. 2 CHASMOTHECIA ....................................................................... 21 3. 1. 1. 4. 2. 1 APENDIXY ........................................................................... 22 3. 1. 1. 4. 3 VŘECKA, ASKOSPORY ............................................................. 23 3. 1. 2 GEOGRAFICKÉ ROZŠÍŘENÍ PADLÍ ....................................................... 24 3. 1. 1. 2 EPIDEMICKÉ ŠÍŘENÍ PADLÍ............................................................ 25 3. 1. 1. 5 VÝZNAM PADLÍ ................................................................................ 29 4 MATERIÁL A METODY ......................................................................................... 30 4. 1 SBĚR VZORKŮ ................................................................................................... 30 4. 1. 3 ZPRACOVÁNÍ VZORKŮ ........................................................................... 31 4. 1. 4 MIKROSKOPICKÉ POZOROVÁNÍ A MIKROFOTOGRAFIE ............... 31 4. 2 STUPEŇ NAPADENÍ NA LISTU A ROSTLINĚ ............................................... 34 4. 2. 1 PRŮMĚRNÝ STUPEŇ NAPADENÍ NA LISTECH ROSTLINY ............. 34 4. 2. 2 PRŮMĚRNÝ STUPEŇ NAPADENÍ NA CELÉ ROSTLINĚ .................... 34 4. 3 STUPEŇ VÝSKYTU PADLÍ V OKOLÍ ............................................................. 34 6 5 VÝSLEDKY ............................................................................................................... 35 5. 1 POPIS INVAZIVNÍCH DRUHŮ PADLÍ ............................................................ 35 5. 1. 1 Erysiphe azaleae (U. Braun) U. Braun & S. Takamatsu .............................. 35 5. 1. 1. 1 Vzorek padlí na druhu Rhododendron sp. ............................................ 37 5. 1. 2 Erysiphe deutziae (Bunkina) U. Braun & S. Takamatsu .............................. 45 5. 1. 2. 1 Vzorek padlí na druhu Deutzia scabra. ................................................ 46 5. 1. 3 Erysiphe elevata (Burrill) U. Braun & S. Takamatsu .................................. 54 5. 1. 3. 1 Vzorek padlí na druhu Catalpa bignonioides ....................................... 55 5. 1. 4 Erysiphe flexuosa (Peck) U. Braun & S. Takamatsu .................................... 63 5. 1. 4. 1 Vzorek padlí na druhu Aesculus hippocastanum .................................. 65 5. 1. 5 Erysiphe palczewskii (Jacz.) U. Braun & S. Takamatsu .............................. 73 5. 1. 5. 1 Vzorek padlí na druhu Caragana arborescens ..................................... 75 5. 1. 6 Erysiphe platani (Howe) U. Braun & S. Takamatsu .................................... 83 5. 1. 6. 1 Vzorek padlí na druhu Platanus hispanica ........................................... 85 5. 1. 7 Erysiphe symphoricarpi (Howe) U. Braun & S. Takamatsu ........................ 94 5. 1. 7. 1 Vzorek padlí na druhu Symphoricarpos albus ...................................... 95 DISKUZE .................................................................................................................... 102 ZÁVĚR ........................................................................................................................ 107 POUŽITÁ LITERATURA ......................................................................................... 108 7 1 ÚVOD Padlí jsou obligátní, biotrofní parazité cévnatých rostlin z oddělení Ascomycota, jenž jsou zařazení do říše Fungi. Choroby, které způsobují, jsou běžné a snadno rozpoznatelné. Infikované rostliny mají bílé skvrny a později rozsáhlé práškovité povlaky na listech i stoncích. Svrchní část listů je obvykle nejvíce zasažena, ale houba se může objevit i na různých částech nadzemních orgánů rostlin. Jak nemoc postupuje, zvětšují se bílé moučnaté skvrny i hustota napadení. Padlí dobře roste v prostředí s vyšší vlhkostí a při mírných teplotách, což platí i pro Českou republiku. Proto vytváří jak nepohlavní stádia, která jsou charakterizována vznikem konidií, tak pohlavní stádia, která zahrnují vznik kulovitých chasmothecií s přívěsky. Jednotlivé druhy padlí se liší šířkou hostitelského spektra. Mezi nejhojnější druhy padlí řadíme ty, které mají úzké spektrum
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