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The Procurement and Use of Abalone in Southeast Alaska

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The Procurement and Use of Abalone in Southeast Alaska THE PROCUREMENTAND USE OF ABALONE IN SOUTHEASTALASKA David D. Mills Technical Paper Number 40 An Interim Report to the Alaska Board of Fisheries March 1982 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Southeastern Region TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES . iii LIST OF FIGURES. ..i.................................. V ABSTRACT. 1 INTRODUCTION..................................................... Description of Study ........................................ % Background .................................................. 4 Purpose of Study ............................................ Objectives .................................................. ii METHODOLOGY. 8 Part I ...................................................... 8 Interview Methods ...................................... 8 Limitations, uelimitations, Assumptions...............1 2 Part II .................................................... 14 Survey Methods ..... ...& ............................... 14 Limitations, Delimitations, Assumptions...............1 6 LITERATURE REVIEW............................................... 17 History of Abalone Use in Southeast Alaska.................1 7 Food .................................................. Decoration of Clothing and Artwork .................... :; Tools ................................................. The Ecology of the Pinto Abalone ........................... :: Natural Predation .......................................... 23 FINDINGS ........................................................ 26 General .................................................... Description of Harvest Methods ........................ 2 Shorepickers ..................................... Snorkel Pickers .................................. :79 SCUBA Pickers .................................... 31 Sumnary of Abalone Regulations to Date................3 2 Commercial Fishing Regulations...................3 2 Subsistence Abalone Regulations..................3 4 i TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page Results: Part I ........................................... 34 Hydaburg .............................................. History and Area Description ..................... :: The Household .................................... The Harvest ...................................... it Preparation, Storage, and Distribution...........5 4 Klawock ............................................... 60 History and Area Description.....................6 0 The Household .................................... 62 The Harvest ...................................... Preparation, Storage, and Uistribution ........... ;; Craig ................................................. 81 History and Area Description.....................8 1 The Household .................................... 83 The Harvest ...................................... 87 Preparation, Storage, and Distribution...........9 7 Discussion: Part I ... ..C ................................. 101 Abalone and the Round of Resource Use................10 1 Declines in Abalone Harvest Numbers..................10 7 Seasonal Patterns, Gear Types, and Regulations.......10 7 Concerns and Issues Identified by the Communities....10 8 Results: Part II . 112 Discussion: Part II . 112 LIST OF REFERENCES APPENDICES: A Interview Data Sheet B Board of Fisheries Subsistence Criteria C Subsistence Fishery Permit Survey D Subsistence Fishery Permit Survey- Mailout Form ii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1 Population Trends in Hydaburg, 1930-1981 . 37 Table 2 Use of Abalone by 34 Households in Hydaburg (1981) . 38 Table 3 Number of Persons per Household Interviewed in Hydaburg (1981)..............39 Table 4 Means of Transportation to Hydaburg Abalone Harvesting Sites (1981).............44 Table 5 Degree of Minus Tide Perceived Necessary for Harvesting by Hydaburg Abalone Pickers (1981)......................45 Table 6 Description of Hydaburg Abalone Harvest Characteristics 1981, 1980, 1977 and 1972.......................,.47 Table 7 Abalone Meals in Hydaburg (1981)............55 Table 8 Modes of Use aid Storage for Harvested Abalone in Hydaburg (1981)..................58 Table 9 Mean Number of Households Receiving Abalone from Active Harvesters in Hydaburg (1981) . 59 Table 10 Population Trends in Klawock, 1880-1980.,..,61 Table 11 Use of Abalone by 31 Households in Klawock (1981) . ..*.......................... 62 Table 12 Number of Persons per Household Inter- viewed in Klawock (1981)....................64 Table 13 Harvest Methods Used for Picking Abalone by Klawock Harvesters (1981)........68 Table 14 Means of Transportation to Klawock Abalone Harvesting Sites (1981).............69 Table 15 Degree of Minus Tide Perceived Necessary for Harvesting by Klawock Abalone Pickers (1981) . 70 . 111 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 16 Description of Klawock Abalone Harvest Characteristics 1981, 1980, 1977, and 1972 . 72 Table 17 Abalone Meals in Klawock (1981).............77 Table 18 Modes of Use and Storage for Harvested Abalone in Klawock (1981)...................79 Table 19 Mean Number of Households Receiving Abalone from Active Harvesters in Klawock (1981) . 81 Table 20 Population Trends in Craig, 1929-1980.......82 Table 21 Use of Abalone by 36 Households in Craig (1981) . 84 Table 22 Number of Persons per Household Inter- viewed in Craig (1981)......................85 Table 23 Harvest Methods Used for Picking Abalone by Craig Harvesters (1981)..................89 Table 24 Means of Transportation to Craig Abalone Harvesting Sites (1981).....................90 Table 25 Degree of Minus Tide Perceived Necessary for Harvesting by Craig Abalone Pickers (1981) . 91 Table 26 Description of Craig Abalone Harvest Characteristics 1981, 1980, 1977, and 1972 . 93 Table 27 Abalone Meals in Craig (1981)...............98 Table 28 Modes of Use and Stora e for Harvested Abalone in Craig (1981 4 . 100 Table 29 Mean Number of Households Receiving Abalone from Active Harvesters in Craig (1981) . 100 iv LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1 Locations of communities studied in Part I: Hydaburg, Craig, and Klawock, Alaska . 9 Figure 2 Distribution of Household Members by Age Range in Hydaburg (1981).............39 Figure 3 Years of Residency in Hydaburg for Heads of Households (1981)..................41 Figure 4 Number of Years of Abalone Harvesting Experience in Southeast Alaska Among Heads of Households Interviewed in Hydaburg (1981) . 41 Figure 5 Employment Status of Heads of Households in Hydaburg (.1981)...............42 Figure 6 Annual Income Ranges for Households in Hydaburg (1981)..........,....42 Figure 7 Number of Households in Hydaburg Harvesting Abalones per Month in 1981, Compared with the Number of Minus 2 and Minus 3 Foot Daylight Tides per Month of 1981.....................45 Figure 8 Comparison of Mean Number of Abalone Harvested per Year, Mean Number of Abalone Harvested per Effort, and Mean Number of Efforts per Year for Hydaburg Abalone Pickers During the Years 1972, 1977, 1980, and 1981............48 Figure 9 Abalone Harvest Sites, Hydaburg (1981)......52 Figure 10 Comparison of the Number of Respondents from Hydaburg Serving Meals Including Abalone for Each Month of 1981 with the Number of Respondents Harvesting Abalone During Each of These Months.........56 Figure 11 Distribution of Household Members by Age Range in Klawock in 1981....................64 Figure 12 Years of Residency in Klawock for Heads of Households (1981)........................65 V LIST OF FIGURES Paqe Figure 13 Number of Years of Abalone Harvesting Experience in Southeast Alaska Among Heads of Households in Klawock (1981)......'.65 Figure 14 Employment Status of Heads of Households in Klawock (1981)................67 Figure 15 Annual Income Ranges for Households in Klawock (1981) . 67 Figure 16 Number of Households in Klawock Harvesting Abalone per Month in 1981 Compared with the Number of Minus 2 and Minus 3 Foot Daylight Tides per Month of 1981 . 10 Figure 17 Comparison of Mean Number of Abalone Harvested per Year, Mean Number of Abalone Harvested per Effort, and Mean Number of Efforts per Year for Klawock Abalone Pickers During the Years 1972, 1977, 1980, and 1981............73 Figure 18 Abalone Harvesi Sites, Klawock (1981)......./6 Figure 19 Comparison of the Number of Respondents From Klawock Serving Meals Including Abalone for Each Month of 1981 With the Number of Respondents Harvesting Abalone During Each of These Months.........78 Figure 20 Distribution of Household Members by Age Range in Craig (1981)...................85 Figure 21 Years of Residency in Craig for Heads of Households (1981)........................86 Figure 22 Number of Years of Abalone Harvesting Experience in Southeast Alaska Among Heads of Households in Craig (1981).........86 Figure 23 Employment Status of Heads of Households in Craig (1981)..................88 Figure 24 Annual Income Ranges for Households in Craig (1981) . 88 vi LIST OF FIGURES Paqe Figure 25 Number of Households in Craig Harvesting Abalone per Month in 1981 Compared with the Number of Minus 2 and Minus 3 Foot Daylight Tides per Month of 1981 . ..*............ 91 Figure 26 Comparison of Mean Number of Abalone Harvested per Year, Mean Number of Abalone Harvested per Effort, and Mean Number of Efforts per Year for Craig Abalone Pickers for the Years 1972, 1977, 1980, and 1981..................94 Figure 27 Abalone Harvest Sites, Craig (1981).........96 Figure 28 Comparison of the Number of Respondents From Craig Serving Meals Including Abalone for Each Month of 1981 versus the Number of Respondents Harvesting Abalone During Each of
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