DOCSLIB.ORG

New Cantabria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
New Cantabria New Cantabria Alaska 1n the last chron icles of the Spanish Empire by Arsenio Rey-Tejerina to Raul Ornelas. As soon as I saw his family to Anchorage. I was coming Several coincidences contributed to name on the bridge bulletin, I asked to initiate a Department of Foreign make my sea voyage to Alaska a one of the officers to take me to the Languages at the University of memorable one. There I was, another control room. I was deeply moved to A Iaska, Anchorage. Spaniard, navigating the Inside shake his hand and touch the helm. I We embarked in Seattle at the end Passage, marveling at the landscape held it for awhile under his watchful of August. Hanging from my neck I in the wake of my fellow coun­ eye. There I was, a novice mariner, had a pair of binoculars and in my trymen who had come the same way driving that huge boat through rocky hands a map on which I had jotted over two hundred years earlier. waters with a sea coast dappled with all the Spanish names gathered from On old Spanish maps I have seen, hundreds of little islands backdrop­ my research on the discoveries of the area was called New Cantabria, ped by the snow covered mountains those intrepid sailors who had come which I thought an appropriate and thundering glaciers, just as my up from San Bias port, just north of name, because of it's striking ancestors had done when they came present day Acapulco. similarities in climate and geography exploring all the nooks and crannies Captain Ornelas was taken aback with the Cantabric region where I of this coast. by the profusion of Spanish names grew up. My trek to Alaska had started in indicated on my map. He knew just a The ship I was riding had a name New York twelve days earlier in a few of them, those on contemporary honoring Columbus and the pilot small Toyota, crossing the whole seafaring maps, but the majority had was another Hispanic, Captain Alber- continent and carrying me and my long since been changed. Fl RST EXPE DillON, 1767-1774 Several years before the American 1767 as the base of operations for one surgeon, the frigate sailed Revolution for independence, the the exploration and settlement of anyway, and they did get to Alaska! Spanish Ambassador at St. the Pacific Northwest. By late 1773 When the expedition entered the Petersburg, Russia sent to Madrid a they were ready to sail. waters below Ketchikan, the area 207-page report on Russian Viceroy Fray Antonio Maria was named Entrada de P~rez movements in the northwest Pacific, Bucareli y UrsGa, appointed the best (Perez 's Entry) for the captain. including a 1750 map of south­ navigator of Mexico, Juan Jos~ His pilot, Estevan Jos~ Martfnez western Alaska. P~rez Hern&ndez, to lead the ex­ Fern~ndez Martfnez de Ia Sierra, In 1764, the Spanish king Carlos pedition. However, complications was a man of vision and enormous Ill urged his viceroy in Mexico to ultimately delayed the departure energy who later would establish send an expedition to the north. But until mid-June of the following year. the northern-most Spanish colony of Mexico did not have the proper This was too late, even with good Nootka and who led the fourth ex­ ships to undertake the task of check­ weather, for the slow-moving San­ pedition to Unalaska. ing the Russian advances, and had tiago frigate to reach the sixtieth These two, and the two / boat to build them . parallel of the Aleutian chain as chaplains, Fathers Juan Crespi Cos The port of San Bias, located in a they were commanded. But with its and Tomas de Ia Peiia Saravia, kept well-forested area, was chosen in eighty-seven crew, two priests and diaries of the exploration. 30 UA magazine I June 1983 ,, ·"- '~\I'· "\ ~ , .~y (J"'' ·· ~ ~ - -;. t 5 f , ,, ~ t ··,·~J 0 ·- ~ £.~,·'1· 1•";,: ·;}-~: {• I z "'--f; . .e :.:"'~; ;· • Q ~-, ..- < . lj ~ I .. -· ,;, I "' .. ~ ...... :~... :; ~_-e ,. r < ~*~-- ~~ « " ~ t 0 ,., -; ..y ~.~~ . ·~. 0.. .-'. ~. ; .1/ f; r \) /{ ::5 Don Esteban Jose Martinez piloted the first IJ ::_ expedition to Alaska and took part in all the ~ rest. At left, a copy of the Russian map of the "unknown coasts of Northern America and adjacent countries" which was at first used by the Spanish. During this expedition, today's " undesirable contacts" with native dians were described by the ex­ Forrester Island was named Santa women. plorers as light-skinned, good look­ Cristina. Cape Muzon, a probable There were to be no hostilities or ing, and strong; but the Spaniards English transposition of Munoz, was any taking of lands or belongings did not like to see the women wear­ called Cabo Santa Marfa Magda­ from the Indians. If the captain ing labrets in their lower lips. lena. should encounter opposition to lan­ The expedition exchanged It was the end of July when Cap­ ding in any one place, he was to find clothing, nails and other small iron tain P~rez , feeling it would be too one where they would be accepted. objects for some woven capes, con­ late to push north against rising The main object was to ascertain ical hats, fur garments and weapons headwinds, decided to turn back. the presence of foreigners and to which were sent to Mexico and Although the first expedition did keep an eye open for metallic Madrid, where they created a sensa­ not achieve its full purpose, its aims deposits and agricultural oppor­ tion. are worth considering, since they are tunities-the presence of cereals or The explorations were considered similar to those of future explora­ vegetables, and perhaps some ex­ worth continuing for their scientific tions. otic products such as pepper, cloves value, but were no longer thought Viceroy Bucareli had given detail­ or nutmeg. necessary to check Russian advan­ ed instructions to the ninety ex­ To create good relations, four ces, since no trace of the Russians plorers. Besides sailing to sixty large cases of glass beads and was found in any of the places degrees north latitude to establish trinkets were taken to give to the discovered.* the limits of the Russian penetra­ chiefs and leaders. In fact, the Spaniards were the tion, they were to follow traditional The experience gained from this first western culture to have touch­ Spanish approaches with the Indian voyage helped to prepare for later, ed the area of the Alaska' s cultures. successful expeditions: they needed southeastern panhandle. The two main principles were to smaller consort ships to approach attract the Indians to vassalage and uncharted coastlines; the Spaniards *After the discovery of Alaska by Captain then Christianize them. They were to were unprepared for the cold, foggy Bering and Chiricov in mid-1741, other make every possible effort to learn climate and they needed more fresh Russians made sporadic visits to the about Indian customs, religion and food and water; scurvy was a threat; Aleutian islands to obtain furs. As the government, and to estimate their the Russian maps were of no help. hunters spread eastward they concocted rough maps from their observations. The numbers. A pleasant discovery was the high Empress Catherine, in trying to regulate The Indians' friendship was to be culture found among the Haidas, the fur trade, named a few officials, who cultivated at all costs to create a which was thought by the Spaniards in the summer of 1768 made it to Una­ good welcome for later settlers. Of­ to be far superior to the California laska. But the Russian foothold in Alaska ficers were directed to maintain tribes. was not established until 1783-85, when strict discipline among the seamen The Haidas were curious about Shelikov, the " Russian Columbus," arriv­ to ensure good treatment of the In­ European clothing, utensils and ed at Kodiak, and in the 1790s after dians and especially, to prevent weapons, especially metals. The In- Baranov's arrival. UA m agazine I j une 1983 31 - SECOND EXPEDITION, 1775 Ia Bodega y Quadra as captain and this exploration. The 36-foot Sonora, Antonio Mourelle as pilot. also called Nuestra Senora de los The second expedition sailed from Don Juan Francisco de Ia Bodega Remedios (Our Lady of Remedies), San Bias on March 16, 1775, four y Quadra Mollinedo was born in had a crew of only fifteen sailors. months earlier than the departure of Lima, June 3,1743, into a prominent They carried food for one year and the first expedition. The Santiago and wealthy family from the seafar­ water for four months. was again used, but was renamed ing Basque provinces of Spain, The schooner had numerous dif­ the Nueva Galicia, undoubtedly in where the Quadras are still ficulties in following the frigate San­ reference to the new lands they distinguished. He was to have a tiago and at one time had to be tow­ were to visit, which were similar in brilliant career as a seaman, par­ ed by it. But the worst blow was on geography and climate to Spain's ticipating in all the following expedi­ July 14 when half the crew, looking Galicia. tions to Alaska. for water on the coast of Vancouver There were fewer men this time He was greatly respected by Island, was killed by Indians. At the (sixty-four) and juan jos~ P~·rez George Vancouver and they became time, five other sailors were sick and came along, but only as pilot. The close friends at Nootka during the unable to stand. commander was Bruno de Heceta. difficult time of negotiating the The frigate commander was op­ After the previous experience of transfer of this enviable outpost posed to pursuing the Indians for not being able to more closely ex­ from the Spanish to the British at the fear of losing more men, and he plore the many channels and rocky century's end.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • VIOLENCE, CAPTIVITY, and COLONIALISM on the NORTHWEST COAST, 1774-1846 by IAN S. URREA a THESIS Pres
    “OUR PEOPLE SCATTERED:” VIOLENCE, CAPTIVITY, AND COLONIALISM ON THE NORTHWEST COAST, 1774-1846 by IAN S. URREA A THESIS Presented to the University of Oregon History Department and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts September 2019 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Ian S. Urrea Title: “Our People Scattered:” Violence, Captivity, and Colonialism on the Northwest Coast, 1774-1846 This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in the History Department by: Jeffrey Ostler Chairperson Ryan Jones Member Brett Rushforth Member and Janet Woodruff-Borden Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded September 2019 ii © 2019 Ian S. Urrea iii THESIS ABSTRACT Ian S. Urrea Master of Arts University of Oregon History Department September 2019 Title: “Our People Scattered:” Violence, Captivity, and Colonialism on the Northwest Coast, 1774-1846” This thesis interrogates the practice, economy, and sociopolitics of slavery and captivity among Indigenous peoples and Euro-American colonizers on the Northwest Coast of North America from 1774-1846. Through the use of secondary and primary source materials, including the private journals of fur traders, oral histories, and anthropological analyses, this project has found that with the advent of the maritime fur trade and its subsequent evolution into a land-based fur trading economy, prolonged interactions between Euro-American agents and Indigenous peoples fundamentally altered the economy and practice of Native slavery on the Northwest Coast.
    [Show full text]
  • Geopolitics and Environment in the Sea Otter Trade
    UC Merced UC Merced Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Soft gold and the Pacific frontier: geopolitics and environment in the sea otter trade Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/03g4f31t Author Ravalli, Richard John Publication Date 2009 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California 1 Introduction Covering over one-third of the earth‘s surface, the Pacific Basin is one of the richest natural settings known to man. As the globe‘s largest and deepest body of water, it stretches roughly ten thousand miles north to south from the Bering Straight to the Antarctic Circle. Much of its continental rim from Asia to the Americas is marked by coastal mountains and active volcanoes. The Pacific Basin is home to over twenty-five thousand islands, various oceanic temperatures, and a rich assortment of plants and animals. Its human environment over time has produced an influential civilizations stretching from Southeast Asia to the Pre-Columbian Americas.1 An international agreement currently divides the Pacific at the Diomede Islands in the Bering Strait between Russia to the west and the United States to the east. This territorial demarcation symbolizes a broad array of contests and resolutions that have marked the region‘s modern history. Scholars of Pacific history often emphasize the lure of natural bounty for many of the first non-natives who ventured to Pacific waters. In particular, hunting and trading for fur bearing mammals receives a significant amount of attention, perhaps no species receiving more than the sea otter—originally distributed along the coast from northern Japan, the Kuril Islands and the Kamchatka peninsula, east toward the Aleutian Islands and the Alaskan coastline, and south to Baja California.
    [Show full text]
  • 20170803 POA-2012-0138 SAWC SAMF NOI And
    THE SOUTHEAST ALASKA MITIGATION FUND In-Lieu Fee Compensatory Mitigation Program Program Instrument Submitted by: The Southeast Alaska Watershed Coalition Prepared By Jessica Kayser Forster Southeast Alaska Watershed Coalition With technical assistance from Brad Ryan: Southeast Alaska Watershed Coalition, Aquatic Resource Restoration and Science Karen Johnson: TNC, Virginia Aquatic Resources Trust Fund ILF Program Manager Scott Harris: Southeast Alaska Watershed Coalition Aquatic Resource Restoration and Science Steve Paustian: Sitka Hydro, Stream Science and Restoration August 2017 Table of Contents THE SOUTHEAST ALASKA MITIGATION FUND ................................................... i B. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 C. PROGRAM GOAL .................................................................................................................... 1 D. IN-LIEU FEE PROGRAM INSTRUMENT COMPONENTS ............................................. 1 1.0 PROGRAM SERVICE AREA ................................................................................................... 1 2.0 ACCOUNTING PROCEDURES ............................................................................................... 4 3.0 PROVISION STATING LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR COMPENSATORY MITIGATION ....................................................................................................................................... 4 4.0 DEFAULT AND CLOSURE PROVISIONS ..........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • C Larence Strait
    Strait Tumakof er Lake n m u S 134°0'0"W 133°0'0"W 132°0'0"W Whale Passage Fisherman Chuck Point Howard Lemon Point Rock Ruins Point Point BarnesBush Rock The Triplets LinLcionlcno Rlno Icskland Rocky Bay Mosman PointFawn Island North Island Menefee Point Francis, Mount Deichman Rock Abraham Islands Deer IslandCDL Mabel Island Indian Creek South Island Hatchery Lake Niblack Islands Sarheen Cove Barnacle RockBeck Island Trout Creek Pyramid Peak Camp Taylor Rocky Bay Etolin, Mount Howard Cove Falls CreekTrout Creek Tokeen Peak Stevenson Island Gull Rock Three Way Passage Isle Point Kosciusko Island Lake Bay Seward Passage Indian Creek RapidsKeg Point Fairway Island Mabel Creek Holbrook Coffman Island Lake Bay Creek Stanhope Island Jadski Cove Holbrook Mountain McHenry Inlet El Capitan Passage Point Stanhope Grassy Lake Chum Creek Standing Rock Lake Range Island Barnes Lake Coffman Cove Shakes, Mount 56°0'0"N Canoe Passage Ernest Sound Santa Anna Inlet Tokeen Bay Entrance Island Brownson Island Cape Decsion Coffman Creek Point Santa Anna Tenass Pass Tenass Island Clarence Strait Point Peters TablSea Mntoau Anntanina Tokeen BrockSmpan bPearsgs Island Gold and Galligan Lagoon Quartz Rock Change IslandSunny Bay 56°0'0"N Rocky Cove Luck Point Helen, Lake Decision Passage Point Hardscrabble Van Sant Cove Clam Cove Galligan Creek Avon Island Clam Island McHenry Anchorage Watkins Point Burnt Island Tunga Inlet Eagle Creek Brockman Island Salt Water Lagoon Sweetwater Lake Luck Kelp Point Brownson Peak Fishermans Harbor FLO Marble Island Graveyard
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    Spanish Exploration In The North Pacific And Its Effect On Alaska Place Names Item Type Thesis Authors Luna, Albert Gregory Download date 05/10/2021 11:44:10 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/8541 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6* x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • Landrum Wayside Sits on the 42Nd Parallel, the California-Oregon Border, Which Once Divided Mexico from the Oregon Territory
    A timeline of events directly concerning the Oregon-California boundary at the 42nd Parallel. Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, Russia, and New Spain (Mexico) all claimed lands that are now part of the United States of America. The Landrum Wayside sits on the 42nd Parallel, the California-Oregon border, which once divided Mexico from the Oregon Territory. The Wayside was dedicated on July 4, 1996, and flies the flags of these nations to honor the history of our region. 1492 Columbus lands in the New World, claims it for Spain and inaugurates a European rivalry for territory. 1493 Pope Alexander VI’s Papal Bull of May 4, 1493, grants Spain the right to colonize the western coast of America. It granted to the Catholic Monarchs and the heirs of the Crown of Castile exclusively all lands to the “west and south” of a pole-to-pole line 100 leagues west and south of any islands of the Azores or Cape Verde Islands. 1494 June 7th Treaty of Tordesillas establishes a meridian; Spain get what’s west of the meridian and Portugal get what’s east. 1513 Vasco Nunex de Balboa claims the “South Sea” (Pacific Ocean) and the adjoining land for the Spanish Crown. 1519 Hernando Cortez takes 11 ships with 600 men to Mexico with guns, armor and horses and conquers Montezuma II, Aztec Emperor, the capital city of Tenochitian and all of Mexico. 1521 New Spain is established following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. 1542 Juan Rodrigues Cabrillo, a Portuguese sailing for the Spanish Crown, is the first European to explore the west coast of North America.
    [Show full text]
  • Alaska-Dixon Entrance to Cape Spencer
    19 SEP 2021 U.S. Coast Pilot 8, Chapter 3 ¢ 101 Alaska-Dixon Entrance to Cape Spencer (1) Alaska, the largest state of the United States, (7) Seabottom features are similar to those of the occupies the northwestern part of the North American adjacent land. The steep inclines and narrow gorges of continent. The state is bordered on the east and south the land continue below sea level and form a system of by Canada and on the west and north by the Pacific and narrow deepwater straits that extends from Puget Sound Arctic Oceans. The northernmost point of Alaska is Point to Cape Spencer. The rugged ridges and peaks of the land Barrow (71°23'N., 156°28'W.); the westernmost point is area, and the absence of plains or extensive plateaus, are Cape Wrangell (52°55'N., 172°26'E.) on Attu Island; matched by the numerous rocks and reefs, surrounded by and the southernmost point is Nitrof Point (51°13.0'N., deep water, and the general absence of extensive shoals 179°07.7'W.), on Amatignak Island. Cape Muzon except at the mouths of glacier-fed streams or rivers. (54°40'N., 132°41'W.) is on the historic parallel that is the (8) coastal boundary between Alaska and Canada’s British Disposal Sites and Dumping Grounds Columbia. Cape Muzon is on the north side of Dixon (9) These areas are rarely mentioned in the Coast Pilot, Entrance and is 480 miles northwest of Cape Flattery, but are shown on the nautical charts. (See Disposal Sites Washington; between the two United States capes is the and Dumping Grounds, chapter 1, and charts for limits.) coastal area of British Columbia.
    [Show full text]
  • ENDING the SEARCH for the MYTHICAL PASSAGE of ADMIRAL FONTE: the 1J92 Voyage of Jacinto Caamano1
    ENDING THE SEARCH FOR THE MYTHICAL PASSAGE OF ADMIRAL FONTE: The 1J92 Voyage of Jacinto Caamano1 FREEMAN M. TOVELL he existence of a navigable passage across North America had long been conjectured by cartographers and geographers. TThe oldest theory was that there existed a Strait of Anian? which was believed to traverse the top of the continent. In time, accounts of other navigable routes attracted the attention of geo­ graphers and mariners alike, and all were of particular interest to Spain, as their Pacific openings lay in waters Spain historically con­ sidered belonged to it. These were the Strait of Juan de Fuca in lati­ tude 48°N, the passage of Admiral Bartholomew Fonte in latitude 53°N (the Dixon Entrance), and the Strait of Lorenzo Ferrer Maldonaldo in latitude 59°N (just south of Prince William Sound).2 Recent scholarship on the Spanish contribution to the search for these apocryphal passages has focused almost exclusively on the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Passage of Lorenzo Ferrer Maldonaldo,3 whereas Jacinto Caamano's destruction of the myth of the Strait of Admiral Fonte has been virtually ignored.4 This essay evaluates 1 A revision of a paper read at the annual meeting of the Society for the History of Discoveries, Arlington, Texas, November 1995. Research has been assisted by a grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Council of Canada, which is gratefully acknowledged. I should also like to thank Dr Christon I. Archer and Dr W. Michael Mathes for their careful readings of versions of the manuscript.
    [Show full text]
  • THE FOREST ECOSYSTEM of SOUTHEAST ALASKA L.The Setting
    1974 USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-12 This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Text errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. THE FOREST ECOSYSTEM OF SOUTHEAST ALASKA l.The Setting Arland S. Harris 0. Keith Hutchison William R. Meehan Douglas N. Swanston Austin E. Helmers John C. Hendee Thomas M. Collins PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE PORTLAND, OREGON ABSTRACT A description-of the discovery and exploration of southeast Alaska sets the scene for a discussion of the physical and biological features of this region. Subjects discussed include geography, climate, vegetation types, geology, minerals, forest products, soils, fish, wildlife, water, recreation, and esthetic values. This is the first of a series of publications sumnarizing present knowledge of southeast Alaska's forest resources. Pub1 ications will follow which discuss in detail the subjects mentioned above and how this information can be helpful in managing the resources. Keywords: Forest surveys, Alaska, resource planning, researc h. CONTRIBUTORS FORESTRY SCIENCES LABORATORY , JUNEAU ALASKA Arland S. Harris, Vegetation 0. Keith Hutchison, Wood Industries William R. Meehan, Fish and Vildlife FORESTRY SCIENCES LABORATORY , CORVALLIS, OREGON Douglas N. Swanston, Geology INSTITUTE OF NORTHERN FORESTRY, FAIRBANKS , ALASKA Austin E. Helmers, Discovery and History, Geography, Water MILDLAND RECREATION PROJECT, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON John C. Hendee, Recreation and Esthetics ALASKA REGION, U .S. FOREST SERVICE, JUNEAU, ALASKA Thomas pi. Collins, Soizs and Soil Development PREFACE This, the first in a series of pub1 ications summarizing knowledge about the forest resources of southeast dlaska, describes the physical, biological, and socioeconomic setting of southeast Alaska.
    [Show full text]
  • Annotations for Alexander Von Humboldt's Political Essay on The
    Annotations for Alexander von Humboldt’s Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain by Giorleny D. Altamirano Rayos, Tobias Kraft, and Vera M. Kutzinski Unless context made it more sensible to do otherwise, we have annotated a reference or allusion at its first occurrence. Entries in boldface refer back to a main entry. The page numbers that precede each entry refer to the pagination of Alexander von Humboldt’s 1826 French edition; those page numbers are are printed in the margins of our translation of the Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain. In that edition, the names and concepts that appear in SMALL CAPS in the annotations are marked with an ▼. Weights and Measures What follows are some of the most common weights and measures that Alexander von Humboldt regularly uses. This is not an exhaustive list. ACRE: an old English unit of surface area equivalent to 4,840 square yards (or about 4,046.85 square meters) in the USA and Canada. The standard unit of measurement for surface area in the UK, an acre in its earliest English uses was probably the amount of land that one yoke of oxen could plow in a day. Its value varied slightly in Ireland, Scotland, and England. In France, the size of the acre varied depending on region. Humboldt states that an acre is 4,029 square meters. 2 ARPENT: a unit either of length or of land area used in France, Québec, and Louisiana from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. The main measurement for land throughout France (sometimes called the French acre), the arpent varied in value depending on region.
    [Show full text]
  • The Procurement and Use of Abalone in Southeast Alaska
    THE PROCUREMENTAND USE OF ABALONE IN SOUTHEASTALASKA David D. Mills Technical Paper Number 40 An Interim Report to the Alaska Board of Fisheries March 1982 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Southeastern Region TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES . iii LIST OF FIGURES. ..i.................................. V ABSTRACT. 1 INTRODUCTION..................................................... Description of Study ........................................ % Background .................................................. 4 Purpose of Study ............................................ Objectives .................................................. ii METHODOLOGY. 8 Part I ...................................................... 8 Interview Methods ...................................... 8 Limitations, uelimitations, Assumptions...............1 2 Part II .................................................... 14 Survey Methods ..... ...& ............................... 14 Limitations, Delimitations, Assumptions...............1 6 LITERATURE REVIEW............................................... 17 History of Abalone Use in Southeast Alaska.................1 7 Food .................................................. Decoration of Clothing and Artwork .................... :; Tools ................................................. The Ecology of the Pinto Abalone ........................... :: Natural Predation .......................................... 23 FINDINGS ........................................................ 26 General ...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MISCELLANEOUS FIELD STUDIES MAP MF–2424 Prepared in cooperation with the USDA FOREST SERVICE MAP OF GLACIAL LIMITS AND POSSIBLE REFUGIA IN THE SOUTHERN ALEXANDER ARCHIPELAGO, ALASKA, DURING THE LATE WISCONSIN GLACIATION By Paul E. Carrara1, Thomas A. Ager1, James F. Baichtal2, and D. Paco VanSistine1 2003 1U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO 80225 2USDA Forest Service, Thorne Bay, AK 99919 SCALE 1:500,000 Base from Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc., Anchorage, Alaska State Plane Coordinate System 1927 SPCS Zone 6101 North American Datum of 1927 Ongoing geologic observations by Baichtal July 1990 to present Geology mapped in field by Ager and Baichtal in July 1998 and 1999, and by Ager, Carrara, and Baichtal in July 2000 Manuscript approved for publication October 2, 2003 Any use of trade names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey This map was produced on request, directly from �digital files, on an electronic plotter For sale by U.S. Geological Survey Information Services Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225 1-888-ASK-USGS ArcInfo coverages and a PDF for this map are available at http://pubs.usgs.gov EXPLANATION Present land area Areas presently <125 m below sea level Areas of the Continental Shelf presently <125 m below sea level that may have served as refugia during the late Wisconsin glaciation Along Pacific coast part of Continental Shelf (>125 m to 200 m below present sea level) Along Pacific coast
    [Show full text]