Ex Parte Mitsuye Endo
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Overlooked No More: Ralph Lazo, Who Voluntarily Lived in an Internment Camp - the New York Times
11/24/2019 Overlooked No More: Ralph Lazo, Who Voluntarily Lived in an Internment Camp - The New York Times Overlooked No More: Ralph Lazo, Who Voluntarily Lived in an Internment Camp About 115,000 Japanese-Americans on the West Coast were incarcerated after Pearl Harbor, and Lazo, who was Mexican-American, joined them in a bold act of solidarity. July 3, 2019 Overlooked is a series of obituaries about remarkable people whose deaths, beginning in 1851, went unreported in The Times. By Veronica Majerol When Ralph Lazo saw his Japanese-American friends being forced from their homes and into internment camps during World War II, he did something unexpected: He went with them. In the spring of 1942, Lazo, a 17-year-old high school student in Los Angeles, boarded a train and headed to the Manzanar Relocation Center, one of 10 internment camps authorized to house Japanese-Americans under President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s executive order in the wake of Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor a few months earlier. The camps, tucked in barren regions of the United States, would incarcerate around 115,000 people living in the West from 1942 to 1946 — two-thirds of them United States citizens. Unlike the other inmates, Lazo did not have to be there. A Mexican-American, he was the only known person to pretend to be Japanese so he could be willingly interned. What compelled Lazo to give up his freedom for two and a half years — sleeping in tar-paper-covered barracks, using open latrines and showers and waiting on long lines for meals in mess halls, on grounds surrounded by barbed-wire fencing and watched by guards in towers? He wanted to be with his friends. -
EDUCATOR Resource GUIDE
EDUCATOR resource GUIDE powered by VERSION 1.1 a letter for educators... Dear Allegiance Teachers, Thank you for bringing Allegiance into your classroom, enriching your students’ experience, and sharing the story of this unique time in American history. THIS GUIDE CONSISTS OF PRE- AND POST-SHOW ACTIVITIES AND QUESTIONS TO RAISE ON YOUR WAY TO THE SHOW, AT INTERMISSION, AND ON THE WAY BACK TO SCHOOL. Each activity includes step-by-step instructions with highlighted and italicized questions and infor- mation that you can read directly to your students to support their understanding of the activities. We hope, with the assistance of this Guide, Allegiance will be an impactful and inspiring event for your students. We welcome your feedback: please contact us if you have ideas or would like assis- tance with modifications based on the needs of your students. With gratitude, Matt Freeman, Matthew J. Schneider, Director of Education, Inspire Change Director of Education, Allegiance [email protected] [email protected] INSPIRE CHANGE biography Initially launched with the Broadway musical Memphis in 2009, Inspire Change is an innovative arts program that partners with commercial theater productions to provide schools and communities across the tri-state area with subsidized tickets and high-impact educational experiences. Inspire Change’s programming is developed in tandem with productions, drawing on and contribut- ing to their research and artistry, in order to create the most effective tools to educate communities, foster dialogue, and inspire change. 1 BEFOREshow THE ALLEGIANCE SYNOPSIS ALLEGIANCE FOLLOWS ONE AMERICAN FAMILY’S EXPERIENCE OF WORLD WAR II; THE ACTIONS THEY TAKE AND THE CONSEQUENCES THAT FOLLOW WILL HAUNT THEM FOR DECADES. -
Structural Uncertainty Over Habeas Corpus the Jurisdiction of Military
v5n4.book Page 397 Friday, June 28, 2002 9:19 PM Structural Uncertainty Over Habeas Corpus the Jurisdiction of Military Tribunals George Rutherglen ost lawyers are familiar with the the military and susceptible to prosecution writ of habeas corpus as the vehicle before military tribunals. My purpose in this Mfor a form of more or less limited brief comment is not to address the constitu- appellate review of criminal convictions. In tionality of such tribunals, which others have time of war, however, habeas corpus returns to already considered at length.1 It is, on the its traditional role, dating back to Magna contrary, to suggest that this question will not Carta, as a judicial remedy for unlawful be resolved in any clear-cut way. At least, this detention by the executive branch. And so, is the lesson of the cases from the Civil War today, we see a renewed debate over access to and World War II, the two principal sources the writ by suspected terrorists detained by of law on this subject.2 George Rutherglen is the O.M. Vicars Professor of Law and Earle K. Shawe Professor of Employment Law at the University of Virginia. He would like to thank Curt Bradley, Barry Cushman, Earl Dudley, Dave Martin, Ted White, and Ann Woolhandler for comments on previous drafts of this article. 1 For arguments supporting the constitutionality of the tribunals, see Curtis A. Bradley Jack L. Goldsmith, The Constitutional Validity of Military Commissions, 5 Green Bag 2d 249 (2002). For arguments against, see Neal K. Katyal Laurence H. -
Pilgrimage Powell & Cody 2018 Heart Mountain 2018 Heart ● July26–28,2018
Pilgrimage2018 Heart Mountain Powell & Cody ● July 26–28, 2018 by Estelle Ishigo, Allen Eaton Collection, Japanese American National Museum Allen Eaton Estelle Ishigo, by Heart Mountain Mess Hall Shibai 1 Map of Holiday Inn Cody Guest Rooms Registration Ballroom QTs Gift Shop Sales Artifact Donations Restaurant Silent Auction Moving Walls Children’s Activities Discussion Cocktail Reception Discussion Groups 3 & 11 Discussion Dessert Reception Groups 6 & 8 Groups 2 & 12 Courtyard Bottoms Up Eaton Exhibit Cabins Buffalo Bill Banquet Lounge Discussion D Room Taggart Groups 7 & 14 Discussion Discussion Groups 5 & 9 Discussion Groups 1 & 13 Front Desk Groups 4 & 10 & Office Guest Rooms A B C Snacks & Water Lobby (Meet for buses) Conference Employees Only Guest Rooms Room Main Entrance Parking Comfort Inn each other. andtohelpus better understand help usbetterbefore, understandthosewhocame we lookwell—to toart,as year’s Pilgrimage, Forthis forgotten. thisstory sure wasnever make tousetheirart otherstocreate, could.Shealsoencouraged ever words better thanmere oflifeatHeart therealities Mountain convey would they paintings anddrawings.Sheknew somuchtimetodocumenting lifeinthiscampwithher understanding. It’swhyshedevoted tofostering route thatartwasthemostdirect manyothers,knew like Estelle Ishigo, again. onlyforamoment—free were—if they painted,incarcerees When performed,danced, sang, orcomposed, bands. swing people’s young compositions ofIsseipoets noiseofthe thecontemplative from andjoyful totheboisterous Artwaseverywhere insideHeart nowords. -
Table of Cases
TABLE OF CASES 2575 TABLE OF CASES Page 324 Liquor Corp. v. Duffy, 479 U.S. 335 (1987)........................................................ 2247, 2550 44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island, 517 U.S. 484 (1996)....... 1255, 1257–58, 2252, 2481, 2572 A A. & G. Stevedores v. Ellerman Lines, 369 U.S. 355 (1962).............................................. 1677 A. & P. Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp., 340 U.S. 147 (1950).................. 330, 332–34 A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935)...... 77–78, 83–84, 91–92, 94, 204–05, 576 A.L. Mechling Barge Lines v. United States, 368 U.S. 324 (1961)................................. 758–59 A. T. & T. Co. v. United States, 299 U.S. 232 (1936)......................................................... 1547 Aaron v. McKinley, 173 F.Supp. 944 (E.D. Ark. 1959)......................................................... 509 Abate v. Mundt, 403 U.S. 182 (1971).......................................................................... 2155–56 Abbate v. United States, 359 U.S. 187 (1959)............................................................. 1459–60 Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136 (1967).................................................. 746, 755 Abdul-Kabir v. Quarterman, 550 U.S. 233 (2007).................................................... 1702, 2490 Abel v. United States, 362 U.S. 217 (1960)............................................................... 315, 1376 Abie State Bank v. Bryan, 282 U.S. 765 (1931)....................................................... 1810, 1848 Abington School Dist. v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963)...... 730, 1052, 1063, 1069–70, 1090–91, 1093, 1097, 1107, 2420 Ableman v. Booth, 62 U.S. (21 How.) 506 (1859).......................................... 784, 876, 880, 969 Abney v. United States, 431 U.S. 651 (1977).................................................................... 1462 Abood v. Detroit Bd. of Educ., 431 U.S. 209 (1977).......................... 1132, 1181–82, 1209, 1232 A Book Named “John Cleland’s Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure” v. -
Principles of Federal Appropriations
United States General Accounting Office GAO Office of the General Counsel January 2004 Principles of Federal Appropriations Law Third Edition Volume I As of September 14, 2017, chapters 1, 2, and 3 of the Fourth Edition of Principles of Federal Appropriations Law supersede chapters 1 through 4 of the Third Edition of Principles of Federal Appropriations Law. Chapters 5 through 15 of the Third Edition of Principles of Federal Appropriations Law, in conjunction with GAO, Principles of Federal Appropriations Law: Annual Update to the Third Edition, remain the most currently available material on the topics discussed therein. All current chapters and the Annual Update to the Third Edition are available at www.gao.gov/legal/red-book/overview. This volume supersedes the Volume I, Second Edition of the Principles of Federal Appropriations Law, 1991. The Security of this file is set to prevent a situation where linked references are appended to the PDF. If this change prevents an Acrobat function you need (e.g., to extract pages), use the the password “redbook” to revise the document security aand enable the additional functions. GAO-04-261SP Abbreviations APA Administrative Procedure Act BLM Bureau of Land Management CDA Contract Disputes Act of 1978 CCC Commodity Credit Corporation C.F.R. Code of Federal Regulations EAJA Equal Access to Justice Act EEOC Equal Employment Opportunity Commission FAR Federal Acquisition Regulation FY Fiscal Year GAO Government Accountability Office GSA General Services Administration HUD Department of Housing and Urban Development IRS Internal Revenue Service NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission OMB Office of Management and Budget SBA Small Business Administration TFM Treasury Financial Manual U.S.C. -
Brief in Opposition of Respondent ————
No. 03-1027 IN THE Supreme Court of the United States ———— DONALD RUMSFELD, Petitioner, v. JOSE PADILLA AND DONNA R. NEWMAN, AS NEXT FRIEND OF JOSE PADILLA, Respondent. ———— On Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ———— BRIEF IN OPPOSITION OF RESPONDENT ———— DAVID W. DEBRUIN DONNA R. NEWMAN JENNER & BLOCK LLP Counsel of Record 601 Thirteenth Street, NW 121 West 27th Street Suite 1200 Suite 1103 Washington, DC 20005 New York, New York 10001 (202) 639-6000 (212) 229-1516 JENNY S. MARTINEZ ANDREW G. PATEL 559 Nathan Abbott Way 111 Broadway, 13th Floor Stanford, California 94305 New York, New York 10006 (650) 725-2749 (212) 349-0230 WILSON-EPES PRINTING CO., INC. – (202) 789-0096 – WASHINGTON, D. C. 20001 QUESTIONS PRESENTED 1. Whether the President has the authority to imprison as an “enemy combatant” an American citizen seized on American soil outside a zone of combat. 2. Whether, if the President has such authority, (a) there are limitations on the circumstances in which such authority may be exercised and the length of time an individual may be imprisoned, and (b) the individual detained may challenge the President’s assertion of that authority at a meaningful hearing with the assistance of counsel. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS QUESTIONS PRESENTED ........................ i TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ....................... iv STATEMENT ....................................1 REASONS TO DENY THE PETITION ..............10 A. Review By This Court Is Not Warranted Because The Court Of Appeals’ Holding On The Scope Of The President’s Authority Was Both Correct And Narrow. .............. 11 1. The Court of Appeals Correctly Held that Both the Constitution and Section 4001(a) Require that the Military Detention of American Citizens on American Soil Must Be Supported by Clear and Unmistakable Congressional Authorization. -
White by Association: the Mixed Marriage Policy of Japanese American Internees”
“White by Association: The Mixed Marriage Policy of Japanese American Internees” Ashlynn Deu Pree University of California, Santa Barbara Department of History Abstract The purpose of “White by Association: The Mixed Marriage Policy of Japanese American Internees” is to describe in detail the Mixed Marriage Policy, implemented during World War II regarding the incarceration of Japanese Americans, and the reasons for its implementation. This policy allowed for specific multiracial Japanese Americans and those involved in mixed marriages with White males to exit the camps and return home to the West Coast if they could prove their lifestyles to be culturally Caucasian. This paper argues that the Mixed Marriage Policy was created in order to prevent White males from challenging the constitutionality of the Japanese American incarceration. Introduction “One obvious thought occurs to me—that every Japanese citizen or non-citizen on the Island of Oahu who meets these Japanese ships or has any connection with their officers or men should be secretly but definitely identified and his or her name placed on a special list of those who would be the first to be placed in a concentration camp in the event of trouble.’ – Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, 1936.1 The imprisonment of Japanese Americans in U.S. concentration camps during World War II violated the constitutional rights of the imprisoned American citizens and residents who were denied citizenship. The same right-violators who were responsible for this incarceration, were also the creators of the Mixed Marriage Policy, which allowed multiracial couples and individuals to return to their homes on the West Coast and avoid incarceration. -
The Constitution in the Supreme Court: the Second World War, 1941-1946
Catholic University Law Review Volume 37 Issue 1 Fall 1987 Article 3 1987 The Constitution in the Supreme Court: The Second World War, 1941-1946 David P. Currie Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.edu/lawreview Recommended Citation David P. Currie, The Constitution in the Supreme Court: The Second World War, 1941-1946, 37 Cath. U. L. Rev. 1 (1988). Available at: https://scholarship.law.edu/lawreview/vol37/iss1/3 This Address is brought to you for free and open access by CUA Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Catholic University Law Review by an authorized editor of CUA Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LECTURES THE CONSTITUTION IN THE SUPREME COURT: THE SECOND WORLD WAR, 1941-1946 David P, Currie* When Harlan F. Stone was named to succeed Charles Evans Hughes as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1941, the ballgame was new and so were the players. Dead and buried were the once burning controversies over economic liberties and the scope of enumerated federal powers. While de- voting much of their attention to a number of troublesome issues brought about by the Second World War, the Justices were to focus increasingly on the new agenda of civil rights and liberties that Stone had laid out for them in United States v. Carolene Products Co.' in 1938.2 It was altogether fitting that Justice Stone, the prophet of the new order, was elevated to Chief Justice after fifteen distinguished years of intellectual leadership on the Court.3 The only other familiar face was that of Owen Roberts, who, more than any other single Justice, had helped to precipitate the change by abandoning his restrictive view of regulatory authority when he held the balance of power.4 All the other Justices owed their initial ap- pointments to President Franklin D. -
The Everyday Heroes of World War II: Ordinary People Who Did Extraordinary Things
The Everyday Heroes of World War II: Ordinary People Who Did Extraordinary Things Dr. Lynn Chun Ink Go For Broke National Education Center 2015 1 I could have done no different. I would not have known how. --Elizabeth Humbargar, on helping Japanese Americans during the war years, The Stockton Record, 1978 2 Introduction The history of the Japanese community in the US during World War II is often retold against the backdrop of the battlefields of Europe and Asia, where Nisei soldiers fought fiercely to prove their loyalty as Americans, or from within the confines of the incarceration centers, where Nikkei families struggled to lead a life of normalcy after being forcibly removed from their West Coast homes. Yet not only are the Nikkei wartime experiences as varied and multifaceted as the thousands of people who endured them, but they also involved many other individuals who were not of Japanese descent, people who, like schoolteacher Elizabeth Humbargar, could do “no different” but join in the struggle. The Japanese community as a whole rallied together in support of one other. But there were also countless individuals outside of this tightly knit community who either on their own or within a group sought fair and just treatment for the Nikkei. They were everyday people—from ministers to teachers to farmers to teenagers—who often endured condemnation from others who viewed those of Japanese descent through eyes clouded by hatred, fear and suspicion. They were ordinary people who took extraordinary measures for people they viewed as their equals and more significantly, as their friends. -
The American Constitution
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW Government Organization and Powers Political Science 410G Fall Semester, 2020 Constitutions should consist only of general provisions; the reason is that they must necessarily be permanent, and that they cannot calculate for the possible change of things. --Alexander Hamilton The Constitution of the United States was made not merely for the generation that then existed, but for posterity--unlimited, undefined, endless, perpetual posterity. --Henry Clay Course Professor Dr. Richard J. (Rick) Hardy—Professor of Political Science Class Hours: 11:00 - 11:50 a.m., MWF, 308 Morgan Hall Office Hours: 2:00 - 3:30 p.m., MW, 8:00 – 8:50 F, or by Appointment* Professor's Office: 445 Morgan Hall Email: [email protected] Office Phone: 309-298-1534 *We live in difficult times. Because I am in the “high risk” category regarding Covid-19, my physician strongly recommends that, if at all possible, we avoid one-on-one meetings in my office. I will still hold office hours and be available for phone calls during those times. And, of course I will return emails in a prompt manner. RJH Course Description The United States Constitution is the solid foundation upon which all American government is built. The document is now 231 years old; it is the oldest, written, nation- state constitution in the world. And it is amazingly quite short. It contains a preamble, seven articles, twenty-seven formal amendments, and just over 7,000 words (about the length of the average daily newspaper's sport section). Unfortunately, it takes more than just a few minutes reading to understand the workings of this glorious document. -
Ex Parte Mitsuye Endo: Breaking Through Barbed Wire
Ex parte Mitsuye Endo: Breaking Through Barbed Wire Natalie Miller Historical Paper Junior Division Paper Length: 2499 Words Miller 1 Introduction Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, racism against people of Japanese ancestry spiked and the United States government issued restrictions on those of Japanese heritage, regardless of their citizenship status.1 Executive Order 9066 was signed, giving the military the power to evacuate all Japanese-American residents of the West Coast to internment camps.2 The conditions in these internment camps were reportedly worse than prison.3 Frustrated at the violation of their rights, many young Nisei (second-generation Japanese-Americans) resisted.4 Three Nisei resisted these orders and their cases (Hirabayashi v. United States, Yasui v. United States, and Korematsu v. United States) were heard in the Supreme Court.5 In all three cases, internment was upheld.6 A fourth case, a due process lawsuit challenging whether there were lawful grounds for detention (a writ of habeas corpus), was filed by a Japanese-American named Mitsuye Endo.7 On December 18, 1944, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the internment of loyal citizens was unconstitutional.8 Within a month, all internment camps were closed.9 1 Reeves, Richard. Infamy: The Shocking Story of Japanese Internment in World War II. Henry Holt and Company, 2015. 2 Ibid, 54. 3 Ibid, 104. 4 Okazaki, Steven, director. Unfinished Business. Farallon Films, 1985. <https://vimeo.com/ondemand/unfinishedb usiness/300609902?autoplay=1> 5 Daniels, Roger. The Japanese American Cases: The Rule of Law in Time of War. University Press of Kansas, 2013.