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High Energy Nuclear Physics and Multiparticle Dynamics

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High Energy Nuclear Physics and Multiparticle Dynamics High energy nuclear physics and multiparticle dynamics Michal Sumbera,ˇ CSc. A Thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Sciences Center for Physics of Ultra-Relativistic Nuclear Collisions Nuclear Physics Institute Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Reˇz/ˇ Prague, Czech Republic July 2009 ii High energy nuclear physics and multiparticle dynamics Michal Sumbera,ˇ CSc. Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Sciences July 2009 Abstract In this thesis selected results from four heavy ion experiments: TAPS at GSI SIS, WA98 and CERES at CERN SPS and STAR at BNL RHIC are reviewed. In addition to this physics capabilities of newly build ALICE experiment at CERN LHC and results of phenomenological analysis of multiparticle production in high-energy hadron-hadron collisions are presented. Enormous c.m.s. energy region covered { from 2.3 GeV to 5.4 TeV per nucleon-nucleon pair { allows me to discuss in a unified way several im- portant phenomena characterizing novel trends in high energy nuclear physics: elliptic flow, sub-threshold particle production, thermalization, search for the disoriented chi- ral condensate and discovery of a new state of matter created in high-energy nuclear collisions. iv Declaration The work presented in this thesis is based in part on research carried out within large multi-national collaborations: ALICE, NA45/CERES and WA98 at CERN. STAR at BNL RHIC and TAPS at GSI SIS. Chapter 2 of the thesis is based on joint research with Imrich Zborovsk´yfrom Nuclear Physics Institute ASCR and MiloˇsPachr and Vl´adaˇ Sim´akfromˇ Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering of the Czech Technical University in Prague. This means that with exception of the whole Chapter 2 and section 5.3 some parts of material in this thesis might have been submitted elsewhere for any other degree or qualification by member of the above mentioned collaborations. My own contribution to the Chapters 3-5 is the following one. In 1991, together with three of my NPI colleagues (A. Kugler, M. Pachr and V. Wagner) I have proposed a small-scale experiment based on a simple BaF2 crystal- based spectrometer to measure the neutron spectra in Bi+Pb collisions at 1 AGeV. The experiment was performed in summer 1991 at GSI SIS. I have also proposed to interpret the measured spectra within the scale-invariant approach to sub- and near- threshold particle production. The results of performed analysis (sections 3.4.2 and 3.4.3) were part of the PhD thesis of MiloˇsPachr's which was accomplished under my supervision. From 1991 till 1993 while working as a visiting scientist at the KVI Groningen, The Netherlands, I was involved in the TAPS experiment. In addition to work related to the preparation and conduction of experiments at GSI SIS and at MAMI-B I have analyzed azimuthal and transverse momentum spectra of neutral pions and performed microscopic transport models simulations. My scientific interest at that time has fo- cused on the application of the scale-invariant approach to particle production at SIS energies. In the lead ion beam CERN SPS experiments WA98 and CERES my responsibil- ity included among the other things activities related to the preparation, maintenance, operation and, in part, also to data analysis of the Silicon Drift Detectors. During 1994- 1996 and 1998-2000 I was regularly involved in the data taking shifts of the WA98 and NA45/CERES experiments at the SPS, respectively. Similarly to my previous activ- ities in the TAPS collaboration, I have implemented several microscopical transport models of heavy ion collisions and suggested several analyses. In both experiments I v vi was a team leader of the NPI ASCR group. At the RHIC experiment STAR in addition to the above mentioned activities I have also supervised several graduate and undergraduate students. Some of the results presented in Chapter 5 (section 5.2.2) were obtained by them under my supervision. In addition to this I was also actively involved in writing the summary article presented in section 5.1.1. The material presented in section 5.3.2 on ALICE experiment at the LHC is in part based on some preliminary estimates done by J. Schukraft and P. Giubellino. The rest is my own contribution. Copyright ⃝c 2009 by Michal Sumberaˇ . \The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotations from it should be published without the author's prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged". Acknowledgements During the last twenty five years - a period covered by the material of this thesis - I had a nice opportunity to collaborate with many outstanding scientists and, what is even more important, to learn few important things about the physics from them. My first thanks go to my oldest collaborators Prof. Vl´adaˇ Sim´ak,whoˇ has already supervised my undergraduate thesis many years ago, and to dr. Imrich Zborovsk´y. I would like to thank Prof. Herbert L¨ohnerfor a nice hospitality and working conditions in his group at KVI. I also would like to thank the other TAPS collaborators, in particular Prof. Volker Mettag (that time the TAPS spokesperson), Prof. Rolf Siemssen, dr. Reinhard Simon, dr. Hans Wilschut and graduate students Lars Venema, Ansgaar Raschke, Olaf Schwalb and Frank-Dietter Berg. I have extremely enjoyed the collaboration with the authors of the microscopical transport codes: Prof. Steffan Bass, dr. Slava Toneev and dr. Gyuri Wolf. Last but not least my thanks go also to my NPI colleagues: dr. Andrej Kugler, dr. MiloˇsPachr and dr. Vl´adaˇ Wagner, my collaborators at that time. I am very grateful to Prof. Hans Gutbrod (that time the spokesperson of the WA98 Collaboration) and to dr. Frank Plasil who have already in 1993 paved the way to the NPI team participation in the lead beam program at CERN SPS. I also would like to thank the other WA98 colleagues: dr. Terry Awes (current WA98 spokesperson), Prof. Herbert L¨ohner,Prof. Thomas Peitzmann, Prof. Bolek Wys louch, dr. Tapan Nayak, dr. Gerrit van Nieuwenhuizen, dr. Peter Steinberg (then the graduate student), and many others, last but not least also to Tony Przibylla (the technician of both the WA98 and NA45/CERES experiments). I also appreciate the help from dr. Nikolai Amelin, dr. Heinz Sorge and Prof. Klaus Werner concerning the simulation of ultra- relativistic heavy ion collisions. I have extremely profitted from the collaboration with my NA45/CERES col- leagues: Prof. Johanna Stachel (the spokesperson), Prof. Hans Specht, Prof. Itzak Tserruya, Prof. Hannes Wessels and Prof. Peter Wurm. Since both the WA98 and CERES experiments have used the same type of the Silicon Drift Detectors it was my great privilege to collaborate with dr. Pavel Rehak, the inventor and designer of these detectors. I also thank to dr. Chillo Garabatos, dr. Anna Mar´ınand dr. Stepan Yurevich. In thew STAR collaboration my gratitude goes first of all to Prof. Yuri Panebratsev vii viii and dr. Richard Lednic´ywithout whose insistence I would never find a courage to enter this beautiful experiment. I would like to thank dr. Tim Hallman and dr. Nu Xu (former and current STAR spokespersons, respectively). I also acknowledge the help of Prof. Tom Humanic and Prof. Tom Trainor in promoting the NPI group to a full membership in the STAR collaboration. Extremely nice and fruitful was a collaboration with some of the STAR femtoscopists: dr. Richard Lednick´y,Prof. Mike Lisa, dr. Fabrice Reti`ereand, last but not least, with my graduate students - Petr Chaloupka and Michal Bystersk´y- working on the same subject. In early days of the ALICE project preparation I have extremely profitted from dis- cussions with dr. Jurgen Schukraft (the ALICE spokesperson) and dr. Paolo Giubellino (leader of the ALICE Silicon Drift Detector project). In most of the above mentioned experimental activities at CERN SPS and LHC great deal of support came from my closest NPI colleagues: dr. Vojtˇech Petr´aˇcekand dr. Jan Rak who have started to work on this fascinating subject in my team but then has left to work on their own. I also thank dr. Dagmar Adamov´a,dr. Jana Bielˇc´ıkov´a, dr. Ivana Hˇrivn´aˇcov´aand dr. Svetlana Kushpil and dr. Vasily Kushpil (the graduate students at that time). Finally, I would like to thank to my wife Vˇerawithout whose encouragement and support this thesis could not have been neither started nor finished. Contents Abstract iii Declaration v Acknowledgements vii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation . .1 1.2 History . .5 1.3 Theoretical Basis . .7 1.3.1 QCD phase transitions . .7 1.3.2 Transport models . .9 1.4 This thesis . 11 2 Multiparticle production in high-energy hadron-hadron collisions 13 2.1 Energy Independent Number of Clusters and Multiplicity Distribution at Collider and Beyond . 14 2.1.1 Introductory notes . 14 2.1.2 Article reprint . 15 2.1.3 Citations . 21 2.1.4 Conference presentations . 21 2.2 Entropy in multiparticle production and ultimate multiplicity scaling . 23 2.2.1 Citations . 27 2.2.2 Conference presentations . 29 2.2.3 Further developments . 30 2.3 Entropy dimensions and other multifractal characteristics of multiplicity distributions . 33 2.3.1 Citations . 40 2.3.2 Further developments . 40 3 Heavy ion collisions at GSI SIS 45 3.1 Neutral Pion Production in Heavy Ion Collisions at SIS-energies . 45 ix Contents x 3.1.1 Introductory notes . 45 3.1.2 Article reprint from Proc.Hirschegg. Conf. 47 3.1.3 Citations: . 55 3.1.4 Conference presentations . 55 3.1.5 Article reprint from Physical Review Letters 71(1993)835 . 57 3.1.6 Citations .
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