Descripción De La Musicalidad Humana Desde Un Enfoque Interdisciplinario Y Sus Relaciones Con El Desarrollo Lingüístico Y Comunicativo Temprano

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Descripción De La Musicalidad Humana Desde Un Enfoque Interdisciplinario Y Sus Relaciones Con El Desarrollo Lingüístico Y Comunicativo Temprano iv UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y HUMANIDADES ESCUELA DE POSTGRADO DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA MUSICALIDAD HUMANA DESDE UN ENFOQUE INTERDISCIPLINARIO Y SUS RELACIONES CON EL DESARROLLO LINGÜÍSTICO Y COMUNICATIVO TEMPRANO Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Estudios Cognitivos FERNANDO WULF DÍAZ Profesores Guía: MIGUEL ÁNGEL JIMÉNEZ ALEGRE GUILLERMO SOTO VERGARA Santiago de Chile, año 2019 v RESUMEN Desde diferentes dominios de la ciencia cognitiva, existe un creciente interés en el estudio de la musicalidad humana, esto es, la capacidad para la música. En el contexto de las interacciones iniciales entre padres e hijos, surge una especial riqueza comunicativa, que conlleva un componente musical. Las expresiones de musicalidad parecen ser fundamentales en estas experiencias iniciales con el lenguaje. Dan cuenta, asimismo, de una aparente predisposición musical que tendría un correlato evolutivo, situación análoga a la del lenguaje. Este trabajo pretende abordar la musicalidad como objeto de investigación específico desde un enfoque interdisciplinario y buscará responder cómo se relaciona la musicalidad con el surgimiento de la comunicación y del lenguaje. A partir de una revisión bibliográfica con un enfoque fundamentalmente cualitativo y descriptivo, se concluye que existen relaciones pertinentes entre la musicalidad y las conductas comunicativas y lingüísticas tempranas, y que el trabajo interdisciplinario es una vía prometedora para profundizar en la materia. Fernando Wulf Díaz Profesores Guía Guillermo Soto Vergara y Miguel Ángel Jiménez Alegre Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Estudios Cognitivos “Descripción de la musicalidad humana desde un enfoque interdisciplinario y sus relaciones con el desarrollo lingüístico y comunicativo temprano” vi A Rafaela. vii AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco al Programa de Magíster y a la Escuela de Posgrado por esta posibilidad de crecimiento académico y personal. A mis profesores guía de tesis: Guillermo Soto por su importante apoyo y mirada crítica, y Miguel Ángel Jiménez por su inmensa disposición y sabiduría. Sus orientaciones fueron fundamentales para este esfuerzo integrador. A María Inés Borjes por su ayuda permanente. A mis padres y hermanos, por su cariño. A mis amigos, por su ánimo. Especialmente, agradezco a Natalia y a Rafaela, por toda su paciencia, energía y amor. Y por todo lo que vendrá. viii TABLA DE CONTENIDOS INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................. 10 CAPÍTULO 1: MÚSICA ......................................................................................... 11 1.1 Dificultades en su definición ......................................................................... 11 1.2 Música como un producto cultural ................................................................ 14 1.3 La música como un sistema complejo ......................................................... 18 1.4 Reflexión: ¿Música como función neurobiológica? ...................................... 26 1.4.1 La organización neurológica de la experiencia musical ........................ 27 1.4.2 Una red cerebral para la evocación de emociones ............................... 33 1.4.3 El caso de la amusia congénita ............................................................ 36 1.4.4 Procesamiento cerebral de la sintaxis y paralelos con el lenguaje ....... 38 1.5 Música en ciencias cognitivas. Algunas consideraciones ............................ 41 Figura 1: Abordaje de la música y la capacidad musical en el marco de las ciencias cognitivas .......................................................................................... 43 CAPÍTULO 2: MUSICALIDAD ............................................................................... 51 2.1 Propuesta de definición ................................................................................ 51 2.2 Antecedentes históricos del abordaje de la musicalidad .............................. 53 2.2.1 Etapa fenomenológica .......................................................................... 53 2.2.2 Etapa psicométrica ............................................................................... 55 2.2.3 Etapa del significado musical ................................................................ 58 2.3 Aportes para un concepto actual de musicalidad ......................................... 61 2.3.1 ¿Musicalidad como experticia técnica o como capacidad universal? ... 62 2.3.2 ¿Estructura de la música o estructura de la musicalidad? .................... 65 2.3.3 Reflexión: Un atributo universal arraigado en la biología ...................... 66 2.4 Componentes cognitivos de la musicalidad e implicancias .......................... 69 2.4.1 ¿Componentes de dominio general o de dominio específico? ............. 70 2.4.2 ¿Componentes adquiridos o innatos? .................................................. 72 2.4.3 Las cuatro disposiciones que permitirían la musicalidad ...................... 73 ix 2.4.4 Alcances de un modelo modular para la capacidad musical ................ 77 Figura 2: Modelo de Peretz y Coltheart (2003) y componentes de la musicalidad planteados por Honing et al. (2015). ........................................... 78 2.5 Musicalidad y evolución ............................................................................... 81 2.5.1 Perspectiva no adaptativa de la musicalidad ........................................ 84 2.5.2 Perspectiva adaptativa de la musicalidad ............................................. 85 2.5.3 La posible relación evolutiva entre lenguaje y musicalidad ................... 90 2.5.4 Conclusiones ........................................................................................ 95 CAPÍTULO 3: COMUNICACIÓN, LENGUAJE Y MUSICALIDAD TEMPRANA ..... 97 3.1 Contexto: apreciaciones sobre lenguaje y comunicación ............................. 97 3.2 Antecedentes y predisposiciones en la musicalidad infantil ....................... 100 Figura 3: Dimensiones de la musicalidad ..................................................... 104 3.3 Habla dirigida al niño .................................................................................. 107 3.4 Evidencia de habilidades auditivas innatas ................................................ 110 Figura 4: Resumen de las habilidades auditivas identificadas en los niños a lo largo del primer año de vida, postuladas como sesgos innatos .................... 111 3.5 Musicalidad comunicativa .......................................................................... 112 3.6 La prosodia y otras aristas de una comunicación musical ......................... 117 3.6 Reflexión: alcances y limitaciones de la musicalidad temprana ................. 123 Figura 5: Adquisición de habilidades perceptivas lingüísticas y musicales entre los seis y los doce meses de edad ............................................................... 126 CONCLUSIONES Y DISCUSIÓN ....................................................................... 130 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ................................................................................................... 141 INTRODUCCIÓN La música, tan frecuente en la vida cotidiana, tiene características que la convierten en un elemento tremendamente atractivo y complejo. Es una propiedad extraordinaria de nuestra especie, de naturaleza ubicua y multifacética, que se expresa en diversas formas y es capaz de incidir transversalmente en múltiples aspectos de la experiencia humana. Estas y otras cualidades han propiciado su estudio desde diferentes disciplinas y perspectivas. Su carácter de actividad universal, expresada en formas múltiples y heterogéneas, genera también dificultades para su necesaria definición y delimitación. Desde las ciencias cognitivas, existe una creciente preocupación por la exploración de las cualidades de la música; en esta tendencia es importante el reconocimiento cada vez más generalizado de que la música en todas sus facetas corresponde a un producto de cualidades excepcionales y propias de la especie y, por ende, valiosas para el estudio de la cognición en general. Considerando este escenario, surgen un conjunto de inquietudes pertinentes como: ¿qué nos convierte en seres musicales? o ¿qué entendemos como capacidad musical desde una perspectiva cognitiva? Estas y otras interrogantes serán motivo de atención en el desarrollo de la presente investigación. La musicalidad, entendida como la capacidad humana para la música, posee al menos en su apariencia más externa o evidente una íntima relación con las manifestaciones musicales 1 . Dichas manifestaciones corresponden a una construcción cultural compleja y diversa del ser humano, que ha sido un 1 La musicalidad se presenta a través de las expresiones musicales de una cultura en quienes las producen, en sus destinatarios y en todos quienes sean movilizados por ellas. Tal como señala Cross (2012), en las sociedades occidentales destacan dos formas de interpretar la musicalidad: una centrada en el dominio del músico experto y otra como facultad genérica para hacer sentido de la música. Ambas se despliegan en las expresiones musicales. 1 2 foco de interés universal desde tiempos remotos2. La música como producto es posibilitada por la musicalidad y, por tanto, la consideración de las cualidades de la música es un paso necesario para caracterizar la capacidad musical. Bajo una primera aproximación, la temática "música y cognición" puede parecer novedosa y reciente en ciencias cognitivas; sin embargo, esto dista de la realidad.
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