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Chemoprevention of Head and Neck Cancers Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Prevention of Head and Neck Cancer Andrew F. Olshan Editor Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Prevention of Head and Neck Cancer Editor Andrew F. Olshan, Ph.D. Professor and Chair Department of Epidemiology 2101B McGavran-Greenberg Hall Gillings School of Global Public Health CB#7435 University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599 [email protected] ISBN 978-1-4419-1471-2 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-1472-9 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-1472-9 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2010921593 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Head and neck cancer – defined here as cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx – comprises a fascinating tumor model. With two well established risk factors – tobacco and alcohol – and the potential for screening, these tumors provide unique opportunities for prevention and control. Further, the known etiological factors also help frame studies of mechanisms and susceptibility. Finally, the role of the human papillomavirus (HPV) offers another cancer model to investigate the viral etiology of cancer. This context has led to wonderful interdisciplinary research opportunities among clinicians, epidemiologists, and molecular biologists and geneticists. In that spirit, we have brought together the world’s experts on the epidemiology, clinical aspects, and molecular biology of head and neck cancer. The book includes a spectrum of research foci from descriptive epidemiology to molecular biology. I hope that active researchers in the field of head and neck cancer will find these current summaries useful to guide their research as well as drawing in those not working on this cancer. The book illustrates much of what is known and also highlights the many unanswered questions. I wish to thank the authors who worked so hard to develop their chapters. I also thank Rachel Warren of Springer Press for her editorial guidance. Chapel Hill, NC Andrew Olshan, Ph.D. v Contents Classification, Clinical Features, and Molecular Genetic Models .............. 1 Wayne M. Koch and Melonie Nance Descriptive Epidemiology: U.S. Patterns ...................................................... 23 Linda Morris Brown, Gloria Gridley, and Susan S. Devesa Descriptive Epidemiology: International Patterns ...................................... 41 Mia Hashibe, Jacques Ferlay, and Rengaswamy Sankaranarayanan Risk Factors: Tobacco and Alcohol ............................................................... 65 Mia Hashibe Human Papillomavirus and Head and Neck Cancer ................................... 87 Anil Chaturvedi and Maura L. Gillison Dietary Factors ................................................................................................ 117 Ersilia Lucenteforte, Werner Garavello, Cristina Bosetti, and Carlo La Vecchia Occupation and Other Risk Factors for Head and Neck Cancer ............... 137 Andrew F. Olshan and Kimon Divaris Host Susceptibility and Molecular Epidemiology ........................................ 155 Li-E Wang, Guojun Li, Erich M. Sturgis, and Qingyi Wei Chemoprevention of Head and Neck Cancers ............................................. 187 William N. William Jr., Christopher H. Lieu, and Scott M. Lippman Index ................................................................................................................. 203 vii Contributors Cristina Bosetti, Ph.D. Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy Anil Chaturvedi, D.V.M., Ph.D. Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, 6120 Executive Boulevard, MSC 7242, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7335 Susan S. Devesa, Ph.D. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6120 Executive Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892-7244, USA Kimon Divaris, D.D.S. Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 2101B McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Jacques Ferlay Data Analysis and Interpretation Group, Section of Cancer Information, 150 cours Albert Thomas, Lyon 69008, France Werner Garavello, M.D. Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy; Clinica Otorinolaringoiatrica, DNTB, Università Milano-Bicocca, via Donizetti 106, 20052 Monza, Italy Maura L. Gillison, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Starling Loving Hall, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 Gloria Gridley, M.S. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6120 Executive Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892-7244, USA ix x Contributors Mia Hashibe, Ph.D. Division of Public Health, Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, 375 Chipeta Way, Suite A, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108 Wayne M. Koch, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA Carlo La Vecchia, M.D. Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy; Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria, “ G.A. Maccacaro”, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy Guojun Li, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Epidemiology, U. T. M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 0441, Houston, TX 77030, USA Christopher H. Lieu, M.D. Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 432, Houston, TX 77030, USA Scott M. Lippman, M.D. Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 432, Houston, TX 77030, USA Ersilia Lucenteforte, Ph.D. Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy Linda Morris Brown, M.P.H., Dr. P.H. RTI International, 6110 Executive Blvd, Suite 902, Rockville, MD 20852-3907, USA Melonie Nance, M.D. Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 Barnhill Drive, RI0860 Indianapolis, IN 46202-5230 Andrew. F. Olshan, Ph.D. Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 2101B McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Rengaswamy Sankaranarayanan, M.D. Screening Group, Section of Early Detection and Prevention, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, Lyon 69008, France Contributors xi Erich Sturgis, M.D., M. P. H. Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Epidemiology, U. T. M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 0441, Houston, TX 77030, USA Li-E Wang, M.D. Department of Epidemiology, U. T. M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1365, Houston, TX 77030, USA Qingyi Wei, Ph.D. Department of Epidemiology, U. T. M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1365, Houston, TX 77030, USA William N. William, Jr., M.D. Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 432, Houston, TX 77030, USA Classification, Clinical Features, and Molecular Genetic Models Wayne M. Koch and Melonie Nance Squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract (head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, HNSCC) is often considered to be a single disease based on the cell of origin (mucosal epithelium) and histologic features. However, distinctive phenotypic patterns and genotypic correlates increasingly suggest that it might be more accurately thought of as consisting of different entities. These observations have been evolving in the context of the more traditional paradigms of tumor clas- sification based on well established parameters such as primary tumor anatomical site, stage, and histologic features. Taken together, clinicians seek to use new and traditional tumor features to categorize tumors, predict their potential clinical course, and select appropriate strategies for their detection and treatment. Traditional Concepts of Tumor Classification Squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA) is the most common malignancy of the head and neck, accounting for 92% of cases [1]. In the head and neck, several types of SCCA present with different tumor behaviors, prognoses, and severities. Traditionally, tumors are classified by stage and anatomic site of origin. Patterns of tumor growth and invasion may vary predictably with the anatomic barriers or pathways that prevent or allow extension. Within the head
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