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Marine Botany Midterm 2014 Name:______ Marine Botany Midterm 2014 Name:_________________________ Compare and Contrast the following items (20pts): 1) spore vs gamete Spore: unicellular, must settle & grow, product of mitosis(Mt) or meiosis (Me) Gamete: unicellular, must fuse or die, product of mitosis(Mt) or meiosis (Me) 2) monoecious vs dioecious Dioecious- having the male & female reproductive structure borne on separate individual plants; said of the species -two houses Monoecious- having the male & female reproductive structure borne on the same individual plants -one house 3) phycoplast vs. phragmoplast Phycoplast: microtubules parallel to dividing plane -rare in algae Phragmoplast: double microtubules perpendicular to dividing plane-common in algae & land plants 4) haplontic vs diplontic Haplontic: 1N thallus, the zygote is the only diploid stage Diplontic: 2N thallus, the gametes are the only haploid stage 5) parenchymatous vs. coenocytic thallus construction Parenchyma – undifferentiated, isodiometric cells generated by a meristem Cells division in any plane , not filamentous Coenocytic – thallus made up of filaments, multi-nucleate, lacking crosswalls, siphonous 1 Marine Botany Midterm 2014 Name:_________________________ Match with the correct Division: Chlorophyta, Heterokontophyta, both, or neither (12 points) a. Plantae __Chloro__________________ b. Chlorophyll A _Both___________________ c. Flowers _______Neither_____________ d. Phycobilins _____Neither_______________ e. Amylose ___Chloro_________ f. Thylakoids in stacks of 2-6 _________Chloro___ g. Bacteria ______Neither____________ h. Flagella ____Both_____________ i. Haplontic life history _____Chloro_________ j. 2 endosymobiotic event ____Hetero__________ k. Chromalvaeolates ______Hetero_________ l. Mannitol___________Hetero___________ Match the following Classes or Orders to the appropriate characteristic, term, or genus. Each term will be used only once. (10 points) Cladophorales ___C_____ A. parenchymatous thallus Ulotricales ___J_____ B. clockwise basal body orientation Chlorophyceae _____B____ C. marimo balls Charophyceae ____G____ D. modern representative of ancestral green (most primitive) Trebouxiophyceae ____F____ E. one nucleus & radial symmetry Dasycladales __E______ F. e.g. Prasiola Caulerpales ___I_____ G. broad band microtubule roots, closely related to land plants Fucales _____H___ H. monoecious or dioecious Prasinophyceae ____D____ I. group contains coenocytic mass-spawners Ulvales ______A____ J. Codiolum phase 2 Marine Botany Midterm 2014 Name:_________________________ Define the terms below (20pts): 1) algae: convenience term encompassing various distinctly related groups of aquatic photsynthetic eukaryoes polyphyletic group containing, cyanobacteria, diatoms, dinoflgellates, red, green and brown algae 2) physode: special vesicles in the cytoplasm of heterokonts that store tannins 3) hypnozygote: thick walled resting stage of the 2n zygote in Chlamdymonous sexual life history when there is not enough light or nitrogen 4) saxicolous: Growing on rock 5) plurilocular sporangia: structure where spores are formed that is divided into many small chambers :one spore/gamete per chamber 6) functional anisogamy: Gametes look the same but act differently in heterokontophyta, female gamete release phermones and males swim towards females 7) pneumatocyst: -a large float containing gas found in heterokontophyta -provide buoyancy to lift the blades toward the surface, allowing them to receive more sunlight for Ps - can hold O2, CO2, CO 8) holocarpic reproduction: - Entire thallus turns into gametes 9) ectocarpene: pheromone released by female gamete in ectocarpales 10) alginic acid- found in cell walls of heterokontophyta, surrounds the microfibrills,allows cell walls to be elastic,flexible, and to osmoregulate 3 Marine Botany Midterm 2014 Name:_________________________ Create a dichotomous key to separate the following genera: Fucus, Codium, Silvetia, Chlamydomonas, Cladophora. You may not use taxonomic names of divisions, classes, or orders, but should instead use characteristics of the divisions, classes, orders or genera (10 pts) Codium, Cladophora, Clamydomonas- Chl B, lutien,neoxanthin, starches (Amylose, Amylopectin), 2 membranes, thylakoids stacks 2-6, flagella-isokont, variable #, haplontic Codium & Cladophora- counterclockwise basal bodies,cruciate microtubule roots, cell wall, closed spindle,furrowing,phragmoplast Codium- ceonocytic, siphonous, biflagellate, anisogamous,multinucleate, no division of cytoplasm with cell walls, clotting compounds, diplontic, utricles, gametangium, invasive on the east coast Cladophora-large, multinucleate cells divided by crosswalls,isomorphic alteration of generations, reticulate or multiple discoid chloroplasts,can form marimo balls,branched filamentous, Chlamydomonas-haplontic,unicells,hypnozygote, palmenoid stage,cupshaped chloroplast,orange eyespot,mapped genome,cruciate microtubules,clockwise basal bodies,cell wall,closed spindle,phycoplast, furrowing Fucus, Silvetia- Chl C,fucoxanthin, sugars (Laminarian,Chrysolaminarian,Mannitol), 4 membranes, thylakoids stacks of 3, heterokont- one is hairy, diplontic, oogamous, parenchymatous, apical growth, receptical, conceptical, Fucus- midrib, 8 eggs per oogonium Silvetia- playdough stipe, 2 eggs per oogonium Please label the components (A through E) of the P-I curve below (7pts): A_Photosynthetic Rate (y axis) B Compenstion point (photosynthesis= respiration) E C initial slope = photsynthetic A efficiency, theta C D light intensity or irradiance (x axis) E __photoinhibition________ B D What aspect of the light reactions in photosynthesis might cause a higher value for P-max? More PSU 4 Marine Botany Midterm 2014 Name:_________________________ Draw a life history diagram as indicated below. Please label ploidy (N or 2N) of all stages, when meiosis and mitosis occur, and sketch (very generally) the algae look like. (20 pts) 1) Circle the order you are illustrating: Either Ulotrichales or Fucales What type of life history does it exhibit?___Haplontic or Diplontic________________ Ulotricales- haplontic 1N thallus (1N gametophyte) mitosis1N gametesfuse2N zygote meiosis occurs in zygote1N codiolumLife Cyc stagele of th1Ne U sporeslotrich (zoospores)ales 1N thallus Haplontic e.g. Ulothrix syngamy 1N gametes 2N zygote meiosis occurs in zygote 1N gametophytes 1N codiolum stage 1N zoospores Fucales- diplontic- oogamous 2N thallus meiosis1N gametes(one flagellated, and one not )fuse2N zygote grows 2N thallus 2) Isomorphic Alternation of Generations: gametophyte & sporophyte loof the same What order exhibits this life history?___Ulvales 1N gametophytemitosis1N gametes (2 flagella look the same)fuse2Nzygote2N sporophytemeiosis1N zoospores ( four flagella)grow into 1N gametophyte 5 Marine Botany Midterm 2014 Name:_________________________ Short Answer (25 pts): 1. What determines the upper and lower limits of algae in the intertidal? Upper limit- abiotic factors- tide, temperature, light intensity, sand & physiological tolerance of the species Lower limit- biotic factors- herbivory, competition 2. Explain how Luchenco & Cubit changed the way people thought about heteromorphic life histories of certain marine algae as adaptations to variation in herbivory? Heteromorphic life histories was thought to be due to seasonal conditions, but proved that they were driven by herbivory. When herbivores were excluded upright morphs grew no matter the season. 3. In the paper by Sousa, Disturbance in marine boulder fields: the non equilibrium maintenance of species diversity. Which size boulders had the highest diversity? How did he determine this? Medium sized boulder highest diversity Surveyed small, medium and large boulder to count number of species Secured small & medium boulder so that they wouldn’t roll, look at how diversity changed to factor out size of boulder from disturbance level 4. Explain the phenology of sexual reproduction by green algae on Caribbean Coral Reefs as described by Clifton and Clifton. Holocarpic reproduction- seasonallybefore the wet season begins-gamete release is synchronous and species and gender specific, different genuses release at similar times, while similar species release gametes at different times 5. What happens during a secondary endosymbiotic event? Heterotrophic eukaryote eats photosynthetic eukaryote Nucleus from photosynthetic eukaryote is lost Results in photosynthetic eukaryote. Chloroplast has 4 membranes. 6 Marine Botany Midterm 2014 Name:_________________________ Short essay: (20 pts) 1) Light is one of the most important factors affecting photosynthetic organisms and how light travels through water is important in algal growth. Describe in detail the effects of light on algal growth. Include in your answer a description of light attenuation (what is it, how do different wavelengths respond, and how do algae deal with it). Attenuate: to lessen in severity, intensity, or amount At ~ 100 m even in clearest water, only 1% of surface radiance makes it through Light attenuation is due to: Absorption (red-long wave length, low-energy wavelengths absorbed first, by water itself.) Scattering (violet-high energy, short wave lengths scatter due to water molecules and particulates) Across species: Different Divisions have different pigments, allow species to gather different wavelengths of light Within species Irradiance not spectral quality 1) produce more accessory pigments-change ratio of accessory pigments 2) produce more photosynthetic pigments- Change size of PSUs-antennae + reaction
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