Tendências De Evolução Dos Transportes Marítimos Internacionais E Implicações Nas

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Tendências De Evolução Dos Transportes Marítimos Internacionais E Implicações Nas TENDÊNCIAS DE EVOLUÇÃO DOS TRANSPORTES MARÍTIMOS INTERNACIONAIS E IMPLICAÇÕES NAS INFRAESTRUTURAS PORTUÁRIAS JOSÉ MIGUEL REIS DE BRITO E CASTRO Dissertação submetida para satisfação parcial dos requisitos do grau de MESTRE EM ENGENHARIA CIVIL — ESPECIALIZAÇÃO EM HIDRÁULICA Orientador: Professor Doutor Catedrático Fernando Francisco Machado Veloso Gomes JUNHO DE 2018 MESTRADO INTEGRADO EM ENGENHARIA CIVIL 2017/2018 DEPARTAMENTO DE ENGENHARIA CIVIL Tel. +351-22-508 1901 Fax +351-22-508 1446 [email protected] Editado por FACULDADE DE ENGENHARIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 4200-465 PORTO Portugal Tel. +351-22-508 1400 Fax +351-22-508 1440 [email protected] http://www.fe.up.pt Reproduções parciais deste documento serão autorizadas na condição que seja mencionado o Autor e feita referência a Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Civil - 2017/2018 - Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal, 2018. As opiniões e informações incluídas neste documento representam unicamente o ponto de vista do respetivo Autor, não podendo o Editor aceitar qualquer responsabilidade legal ou outra em relação a erros ou omissões que possam existir. Este documento foi produzido a partir de versão eletrónica fornecida pelo respetivo Autor. ii Aos meus Pais E outra vez conquistemos a Distância Do mar ou outra, mas que seja nossa. Fernando Pessoa Tendências de Evolução dos Transportes Marítimos Internacionais e Implicações nas Infraestruturas Portuárias AGRADECIMENTOS Esta dissertação constitui um dos últimos passos na minha formação académica e foi possível realizar- se devido à colaboração de várias pessoas que pretendo aqui referir, de forma resumida. Em primeiro lugar, agradeço a familiares, com especial destaque para os meus pais, por todo o apoio, educação, disponibilidade e incentivos na minha formação, enquanto pessoa, e que tornaram tudo isto possível. Em segundo lugar, apresento um enorme agradecimento ao Professor Doutor Catedrático Fernando Francisco Machado Veloso Gomes, orientador desta dissertação de mestrado integrado, por todo o apoio, disponibilidade, paciência, motivação e conhecimento partilhado não só na realização deste trabalho como ao longo deste ano letivo. Em terceiro lugar, agradeço a todos os meus amigos e colegas de curso, que constituíram um grande suporte pelo apoio e disponibilidade que sempre demonstraram. Em quarto lugar, agradeço a todos os meus professores de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Civil na FEUP, destacando os professores do ramo de especialização de Hidráulica pelo seu contributo não só na minha formação académica, mas também como pessoa. Também agradeço ao IHRH e à Senhora Esmeralda Miguel pela sua total disponibilidade, simpatia e paciência, ao longo deste último ano. A todos, um grande e sincero obrigado! . i Tendências de Evolução dos Transportes Marítimos Internacionais e Implicações nas Infraestruturas Portuárias ii Tendências de Evolução dos Transportes Marítimos Internacionais e Implicações nas Infraestruturas Portuárias RESUMO Esta dissertação tem como principais objetivos a avaliação da evolução das dimensões dos navios e as implicações daí decorrentes, em diferentes níveis, nas infraestruturas portuárias. Numa primeira fase, é abordada a evolução do comércio marítimo internacional por via marítima, dos navios mercantes e dos diferentes terminais portuários. Após a demonstração da evolução das principais dimensões dos navios mostram-se as implicações essenciais em infraestruturas portuárias, em vários aspetos. O primeiro aspeto abordado é a necessidade de melhoria/criação de canais de aproximação e bacias de manobras, seguido da necessidade de reabilitação dos cais de acostagem. Apresentam-se as considerações fundamentais para o dimensionamento destes canais, através de um relatório da PIANC, e a exibição de perfis transversais de diferentes tipos soluções adotadas na reabilitação de alguns cais de acostagem. De seguida, evidenciam-se algumas condicionantes para a evolução da área dos portos e a necessidade das autoridades portuárias expandirem os mesmos para o plano de água. Para além disto, ainda se apresentam diversos tipos de acessibilidades relacionadas com infraestruturas portuárias e a sua importância na cadeia logística. Na fase final, apresentam-se as localizações preferidas para a implantação de portos e a evolução histórica de algumas destas infraestruturas. Destaca-se também a necessidade recorrente da construção/extensão de quebramares nesta evolução. Por último, aborda-se algo, inseparável e bastante relevante, decorrente das diversas estruturas e obras marítimas: os impactes ambientais, com especial enfoque no panorama nacional. Ao longo desta dissertação, apresentam-se diversos exemplos, internacionais e nacionais, para uma fundamentação das considerações efetuadas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Navios Mercantes, Evolução de Infraestruturas Portuárias, Transporte Marítimo Internacional, Localização de Portos, Impactes Ambientais. iii Tendências de Evolução dos Transportes Marítimos Internacionais e Implicações nas Infraestruturas Portuárias iv Tendências de Evolução dos Transportes Marítimos Internacionais e Implicações nas Infraestruturas Portuárias ABSTRACT The main objectives of this work are the evaluation of ships dimensions evolution and the consequences of this trend on port facilities. In the initial chapters the evolution of international maritime trades by merchant ships and the different port facilities is addressed. Following the demonstration of the evolution of the major vessel sizes, the key implications for port infrastructure are shown in several aspects. The first topic addressed is the need for improvement/construction of approach channels and manoeuvring basins, followed by the necessity of rehabilitation of berths. Guidelines proposed by a PIANC Report for the design of approach channels and the presentation of cross sections used in berthing structures are presented. The need of new areas by port authorities to expand their terminals and some restrictions in the process led the choice to develop into water areas. In addition, there are work present several types of accessibility related to port infrastructure and their importance in the logistics chain. In the final chapters are presented the preferred locations for the implantation of ports and the historical evolution of some of these infrastructures. In this chapter is highlighted the recurrent need for the construction / extension of breakwaters in this evolution. In the final phase, the preferred locations for the implantation of ports and the historical evolution of some of these infrastructures are presented. Also worthy of note is the recurrent need for the construction / extension of breakwaters in this evolution. In order to make a solid foundation of the considerations made, in this dissertation are presented several examples of international and national cases. KEYWORDS: Merchant Ships, International Maritime Transport, Environmental Impacts, Port Locations, Port infrastructure evolution v Tendências de Evolução dos Transportes Marítimos Internacionais e Implicações nas Infraestruturas Portuárias vi Tendências de Evolução dos Transportes Marítimos Internacionais e Implicações nas Infraestruturas Portuárias ÍNDICE GERAL AGRADECIMENTOS................................................................................................................ I RESUMO .............................................................................................................................. III ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... V 1 INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................ 1 1.1. ENQUADRAMENTO DO TEMA E OBJETIVOS ...................................................................... 1 1.2. DESCRIÇÃO DOS OBJETIVOS ......................................................................................... 2 1.3. ESTRUTURA DA DISSERTAÇÃO ...................................................................................... 3 2 NAVIOS MERCANTES E TERMINAIS .................................. 5 2.1. INTRODUÇÃO E EVOLUÇÃO DO TRANSPORTE MARÍTIMO .................................................. 5 2.2. EVOLUÇÃO HISTÓRICA .................................................................................................. 6 2.2.1. NAVIOS PORTA-CONTENTORES ................................................................................................ 6 2.2.2. NAVIOS GRANELEIROS ............................................................................................................. 8 2.2.3. NAVIOS TANQUE ...................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.4. NAVIOS RO-RO ...................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.5. NAVIOS CRUZEIRO ................................................................................................................. 12 2.2.6. FROTA MUNDIAL .................................................................................................................... 13 2.3. COMÉRCIO MARÍTIMO INTERNACIONAL ......................................................................... 13 2.3.1. EVOLUÇÃO DA CARGA TRANSPORTADA ................................................................................... 14 2.3.2. PERFORMANCE NOS PORTOS DE CONTENTORES INTERNACIONAIS
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