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The Soviet Space Program
C05500088 TOP eEGRET iuf 3EEA~ NIE 11-1-71 THE SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM Declassified Under Authority of the lnteragency Security Classification Appeals Panel, E.O. 13526, sec. 5.3(b)(3) ISCAP Appeal No. 2011 -003, document 2 Declassification date: November 23, 2020 ifOP GEEAE:r C05500088 1'9P SloGRET CONTENTS Page THE PROBLEM ... 1 SUMMARY OF KEY JUDGMENTS l DISCUSSION 5 I. SOV.IET SPACE ACTIVITY DURING TfIE PAST TWO YEARS . 5 II. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING FUTURE PROSPECTS . 6 A. General ............................................. 6 B. Organization and Management . ............... 6 C. Economics .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. 8 III. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL FACTORS ... 9 A. General .. .. .. .. .. 9 B. Launch Vehicles . 9 C. High-Energy Propellants .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 D. Manned Spacecraft . 12 E. Life Support Systems . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 F. Non-Nuclear Power Sources for Spacecraft . 16 G. Nuclear Power and Propulsion ..... 16 Te>P M:EW TCS 2032-71 IOP SECl<ET" C05500088 TOP SECRGJ:. IOP SECREI Page H. Communications Systems for Space Operations . 16 I. Command and Control for Space Operations . 17 IV. FUTURE PROSPECTS ....................................... 18 A. General ............... ... ···•· ................. ····· ... 18 B. Manned Space Station . 19 C. Planetary Exploration . ........ 19 D. Unmanned Lunar Exploration ..... 21 E. Manned Lunar Landfog ... 21 F. Applied Satellites ......... 22 G. Scientific Satellites ........................................ 24 V. INTERNATIONAL SPACE COOPERATION ............. 24 A. USSR-European Nations .................................... 24 B. USSR-United States 25 ANNEX A. SOVIET SPACE ACTIVITY ANNEX B. SOVIET SPACE LAUNCH VEHICLES ANNEX C. SOVIET CHRONOLOGICAL SPACE LOG FOR THE PERIOD 24 June 1969 Through 27 June 1971 TCS 2032-71 IOP SLClt~ 70P SECRE1- C05500088 TOP SEGR:R THE SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM THE PROBLEM To estimate Soviet capabilities and probable accomplishments in space over the next 5 to 10 years.' SUMMARY OF KEY JUDGMENTS A. -
Please Type Your Paper Title Here In
Estimating the Reliability of a Soyuz Spacecraft Mission Michael G. Lutomskia*, Steven J. Farnham IIb, and Warren C. Grantb aNASA-JSC, Houston, TX – [email protected] bARES Corporation, Houston, TX Abstract: Once the US Space Shuttle retires in 2010, the Russian Soyuz Launcher and Soyuz Spacecraft will comprise the only means for crew transportation to and from the International Space Station (ISS). The U.S. Government and NASA have contracted for crew transportation services to the ISS with Russia. The resulting implications for the US space program including issues such as astronaut safety must be carefully considered. Are the astronauts and cosmonauts safer on the Soyuz than the Space Shuttle system? Is the Soyuz launch system more robust than the Space Shuttle? Is it safer to continue to fly the 30 year old Shuttle fleet for crew transportation and cargo resupply than the Soyuz? Should we extend the life of the Shuttle Program? How does the development of the Orion/Ares crew transportation system affect these decisions? The Soyuz launcher has been in operation for over 40 years. There have been only two loss of life incidents and two loss of mission incidents. Given that the most recent incident took place in 1983, how do we determine current reliability of the system? Do failures of unmanned Soyuz rockets impact the reliability of the currently operational man-rated launcher? Does the Soyuz exhibit characteristics that demonstrate reliability growth and how would that be reflected in future estimates of success? NASA’s next manned rocket and spacecraft development project is currently underway. -
The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017
Federal Aviation Administration The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 January 2017 Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 i Contents About the FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and Title 51 United States Code, Subtitle V, Chapter 509 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act). FAA AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA AST is directed to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA AST’s website: http://www.faa.gov/go/ast Cover art: Phil Smith, The Tauri Group (2017) Publication produced for FAA AST by The Tauri Group under contract. NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. ii Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 GENERAL CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 Introduction 5 Launch Vehicles 9 Launch and Reentry Sites 21 Payloads 35 2016 Launch Events 39 2017 Annual Commercial Space Transportation Forecast 45 Space Transportation Law and Policy 83 Appendices 89 Orbital Launch Vehicle Fact Sheets 100 iii Contents DETAILED CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . -
Technical Constraints Impact on Mission Design to the Collinear Sun-Earth Libration Points
1 Technical Constraints Impact on Mission Design to the Collinear Sun-Earth Libration Points N. Eismont, A. Sukhanov, V. Khrapchenkov Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences ABSTRACT For the practical realization of the mission to the collinear Sun-Earth libration points technical constraints play a significant role. In the paper the influence of the constraints generated by the use of piggi-back mode of the delivering spacecraft to the vicinity of libration points are studied. High elliptical parking orbit of Molniya is taken as initial orbit for start to the L1, L2 libration points. The parameters of this orbit are supposed to be fixed and determined by the main payload demands. The duration of the passenger payload keeping on the mentioned 12 hours period orbit is limited for the case when launcher upper stage is used for the velocity impulse applying to put spacecraft onto transfer orbit to the libration point. The possibility to use one axis attitude control of the spacecraft for the executing correction maneuvers are investigated, supposing that spacecraft is spin stabilized with the spin axis directed to the Sun and maneuver impulse goes along this axis. The cost of constraints is presented in terms of characteristic velocity and time of transfer to the libration point vicinity. The goal of the paper is to understand the possibility of using regular launches of Molniya communication satellite by Soyuz-Fregat launch vehicle for sending low cost scientific spacecraft to Sun-Earth libration points. INTRODUCTION The mission to the vicinity of Sun-Earth collinear libration points are fulfilled and planned for the scientific experiments gaining big advantages from use of this region of space for optimal measurement conditions. -
U S E R M a N U
•Introduction 6/04/01 11:09 Page 1 SOYUZ USER’ S MANUAL ST-GTD-SUM-01 - ISSUE 3 - REVISION 0 - APRIL 2001 © Starsem 2001. All rights reserved. •Introduction 6/04/01 11:09 Page 2 •Introduction 6/04/01 11:09 Page 3 SOYUZ USER’S MANUAL ST-GTD-SUM-01 ISSUE 3, REVISION 0 APRIL 2001 FOREWORD Starsem is a Russian-European joint venture founded in 1996 that is charged with the commercialization of launch services using the Soyuz launch vehicle, the most frequently launched rocket in the world and the only manned vehicle offered for commercial space launches. Starsem headquarters are located in Paris, France and the Soyuz is launched from the Baikonour Cosmodrome in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Starsem is a partnership with 50% European and 50% Russian ownership. Its shareholders are the European Aeronautic, Defence, and Space Company, EADS (35%), Arianespace (15%), the Russian Aeronautics and Space Agency, Rosaviacosmos (25%), and the Samara Space Center, TsSKB-Progress (25%). Starsem is the sole organization entrusted to finance, market, and conduct the commercial sale of the Soyuz launch vehicle family, including future upgrades such as the Soyuz/ST. Page3 •Introduction 6/04/01 11:09 Page 4 SOYUZ USER’S MANUAL ST-GTD-SUM-01 ISSUE 3, REVISION 0 APRIL 2001 REVISION CONTROL SHEET Revision Date Revision No. Change Description 1996 Issue 1, Revision 0 New issue June 1997 Issue 2, Revision 0 Complete update April 2001 Issue 3, Revision 0 Complete update ST-GTD-SUM-01 General modifications that reflect successful flights in 1999-2000 and Starsem’s future development plans. -
A Conceptual Analysis of Spacecraft Air Launch Methods
A Conceptual Analysis of Spacecraft Air Launch Methods Rebecca A. Mitchell1 Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303 Air launch spacecraft have numerous advantages over traditional vertical launch configurations. There are five categories of air launch configurations: captive on top, captive on bottom, towed, aerial refueled, and internally carried. Numerous vehicles have been designed within these five groups, although not all are feasible with current technology. An analysis of mass savings shows that air launch systems can significantly reduce required liftoff mass as compared to vertical launch systems. Nomenclature Δv = change in velocity (m/s) µ = gravitational parameter (km3/s2) CG = Center of Gravity CP = Center of Pressure 2 g0 = standard gravity (m/s ) h = altitude (m) Isp = specific impulse (s) ISS = International Space Station LEO = Low Earth Orbit mf = final vehicle mass (kg) mi = initial vehicle mass (kg) mprop = propellant mass (kg) MR = mass ratio NASA = National Aeronautics and Space Administration r = orbital radius (km) 1 M.S. Student in Bioastronautics, [email protected] 1 T/W = thrust-to-weight ratio v = velocity (m/s) vc = carrier aircraft velocity (m/s) I. Introduction T HE cost of launching into space is often measured by the change in velocity required to reach the destination orbit, known as delta-v or Δv. The change in velocity is related to the required propellant mass by the ideal rocket equation: 푚푖 훥푣 = 퐼푠푝 ∗ 0 ∗ ln ( ) (1) 푚푓 where Isp is the specific impulse, g0 is standard gravity, mi initial mass, and mf is final mass. Specific impulse, measured in seconds, is the amount of time that a unit weight of a propellant can produce a unit weight of thrust. -
Human Spaceflight Plans of Russia, China and India
Presentation to the Secure World Foundation November 3, 2011 by Marcia S. Smith Space and Technology Policy Group, LLC and SpacePolicyOnline.com “Civil” Space Activities in Russia “Civil” space activities Soviet Union did not distinguish between “civil” and “military” space programs until 1985 Line between the two can be quite blurry For purposes of this presentation, “civil” means Soviet/Russian activities analogous to NASA and NOAA (though no time to discuss metsats today) Roscosmos is Russian civil space agency. Headed by Army General (Ret.) Vladimir Popovkin Recent reports of $3.5 billion budget, but probably does not include money from US and others 11-03-11 2 Key Points to Take Away Space cooperation takes place in the broad context of U.S.-Russian relations Russia may not be a superpower today, but it is a global power and strategically important to the United States Complex US-Russian relationship, as New START and INKSNA demonstrate Russian space program modest by Soviet standards, but Retains key elements Leverages legacy capabilities for current activities and commercial gain Is a global launch service provider from four launch sites from Arctic to equator Proud history of many space “firsts,” but also tragedies and setbacks U.S.-Soviet/Russian civil space relationship has transitioned from primarily competition to primarily cooperation/interdependence today Cooperation not new, dates back to 1963, but much more intensive today U.S. is dependent on Russia for some things, but they also need us Bold dreams endure as Mars 500 demonstrates 11-03-11 3 Today is 54th Anniversary of First Female in Space 11-03-11 4 Just One of Many “Firsts” First satellite (Sputnik, Oct. -
Assessing the Impact of US Air Force National Security Space Launch Acquisition Decisions
C O R P O R A T I O N BONNIE L. TRIEZENBERG, COLBY PEYTON STEINER, GRANT JOHNSON, JONATHAN CHAM, EDER SOUSA, MOON KIM, MARY KATE ADGIE Assessing the Impact of U.S. Air Force National Security Space Launch Acquisition Decisions An Independent Analysis of the Global Heavy Lift Launch Market For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR4251 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0399-5 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2020 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover: Courtesy photo by United Launch Alliance. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface The U.S. -
Quarterly Launch Report
Commercial Space Transportation QUARTERLY LAUNCH REPORT Featuring the launch results from the previous quarter and forecasts for the next two quarters. 1st Quarter 1996 United States Department of Transportation • Federal Aviation Administration Office of Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation Quarterly Launch Report 1 1st QUARTER REPORT Objectives This report summarizes recent and scheduled worldwide commercial, civil, and military orbital space launch events. Scheduled launches listed in this report are vehicle/payload combinations that have been identified in open sources including industry references, company manifests, periodicals, and government documents. Note that such dates are subject to change. The report highlights commercial launch activities, classifying commercial launches as one or more of the following: • internationally competed launch events (i.e. launch opportunities considered available in principle to competitors in the international launch services market), • any launches licensed by the Office of the Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation of the Federal Aviation Administration under U.S. Code Title 49, Subsection 9, Section 701 (previously known as the Commercial Space Launch Act), and • certain European launches of Post, Telegraph and Telecommunications payloads on Ariane vehicles. Photo credit: Lockheed Martin Corporation (1995). Image is of the Atlas 2A launch on December 15, 1995. It successfully orbited a Galaxy 3R commercial communications satellite for Hughes Communications, -
Report, National Intelligence Estimate, Subj: Soviet Space
SANITIZED COPY ~~ ~~~~::~~~~~~~~~:::::.~~~APPEALS PANEL, ~i~~j~:;,7·~·~ '.:;: ·.~: •:.. ,··.. ;-t . :: ·~f. , ~·- ~- "'~: ~--" ~·· ~DECLASSIF ICATION DATE: December 3, 2015 ..... ; .;}<}t+~ -~;~;:\ .·;.. \·._;. "· ·: , _ ·:.~· ·.. .·:--.·.: > .·~":.. : LN~NSC-36~-2-14-6 : SANITIZED . Withheld under statutory authority of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (50 U.S.C., section 403g) NATIONAL . INTELLIGEN ·.· ·· ESTIMATE ce .. ; .. Soviet Spa · · · .,,· · · •_ . ce Programs '·: (Supporting Analysis) .. Withheld under statutory authority of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (50 U.S.C., section 403g) . -- ~ - NIE I 1.1_73 res 8890B0-7" 20 0 .. ecember 1973 . SANITIZED COPY TOP SECRET ., .. THIS ESTIMATE IS SUBMITIED BY THE DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AND CONCURRED IN BY THE UNITED STATES INTELLIGENCE BOARD. The following intelligence organizations participated in the preparation of the estimate: · The Central Intelligence Agency and the intelligence organizations of the Deport ments of State and Defense, ond the NSA. Concurring·: The Deputy Director of Central lntelllgence The Director of Intelligence and Re$earch, Department of Stoto The Director, Defense lnteiligence Agency The Director, National Securi,Y Agency The Assistant General Manager for Notional Security, Atomic Energy Commission Abstaining: The Assistant Director, Federaf"Bureau of Investigation, cmd the Special Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury, Department of the Treasury, the subject being outside of their jurisdiction . ~ Withheld under statutory authority of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (SO U.S.C., section 403g) ,. .· ~ ·':. WAl!NING NOTICE SfNSITIVE. JNTEUJGENCf SOURCES AND METHODS INVOLVED TOP SECRET Withheld under statutory authority of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (50 . '··· . U.S.C., section 403g) - . -- --- NLN-NSC-362-2-14-6 ·-- SANITtZED COPY . :\ SANITIZED ::.~ TOP SECRET/ Withheld under statutory authority of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (SO U.S.C., section 403g) . -
Numerical Supersonic Aerodynamics of the Soyuz/ST Rocket Fairing
Numerical Supersonic Aerodynamics of the Soyuz/ST Rocket Fairing Javier Urzay 2nd November 2004 Abstract The supersonic blunt-body problem is one of the most classical challenges in CFD of compressible flows. The change of mathematical behavior of the Euler equations across transonic flow zones made impossible its solution until a time-dependent ap- proach was first proposed by Moretti and Abbett [1]. The time-dependent approach is based on integrating the unsteady conservation equations until a steady solution is achieved. In this study, a similar method is employed to compute the solution of the full Navier-Stokes equations around a rocket fairing using a time-dependent approach with an explicit method that is second-order accurate in space and time. The grid reproduces the geometry of the rocket fairing and is generated using an ellip- tic transform, which requires integration of two non-linearly coupled elliptic equations. 1 The Soyuz Payload Fairing The type-ST fairing of the Soyuz rocket consists of a two-halves shell carbon-fiber rein- forced plastic structure [2]. The fairing hosts payloads such as satellites or other space instrumentation. The fairing structure is a cylindrical body attached to a blunt nose that enables a detached shock and prevents strong aerodynamic heating of the payload. It has a 4.110 m external diameter and provides the largest available volume for spacecraft accommodation in the Soyuz Launch Vehicles family. The Soyuz rocket is based on the original design of Sergei Korolev of the R-7A rocket that put the Sputnik Satellite into orbit in 1957. A complete family of rockets followed after that included Vostok, Molniya, Voskhod and finally the four-stage Soyuz, which is employed widely in manned and un- manned space missions by the European Space Agency (E.S.A.). -
Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space
Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space Pavel Podvig and Hui Zhang © 2008 by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences All rights reserved. ISBN: 0-87724-068-X The views expressed in this volume are those held by each contributor and are not necessarily those of the Officers and Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Please direct inquiries to: American Academy of Arts and Sciences 136 Irving Street Cambridge, MA 02138-1996 Telephone: (617) 576-5000 Fax: (617) 576-5050 Email: [email protected] Visit our website at www.amacad.org Contents v PREFACE vii ACRONYMS 1 CHAPTER 1 Russia and Military Uses of Space Pavel Podvig 31 CHAPTER 2 Chinese Perspectives on Space Weapons Hui Zhang 79 CONTRIBUTORS Preface In recent years, Russia and China have urged the negotiation of an interna - tional treaty to prevent an arms race in outer space. The United States has responded by insisting that existing treaties and rules governing the use of space are sufficient. The standoff has produced a six-year deadlock in Geneva at the United Nations Conference on Disarmament, but the parties have not been inactive. Russia and China have much to lose if the United States were to pursue the programs laid out in its planning documents. This makes prob - able the eventual formulation of responses that are adverse to a broad range of U.S. interests in space. The Chinese anti-satellite test in January 2007 was prelude to an unfolding drama in which the main act is still subject to revi - sion.