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Geological Sukvey
DEPABTMENT OF THE IHTERIOE BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY No. 148 WASHINGTON' G-OVEKNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1897 UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUEYEY CHARLES D. WALCOTT, 'DIRECTOR ANALYSES OF ROCKS ANALYTICAL METHODS LABORATORY OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1880 to 1896 BY F. W. CLAEKE AND W. F. HILLEBEAND WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1897 CONTENTS. Pago. Introduction, by F. W. Clarke ....'.......................................... 9 Some principles and methods of analysis applied to silicate rocks; by W. F. Hillebrand................................................................ 15 Part I. Introduction ................................................... 15 Scope of the present paper .......................................... 20 Part II. Discussion of methods ..................................i....... 22 Preparation of sample....................:.......................... 22 Specific gravity. ............................: ......--.........--... 23 Weights of sample to be employed for analysis....................... 26 Water, hygroscopic ................................ ................. 26 Water, total or combined....... ^.................................... 30 Silica, alumina, iron, etc............................................ 34 Manganese, nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc.............................. 41 Calcium and strontium...................................... ........ 43 Magnesium......................................................... 43 Barium and titanium............... .... ............................ -
Lightning Strikes As a Major Facilitator of Prebiotic Phosphorus Reduction on Early Earth ✉ Benjamin L
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21849-2 OPEN Lightning strikes as a major facilitator of prebiotic phosphorus reduction on early Earth ✉ Benjamin L. Hess 1,2,3 , Sandra Piazolo 2 & Jason Harvey2 When hydrated, phosphides such as the mineral schreibersite, (Fe,Ni)3P, allow for the synthesis of important phosphorus-bearing organic compounds. Such phosphides are com- mon accessory minerals in meteorites; consequently, meteorites are proposed to be a main 1234567890():,; source of prebiotic reactive phosphorus on early Earth. Here, we propose an alternative source for widespread phosphorus reduction, arguing that lightning strikes on early Earth potentially formed 10–1000 kg of phosphide and 100–10,000 kg of phosphite and hypo- phosphite annually. Therefore, lightning could have been a significant source of prebiotic, reactive phosphorus which would have been concentrated on landmasses in tropical regions. Lightning strikes could likewise provide a continual source of prebiotic reactive phosphorus independent of meteorite flux on other Earth-like planets, potentially facilitating the emer- gence of terrestrial life indefinitely. 1 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. 2 School of Earth and Environment, Institute of Geophysics and Tectonics, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. 3 Department of Geology and Environmental Science, Wheaton College, Wheaton, IL, USA. ✉ email: [email protected] NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2021) 12:1535 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21849-2 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21849-2 ife on Earth likely originated by 3.5 Ga1 with carbon isotopic Levidence suggesting as early as 3.8–4.1 Ga2,3. -
Petrified Lightning
PETRIFIED LIGHTNING by PETER E. VIEMEISTER ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN THE LIGHTNING BOOK THE MIT PRESS, 1983 ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN THE LIGHTNING BOOK THE MIT PRESS, 1983 PETRIFIED LIGHTNING by PETER E. VIEMEISTER If lightning strikes sand of the proper composition, the high temperature of the stroke may fuse the sand and convert it to silica glass. “Petrified lightning” is a permanent record of the path of lightning in earth, and is called a fulgurite, after fulgur, the Latin word for lightning. Fulgurites are hollow, glass-lined tubes with sand adhering to the outside. Although easily pro- duced in the laboratory in an electric furnace, silica glass is very rare in nature. The glass lining of a fulgurite is naturally pro- duced silica glass1, formed from the fusion of quartzose sand at a temperature of about 1800° centigrade. Most people have never seen a fulgurite and if they have they might not have recognized it for what it was. A fulgurite is a curious glassy tube that usually takes the shape of the roots of a tree (see illustration). In effect it gives us a picture of the forklike 1The geological name for this natural silica glass is lechatelierite, in honor of the French chemist Henry Le Chatelier. a) When lightning strikes the earth, electrons flow outward in all directions. (b) Petrified lightning or fulgurite is sometimes made when lightning strikes and fuses certain types of sand. When formed on beaches or shores, a fulgurite is usually covered with shifting sand and goes undiscovered. Eroding sand may expose a fulgurite. (diagram by Read Viemeister) routes taken by lightning after striking sand. -
Guide to Healing Uses of Crystals & Minerals
Guide to Healing Uses of Crystals & Minerals Addiction- Iolite, amethyst, hematite, blue chalcedony, staurolite. Attraction – Lodestone, cinnabar, tangerine quartz, jasper, glass opal, silver topaz. Connection with Animals – Leopard skin Jasper, Dalmatian jasper, silver topaz, green tourmaline, stilbite, rainforest jasper. Calming – Aqua aura quartz, rose quartz, amazonite, blue lace agate, smokey quartz, snowflake obsidian, aqua blue obsidian, blue quartz, blizzard stone, blood stone, agate, amethyst, malachite, pink tourmaline, selenite, mangano calcite, aquamarine, blue kyanite, white howlite, magnesite, tiger eye, turquonite, tangerine quartz, jasper, bismuth, glass opal, blue onyx, larimar, charoite, leopard skin jasper, pink opal, lithium quartz, rutilated quartz, tiger iron. Career Success – Aqua aura quartz, ametrine, bloodstone, carnelian, chrysoprase, cinnabar, citrine, green aventurine, fuchsite, green tourmaline, glass opal, silver topaz, tiger iron. Communication – Apatite, aqua aura quartz, blizzard stone, blue calcite, blue kyanite, blue quartz, green quartz, larimar, moss agate, opalite, pink tourmaline, smokey quartz, silver topaz, septarian, rainforest jasper. www.celestialearthminerals.com Creativity – Ametrine, azurite, agatized coral, chiastolite, chrysocolla, black amethyst, carnelian, fluorite, green aventurine, fire agate, moonstone, celestite, black obsidian, sodalite, cat’s eye, larimar, rhodochrosite, magnesite, orange calcite, ruby, pink opal, blue chalcedony, abalone shell, silver topaz, green tourmaline, -
Amorphous Silica
Silicon: from periodic table to biogenic silica C. Bonhomme, Professor Sorbonne University 1 General properties 2 Silicon Z = 14 Si: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 Si4+: 1s2 2s2 2p6 (Si) = 1.8 second natural abundance on earth (28%) -1 atomic mass: 28.085 g.mol J. J. Berzelius (1823) 28Si (92.27 %) silica (SiO2) 29Si (4.68 %) silicates (aluminosilicates...) 30Si (3.05 %) 3 From SiO2 to Si electronic Si «diamond» like structure SiO2 cubic structure a= 5.4307 Å HCl SiCl4,SiHCl3 reduction 1000°C Si (98-99 %) Si > 99.9999 % metallurgical Si 0.5 to 1 million tons FP: 1410°C per year! BP: 2680°C wafer (100-300 mm) 4 Si: chemical bonding Si – H 1.48 Å Si – Si 2.35 Å SiO2 Si – N 1.74 Å Si – O 1.61 Å Si – F 1.55 Å Si –Cl 2.01 Å three Si tetrahedra Si –Br 2.15 Å Si – C 1.80 Å (NH4)2SiF6 SiF4 silicones 5 Crystalline and amorphous silica 6 SiO2 polymorphs Stishovite Coesite synthetic quartz High High Cristobalite quartz 7 Tridymite X-Ray diffraction l ≈ 10-10 m = 1 Å X-rays are waves: 1913 Polymorph (density) Low Quartz (2.65) trigonal High Tridymite (2.28) hexagonal High Cristobalite (2.21) cubic Coesite (2.93) monoclinic W. Röntgen Stishovite (4.30) tetragonal (1845-1923) M. von Laue (1879-1960) in: Phys. Rev., 1923 W. H. Bragg (1862-1942) W. L. Bragg (1890-1971) 8 «Other» quartz Amethyst Citrine Agate Rose quartz Smoky quartz 9 Various crystallographic structures Quartz Cristobalite Tridymite SiO6 octahedra! Stishovite (6-fold coordination!) Coesite 10 Amorphous silica mineraloids Lechatelierite a pure silica glass (rare) Obsidian Newbury Crater, Oregon Fulgurite obsidian arrows lightning on sand! Trinitite: start july 16, 1945! and scalpels 11 Hydrated silica: Opals close-packed array of SiO2 spheres 0.15 to 0.4 mm colloidal crystals silica nanoparticles in an amorphous hydrated silica matrix SiO2,nH2O 12 Other opals J.V. -
Petrified Lightning a Discussion of Sand Fulgurites
PETRIFIED LIGHTNING A DISCUSSION OF SAND FULGURITES by MARY PATRICIA GAILLIOT ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN ROCKS AND MINERALS JANUARY/FEBRUARY, 1980 ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN ROCKS AND MINERALS JANUARY/FEBRUARY, 1980 PETRIFIED LIGHTNING A DISCUSSION OF SAND FULGURITES by MARY PATRICIA GAILLIOT Fulgurites are a unique occurrence in nature. This term, de- rived from the Latin word fulgur meaning lightning, applies to any rocky substance that has been fused or vitrified by lightning. The term fulgurite is generally applied to the vitreous tubes and crusts formed by the fusion of sand by lightning. When lightning strikes solid rock, the superficial coatings of glass pro- duced are called rock fulgurites. This article is concerned pri- marily with sand fulgurites, specimens of which have been found throughout the world, including various parts of the United States: California, Florida, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oregon, South Caro- lina, and Wisconsin. According to Petty (1936), the discovery of fulgurites was made in 1706 by a Pastor David Hermann in Germany, but many people credit a Dr. Hentzen as the first person to recog- nize the true character of glassy tubes found in the sand dunes of the Sennerheide near Padderborn, Germany. Fiedler (1817) wrote the first comprehensive paper on fulgurites while still a student at Gottingen. The first identification of a fulgurite in the United States came in 1861 when Hitchcock (1861) wrote of the discovery of fragments of a tube by Dr. A. Cobb of Montague, Massachusetts, at Northfield Farms. Barrows (1910) has published a complete history of the subject, including an extensive bibliography. -
Preparation of Papers in a Two-Column Format for the 21St
Lightning-induced shock metamorphism at depth Li-Wei Kuo1,2*, Chien-Chih Chen1,2, Ching-Shun Ku3, Ching-Yu Chiang3, Dennis Brown1,4, Tze-Yuan Chen1 1 Department of Earth Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan 2 Earthquake-Disaster & Risk Evaluation and Management Center, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan 3 National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan 4 Institute of Earth Sciences "Jaume Almera", CSIC Barcelona, Spain [email protected] Abstract Minerals with planar microstructures, referred to as shocked minerals1-4, have been shown to form at pressures of several gigapascals. Shocked minerals are diagnostic criteria for evidence of meteorite impact4-6. Nevertheless, recent reports of shocked quartz in lightning-induced metamorphic rock7, called rock fulgurite, indicates that planar microstructures are also developed during lightning strikes. Here, we describe two rock fulgurites from Kinmen Island, Taiwan, that demonstrates that shock metamorphic features found at the surface are also developed at depth, within fractures. The surface fulgurite is characterized by an up to 100 μm thick glassy crust overlying fractured grains whereas within the fractures the glassy melt is patchy and it is intermingled with brecciated rock. We document planar microstructures within alkali feldspar (sanidine) from both fulgurites. Synchrotron Laue diffraction analysis indicates that the planar microstructures in sanidine are parallel to the (l00) plane. We interpret these to be shock features. These grains record a residual stress of up to 1.57 GPa, well above the 0.38 GPa recorded in grains that are not affected by lightning. We carry out 1-D numerical modeling to simulate a lightning strike on rocks with subsurface, fluid-saturated fractures. -
Agaat Free Download
AGAAT FREE DOWNLOAD Marlene Van Niekerk,Professor and Chair of the Department of English Michiel Heyns | 581 pages | 27 Apr 2010 | Tin House Books | 9780982503096 | English | United Kingdom Truth and Reconciliation Other forms of agate include Holley blue agate also spelled "Holly blue agate"a rare dark blue ribbon agate only found near Holley, Oregon ; Lake Superior Agaat ; Carnelian Agaat has reddish hues ; Botswana agate; plume agate; condor agate ; tube agate containing visible flow channels or pinhole-sized "tubes"; fortification agate with contrasting concentric banding reminiscent of defensive ditches and walls around ancient forts; Binghamitea variety found Agaat on the Cuyuna iron range near Agaat in Crow Wing County, Minnesota; fire agate showing an iridescent, internal flash or "fire", Agaat result of a layer of clear agate over a layer of hydrothermally deposited hematite; Patuxent River stonea red and yellow form of agate only found in Maryland ; enhydro Agaat contains tiny inclusions of water, sometimes with air Agaat. Nothing Agaat black and white in this novel, though everything is about blacks and whites in South Africa and their tortured relationships. Download as PDF Printable version. Fiorite Geyserite. You know the saying: There's no time like the present Incidentally, Femina magazine only appeared in South Africa much later than the 60's. I Agaat why the book won awards, apart from the industry's permanent waxing. And stuck it together. It has also been used for centuries for leather burnishing tools. Namespaces Article Talk. They're all good, we think, but over time their value seems more even so that good or very good seems to level out. -
The Dakhleh Glass: Product of an Impact Airburst Or Cratering Event in the Western Desert of Egypt?
The Dakhleh Glass: Product of an impact airburst or cratering event in the Western Desert of Egypt? Item Type Article; text Authors Osinski, G. R.; Kieniewicz, J.; Smith, J. R.; Boslough, M. B. E.; Eccleston, M.; Schwarcz, H. P.; Kleindienst, M. R.; Haldemann, A. F. C.; Churcher, C. S. Citation Osinski, G. R., Kieniewicz, J., Smith, J. R., Boslough, M. B. E., Eccleston, M., Schwarcz, H. P., ... & Churcher, C. S. (2008). The Dakhleh Glass: Product of an impact airburst or cratering event in the Western Desert of Egypt?. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 43(12), 2089-2107. DOI 10.1111/j.1945-5100.2008.tb00663.x Publisher The Meteoritical Society Journal Meteoritics & Planetary Science Rights Copyright © The Meteoritical Society Download date 07/10/2021 14:51:55 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Version Final published version Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/656510 Meteoritics & Planetary Science 43, Nr 12, 2089–2107 (2008) Abstract available online at http://meteoritics.org The Dakhleh Glass: Product of an impact airburst or cratering event in the Western Desert of Egypt? Gordon R. OSINSKI1*, Johanna KIENIEWICZ2, Jennifer R. SMITH3, Mark B. E. BOSLOUGH4, Mark ECCLESTON5, Henry P. SCHWARCZ6, Maxine R. KLEINDIENST7, Albert F. C. HALDEMANN8, and Charles S. CHURCHER9 1Departments of Earth Sciences/Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada 2Department of Geosciences, Denison University, Granville, Ohio 43023, USA 3Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, Campus Box 1169, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA 4Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA 5Archaeology Program, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia 6School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada 7Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada 8European Space Agency, ESTEC HME-ME, P.O. -
珠宝词汇(A-E) English Chinese Abadia Dos Dourados Diamond 阿巴
珠宝词汇(A-E) English Chinese Abadia dos Dourados Diamond 阿巴迪亚.道斯.都拉道斯钻石 Abaete Diamond 阿贝蒂钻石 abalone 鲍贝 abend-smaragd 西方祖母绿 abrad 低硬度宝石 accarbar 黑珊湖 accidental pearl 天然珍珠 acentela 水晶 achate 玛瑙 achirite 透视石 achroite 无色碧玺(又称电气石) acicular crystal 金红石发晶 aconteta 优质水晶 actinolite 阳起石 actinozoa 珊瑚类 adamant 硬石(金刚石或刚玉) adamantine luster(lustre) 金刚光泽 adamantine spar 黑褐色的刚玉 adamas 阿达摩斯,金刚石,钻石 adamas of Araia 阿拉伯钻石 同钻石 adamite 人造刚玉粉 Adelaide ruby 阿德莱德红宝石 adularescence 游彩蛋白光,冰长石晕彩 adularia 冰长石 adularia moonston 冰长月光石 aeroides 淡天蓝色海蓝宝石 Afghanistan lapis 阿富汗青金石 Afghanistan ruby 阿富汗红宝石 African emerald 非洲祖母绿 African jade 非洲绿玉 African pearl 非洲珍珠 African tourmaline 非洲碧玺 africita 阿非利西达碧玺 agalmatolite 蜡石 agaphite 波斯绿松石:甸子 agate 玛瑙 agate arborisee 苔玛瑙 agate jasper 玛瑙碧石 agate mousseuse 苔纹玛瑙 agate opal 玛瑙蛋白石 agatised wood 玛瑙硅化木 agrite 褐色斑花石灰岩 1 ahkan (缅甸红宝石和蓝宝石) ahlamah 胸甲第九石 Ahmedabad 阿默达巴德钻石 ajour setting 镂花底座 akabar 黑珊瑚 Akbar Shah 阿克巴尔.沙赫钻石 alabandicus 贵榴石 alabandine ruby 贵榴石红宝石 alabaster 雪花石膏 alabatre oriental 缟状大理石 alajites 着色石 alalite 绿透辉石 alaqueca 血石 Alaska diamond 阿拉斯加钻石 Alaskan black diamond 阿拉斯加黑钻石 albandine 铁铝榴石(贵榴石) albite 钠长石 albite moonstone 钠长月光石 Alencon diamond 阿朗松 石 Aleppo stone 阿勒颇石 Alexandrian turquoise 亚历山大绿松石 Alexandria shell 亚历山大贝 alexandrine 合成蓝宝石变石 alexandrite 变石 alexandrite cat's eye 变石猫眼 Algerian coral 阿尔及利亚珊瑚 Algerian onyx 阿尔及利亚缟状大理石 allanite 褐石 allochroite 普通石榴石,粒榴石,钙铁榴石 allochromatic color 他色,假色 alluvial deposit 冲积砂矿 alluvial diamond 金刚石砂矿 almandine 贵榴石,铁铝榴石 almandine sapphire 贵榴石蓝宝石 almandite 贵榴石 almashite(almaschite) 绿琥珀,黑琥珀 almond -
Abadia Dos Dourados Diamond 阿巴迪亞.道斯.都拉道斯鑽石abaete
Abadia dos Dourados Diamond 阿巴迪亞.道斯.都拉道 adularia moonston 冰長月光石 斯鑽石 aeroides 淡天藍色海藍寶石 Abaete Diamond 阿貝蒂鑽石 Afghanistan lapis 阿富汗青金石 abalone 鮑貝 Afghanistan ruby 阿富汗紅寶石 abend-smaragd 西方祖母綠 African emerald 非洲祖母綠 abrad 低硬度寶石 African jade 非洲綠玉 accarbar 黑珊湖 African pearl 非洲珍珠 accidental pearl 天然珍珠 African tourmaline 非洲碧璽 acentela 水晶 africita 阿非利西達碧璽 achate 瑪瑙 agalmatolite 蠟石 achirite 透視石 agaphite 波斯綠松石:甸子 achroite 無色碧璽(又稱電氣石) agate 瑪瑙 acicular crystal 金紅石發晶 agate arborisee 苔瑪瑙 aconteta 優質水晶 agate jasper 瑪瑙碧石 actinolite 陽起石 agate mousseuse 苔紋瑪瑙 actinozoa 珊瑚類 agate opal 瑪瑙蛋白石 adamant 硬石(金剛石或剛玉) agatised wood 瑪瑙硅化木 adamantine luster(lustre)金剛光澤 agrite 褐色斑花石灰岩 adamantine spar 黑褐色的剛玉 ahkan(緬甸紅寶石和藍寶石) adamas 阿達摩斯,金剛石,鑽石 ahlamah 胸甲第九石 adamas of Araia 阿拉伯鑽石 同鑽石 Ahmedabad 阿默達巴德鑽石 adamite 人造剛玉粉 ajour setting 鏤花底座 Adelaide ruby 阿德萊德紅寶石 akabar 黑珊瑚 adularescence 游彩蛋白光,冰長石暈彩 Akbar Shah 阿克巴爾.沙赫鑽石 adularia 冰長石 alabandicus 貴榴石 Page 1 of 77 alabandine ruby 貴榴石紅寶石 almandine 貴榴石,鐵鋁榴石 alabaster 雪花石膏 almandine sapphire 貴榴石藍寶石 alabatre oriental 縞狀大理石 almandite 貴榴石 alajites 著色石 almashite(almaschite)綠琥珀,黑琥珀 alalite 綠透輝石 almond stone 杏仁石 alaqueca 血石 alomite 藍方鈉石 Alaska diamond 阿拉斯加鑽石 aloxite 人造剛玉,鋁砂 Alaskan black diamond 阿拉斯加黑鑽石 alphabet of stone 寶石字母表 albandine 鐵鋁榴石(貴榴石) Alpine diamond 阿爾卑斯鑽石 albite 鈉長石 altered stone(Altered gem)著色寶石,染色寶石 albite moonstone 鈉長月光石 alumina 氧化鋁 Alencon diamond 阿朗松欑石 alundum 合成氧化鋁 Aleppo stone 阿勒頗石 amaryl 弧挺花石 Alexandrian turquoise 亞歷山大綠松石 amatista 紫晶 Alexandria shell 亞歷山大貝 amatista mosqu 含針鐵礦紫晶 alexandrine 合成藍寶石變石 amatrice 綠磷鋁石 alexandrite -
Distribution of Microcrystalline Quartz in Glassy Fulgurites from Garuamukh and Kimin, India
Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 2015, 3, 1343-1351 Published Online October 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jamp http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2015.310161 Distribution of Microcrystalline Quartz in Glassy Fulgurites from Garuamukh and Kimin, India Bhaskar J. Saikia1, G. Parthasarathy2, Rashmi R. Borah3 1Department of Physics, Anandaram Dhekial Phookan College, Nagaon, India 2National Geophysical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Hyderabad, India 3Department of Physics, Nowgong College, Nagaon, India Email: [email protected] Received 15 September 2015; accepted 26 October 2015; published 29 October 2015 Copyright © 2015 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract The presence of microcrystalline quartz particles in fulgurites of Garuamukh and Kimin has been investigated. The compositional and structural studies were carried out at room temperature by using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic techniques. The compositional result shows the major constituent of the fulgurites to be SiO2 with miniature quantities of oxides of Al, Ti, Fe, Ca, and Na. The X-ray diffraction quanti- fied the mixtures of identical amorphous and micro-crystalline phases in the fulgurites samples. Systemetatic investigations of microcrystalline quartz particles have been carried out in mid- infrared region of 500 - 1000 cm−1 based on the assignment of infrared bands of the structural group SiO4 tetrahedra. In infrared Si-O-Si bending vibration region of quartz, the octahedral cha- racteristic peak is explored in the fulgurites samples with the variation of the particle sizes which is indicative to the presence of microcrystalline quartz.