DOCSLIB.ORG

Amorphous Silica

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Amorphous Silica Silicon: from periodic table to biogenic silica C. Bonhomme, Professor Sorbonne University 1 General properties 2 Silicon Z = 14 Si: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 Si4+: 1s2 2s2 2p6 (Si) = 1.8 second natural abundance on earth (28%) -1 atomic mass: 28.085 g.mol J. J. Berzelius (1823) 28Si (92.27 %) silica (SiO2) 29Si (4.68 %) silicates (aluminosilicates...) 30Si (3.05 %) 3 From SiO2 to Si electronic Si «diamond» like structure SiO2 cubic structure a= 5.4307 Å HCl SiCl4,SiHCl3 reduction 1000°C Si (98-99 %) Si > 99.9999 % metallurgical Si 0.5 to 1 million tons FP: 1410°C per year! BP: 2680°C wafer (100-300 mm) 4 Si: chemical bonding Si – H 1.48 Å Si – Si 2.35 Å SiO2 Si – N 1.74 Å Si – O 1.61 Å Si – F 1.55 Å Si –Cl 2.01 Å three Si tetrahedra Si –Br 2.15 Å Si – C 1.80 Å (NH4)2SiF6 SiF4 silicones 5 Crystalline and amorphous silica 6 SiO2 polymorphs Stishovite Coesite synthetic quartz High High Cristobalite quartz 7 Tridymite X-Ray diffraction l ≈ 10-10 m = 1 Å X-rays are waves: 1913 Polymorph (density) Low Quartz (2.65) trigonal High Tridymite (2.28) hexagonal High Cristobalite (2.21) cubic Coesite (2.93) monoclinic W. Röntgen Stishovite (4.30) tetragonal (1845-1923) M. von Laue (1879-1960) in: Phys. Rev., 1923 W. H. Bragg (1862-1942) W. L. Bragg (1890-1971) 8 «Other» quartz Amethyst Citrine Agate Rose quartz Smoky quartz 9 Various crystallographic structures Quartz Cristobalite Tridymite SiO6 octahedra! Stishovite (6-fold coordination!) Coesite 10 Amorphous silica mineraloids Lechatelierite a pure silica glass (rare) Obsidian Newbury Crater, Oregon Fulgurite obsidian arrows lightning on sand! Trinitite: start july 16, 1945! and scalpels 11 Hydrated silica: Opals close-packed array of SiO2 spheres 0.15 to 0.4 mm colloidal crystals silica nanoparticles in an amorphous hydrated silica matrix SiO2,nH2O 12 Other opals J.V. Sanders, 1980 spheres of two different sizes! concoidal fracture (like glass) 13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) W. Pauli, Physique 1945 "for the discovery of the F. Bloch, E. M. Purcell, Exclusion Principle, also called Physique 1952 K. Wüthrich, Chimie 2002 the Pauli Principle" "for his development of NMR "for the development of new spectroscopy for determining methods for nuclear magnetic G. Uhlenbeck, S. Goudsmit the three dimensional structure precision measurements and of biological macromolecules in "pères du spin" discoveries in connection solution" therewith" I. I. Rabi, Physique 1944 "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei" R. R. Ernst, Chimie 1991 "for his contribution to the development of the methodology of high resolution NMR spectroscopy" P. C. Lauterbur, P. Mansfield, Médecine 2003 "for their discoveries concerning 14 magnetic resonance imaging" NMR basics B (~15T) 0 DmI = 1 ^m = g h Î mI=-1/2 DE = ghB0 / 2p magnetic spin angular momentum m =+1/2 n0=gB0/2p moment I gyromagnetic ratio Larmor frequency! E = - m . B Boltzmann equation My Curie law M 2 2 N g h B0 I(I+1) M= 12 p2 kT B (RF): on resonance! Man, Encyclopedia of analytical 1 chemistry, 2000, 12228. 15 8H 8H a) CPMAS, R=12kHz, T b) CPLGMAS, R=12kHz, T DCP=5,20,1kHz DCPLG=3,10,1kHz 29Si chemical shifts 29Si chemical shift -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 M Dfrequency (kHz) T frequency (kHz) Q (ppm) 20 R 0 R - 20 - 40 R - 60 - 80 O -110 R-Si-R R-Si-O O-Si-O O-Si-O O O O O B0 signe des valeurs propres ! Si1 rotor axis m= 54,7° Si2 Si1 Si1 Si2 silsesquioxane Si1 rHSi2,5150,002Å rHSi=4,725 or 6,270 or 5,1020,002Å silsesquioxane modèle MAS 29Si NMR 16 silsesquioxane fonctionnalisé 4- and 6-fold coordinated Si atoms SiP O an example: Si-O-P bonds 31 2 7 P tetragonal tetrahedron SiO4 Si2 O Si5O(PO4)6 SiP O O 5 2 7 Si3 4 monoclinic 1 Si P O 2 2 SiP O O3 SiP2O7 2 7 monoclinic 2 cubic Si1 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 ppm octahedron SiO 6 6 Si 29 Si Si Si Si P 4 P Si -100 -120 -140 -160 -180 -200 -220 C. Coelho, Paris 6 ppm 17 Silica and biocompatibility 100 nm CHAp nano-crystalline CHAp Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)2 Mg2+, Zn2+, Na+, K+ … 2- 2- SO4 , CO3 … 2- - - CO3 , F , Cl … bone Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)2 SiO 4- 4 Ca [(PO ) (CO ) ] [(OH) (CO ) ] B A 10-x/2 4 6-x 3 x 2-2y 3 y 2- carbonated hydroxyapatite x 0 CO3 18 The role of silica towards biocompatibility 3ml/min, room temperature Ageing under stirring, 15h Washing 0.297~0.217M 0.500M Ca(OH)2 H PO + Drying, 80C 3 4 0~80mM 100ml Si(CH3COO)4 pH10.5 100ml silicate substituted HAp: a synthetic approach (4.8 wt. %) E. Carlisle, Science 1970 G. Gasquères S. Hayakawa 19 Structural characterization O1H edited 29Si MAS NMR! 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -140 -160 -180 (ppm) G = 125000 29Si MAS NMR Q0 Q3,Q4!? 29 4- SiO4 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -140 -160 -180 (ppm) 20 SiO2 applications «quartz clock»: piezoelectricity W. Morrison 1929! silica wire birefringency T ~ 1000°C tensorial properties 21 Glass 22 Glass structure crystalline phase glass colored glass Cyclotella meneghiniana 23 Devitrification of glasses microcrystals in glass devitrified glass (by heating) 24 Fibers optical fibers cladding glass core glass furnace bundle of fiberglass exchange zone cladding core fiber cladding acceptance core cone 25 Sol-Gel chemistry 26 Silicic acid 0 OH 100% Si 80 HO OH Si(OH)4 OH SiO(OH) 3- 60 a weak acid SiO 2(OH)22- 40 silica is soluble at 20 precipitation of high pH: silicates silica 6 8 10 12 pH speciation H+ Na2O.SiO2 water 27 Inorganic polymerization 3- SiO3(OH) - SiO(OH)3 Si(OH)4 2- SiO2(OH)2 silica drying molecules oligomers colloids powder nm 10 nm mm colloidal silica particles 28 Stabilization of colloids + stabilisation against aggregation by surface charges + + + + + + + H + + + + + + + + + electrostatic repulsion + + + + stabilisation by steric hindrance grafted polymers 29 Precipited silica ■ industrial product: charge, chromatography,... ■ amazing chemistry! silicates CuSO4 FeCl 3 Ni(NO3)2 metal salts 30 Silicon alcoxides molecular precursor water OR hydrolysis Si-OH bonds Si RO OR RO alcoxide R = CH3, C2H5, ... PZC condensation Si-O-Si bonds acid catalysis base catalysis 31 Sol-Gel chemistry inorganic polymerization O monomer O M O O solution hydrolysis O O dimer O M O M O OR OR O O + ROH RO Si OR + H2O RO Si OH OR OR O O O O oligomer O M O M O M O M O OR OR OR O O O O OR sol RO Si OH + RO Si OR RO Si O Si OR O O O OR OR OR OR O M O M O M O + ROH colloids O O O gel OR OR OR OR O M O M O M O O O O RO Si OH + HO Si OR RO Si O Si OR OR OR OR OR O O O O O O + HOH O M O M O M O M O M O M O condensation O O O O O O O M O M O M O M O M O M O oxide O O O O O O O M O M O M O M O M O M O solid chemistry of materials O O O O O O O M O M O M O M O M O M O oxides O O O O O O 32 The role of catalysis fibers nanoparticles 33 Control of the shape acid catalysis (pH < 3) – route A Gel route A chain polymers pH < 3 microporous gels (pores < 20Å) Sol (1-2 nm) base catalysis (pH >3) – route B pH > 3 route B spherical particles (Stöber silica) Sol (10-100 nm) mesoporous gels (pores > 20Å) 34 Stöber silica Stöber, 1968 monodispersed silica colloids 5-2000 nm interaction between Stöber silica and rubber Stöber silica monolayer 35 Silsesquioxanes [XSiO1.5]8 [ RSiO1.5 ]n Polyhedral Oligomeric SilSesquioxanes 36 Other silsesquioxanes [XSiO1.5]6 [XSiO1.5]10 Courtesy of F. Ribot [XSiO1.5]12 37 Incomplete POSS (RSi)7O9(OH)3 i R = c-C5H9, c-C6H11, c-C7H13, Bu (c-C6H11Si)8O11(OH)2 Courtesy of F. Ribot 38 Chemistry and silsesquioxanes F. Mammeri, 2005 39 Modified silsesquioxanes increasing complexity... ...obtained by hydrosilylation molecular modeling 40 Silsesquioxanes as NanoBuildingBlocks (NBB) NBB approach Z= H, -SiMe2H Pt/toluene/90°C Z’ = vinyl, -SiMe2vinyl R. Laine, 1998 HF HF dissolution 41 Starting from natural materials Rice hull ash 80-98 wt % amorphous silica! Rice hull ash + [R4N ]8 + - 8 R4N OH 42 Applications 43 Hybrid organic-inorganic materials organic component (molecules, polymers, …) inorganic component (M-O-M, …) intimate "mixture" (domain sizes from 1 to 100 nm) hybrid organic-inorganic materials (nano-composites) infinite range chemist‘s imagination and hability nanometric oxide particles in a polymer organic dyes in a glass 44 Organic dyes and laser materials ■ any organic dye can be embedded ■ more resistant than in solution ■ large pieces ■ materials can be polished (optical quality) © F. Chaput, PMC - Ecole polytechnique 45 Dip-coating: reflective coatings l (nm) 100 2 2N nL nH nL nH nL nH nL nH n H 1 n L R 2N 50 n H 1 n (SiO /AlOOH)16 L (%) Transmission 2 9 (SiO2/ZrO2-PVP) Tmin = 1.5 % Tmin = 1.0 % ZrO2 + PVP (20%) nH = 1.72 0 500 800 1100 1400 SiO2 nL = 1.22 ©CEA - France 46 Electrooptical switching encapsulation of liquid crystal microdroplets in a thin film neff ≠ nm Opaque (OFF state) Unpolarized light Scattered light Glass plate Transparent electrode (ITO) LC doplet - neff Silica gel-glass - nm n = n Transparent (ON state) no o m © Saint-Gobain - France 47 Sol-Gel coatings and long-term protection partially crosslinked art conservation: organic polymers vs inorganic coatings..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geological Sukvey
    DEPABTMENT OF THE IHTERIOE BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY No. 148 WASHINGTON' G-OVEKNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1897 UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUEYEY CHARLES D. WALCOTT, 'DIRECTOR ANALYSES OF ROCKS ANALYTICAL METHODS LABORATORY OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1880 to 1896 BY F. W. CLAEKE AND W. F. HILLEBEAND WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1897 CONTENTS. Pago. Introduction, by F. W. Clarke ....'.......................................... 9 Some principles and methods of analysis applied to silicate rocks; by W. F. Hillebrand................................................................ 15 Part I. Introduction ................................................... 15 Scope of the present paper .......................................... 20 Part II. Discussion of methods ..................................i....... 22 Preparation of sample....................:.......................... 22 Specific gravity. ............................: ......--.........--... 23 Weights of sample to be employed for analysis....................... 26 Water, hygroscopic ................................ ................. 26 Water, total or combined....... ^.................................... 30 Silica, alumina, iron, etc............................................ 34 Manganese, nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc.............................. 41 Calcium and strontium...................................... ........ 43 Magnesium......................................................... 43 Barium and titanium............... .... ............................
    [Show full text]
  • Lightning Strikes As a Major Facilitator of Prebiotic Phosphorus Reduction on Early Earth ✉ Benjamin L
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21849-2 OPEN Lightning strikes as a major facilitator of prebiotic phosphorus reduction on early Earth ✉ Benjamin L. Hess 1,2,3 , Sandra Piazolo 2 & Jason Harvey2 When hydrated, phosphides such as the mineral schreibersite, (Fe,Ni)3P, allow for the synthesis of important phosphorus-bearing organic compounds. Such phosphides are com- mon accessory minerals in meteorites; consequently, meteorites are proposed to be a main 1234567890():,; source of prebiotic reactive phosphorus on early Earth. Here, we propose an alternative source for widespread phosphorus reduction, arguing that lightning strikes on early Earth potentially formed 10–1000 kg of phosphide and 100–10,000 kg of phosphite and hypo- phosphite annually. Therefore, lightning could have been a significant source of prebiotic, reactive phosphorus which would have been concentrated on landmasses in tropical regions. Lightning strikes could likewise provide a continual source of prebiotic reactive phosphorus independent of meteorite flux on other Earth-like planets, potentially facilitating the emer- gence of terrestrial life indefinitely. 1 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. 2 School of Earth and Environment, Institute of Geophysics and Tectonics, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. 3 Department of Geology and Environmental Science, Wheaton College, Wheaton, IL, USA. ✉ email: [email protected] NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2021) 12:1535 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21849-2 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21849-2 ife on Earth likely originated by 3.5 Ga1 with carbon isotopic Levidence suggesting as early as 3.8–4.1 Ga2,3.
    [Show full text]
  • Tigers Eye Free
    FREE TIGERS EYE PDF Karen Robards | 400 pages | 11 May 2010 | HarperCollins Publishers Inc | 9780380755554 | English | New York, United States Tigers Eye Stone Meaning & Uses: Aids Harmonious Balanced Action Tiger's eye also called tiger eye is a Tigers Eye gemstone that is usually a metamorphic rock with a golden to red-brown colour and a silky lustre. As members of the quartz group, tiger's eye and the related blue-coloured mineral hawk's eye gain their silky, lustrous appearance from the parallel intergrowth of quartz crystals and altered amphibole fibres that have mostly turned into limonite. Tiger iron is an altered rock composed chiefly of tiger's eye, red jasper and black hematite. The undulating, contrasting bands of colour and lustre make for an attractive motif and it is Tigers Eye used for Tigers Eye and ornamentation. Tiger iron is a popular ornamental material Tigers Eye in a variety of applications, from beads to knife hilts. Tiger iron is mined primarily in South Africa and Western Australia. Tiger's eye is composed chiefly of silicon dioxide SiO 2 and is coloured mainly by Tigers Eye oxide. The specific gravity ranges from 2. Serpentine deposits in which are occasionally found chatoyant bands of chrysotile fibres have been found in the US states of Arizona and California. These have been cut and sold as "Arizona tiger-eye" and "California tiger's eye" gemstones. In some parts of the world, the stone is believed to ward off the evil eye. Gems are usually given a cabochon cut to best display their chatoyance.
    [Show full text]
  • Petrified Lightning
    PETRIFIED LIGHTNING by PETER E. VIEMEISTER ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN THE LIGHTNING BOOK THE MIT PRESS, 1983 ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN THE LIGHTNING BOOK THE MIT PRESS, 1983 PETRIFIED LIGHTNING by PETER E. VIEMEISTER If lightning strikes sand of the proper composition, the high temperature of the stroke may fuse the sand and convert it to silica glass. “Petrified lightning” is a permanent record of the path of lightning in earth, and is called a fulgurite, after fulgur, the Latin word for lightning. Fulgurites are hollow, glass-lined tubes with sand adhering to the outside. Although easily pro- duced in the laboratory in an electric furnace, silica glass is very rare in nature. The glass lining of a fulgurite is naturally pro- duced silica glass1, formed from the fusion of quartzose sand at a temperature of about 1800° centigrade. Most people have never seen a fulgurite and if they have they might not have recognized it for what it was. A fulgurite is a curious glassy tube that usually takes the shape of the roots of a tree (see illustration). In effect it gives us a picture of the forklike 1The geological name for this natural silica glass is lechatelierite, in honor of the French chemist Henry Le Chatelier. a) When lightning strikes the earth, electrons flow outward in all directions. (b) Petrified lightning or fulgurite is sometimes made when lightning strikes and fuses certain types of sand. When formed on beaches or shores, a fulgurite is usually covered with shifting sand and goes undiscovered. Eroding sand may expose a fulgurite. (diagram by Read Viemeister) routes taken by lightning after striking sand.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Healing Uses of Crystals & Minerals
    Guide to Healing Uses of Crystals & Minerals Addiction- Iolite, amethyst, hematite, blue chalcedony, staurolite. Attraction – Lodestone, cinnabar, tangerine quartz, jasper, glass opal, silver topaz. Connection with Animals – Leopard skin Jasper, Dalmatian jasper, silver topaz, green tourmaline, stilbite, rainforest jasper. Calming – Aqua aura quartz, rose quartz, amazonite, blue lace agate, smokey quartz, snowflake obsidian, aqua blue obsidian, blue quartz, blizzard stone, blood stone, agate, amethyst, malachite, pink tourmaline, selenite, mangano calcite, aquamarine, blue kyanite, white howlite, magnesite, tiger eye, turquonite, tangerine quartz, jasper, bismuth, glass opal, blue onyx, larimar, charoite, leopard skin jasper, pink opal, lithium quartz, rutilated quartz, tiger iron. Career Success – Aqua aura quartz, ametrine, bloodstone, carnelian, chrysoprase, cinnabar, citrine, green aventurine, fuchsite, green tourmaline, glass opal, silver topaz, tiger iron. Communication – Apatite, aqua aura quartz, blizzard stone, blue calcite, blue kyanite, blue quartz, green quartz, larimar, moss agate, opalite, pink tourmaline, smokey quartz, silver topaz, septarian, rainforest jasper. www.celestialearthminerals.com Creativity – Ametrine, azurite, agatized coral, chiastolite, chrysocolla, black amethyst, carnelian, fluorite, green aventurine, fire agate, moonstone, celestite, black obsidian, sodalite, cat’s eye, larimar, rhodochrosite, magnesite, orange calcite, ruby, pink opal, blue chalcedony, abalone shell, silver topaz, green tourmaline,
    [Show full text]
  • Petrified Lightning a Discussion of Sand Fulgurites
    PETRIFIED LIGHTNING A DISCUSSION OF SAND FULGURITES by MARY PATRICIA GAILLIOT ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN ROCKS AND MINERALS JANUARY/FEBRUARY, 1980 ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN ROCKS AND MINERALS JANUARY/FEBRUARY, 1980 PETRIFIED LIGHTNING A DISCUSSION OF SAND FULGURITES by MARY PATRICIA GAILLIOT Fulgurites are a unique occurrence in nature. This term, de- rived from the Latin word fulgur meaning lightning, applies to any rocky substance that has been fused or vitrified by lightning. The term fulgurite is generally applied to the vitreous tubes and crusts formed by the fusion of sand by lightning. When lightning strikes solid rock, the superficial coatings of glass pro- duced are called rock fulgurites. This article is concerned pri- marily with sand fulgurites, specimens of which have been found throughout the world, including various parts of the United States: California, Florida, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oregon, South Caro- lina, and Wisconsin. According to Petty (1936), the discovery of fulgurites was made in 1706 by a Pastor David Hermann in Germany, but many people credit a Dr. Hentzen as the first person to recog- nize the true character of glassy tubes found in the sand dunes of the Sennerheide near Padderborn, Germany. Fiedler (1817) wrote the first comprehensive paper on fulgurites while still a student at Gottingen. The first identification of a fulgurite in the United States came in 1861 when Hitchcock (1861) wrote of the discovery of fragments of a tube by Dr. A. Cobb of Montague, Massachusetts, at Northfield Farms. Barrows (1910) has published a complete history of the subject, including an extensive bibliography.
    [Show full text]
  • Preparation of Papers in a Two-Column Format for the 21St
    Lightning-induced shock metamorphism at depth Li-Wei Kuo1,2*, Chien-Chih Chen1,2, Ching-Shun Ku3, Ching-Yu Chiang3, Dennis Brown1,4, Tze-Yuan Chen1 1 Department of Earth Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan 2 Earthquake-Disaster & Risk Evaluation and Management Center, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan 3 National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan 4 Institute of Earth Sciences "Jaume Almera", CSIC Barcelona, Spain [email protected] Abstract Minerals with planar microstructures, referred to as shocked minerals1-4, have been shown to form at pressures of several gigapascals. Shocked minerals are diagnostic criteria for evidence of meteorite impact4-6. Nevertheless, recent reports of shocked quartz in lightning-induced metamorphic rock7, called rock fulgurite, indicates that planar microstructures are also developed during lightning strikes. Here, we describe two rock fulgurites from Kinmen Island, Taiwan, that demonstrates that shock metamorphic features found at the surface are also developed at depth, within fractures. The surface fulgurite is characterized by an up to 100 μm thick glassy crust overlying fractured grains whereas within the fractures the glassy melt is patchy and it is intermingled with brecciated rock. We document planar microstructures within alkali feldspar (sanidine) from both fulgurites. Synchrotron Laue diffraction analysis indicates that the planar microstructures in sanidine are parallel to the (l00) plane. We interpret these to be shock features. These grains record a residual stress of up to 1.57 GPa, well above the 0.38 GPa recorded in grains that are not affected by lightning. We carry out 1-D numerical modeling to simulate a lightning strike on rocks with subsurface, fluid-saturated fractures.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dakhleh Glass: Product of an Impact Airburst Or Cratering Event in the Western Desert of Egypt?
    The Dakhleh Glass: Product of an impact airburst or cratering event in the Western Desert of Egypt? Item Type Article; text Authors Osinski, G. R.; Kieniewicz, J.; Smith, J. R.; Boslough, M. B. E.; Eccleston, M.; Schwarcz, H. P.; Kleindienst, M. R.; Haldemann, A. F. C.; Churcher, C. S. Citation Osinski, G. R., Kieniewicz, J., Smith, J. R., Boslough, M. B. E., Eccleston, M., Schwarcz, H. P., ... & Churcher, C. S. (2008). The Dakhleh Glass: Product of an impact airburst or cratering event in the Western Desert of Egypt?. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 43(12), 2089-2107. DOI 10.1111/j.1945-5100.2008.tb00663.x Publisher The Meteoritical Society Journal Meteoritics & Planetary Science Rights Copyright © The Meteoritical Society Download date 07/10/2021 14:51:55 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Version Final published version Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/656510 Meteoritics & Planetary Science 43, Nr 12, 2089–2107 (2008) Abstract available online at http://meteoritics.org The Dakhleh Glass: Product of an impact airburst or cratering event in the Western Desert of Egypt? Gordon R. OSINSKI1*, Johanna KIENIEWICZ2, Jennifer R. SMITH3, Mark B. E. BOSLOUGH4, Mark ECCLESTON5, Henry P. SCHWARCZ6, Maxine R. KLEINDIENST7, Albert F. C. HALDEMANN8, and Charles S. CHURCHER9 1Departments of Earth Sciences/Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada 2Department of Geosciences, Denison University, Granville, Ohio 43023, USA 3Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, Campus Box 1169, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA 4Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA 5Archaeology Program, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia 6School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada 7Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada 8European Space Agency, ESTEC HME-ME, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of Microcrystalline Quartz in Glassy Fulgurites from Garuamukh and Kimin, India
    Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 2015, 3, 1343-1351 Published Online October 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jamp http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2015.310161 Distribution of Microcrystalline Quartz in Glassy Fulgurites from Garuamukh and Kimin, India Bhaskar J. Saikia1, G. Parthasarathy2, Rashmi R. Borah3 1Department of Physics, Anandaram Dhekial Phookan College, Nagaon, India 2National Geophysical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Hyderabad, India 3Department of Physics, Nowgong College, Nagaon, India Email: [email protected] Received 15 September 2015; accepted 26 October 2015; published 29 October 2015 Copyright © 2015 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract The presence of microcrystalline quartz particles in fulgurites of Garuamukh and Kimin has been investigated. The compositional and structural studies were carried out at room temperature by using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic techniques. The compositional result shows the major constituent of the fulgurites to be SiO2 with miniature quantities of oxides of Al, Ti, Fe, Ca, and Na. The X-ray diffraction quanti- fied the mixtures of identical amorphous and micro-crystalline phases in the fulgurites samples. Systemetatic investigations of microcrystalline quartz particles have been carried out in mid- infrared region of 500 - 1000 cm−1 based on the assignment of infrared bands of the structural group SiO4 tetrahedra. In infrared Si-O-Si bending vibration region of quartz, the octahedral cha- racteristic peak is explored in the fulgurites samples with the variation of the particle sizes which is indicative to the presence of microcrystalline quartz.
    [Show full text]
  • Crystal Structure and Chemical Composition of Metal Particles from Kolymskiy Fulgurite
    80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 (LPI Contrib. No. 1987) 6346.pdf CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF METAL PARTICLES FROM KOLYMSKIY FULGURITE. M. Yu. Larionov1, A. V. Chukin1, G. A. Yakovlev1 and T. A. Khasanov1 Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russian Federation. E-mail: [email protected]. Introduction: Fulgurites are formed as a result of lightning strikes in sand, ground or rock. They look like branched hollow glass tubes several meters long. Conditions at contact point are unique: rapid temperature rise (tens of microseconds) up to 2000 K, current up to 200 kA and high pressure [1]. Fulgurites and impact structures in meteorites have a significant similarity, since their formation energies belong to one range. Minyuk P.S. has found metal spheres 1-3 mm in diameter at the glass part of fulgurite Kolymskiy (Magadan). The first study of these par- ticles showed the presence of α-iron, troilite FeS, shreibersite Fe3P. These phases are more typical for meteorites [2]. They are extremely rare on the Earth. Methods: Metal particles were mounted using conductive epoxy resin. Then, samples were prepared using stan- dard metallographic techniques. Microstructure studies were carried out using the Zeiss Axiovert 40 MAT optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy Carl Zeiss Σigma VP with energy dispersive spectroscopy unit. XRD spectra were performed using Shimadzu XRD-7000 loaded with powder from samples of metal particles founded in fulgurite. Spectra were analyzed with XPert High Score Plus software and ICSD database. Rietveld refinement was used for quantitative analysis. Results and discussion: Optical microscopy showed that the metal particles consist of rounded α-Fe grains sur- rounded by a phosphide eutectic (α-Fe + Fe3P + FeS).
    [Show full text]
  • Proving: Lightning Struck Sand (Fulgurite) Date: October 2013 by Misha Norland, Mani Norland & the School of Homeopathy
    Orchard Leigh · Rodborough Hill · Stroud · Gloucestershire · England · GL5 3SS T: +44 (0)1453 765 956 · F: +44 (0)1453 765 953 · E: [email protected] www.alternative-training.com Proving: Lightning Struck Sand (Fulgurite) Date: October 2013 By Misha Norland, Mani Norland & The School of Homeopathy. Alternative Names: Petrified Lightning, Lechatelierite, and Libyanite, Darwin Glass Origin: Worldwide Mineral Species: A variety of Lechatelierite Mineral Group: Oxides Chemical Formula: SiO2 Lightning and the Gods Many cultures have myths about a god who is the divine source of thunder and lightning. Such a god does not have a typical depiction, as it will vary according to the culture. In Indo-European cultures, the Thunder God is frequently known as the chief or king of the gods, e.g. Indra in Hinduism, Zeus in Greek mythology, and Perun in ancient Slavic religion; or a close relation thereof, Thor, son of Odin, in Norse mythology. Zeus, the god of the sky and ruler of all the gods on Olympus is well known for the lightning bolt he brandishes. His portrayal in Greek mythology is that of a powerful leader responsible for justice and mercy, the lightning bolt being used to punish those who transgress. The ancient Slavic God Perun is described as a rugged man with a copper beard. He rides in a chariot pulled by a goat buck and carries a mighty axe. Thor, is modeled after his image, and is a fierce-eyed, red-haired and red-bearded, God of Norse mythology. He is the hammer-wielding deity associated with lightning storms, oak trees, strength, the protection of mankind, and also healing and fertility.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Structure of Fulgurites
    A STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF FULGURITES by ALEXIS A. JULIEN ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY VOL. 9, 1901 ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY VOL. 9, 1901 A STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF FULGURITES by ALEXIS A. JULIEN Some obscure problems in structures occurring within arti- ficial and natural glasses (rhyolites, tachylites, etc.) receive light from the study of fulgurites, as representatives of instantaneous fusion, and frequently, as it will be shown, of equally rapid de- vitrification. Hitherto, however, a constitution of homogeneous glass has been universally observed, under the microscope, in all sand fulgurites, without the least trace of devitrification in the larg- est masses.1 Occasional cloudy stains of brown iron-oxide and black manganese-oxide have been noted, and frequent enclo- 1“A Perfect Glass,” ARAGO (Ann. d. Ch. et. d. Phys., Vol. XIX (1821), p. 290) and all later investigators. sure of remnants of quartz-grains2 and of bubbles, both more abundant near the outer walls of fulgurite.3 In rock-fulgurites, a single instance of devitrification has been recorded. The re- sults of examination of four fulgurites will now be described. I. Fulgurite (lightning-tube) from sand, Poland; a small frag- ment, together with thin cross-sections, prepared by Mr. James Walker, of the New York Microscopical Society. This fulgurite is of small size, from 5 to 8mm in diameter, with central aper- ture or lumen usually 2.5 to 4mm in diameter, and glass wall varying mostly from 0.6 to 2.0mm in thickness, roughened outwardly by adhering sand-grains in a continuous coating.
    [Show full text]