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Species of Madagascar, I. E. Zorithoxylum Mado- Gascoriense

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Species of Madagascar, I. E. Zorithoxylum Mado- Gascoriense ZANTHOXYLUM 601 stem bark: skimmianine, Y-fagarine, dictam- Iana. Zoritho, cy!urn thouuenotiiis also used in nine, N-benzoyltyramine-methylether and 4- traditional medicine as an antitussive, but it is methoxy-I-methyl-2-quinolinone. The quino- unclear which part of the plant line alkaloid Y-fagarine exhibited the strongest Ecology Zanthoxylum tsihonimposo occurs in-vitro antiplasmodial activity. Decarine, an in dry deciduous forest, up to 400 in altitude. alkaloid isolated from two other Zorithoxylum Genetic resources and breeding Although species of Madagascar, i. e. Zorithoxylum mado- much of the natural forest in the area of distri- gascoriense Baker and Zorithoxylum thouueno- bution of Zanthoxylum tsihonimposo has dis- tit H. Perrier, showed molluscicidal activity appeared or is heavily degraded, the species Is against Biomphulorio platfferi, which is an apparently still common locally, at least trees intermediate hostfor bilharzia parasites of sinaUer sizes. There does not seem to be jin- Botany Deciduous medium-sized tree up to mediate danger of genetic erosion, also because 30 in tall; bole usually straight and cylindrical, Zorithoxy!urn tsihonimposo has a fairly wide up to 100 cm in diameter, with woody, prickle- distribution area bearing protuberances up to 2 cm long but old Prospects There is too little information on trees sometimes lacking these, often with large Zorithoxylum tsihonimposo to judge its pros- and thick, yellowish, corky flakes at base; bark pects as a commercial timber tree under sus- thick, outer bark greyish white to pale brown; tainable exploitation management. However, twigs thick, armed with conical prickles stands of large trees are probably too scarce Leaves alternate, clustered at ends of and inaccessible. An inventory Is needed to branches, imparipinnately compound with 19- establish the status of the remaining popula- 33 leaflets, up to 80 cm long; stipules absent; tions rachis glabrous, sometimes with smallprickles; Major references Gu6neau, Bedel & Thiel, leaflets nearly opposite, almost sessile, oblong- 1970-1975; Parant, Chichignoud & Rakotovao, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5-20 cm x 2.5-7 cm, 1985; Perrier de in Bathie, 1950; Randriana- rounded and asymmetrical at base, long- rivelojosia at a1. , 2003; Sallenave, 1971. acuminate at apex, margin slightly toothed Other references Bolteau, Bolteau & A1- with rounded teeth, glabrous, with scattered 10rge-Boiteau, 1999; Debray, Jacquemin & minute glandular dots, pinnately veined with c Razafindramba0, 1971; Neuwinger, 2000; Ra- 12 pairs of lateral veins. Inflorescence a panicle soanaiv0, 2006; Rasoanaivo at a1. , 1999; Schatz, up to 15 cm long, clustered at ends of twigs, 2001; Takahashi, 1978 short-hairy, many-flowered with flowers in Authors R. H. M. J. Lemmens clusters. Flowers unisexual, regular, 4-merous, small; pedice1 0.5-2 mm long; sepals nearly free, c. I mm long; petals ovate, c. 2.5 min long, greenish; male flowers with 4 stamens, disk thick, irregularly toothed, ovary rudimentary; female flowers with superior, g}obose ovary and short style. Fruit a globose fontcle c. 8 min in diameter, glandular pitted, dehiscent, I- seeded. Seed globose, c. 5 min in diameter, black and shiny Zorithoxylttm tsihonimposo Is deciduous and bears leaves from November to May. It flowers near the end of the dry season, from September to November, shortly before new leaves de- velop. Fruits are ripe in December. Zorithoxylttm is pantropical and comprises about 200 species, with tropical America being richest in species. Mainland Africa harbours about 35 species, whereas about 5 species are endemic to Madagascar The wood of Zorithoxylum thouuenotii H. Perrier from eastern Madagascar is used for the same purposes as that of Zoritho, cylum tsihunimposo The leaves are used in the treatment of ina- 602 TIMBERSl Literature Abbiw, D. K. , 1990. Useful plants of Ghana: West African uses of wild and cultivated plants. Inter- mediate Technology Publications, London and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom. 337 pp. Abbott, P. G. & Lowore, J. D. , 1999. Characteristics and management potential of some indigenous firewood species in Malawi. Forest Ecology and Management 1/9: 1/1-121 Abdelgaleil, A. AM. , Hashinaga, F. & Nakatani, M. , 2005. antifungal activity of 11monoids from Khaya Ivorensis. Pest Management Science 61(2): 186-190 Abebe, T. & Holm, S. , 2003. Estimation of wood residues from small-scale commercialselective logging and sawmilling in tropical rain forests of south-western Ethiopia. International Forestry Review 5(I): 45-52 Abreu, P. M. , Martins, E. S. , Kayser, 0. , Bindseil, K. -U. , SIems, K. , Seemann, A. & Frevert, J. , 1999 antimicrobial, antitumor and antileishmania screening of medicinal plants from Guinea-Bissau Phytomedicine 6(3): 187-195 Abu, GB. , 1992. Phytochemicaland antimicrobial screening of AIStonia boonei. B. Pharm. degree thesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kwame Nkrumah Uni- versity of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. 29 pp ACkah, JR. , 1997. Seedling shadows of Perlcopsis elata, a commercially endangered timber species BSC. Natural Resources Management degree thesis, Institute of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. 43 pp Adam, J. G. , EChard, N. & Lescot, M. , 1972. Plantes medicinales Hausa de I'Ader. Journal d'Agriculture Tropicale at de Botanique Appliquee 19(8-9): 259-399 Adany, A. J. , Birkinshaw, C. R. & hadrews, J. R. , 1994. Illegal palm felling in Lokobe Reserve, Madagascar. Principes 38(4): 204-210 Addae-Mensah, AD. & Ayarkwa, J. , 1998. Some machining qualities of selected lesser-used timber species in Ghana. Ghana Journal of Forestry a 8-14. Addo, K. R. , 1998. Phytochemicalstudies on the stern bark ofTrichilia heudelotii. BSC. Chemistry degree thesis, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. 34 pp Addo, J. K. , 1999. Phytochemicalstudies ofEntandrophragma candonei(Harms). BSC. Chemistry degree thesis, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. 48 pp Adebola, P. 0. & Morakinyo, J. A. , 2005. Chromosome numbers offour Nigerian species of Cola Schott. & Endlicher (Sterculiaceae). SIIvae Genetica 54(I): 42-44 Adegbehin, J. 0. , 2002. Growth and yields of Pinus o0carpa Schiede in some parts of northern Nige- ria. Pakistan Journal of Forestry 52(I): 11-27. Adegbehin, J. 0. , Ahayomi, J. 0. & Nwaigbo, L. B. , 1988. Omenna arborea in Nigeria. Common- wealth Forestry Review 67(2): 159-166. Adekunle, L. 0. , 0jo, M. F. & 01uwalana, S. A. , 2002. Environment resources utilization: a case study offorest plants in traditional health care in Ogun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Forest Usufructs Management 3(1/2): 19-24. Adesanwo, J. K. , Ekundayo, 0. , Shode, F. 0. , Njar, V. 0.0. , van den Berge, A. J. J. & 01udahunsi, OAT. , 2004. Enjotorin, an anti-malarialcoumarin from the root bark ofQuassia undulata. Nige- nan Journal of Natural Products and Medicine a 69-73 Adjanohoun, E. J. & Ak6 Assi, L. , 1979. Contribution au recensement des plantes medicinales de C6te d'TVoire. Centre National de FloristIque, Abidjan, C6te d'Ivoire. 358 pp Adjanohoun, E. J. , Adjakidj6, V. , Ahyi, M. R. A. , kite Assi, L. , Ako6gninou, A. , d'Nineida, J. , Apovo, F. , Boukef, K. , Chadare, M. , Cusset, G. , Dramane, K. , Eyme, J. , Gassita, J. N. , Gbaguidi, N. , Gou- dote, E. , Gumko, S. , Houngnon, P. , Lo, I. , Keita, A. , Kiriiffo, H. V. , Kone-Barnba, D. , Musampa Nseyya, A. , Saadou, M. , Sodogandji, T. , De Souza, S. , Tchabi, A. , Zinsou DOSsa, C. & Zohoun, T. , 1989. Contribution aux etudes ethnobotaniques at floristIques en Republique Populaire du Benin Agence de Cooperation Culturelle at Technique, Paris, France. 895 pp . LITERATURE 603 Adjanohoun, E. J. , Aboubakar, N. , Dramane, K. , Ebot, M. E. , Ekpere, J. A. , Briow-Orock, E. G. , Focho, D. , Gbi16, Z. 0. , Kamanyi, A. , Kamsu, K. J. , Keita, A. , usenkum, T. , Mbi, C. N. , uniele, A. L. , Mbome, I. L. , Mubiru, N. K. , Nancy, W. L. , Nkongmeneck, B. , Satabi6, B. , Sofowora, A. , Tamze, V. & Wirmum, C. K. , 1996. Contribution to ethnobotanicaland floristIC studies in Cameroon CSTR/OUA, Cameroon. 641pp. Adjanohoun, E. J. , Ahyi, AM. R. , Ak6 Assi, L. , Baniakina, J. , Chinon, P. , Cusset, G. , Doulou, V. , Enzanza, A. , Eym6, J. , Goudot6, E. , Keita, A. , Mbemba, C. , Monet, J. , Moutsambot6, J. -M. , Mpati, J. & Sita, P. (Editors), 1988. Medecine traditionnelle at pharmacop6e - Contribution aux etudes ethnobotaniques at floristIques en Republique Populaire du Congo. Agence de Cooperation CUI- turelle at Technique, Paris, France. 606 pp Adjei-Sakyi, E. , 2000. Yield maximization of sliced veneer: a case study. Msc Wood Technology degree thesis, Department of Wood Science and Technology, Institute of Renewable Natural Re- sources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. 49 pp. Adu-Gyamfi, F. , 2006. Phytochemicalscreening for secondary metabolites in the roots of Bombax brevicuspe (kuntunkuni). BSC thesis, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. 37 pp African Regional Workshop (Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees, Zimbabwe), 1998a. Autranella congolensis. In: IDCN. 2006 Red list of threatened species. 11nternetl <http://WWW. Iucnredlist. org >. Accessed March 2007. African Regional Workshop (Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees, Zimbabwe),
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