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Download Download PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles OPEN ACCESS online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton. Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Communication Diversity and distribution of snakes in Trashigang Territorial Forest Division, eastern Bhutan Bal Krishna Koirala, Karma Jamtsho, Phuntsho Wangdi, Dawa Tshering, Rinchen Wangdi, Lam Norbu, Sonam Phuntsho, Sonam Lhendup & Tshering Nidup 26 January 2021 | Vol. 13 | No. 1 | Pages: 17455–17469 DOI: 10.11609/jot.6835.13.1.17455-17469 For Focus, Scope, Aims, Policies, and Guidelines visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-0 For Artcle Submission Guidelines, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions For Policies against Scientfc Misconduct, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-2 For reprints, contact <[email protected]> The opinions expressed by the authors do not refect the views of the Journal of Threatened Taxa, Wildlife Informaton Liaison Development Society, Zoo Outreach Organizaton, or any of the partners. The journal, the publisher, the host, and the part- Publisher & Host ners are not responsible for the accuracy of the politcal boundaries shown in the maps by the authors. Member Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 January 2021 | 13(1): 17455–17469 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.6835.13.1.17455-17469 #6835 | Received 27 October 2020 | Final received 28 December 2020 | Finally accepted 05 January 2021 COMMUNICATION Diversity and distributon of snakes in Trashigang Territorial Forest Division, eastern Bhutan Bal Krishna Koirala 1 , Karma Jamtsho 2 , Phuntsho Wangdi 3 , Dawa Tshering 4 , Rinchen Wangdi 5 , Lam Norbu 6 , Sonam Phuntsho 7 , Sonam Lhendup 8 & Tshering Nidup 9 1,2,3,4,5,6 Trashigang Forest Division, Department of Forests and Park Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Post box: 42001, Trashigang, Bhutan. 7 Zhemgang Territorial Forest Division, Department of Forests and Park Services , Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Post box 34001, Zhemgang, Bhutan. 8 Gedu Territorial Forest Division, Department of Forests and Park Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests Post box: 21007, Chhuka, Bhutan. 9 Department of Environment & Live Sciences, Sherubtse College, Royal University of Bhutan, Trashigang, Post box: 42002, Bhutan. 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected], 4 [email protected], 5 [email protected], 6 [email protected], 7 [email protected], 8 [email protected], 9 [email protected] Abstract: This paper presents the results of a study conducted on the species compositon of serpent fauna in Trashigang Territorial Forest Division (TTFD), Bhutan. The survey was conducted from August 2019 to September 2020. The study aimed to assess the diversity, conservaton threats, and distributon of both venomous and non-venomous snakes in diferent habitat types using tme constrained visual encounter survey technique. A total of 34 species of snakes belonging to fve families and 23 genera were recorded. Of the total observed species, nine were identfed as venomous species. These include four species of Elapidae, four species of Viperidae, and one Colubridae. Geographically, snakes occurred throughout the landscapes, although species compositon and their geographical distributon difered notably amongst various localites. We documented survival threats to local snakes where deliberate killing and road mortality were found to be the most common cause of death. The increasing trend of diversity, species richness, and relatve abundance of serpent fauna was notced as the radial distance increased from urban residental areas towards less disturbed landscapes such as rural agricultural land and natural forests indicatng that the habitat mosaic plays an important role in the structure and compositon of the snake community. Considering the limited informaton currently available on diversity and geographical distributon of the serpent fauna of the region, the present study can be considered very signifcant. Keywords: Elevaton, relatve abundance, serpent fauna, species richness, venomous snakes. Editor: S.R. Ganesh, Chennai Snake Park, Chennai, India. Date of publicaton: 26 January 2021 (online & print) Citaton: Koirala, B.K., K. Jamtsho, P. Wangdi, D. Tshering, R. Wangdi, L. Norbu, S. Phuntsho, S. Lhendup & T. Nidup (2021). Diversity and distributon of snakes in Trashigang Territorial Forest Division, eastern Bhutan. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(1): 17455–17469. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.6835.13.1.17455-17469 Copyright: © Koirala et al. 2021. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton. Funding: Ruford Small Grants for Nature Conservaton, United Kingdom. Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests. For Author details and Author contributon see end of this artcle. Acknowledgements: First of all I would like to thank Ruford Small Grants for Nature Conservaton, United Kingdom, for funding this conservaton Project. I would like to thank to Ugyen Wangchuk Insttute for Conservaton and Environmental Research (UWICER) (Bumthang) for issuance research permit. My heartelt thanks go to Mr. Karma Leki (Chief Forestry Ofcer, Trashigang Forest Division) for constructve comments and consistently supportng this project. We sincerely thank Mr. Phurba Lhendup, Dr. Om Katel, and Dr. Abhijit Das for their recommendatons without which this work would not have been successful. Likewise, we thank Tandin Wangdi (School Teacher, Trashiyangtse Lower Secondary School), Mr. Kinley Rabgay, Sangay Loday, Ugyen Dechen, Tshering Dendup, Ugyen Wangchuk, Kezang Penzor, D.B. Rai, for their great contributon in feld work, and all the friends from feld who had sincerely contributed and shared informaton associated with this conservaton project. 17455 J TT Snakes in Trashigang Territorial Forest Division, Bhutan Koirala et al. INTRODUCTION Boiga quincunciata (Wall, 1908) by Chaida et al. (2020), and additon of 15 new records by Wangyal et al. (2020) Globally, living snakes (Reptlia: Squamata: Serpentes) increased the snake checklist of Bhutan to 85 recognized as of December 2020 comprise of 3,889 recognized species. species belonging to 30 families distributed amongst 531 Snakes are of great conservaton and ecological genera (Uetz et al. 2020). In southern Asia, India alone is value (Mullin & Seigel 2009), and associated populaton abode to 310 species of snakes belonging to 16 families declines has been suggested to have negatve implicatons (Uetz et al. 2020), and 256 species distributed amongst for the ecosystems in which snakes play signifcant roles 18 families and 73 genera are known to occur in China (Reading et al. 2010). Despite snakes having occupied an (Wang et al. 2020). important place in ecology and ethnozoology, venomous Untl quite recently, in Bhutan, there has remained snakes in partcular, also command medical atenton a long gap in the knowledge of serpent fauna, although owing to the propensity of their retaliatory bites on people many herpetological exploratons already had gathered and the ensuing medical emergencies. It is important, momentum in neighboring states of India. For example, therefore, to be able to recognize local venomous snakes. in the year 1908, Wall (1909) examined 48 diferent Snakes are poorly studied in Bhutan and substantal species of snakes, which include a large part of his own proporton of prior studies on snakes in Bhutan exclude collecton and a few specimens he referred belonged vital informaton on type locality, abundance, and to Darjeeling Museum and St. Joseph’s College. The classifcaton based on their medical importance. The type locality of his collecton comes from Darjeeling baseline informaton obtained from this current study District, Indian state of West Bengal, which shares would assist relevant authorites, conservatonists, and similar topographic complexity and climatc conditons of Trashigang Territorial Forest Division (TTFD) to develop Himalayan region. The earliest record of serpent fauna and implement conservaton acton plan so that species of Bhutan that is within its politcal boundary, however, of concern and their critcal habitats are protected. The dates back to mid 1960s when a juvenile specimen of the aim of this study was to document the diversity, richness, King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) and Buf- distributon, and also to explore the venomous and non- striped Keelback Amphiesma stolatum (Linnaeus, 1758) venomous snakes in TTFD. were recorded in 1966 from Trashigang and Samdrup Jongkhar districts, respectvely (Biswas 1976). Afer fve years, a few more specimens of Bhutanese serpents MATERIALS AND METHODS were collected in an expediton
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