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Sustainable Mobility Policy Review

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Sustainable Mobility Policy Review Sustainable Mobility Policy Review Background Paper 5 Greener Buses – Alternative fuel options for the urban bus fleet Contents Context and questions for consideration ...................................................................................................... 1 1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 2 2 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 5 3 Profile of Ireland’s urban bus fleet .................................................................................................... 13 4 Assessment of alternative fuels and technologies ......................................................................... 22 5 Economic evaluation ............................................................................................................................ 35 6 Most appropriate fuelling options for different locations ............................................................ 46 7 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................ 57 Appendix 1: Qualitative assessment of alternative fuels/technologies ........................................ 62 Appendix 2: Certified emissions from a biomethane fuelled bus ................................................... 84 Appendix 3: Regional cities’ analysis .................................................................................................... 85 Appendix 4: Experiences with alternative fuels in some selected cities ....................................... 87 Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................................... 95 References ........................................................................................................................................................ 97 List of Figures Figure 2.1: Ireland’s transport CO2 emissions per mode in 2017 ........................................................... 6 Figure 2.2: Percentage of alternatively fuelled buses as a proportion of the overall (EU) fleet ....... 8 Figure 3.1: Dublin Bus depot locations ..................................................................................................... 16 Figure 3.2: Dublin Bus Passengers 2010-2018 ....................................................................................... 17 Figure 3.3: Bus Éireann Regional City fleet passenger numbers, 2007-2018 ................................... 18 Figure 3.4: Bus Éireann Regional City passenger numbers, 2007-2018 ............................................ 18 Figure 3.5: Passenger use on Dublin Bus, 2017 (average percentage of passengers per time interval) ........................................................................................................................................ 19 Figure 3.6: Passenger flow pattern of Bus Éireann Regional City Services in 2017 (average percentage of passengers per time interval) ........................................................................ 21 Figure 5.1: Graphic representation of Well-to-Wheel analysis ............................................................ 37 Figure 5.2: Modelled emissions for the current Dublin Bus fleet compared to a diesel Euro VI only equivalent fleet ................................................................................................................. 42 Figure 6.1: Estimated WTW GHG and tailpipe NOx emissions for a double deck bus on the LowCVP Urban Bus test cycle ................................................................................................ 51 Figure 6.2 Estimated WTW GHG and tailpipe NOx emissions for a double deck bus on the Millbrook London Transport Bus test cycle ......................................................................... 52 Figure 6.3: COPERT modelled CO2 emissions under three different congestion levels for the 6 alternatively fuelled 2023 bus fleet composition scenarios ............................................. 54 Figure 7.1: Acquisition, operation and fuel costs per bus for each of the alternative fuel-types relative to the baseline of a Euro VI double deck diesel bus ............................................ 61 List of Tables Table 2.1: Estimated emissions from different Euro Class double deck diesel buses ....................... 7 Table 2.2: Number of alternatively fuelled buses in operation during 2016 from a selection of major cities..................................................................................................................................... 9 Table 3.1: Number of Dublin Bus buses per Euro class standard ...................................................... 14 Table 3.2: Number of Bus Éireann buses per Euro class standard ..................................................... 14 Table 3.3: Number of Go-Ahead buses per Euro class standard ........................................................ 14 Table 3.4: Number of buses at each Bus Éireann regional city depot ............................................... 15 Table 3.5: Average daily flow of Dublin Bus passengers, 2017 .......................................................... 19 Table 3.6: Average weekly flow of Bus Éireann passengers by city services and day of week ... 20 Table 4.1: Assessment summary of Euro VI diesel bus performance in the existing PSO bus fleets ............................................................................................................................................ 23 Table 4.2: Assessment summary of electric urban buses compared to a Euro VI diesel equivalent… ................................................................................................................................ 24 Table 4.3: Assessment summary of diesel hybrid urban buses compared to a Euro VI diesel equivalent ................................................................................................................................... 26 Table 4.4: Assessment summary of CNG urban buses compared to a Euro VI diesel equivalent…. …………… ....................................................................................................................................... 27 Table 4.5: Assessment summary of biomethane fuelled urban buses compared to a Euro VI diesel equivalent ........................................................................................................................ 29 Table 4.6: Assessment summary of biofuelled urban buses compared to a Euro VI diesel equivalent ................................................................................................................................... 31 Table 4.7: Assessment summary of hydrogen-fuelled urban buses compared to a Euro VI diesel equivalent ................................................................................................................................... 34 Table 5.1: Qualitative assessment of alternative fuels for buses relative to diesel ........................ 36 Table 5.2: Summary of scenarios examined, including comparative baseline case designated ‘S1’.. .............................................................................................................................................. 40 Table 5.3: Percentage difference in emission levels of a range of scenarios compared to the baseline case.. ............................................................................................................................ 43 Table 6.1: Percentage difference in COPERT modelled CO2 emissions under three different congestion levels for the 6 alternatively fuelled 2023 bus fleet composition scenarios.. ................................................................................................................................... 53 Table 7.1: Suitability evaluation of various alternative fuels/technologies for the PSO urban bus fleet relative to a Euro VI diesel equivalent ......................................................................... 60 Context and questions for consideration This background paper is one of a number of papers that have been prepared by the Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport to inform a public consultation on Ireland’s sustainable mobility policy. The review work arises from a commitment in the Programme for a Partnership Government1 to review public transport policy “to ensure services are sustainable into the future and are meeting the needs of a modern economy”. The public consultation is designed to give stakeholders, interested parties and the general public the opportunity to reflect on the information and analysis in the papers, to share their views, and to contribute to the development of a Sustainable Mobility Policy Statement. Sustainable Mobility can be described as linking people and places in a sustainable way by supporting: . comfortable and affordable journeys to and from work, home, school, college, shops and leisure; . travelling by cleaner and greener; and . a shift away from the private car to greater use of active travel (walking and cycling) and public transport (e.g. bus, rail, tram). All elements of sustainable mobility (public transport, cycling, walking) are being considered in the policy review. Each background paper includes a number of questions
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