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Appendix A: List of Interviewees Between November and December 2011, the author conducted a series of inter- views with key stakeholders in the telecommunications sector in Uganda. Key among the interviewees were legal representatives of the major telecommunica- tions operators, personnel at UCC, and industry experts and policy-makers. The interviews enabled the author to verify which regulatory aspects are most crucial for competition in Uganda’s telecommunications sector. Below is the list of inter- viewees that provided the most vital information to the author. Interviewees Interview with Dennis Kakonge, Director Legal, Airtel, Uganda (Kampala, Uganda 5 December 2011). Interview with Zulaika Kasujja, lawyer, Smile Communications Uganda (Kam- pala, Uganda 16 December 2011). Interview with Dr. Ham Mukasa Mulira, Former Minister of ICT and Informa- tion Technology and Services and CEO eConsult (Kampala, Uganda 6 January 2012). Interview with Dr. Nora Mulira, former Director of the Directorate for ICT support at Makerere University (DICTS) (Kampala, Uganda 8 December 2011). Interview with Abdul Musoke, Market Analyst, UCC (Kampala, Uganda 18 November 2011). Interview with Paul Mwebesa, Head Legal, Warid Telecom (Kampala, Uganda 23 November, 2011). Interview with Ann Rita Ssemboga, former Economist, UCC (Kampala, Uganda 7 December 2011). Interview with Godfrey Sengendo, (then) Manager Spectrum Management, UCC (Kampala, Uganda 22 November 2011). © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2018 365 R. Alemu, The Liberalisation of the Telecommunications Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa and Fostering Competition in Telecommunications Services Markets,Munich Studies on Innovation and Competition 6, DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-55318-3 366 Appendix A: List of Interviewees Interview with Dr. Francis Fredrick Tusubira, CEO, UbuntuNet Alliance and Chairperson NITA-Uganda (Kampala, Uganda 11 December 2011). Interview with Ronald Zakumumpa, legal counsel, MTN Uganda (Kampala, Uganda 29 November 2011). Appendix B © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2018 367 R. Alemu, The Liberalisation of the Telecommunications Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa and Fostering Competition in Telecommunications Services Markets,Munich Studies on Innovation and Competition 6, DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-55318-3 Table B.1 Major telecommunications operators in Sub-Saharan Africa (as of 31st March 2014) 368 Home country of holding Subscribers Company company (millions) Host countries Ownership details Africell Lebanon 3.65 The Gambia, Sierra Leone, and Democratic Africell is a subsidiary of Lintel Holdings, a Republic of Congo (DRC) Lebanese telecommunications company Airtel Africa India 60 Burkina Faso, Chad, DRC, Congo Brazza- Airtel Africa is a subsidiary of Bharti Airtel. ville, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Bharti Airtel is incorporated in India. It Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Seychelles, acquired Zain Africa (comprising Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia 14 Sub-Saharan countries) in 2010 Econet Wireless Zimbabwe NA Botswana, Burundi, Lesotho Nigeria, Part of Econet Wireless group which is a South Africa, Zimbabwe Zimbabwean company with its headquarters in Johannesburg South Africa Emirates Telecommuni- UAE NA Benin, Burkina Faso, Central Africa Repub- Etisalat acquired 50% of Atlantic Telecom cations Corporation lic, Egypt, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Niger, in 2005, together with a management con- (Etisalat) Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo tract, which had six GSM networks in West and Central Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Gabon, Niger and Togo. Etisalat acquired controlling shares Sudan’s Canar by increasing its stake from 37 to 82% in 2008. It owns 51% of Zanzibar Telecom Limited in Tanzania. It operates as MOOV in Ivory Coast Globacom (Glo mobile) Nigeria NA Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria and the Repub- Glo mobile is a Nigeria company owned by lic of Benin Mike Adenuga Group Maroc Telecom France 12.5 Mali, Gabon, Burkina Faso and Mauritania Vivendi controls 53% of share capital in the company. Vivendi is a French multinational mass media and telecommunications com- Appendix B pany based in Paris, France Appendix B MTN South Africa 170 Benin, Botswana, Cameroon, Congo Part of MTN Group of South Africa, a Brazzaville, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Guinea multinational telecommunications group Conakry, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, based in South Africa Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia Orange France NA Botswana, Cameroon, Central African Orange represents the flagship brand of the Republic, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea France Telecom Group for mobile, landline Bissau, Guinea Conakry, Ivory Coast, and internet businesses Kenya, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Senegal, Tunisia, Uganda Portugal Telecom Portugal NA Angola, Namibia, Cape Verde Islands, S~ao Portugal Telecom owns 18.75% of Angola’s Tome´ & Principe Unitel, 30% of Cabo Verde Telecom of Cape Verde, 38.25% of Companhia Santomense de Telecomunicac¸ões of S~ao Tome´ & Principe and 25.5% of MTC of Namibia Millicom International Luxembourg NA Chad, DRC, Ghana, Mauritius, Rwanda, Millicom has 100% equity holding in Cellular S.A (Tigo) Sierra Leone, Senegal, Tanzania Millicom Tchad, Oasis in DRC, Mobitel in Ghana, SENTEL GSM in Senegal and Mobitel in Tanzania. In addition, it owns 50% equity holding in Emtel in Mauritius and 87.50% in Tigo Rwanda SA Vodafone/Vodacom United Kingdom DRC, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Mozambique, Vodafone UK took full control of Vodacom South Africa, Tanzania in 2008 acquiring its operations in DRC, Lesotho, Mozambique, South Africa, and Tanzania. It owns 40% of Safaricom based in Kenya. It operates in Ghana as Vodafone Ghana created through Vodafone UK’s acquisition of Ghana Telecom Warid Telecom UAE NA Congo, Uganda (soon to commence opera- Part of Warid Telecom International based tions in Mali) in UAE 369 Source: By author based on information available on websites and annual reports of the multinational telecommunications companies Bibliography Books and Articles ACCC, ‘Anti-Competitive Conduct in Telecommunications Markets: An Information Paper’ (1999) <http://www.itu.int/ITUD/treg/Events/Seminars/2005/Thailand/Reference%20Material/ Reference%20material%20%20Oz_anticomp_telecom.pdf>. Achterberg Rossana, ‘Competition Policy and Regulation: A Case Study of Telecommunica- tions’ (2002) TIPS Working Paper <https://www.tips.org.za/research-archive/trade-and- industry/trade-growth-dynamics/item/93-competition-policy-and-regulation-a-case-study- of-telecommunications>. ACMA, ‘The Economics of Spectrum Management: A Review’ (2007) <http://www.acma.gov. au/webwr/aca_home/publications/reports/spectrum%20-%20final%20draft%20-%203.pdf>. ‘Africell Completes Acquisition of Orange Uganda, Reaches 11 Million Active Subscribers’ PRNewswire (Kampala, 17 November 2014) <http://www.prnewswire.com/newsreleases/ africell-completes-acquisition-of-orange-uganda-reaches-11-million-active-subscribers-282900521. html>. Agarwal Manish, ‘Does Implementation of Merger Regulation Impede Inbound Cross Border Mergers? Analysis of Developed versus Developing Countries’ in Richard Whish and Chris- topher Townley (eds), New Competition Jurisdictions: Shaping Policies and Building Institu- tions (Edward Elgar 2012). APEC, ‘Framework and Principles for Telecommunications Interconnection’ <http://www. apec.org/Meeting-Papers/MinisterialStatements/Telecommunications-andInformation/2000_tel/ annex_c.aspx>. Areeda E Phillip, ‘Essential Facilities: An Epithet in Need of Limiting Principles’ (1989) Antitrust Law Journal 841. Areeda E Phillip and Hovenkamp H Herbert, Fundamentals of Antitrust Law (Wolters Kluwer 2011). Areeda E Phillip and Turner F Donald ‘Predatory Pricing and Related Practices under Section 2 of the Sherman Act’ (1975) 88(4) Harvard Law Review 697. Armstrong Mark ‘Competition in Telecommunications’ (1997) 13(1) Oxford Review of Economic Policy 66. Armstrong Mark and Wright Julian, ‘Mobile Call Termination’ Economic Journal (2009) 119 (538) F270. Armstrong Mark, ‘Network Interconnection in Telecommunications’ (1998) Economic Journal 545. © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2018 371 R. Alemu, The Liberalisation of the Telecommunications Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa and Fostering Competition in Telecommunications Services Markets,Munich Studies on Innovation and Competition 6, DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-55318-3 372 Bibliography Aron J Debra and Burnstein E David, ‘Regulatory Policy and the Reverse Cellophane Policy’ Journal of Law and Economics, (Journal of Competition Law and Economics 2010) 6 (4) 973. Asiedu Elizabeth, ‘On Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: Is Africa Different’ (2002) 30 (1) World Development Journal 107. Aykut Dilek and Goldstein Andrea, ‘Developing Country Multinationals: South–South Investment Comes of Age’ (2006) OECD Development Centre Working Paper 257/2006. Bagiire Vincent, ‘Uganda: Policy and regulatory strategy for deployment of NGN backbone networks’, (2010) Unpublished case study. Bakibinga J David, Law of Contract in Uganda (Fountain Publishers 2001). Barigaba Julius, ‘Uganda: Country cannot take more GSM operators says UCC’ the East African (Kampala 25 August 2008) <http://allafrica.com/stories/200808250215.html>. Bassuare Arturo, ‘Different Regulation Paths towards Cognitive Radio Technologies: Cases of Finland and Chile’ (23rd European Regional Conference of the International Telecommuni- cation Society, Vienna, July 2012). Bernard Krief Consultants, ‘ICT Africa Marketplace, Information & Communications Technolo- gies, East Africa and the Indian, Country
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