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Universität Erfurt Universität Erfurt Weil Gott die wunderbare Vielfalt liebt Modernes Heidentum in Deutschland Ethnographische Erkundungen Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) am Max-Weber-Kolleg für kultur- und sozialwissenschaftliche Studien Direktor: Prof. Dr. Hartmut Rosa Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Martin Fuchs Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Kocku von Stuckrad vorgelegt von Sebastian Krebel Erfurt, 26. September 2014 urn:nbn:de:gbv:547-201500075 Meinem Vater Theo Schmitz Die Seele will ihre Gläubigkeit bewahren, während sie den Glauben an alle bestimmten, vorbestimmten Inhalte verloren hat. Georg Simmel, 1918 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung.........................................................................................................................................7 1.1 Ein Tag im Juni – Gedanken zum Vorverständnis des Untersuchungsgegenstands...............11 1.2 Anlage der Forschung und Methodenwahl.............................................................................17 1.3 Was ist Neuheidentum? Was ist modernes Heidentum?.........................................................25 2. Erster Teil: Eine Skizze der Entwicklung heidnischer Traditionen...............................................31 2.1 Völkisches Neuheidentum......................................................................................................31 2.1.1 Wegbereiter des Völkischen: Guido List und Adolph Lanz............................................33 2.1.2 Zusammenschau und Reflexion......................................................................................37 2.1.3 Völkisches Neuheidentum nach 1945.............................................................................41 2.1.3.1 Artgemeinschaft.......................................................................................................43 2.1.3.2 Armanenorden.........................................................................................................51 2.1.4 Die Rolle des völkischen Erbes im modernen Heidentum..............................................58 2.1.4.1 Die Aktion „Heiden vereinigt euch“ 2012 in Fritzlar..............................................65 2.1.4.2 Germanische Magie und Hakenkreuz.....................................................................78 2.2 Hexen- und Heidenbewegungen – Die Wurzeln des deutschen modernen Heidentums in der englischsprachigen Welt................................................................................................................86 2.2.1 Wicca: Anfänge und frühe Entwicklung in England.......................................................87 2.2.2 Wicca und Paganism in den USA...................................................................................92 2.2.2.1 Wicca: Ankunft, Verbreitung und Ausdifferenzierung............................................92 2.2.2.2 Amerikanisches Àsatrú..........................................................................................101 2.2.3 Neue Druiden................................................................................................................102 2.2.4 Neoschamanismus.........................................................................................................105 2.3 Impulse aus Island: Àsatrú ...................................................................................................108 2.4 Modernes Heidentum in Deutschland – Notizen zur Verbreitung einer religiösen Orientierung.................................................................................................................................109 2.4.1 Neue Hexen...................................................................................................................109 2.4.2 Wicca.............................................................................................................................120 2.4.3 Teen Witch – Die Junghexenwelle................................................................................126 2.4.4 Neue Druiden und keltischer Rekonstruktionismus .....................................................129 2.4.5 Heidnischer Schamanismus..........................................................................................132 2.4.6 Germanische Heiden.....................................................................................................134 2.4.7 Traditionsübergreifende heidnische Verbände..............................................................145 2.4.8 Über die Grenzen zwischen den heidnischen Traditionen – ein Resümee....................150 3. Zweiter Teil: Aktuelle Befunde des modernen Heidentums im Rhein-Main-Gebiet..................154 3.1 Eklektisches Heidentum .....................................................................................................154 3.2 Wie Heiden aktiv werden und sich miteinander vernetzen...................................................164 3.2.1 Heiden vereinigt euch? Soziale Organisation im Verein...............................................166 3.2.2 Die heidnische Welt als loses Netzwerk.......................................................................178 3.2.2.1 Heidnische Stammtischtreffen...............................................................................180 3.2.2.2 Heidentum und Internet.........................................................................................191 3.2.3 Vergemeinschaftung in Gruppen...................................................................................200 3.2.3.1 Lehrer und Schüler – Dyadische Ausbildungsgruppe...........................................201 3.2.3.2 Ausbildungsgruppen mit professioneller Leitung.................................................206 3.2.3.3 Coven.....................................................................................................................211 3.2.3.4 Hexenzirkel...........................................................................................................214 3.2.3.5 Clans, Sippen, Stämme – Gruppen zwischen Heidentum und Mittelalterdarstellung ............................................................................................................................................222 3.2.3.6 Das Reclaiming-Kollektiv.....................................................................................232 3.2.3.7 Spirituelle Arbeitsgruppen und Ritualgruppen......................................................241 3.2.3.8 Situative (Ritual)gruppen......................................................................................247 3.2.4 Heidnische Publikationen.............................................................................................249 3.2.5 Zusammenfassung und Diskussion...............................................................................255 3.2.5.1 Modernes Heidentum im Rhein-Main-Gebiet: Quantitative Überlegungen.........258 3.3 Wege ins Heidentum – Wie Heiden geboren werden...........................................................261 3.3.1 Exkurs: Der magische Name.........................................................................................275 3.4 Gelebter Glaube im modernen Heidentum...........................................................................278 3.4.1 Der Mensch und das Göttliche......................................................................................279 3.4.2 Der alte Pfad – Die Suche nach dem Ursprung.............................................................293 3.4.3 Die Heiligkeit der Natur................................................................................................301 3.4.4 Rituale im Jahreskreis ..................................................................................................310 3.4.4.1 Das Vorfeld............................................................................................................311 3.4.4.2 Zeit und Raum.......................................................................................................312 3.4.4.3 Anrufung der vier Elemente und weiterer Entitäten..............................................320 3.4.4.4 Hauptteil................................................................................................................327 3.4.4.5 Ausklang................................................................................................................330 3.4.4.6 Rituale, spirituelle Welt und Alltagswelt...............................................................332 3.4.5 Heilung..........................................................................................................................340 3.4.6 Ekstase – Eintauchen in andere Realitäten und Berührungen mit dem Göttlichen.......348 3.4.6.1 Energie ..................................................................................................................361 3.4.7 Magische Praxis und der Umgang mit dem Außergewöhnlichen.................................364 3.4.7.1 Magie.....................................................................................................................365 3.4.7.2 Die Frage nach einer paganen Ethik am Beispiel Magie......................................369 3.4.7.3 Außergewöhnliche Erfahrungen............................................................................372 3.4.7.4 Divination..............................................................................................................379 4. Schlussbetrachtung......................................................................................................................384
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