Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86184-7 — from Nurturing the Nation to Purifying the Volk Michelle Mouton Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86184-7 — From Nurturing the Nation to Purifying the Volk Michelle Mouton Index More Information

Index

abortion, 7, 8, 9, 18, 38–9, 43–4, 45, 48, 67, BDF, see Federation of German Women’s 109, 112, 137, 143, 155, 224, 233, 274 Organizations see also German Civil Code Section 218 Bebel, August, 199 Academy of German Law, 86 Belgium, 215 adoption, 33, 211, 216, 227 Bell, Johannes, 6, 76 Weimar era, 246–53, 268–9 see also Catholic Center Party Nazi era, 261–271 Berleberg, 74, 250 adultery, 71, 72, 75, 79, 80–1, 83, 90–1, 103 Berlin, 43, 95, 108 Aid for Orphans, 247 Bertram, Cardinal Adolf, 76 alimony, 75–6, 80, 82–3, 84–5, 101–3 Bessel, Richard, 12, 71, 198 Allen, Ann Taylor, 164 Bethel Psychiatric Institute, 141 Alltagsgeschichte, 25–31 Bielefeld, 21, 22, 27, 74, 103, 118, 158, 165, Amt Dutzen,¨ 168 207, 232, 241, 252, 266–7 Amtsarzt, see doctors birth control and contraception, 7, 8–10, 14, Amtsgericht,74 18, 34, 38–9, 43–4, 45–8, 67–8, 112, Recklinghausen, 72 137, 233, 273, 274, 275 Warburg, 222 birth rate, 32, 35, 56, 68, 107–8, 125, 236, 279 Angermund, Ralph, 94 post WWI, 4, 7, 8, 20, 38, 108–9, 197 antinatalism, 17, 32, 108, 116, 139–49, 150 and WWII, 3, 224–7 see also sterilization see also pronatalism anti-Semitism, 17, 21, 23, 39, 88, 94 Blasius, Dirk, 12, 79, 80 see also Jews Blomberg, 242 Arendsee, Martha, 76 blood tests, 218–20, 228, 230, 234, 265, Arnsberg, 84, 85, 104, 158, 204 277 Aryan race and privileges thereof, 16–7, 18, Bochum, 20, 112 28, 67, 94–7, 120, 195, 262, 266, 268, Bock, Gisela, 30, 108, 124, 182 271 Bohm-Schuch, Clara, 110 Association of German Florists, 110 Brake, 61, 130, 203, 207 Association of Patriotic Women, 159 Briemann, Hans, 268 Association for the Protection of Mothers, 199 Brilon, 74 “asocial” classiﬁcation, 18, 30, 56, 122, 128, Broszat, Martin, 22 134, 214, 217, 232, 255 Bruggemeir,¨ F. J., 28 Austria, 98 Bund Deutsche Frauenvereine, see Federation of German Women’s Organizations “bachelor’s tax,” 18, 124 Bund Deutscher Madel,¨ see League of German Bad Salzuﬂen, 22, 52, 56, 57, 129, 131, 268 Girls

303

304 Index

Bund Deutscher Mutterschutz¨ , see Federation for DDP, see German Democratic Party the Protection of Mothers delinquency, see juvenile delinquency Bunde,¨ 22 Demobilization Act/demobilization policies, Buren,¨ 115, 175 6, 8, 20, 37, 238 Burgerliches¨ Gesetz Buch (BGB), see German Department of Racial Research, 266, 270 Civil Code Depression, 12–14, 20, 45, 47, 99, 130, 168, Burgsteinfurt, 182 254, 276 Burleigh, Michael, 15 Detmold, 1, 27, 261, 267 doctors, 57, 58, 241, 265 Caritas, 10, 24, 167, 214, 256 honoring mothers, 1, 136 Catholic Association for Girls, Women and kindergartens, 181 Children, 119, 158, 246 marriage issues, 51, 56, 57 Catholic Center Party (Zentrum), 6, 7, 13, politics of, 21, 22 21–2, 44, 75–6, 77, 199 welfare department, 160 Catholic Church, 11, 23, 27, 47, 75–6, 89, youth department, 244, 245 110, 112, 118, 142, 157, 167, 173, 175, Deutsche Demokratische Partei, see German 179–81, 214, 255 Democratic Party Catholic Welfare Association, 157 Deutsches Recht, 213, 228 Central Department for Publication and Deutsche Volkspartei, see German People’s Propaganda, 120 Party Central Orphans’ Bureau, 249 Deutschnationale Volkspartei, see German Central Welfare Department, 158 National People’s Party child custody, 82, 211 Dickinson, Edward Ross, 15, 40 children: Die Frau, 112 child allowances, 124 Die Gleichheit, 110 and divorce, 73–4, 81, 83, 100 divorce, 8, 9, 69–71, 78, 275, 277 “child-rich” families and beneﬁts for them, 7, grounds, 75, 79–82, 86–98, 100 112–14, 123–5, 150, 151, 189 and mixed marriages, 94–7 child support payments, 1, 2, 82–3, 200, post mortem, 90 202–10, 214, 229–230, 232, 265, 274, rate, 5, 71, 81, 98, 272 275, 277 reform attempts, 32, 40, 75–8, 86–96, 275 church leadership and clergy, 39, 107, 122, and remarriage, 83–6, 101, 103–5 142, 195, 273, 274 see also alimony; attempts at reconciliation; Civil Code, see German Civil Code judges Coesfeld, 256 DNVP, see German National People’s Party Committee for Family Law, 86, 88, 214 doctors, 3, 4, 18, 27, 270, 273, 274, 276, 277 Communist Party (KPD), 8, 10, 11, 13, 16, and adoption, 249 18, 20, 39, 43, 44, 67, 76–8, 104, 110, advice centers, 158, 170, 171, 195 112, 139, 199, 274 eugenics, 14, 47 Confessing Church, 24, 191 and foster care, 240–1, 261 contraception, see birth control and illegitimate children, 220, 265–6 contraception and kindergartens, 165 Courts: and marriage loans, 56–60, 62 child support/paternity, 203–12, 227–9 Mother Cross, 130, 131–2 guardianship/foster care, 201–2, 245, pre-marriage exams, 42–5, 50–2, 68 250–1, 267 and sterilization, 140, 141–2, 144–9 marriage issues, 38, 54, 66, 72 domestic helpers, 185–7 see also judges, Landgericht Dortmund, 20, 27, 28, 69–70, 81, 98, 204, Crew, David, 251, 252 206, 207 double income earners (Doppelverdiener), 13, Darre,´ Walther, 212 23 Darwinism, 11, 16 Dursburg, 28, 58

Index 305

Dusseldorf,¨ 256 German Christian Church, 24 DVP, see German People’s Party German Civil Code (Burgerliches¨ Gesetzbuch) abortion (Section 218), 45, 48, 67, 77 Ebert, Friedrich, 237 adoption (Sections 1741–72), 248–9, 252 Eickelborn Psychiatric Institute, 141 divorce, 75–8, 79, 80, 94–5 employment issues, 17–18, 61 marriage, 36–7, 41, 83 unemployment, 12–13, 20, 56, 99, 100 paternity (Section 1717), 205, 210, 219 women’s employment, 5–6, 7–9, 34–5, 61, German Democratic Party (DDP), 7, 13, 75, 71, 87, 102, 109, 137, 151, 155–6, 76–8 163–4, 180, 185–7, 203–4, 273, 276, German League for Regeneration and 279 Heredity, 11 see also demobilization; kindergarten; German National People’s Party (DNVP), 7, maternity benefits 13, 14, 21, 39, 44, 75, 77, 78, Engels, Friedrich, 37 199 Equality, 110 German Organization of Law, 75 Erbarzt (Genetic Doctor), 51 German People’s Party (DVP), 6, 7, 13, 14, Erbkrank, see hereditary illness 21, 75, 76, 78 eugenics, 9, 11–12, 14, 15, 34, 39–40, 47, 49, German Society for Racial Hygiene, 42 67, 115, 120, 161, 273, 274 German Textile Workers’ Union, 156 euthanasia, 12, 15, 17, 47 German Women’s Enterprise (DFW), 130, Evangelische Frauenhilfe (EFH), see Protestant 175–9 Women’s Aid Society Gesetz zur Verhutung¨ erbkranken Nachwuchses, see Law to Prevent Hereditarily Sick Family Magazine (Familienzeitschrift), 256 Offspring fathers, 5–6, 83, 124, 143, 197, 270, 275 Gladbeck, 113, 178 see also child support; paternity; patriarchy Gestapo, 31, 97, 220 Federal Organization of Protestant Women’s Gleichschaltung, 16, 22, 254, 256 Groups, 9 Goebbels, Paul Joseph, 136 Federation of German Women’s Organizations Goring,¨ Hermann, 21 (BDF), 9, 13, 40, 110, 112, 157, 199 Gronowski, Johannes, 21 Federation for the Protection of Mothers, 43 Grossmann, Atina, 15, 26, 48, 150, 233 feeblemindedness, 128, 132, 139, 145–9, 217, Grotjahn, Albert, 14, 40 223–4 guardianship, 1, 2, 74, 200–3, 210–12, 233–4, feminists, 7, 10, 34, 43, 47, 107, 109, 110, 238 164, 273 Guevard, Karl Theodor V., 78 foster care, 33, 199, 211, 220–2, 237, 273, 275 Guggemoos, Georg, 82 Weimar policies, 240–7, 268–9 Gurnter,¨ Franz, 87, 88–9 Nazi policies, 254–261, 269–270 Gutersloh¨ Psychiatric Institute, 141 France, 116, 215 Gypsies, 16, 30, 66, 122, 129 Frauenwarte, 213 Freisler, Roland, 95 Haarbruck,¨ 183 Frei, Norbert, 279 Hagemann, Karen, 73, 85, 150, 202, 233 Freudenberg, 165 Hagen, 112, 223 Frick, Wilhelm, 49, 54–5, 56, 118 Hamburg, 63, 73, 74, 163, 210 Frießler, Roland, 97 Hamm, 74, 157 Harmsen, Hans, 111 Galen, Clemens August Graf von, 23 Harnack, Agnes von, 24 Gau Women’s Leadership Meeting, 178 Hausen. Karen, 112 gender roles, 2, 8–10, 25, 32, 35, 36–9, 67, Haushaltshilfe, see domestic helpers 79, 98, 148–9, 184, 201, 273 health certificates, see marriage certificates German Catholic Women’s Organization, health departments, 43, 49, 52, 57, 62, 66, 167 125, 140, 265

306 Index

Heinze, Rudolf, 76 Frau Kemper, 29, 60, 134 hereditary courts, 140, 149 Frau Kramer,¨ 38 hereditary illness, 17, 30, 54, 65, 88, 122, 139, Frau Ludwig, 60, 153–4, 184 161, 214, 265–6 Frau Muller,¨ 31 see also Law to Prevent Hereditarily Sick Frau Neske, 1, 3, 4, 60, 191–3 Offspring Frau Roessner, 184 Herford, 45, 52, 127, 140, 159, 173, 186 Frau Schmitt, 29, 60, 182 Hess, Rudolf, 225 Frau Schnabel, 116, 134 Hesse-Nassau, 260 Frau Schumacher, 29 Hilfschulen (special education schools), 132, Frau Siebold, 60, 137–9 223 Herr Steinke, 60 Hilfsstellen, see mother advice and aid centers Frau Stroeber, 135 Hilfswerk Mutter und Kind (HMK), see NSV Jews, 16–7, 26–7, 30, 122, 129, 131, 180, Mother and Child Relief Agency 269, 277 Hilgenfeldt, Erich, 25 and adoption, 262, 268 Hiltrup, 181 doctors, 47, 51, 57 Himmler, Heinrich, 215–6, 224–7 and foster care and adoption, 255, 256, 268, Hirtsiefer, Heinrich, 44, 156 269, 271 Hitler, Adolf, 3, 13–14, 15–19, 21, 190–1, 213 and kindergarten, 180 citizen appeals to him, 69, 98, 149, 193, mixed marriages, 53, 66, 67, 94–7 267, 281 and sterilization, 139, 281 and divorce, 88–9 Judges, 3, 18, 27, 274, 277 on marriage, 35, 37, 94 child support/paternity cases, 203–12, 218, role of physicians, 50 219, 228 Mother Crosses, 125 divorce, 69, 73–4, 78–86, 90, 92–101 pronatalism, 171 see also courts; Landgericht Hitler Youth, 125, 186, 260, 268 Judicial Weekly,94 Hohenlimburg, 209 juvenile delinquency, 5, 148 Home Care Association of the Catholic Association, 156 Kahl, Wilhelm, 76 homosexuality, 17 Kamen, 207 Honorary Cross for German Mothers, see Keller, Hans, 181 Mother Cross Kershaw, Ian, 277 Horde, 157 kindergarten, 27, 153, 194, 201, 272, 275, 280 Weimar, 164–7 illegitimate children, 5, 33, 43, 62, 66, 85, Nazi, 179–185 272, 273, 274, 275 Kinderrettungsverein (KRV, Child Rescue and adoption, 265–7 Association), 253, 263 Weimar policies, 197–212 Kirkpatrick, Clifford, 182 Nazi policies, 235 Klinksiek, Dorothee, 234 Independent Socialist Party of Germany, 109 Knauer, Rudolf, 110, 116, 120 infant mortality, 154, 197, 198–9, 202, 204, Koch, H.W., 78 212, 227, 236, 275 Koch-Weser, Erich, 77 infertility, 88, 92, 137 Kolbow, Karl Friedrich, 24–5 Inner Mission, 10, 24, 214 Koln,¨ 95 see also Protestant Church Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, see International Women’s Day, 1931, 47 Communist Party of Germany Interviewees: Konigsberg,¨ 54 Frau Dewald, 34–5, 37, 67, 137–9 Koonz, Claudia, 142, 279 Frau Frandsen, 116 KPD, see Communist Party Frau Gethmann, 124 Kreisarzt, see doctors

Index 307

Kreisau Circle, 31 rates, 5, 38, 63, 64–7 Kreisleitung, 266 regulations regarding, 36–7, 41, 42–5, 50–2, 53–4 Lage, 22, 245 remarriage following divorce, 83–6, 101, Landgericht, 69–70, 97 103–5 Arnsberg, 84, 85, 104, 250 Marriage Law for Greater Germany (1938), Bielefeld, 74, 251 55, 86, 89–98, 101, 103, 105–6 Dortmund, 69–70, 81 maternity benefits, 155–6, 160–1, 169, 185, Langenholzhausen, 1 194, 275 Law for Maternity Benefits and Maternity see also mother advice centers Welfare (1919, 1920), 155–6 Maternity Benefits Law of 1927, 169 Law to Prevent Hereditarily Sick Offspring Mayer, August, 44 (1933), 59, 88, 139, 142 mayors and local authorities, 3, 27, 98, Law on the Professional Civil Service (1933), 112–14, 122–4, 126–8, 129–30, 131, 16 140, 158, 163, 165, 173–4, 195, 200, Law to Protect German Blood and Honor 263, 268, 270, 278 (Nuremberg Laws, 1935), 17, 88 Medebach, 201 Law for the Protection of the Republic, 53 mental illness, 65, 75, 92, 93, 139, 140–2 Law to Reduce Unemployment (1935), 56 Meyer, 23 Lebensborn homes, 215–16, 217, 224, 225, midwives, 155, 159, 160, 220 226–7, 234, 276 Minden, 27, 115, 123, 133, 171, 173, 182, League of German Girls (BDM), 28, 29, 125, 204, 207, 230, 252, 258 134, 147, 186, 215, 225 Ministry of Film and Propaganda, 136 League for the Protection of Motherhood and Moßmer,¨ Ferdinand, 88 Social Family Hygiene, 10, 45 mother advice/mother aid centers, 153, Lemgo, 21, 22, 27, 57, 59, 127, 132, 174 156–61, 169–74, 194, 195, 201, 275 Lenz, Fritz, 216 Mother and Child Relief Agency, 215 letter centers, 66–7 mother courses, 153, 161–3, 174–9, 280 Lichtenau, 123 Mother Cross, 1, 3, 18, 150, 153, 276, 279 Lippe, 19, 21, 28, 52, 64, 173, 241, 244, 245 awarding of, 124–36 local authorities, see mayors and local revocation of, 133 authorities Mother’s Day, 18, 110–13, 115, 116–22, Lubbecke,¨ 172 125–7, 134, 150, 272, 276 Luders,¨ Marie Elisabeth, 75 Mother recuperation programs, 153, 167–8, Ludinghausen,¨ 182 187–194, 195 Ludtke,¨ Alf, 25 Muller,¨ Ingo, 95 Luninck,¨ Ferdinand Freiherrn von, 21 Munster,¨ 21, 23, 27, 28, 71, 95, 113, 157, 163, 168, 240, 241, 242, 263 Malthusianism, 107 Mutter¨ und Volk. 236, 256 marriage advice and counseling centers, 45, 47, 49, National League for Birth Control and Sexual 67 Hygiene, 41 certificates, 36, 40, 51–5, 67, 68, 88, 272, National Socialist German Worker’s Party 275 (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche hindrances, 103, 105 Arbeiterpartei, NSDAP), 1, 13–14, 16, loans, 18, 56–63, 64–5, 67–8, 88, 124, 176, 21–5, 50, 61, 97, 122, 125, 130, 186, 256 178, 276, 279 National Socialist Lawyer’s Association, 87 mixed marriages, 26, 53–4, 67, 88, 94–7 National Socialist Motor Corps, 22 pamphlets, 41–3, 49 National Socialist Office for the post mortem, 65–6 Enlightenment on Population Policy and pre-marriage exams, 41–3, 50–2 Racial Welfare, 17

308 Index

National Socialist People’s Health Pope Pius XII, 47 Department, 88 post mortem marriages, 65–6 National Socialist People’s Welfare prenatal care, 156 Organization (NSV), 18, 24, 49, 118–22, see also mother advice centers 140, 141, 169–95, 213, 217, 220, 221, propaganda, 18, 65, 116, 136, 174, 257, 261 254, 256, 258, 259, 260, 267, 269 pronatalism, 3, 8, 17, 18, 32, 56, 91–2, 103–5, NSV Mother and Child Relief Agency 107–8, 136–9, 149–152, 171, 195, 197, (Hilfswerk Mutter und Kind, HMK ), 214–6, 224–7, 234, 272 169–195, 220, 280 Protestant Church, 11, 24–5, 27, 110, 112, National Socialist Physicians’ League, 50 118, 157, 165, 167, 173, 179–81, 185, National Socialist Women’s Organization 214, 255 (Nationalsozialistische Frauenorganisation, Protestant Union for Health, 45 NSF), 59–60, 118–9, 127, 130, 153, Protestant Women’s Aid Society, 24, 27, 118, 174–9, 186, 189, 213, 220, 221, 263 158, 159, 163, 167, 168, 170, 214 New Woman, 2, 9, 17, 32, 37, 38, 67, 112, Prussia, 45, 71, 78, 113, 198, 200, 264 233, 273 Prussian Landtag,5,39 Norway, 110, 215 Prussian minister of the interior, 49, 144 Nuremberg, 126 Prussian minister of justice, 42, 74, 249, 250 Nuremberg Laws, see Law to Protect German Prussian minister of welfare, 74, 130, 244 Blood and Honor psychiatric institutions, 55, 140–2 nurses, 59–60, 62, 157, 158, 173, 174, 223, 266 racial guidelines, 3, 32, 108, 120–3, 150, 170, 195 Ofﬁce of Racial Policy, 255 and adoption, 262–8, 269–71 oral history, 28 and marriage, 35, 49, 53–4, 56, 86, 94–7 Order with Regard to the Protection of Foster and Mother Cross, 129, 131 Children (1924), 243 racial hygiene, 11, 39–40, 107, 171 Organization for Infant and Toddler Welfare, racial “outsiders,” 262, 267, 269 241 racial purity, 3, 17, 66, 105, 106, 120, 122, Organization for Population Control, 45 150, 198, 212, 254, 265 Organization for the Protection of Radbruch, Gustav, 75 Motherhood (Bund fur¨ Mutterschutz), 110 Recklinghausen, 72, 181 orphanages, 240, 255, 266 Red Cross, 174, 221–2, 249–51 orphans, 4, 236–7, 238, 246 Reich adoption centers, 263–4, 266, 269–71 Osterfeld, 113 Reich Committee for Mother’s Day, 111, 116 Reich Health Education Council, 45 Paderborn, 21, 27, 58, 149, 185 Reich Labor Service, 34, 37, 137, 185, 215, “Papa’s Birthday,” 136 225 Passerini, Luisa, 28 Reich League of Child-Rich Families, 45, paternity, 1, 83, 202–10, 213, 218–20, 112, 125 227–32, 265, 277 Reich League of German Families, 66 see also blood tests Reich Military Service, 132 patriarchy, 5–6, 7, 17, 37–8, 237, 238, 256–7, Reich Minister of Finance, 57 274 Reich Minister of the Interior, 43, 49, 51, 54, Patriotic Women’s Association, 24, 118 55, 123, 133, 142–3, 216, 230, 262, Peters, Emil, 21, 22 267 Peukert, Detlev, 14, 30 Reich Minister of Justice, 63, 76, 77, 87, physicians, see doctors 88–9, 97, 207, 250, 251 Picker, Henry, 212 Reich Minister of Labor, 166, 186 Pine, Lisa, 30, 38, 66, 280 Reich Minister for People’s Education and police departments, 49, 85, 123, 243, 249–51 Propaganda, 257

Index 309

Reich Ministry of Health, 40 foster care/adoption, 243, 251–2, 264, 269, Reich Minister of Welfare, 158–9 270 Reich Mother Service, 173, 263 honors for mothers, 114–5, 124, 130–2 Reichsbund der kinderreichen Familien, see Reich and illegitimate children, 200, 217, 220, League of Child- Rich Families 238–41 Reichstag, 8, 70, 75–8, 88, 159, 238 marriage loans, 62 Reich Youth Welfare Law (1922), 159–61, and sterilization, 141, 217 199–205, 220, 233, 238–240 Sopade (Social Democratic Party in Exile), 27, and adoption, 246, 250 123, 136, 151, 193 and foster care, 242–3, 245 SPD, see Social Democratic Party remarriage, 83–6, 101, 208–9 SS (Schutzstaffel), 51, 118, 224, 226 Rheda, 181 and Lebensborn homes, 215–6, 227 Rosenberg, Alfred, 212 Steinfurt, 256 Roxel, 112 sterilization, 12, 17, 30, 32, 55, 56, 61, 94, 107, 139–49, 176, 217, 222–4, 232, 234, SA (Sturmabteilung), 22, 61, 64–5, 118, 255, 274, 281 176–8 Stresemann, Gustav, 6 Saldern, Adelheid von, 30 Salomon, Alice, 131 Task Force for the Recovery of the Volk, 111 Schale, 24 teachers, 3, 125, 142, 164, 166, 175–80, Schaumberg-Lippe, 43 184–5, 215 Scholl, Hans and Sophie, 31 Thierack, Otto Georg, 63 schools, see Hilfschulen; kindergarten; mother courses Unabhangige¨ Sozialdemokratische Partei Schotmar, 245 Deutschlands, see Independent Socialist Schreiber, Adele, 107, 109 Party of Germany Schroeder, Louise, 109 unemployment, see employment issues Security Service (SD), 28, 63, 102, 105, 127, Unna, 164 151, 185, 187, 230, 231, Usborne, Cornelia, 14, 109, 150, 233 235 sex reform(ers), 15, 34, 41, 43, 47 Vaterlandischer¨ Frauenverein (VFV), see sexual equality, see women’s rights and equality Patriotic Women’s Association Sicherheitsdienst, see Security Service Vlotho, 207 Siegen, 165, 251 Volksgemeinschaft, 13–14, 15–19, 49, 127, 147, Silesia, 23 149, 169, 190, 198, 217, 225, 235, 236, Simons, Walter, 78 254, 268, 276, 279 single mothers, 4, 32–3, 66, 160, 238, 246, 258–9, 275, 276 Wagner, Josef, 23 Nazi policies, 235 Waisenhilfe (Aid for Orphans), 247 Weimar policies, 197–212 Wanne-Eickel, 219 see also child support; illegitimate children; Warburg, 207, 209 Lebensborn homes, war marriages, 64–5, 71 Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Weidenbruck,¨ 144 Partei Deutschlands, SPD), 6, 8, 9–10, Weitz, Eric, 11 11, 13, 20, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 48, 75, Weindling, Paul, 14, 112 76–8, 79, 109, 112, 156, 161, 164, 199, Weimar Constitution, 6, 36–7, 80, 107, 273 212, 233, 238, 274 welfare departments, 3, 4, 10, 103, 113, 122, social workers, 3, 11, 18, 27, 195, 273, 274, 123, 125, 141, 158, 159, 160, 167, 277, 278 200 and advice centers, 43, 157, 158–9, 160–1 welfare for soldiers’ dependents, 102 and eugenics, 14, 160–1, 275 Werl, 207

310 Index

Westfalensturmer¨ ,21 women’s employment, see employment issues Westphalia, 19–25, 163 women’s rights and equality, 8, 37, 79, 80, divorce, 71, 74 107, 273 foster care/adoption, 201, 243, 247, 257, see also gender roles 258, 259 Worker’s Welfare Organization, 24 health department/medical care, 43, 45, World War I, 2, 4–5, 32, 79, 246 137, 156 World War II, 3, 18, 63–7, 90, 97, 99, 102, honors and assistance for mothers, 120, 133–4, 180, 193–4, 195–6, 224–32, 112, 157, 159, 167, 171, 185, 235, 260–1, 276, 281 194 youth departments, 3, 4, 10, 158, 160, 218, kindergarten, 164, 180–1 254, 268–9, 273 marriage loans, 57 and adoption, 246–51, 265, 266–8 paternity cases, 204, 210, 230 child support, 83, 232, 274 see also individual cities foster care, 221–2, 237, 238–46 Weyrather, Irmgard, 140, 151 guardianship of illegitimate children, widows and widow beneﬁts, 4, 65–6, 134, 200–5, 210–11 194, 231, 237 marriage issues, 62, 74 Wildt, Michael, 279 see also social workers Wohrmann,¨ Gerichtsassessor, 94 Wolbeck, 242 Zentrum, see Catholic Center Party