Good Health Is the Best Dowry: Marriage

CEU eTD Collection

MARRIAGE COUNSELING, MARRIAGE Presented totheFaculties the of Central European University inPartial Fulfillment of SEX EDUCATION IN HUN IN SEX EDUCATION Supervisors Dissertation:of István Rév; Karl Hall GOOD HEALTH IS THE B ISTHE HEALTH GOOD

the Requirements for the Degree Doctorof of Philosophy A DISSERTATION Budapest, Hungary Gábor Szegedi History

PREMARITAL EXAMINATI PREMARITAL 2014 in

GARY 1920 GARY

EST DOWRY: DOWRY: EST

- 1952

ONS, ONS,

CEU eTD Collection otherwise noted. and no other institutions materials and/or published previouslyby written anotherp Idissertation contains nomaterials hereby thatthis for declare accepted any other inany degrees thewrittenmay permission ofthe Author. without notbemade form made. such any apartcopies instr Further copiesmade of suchwith inaccordance lodgedLibrary. European inthe Central Details obtained mayby be thelibrarian. Thispage must full orpart, may Copyright dissertation ofthis rests withthe author. thetext in Copies byany in process, either

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erson unless uctions CEU eTD Collection socialist”, “state a procedure 20 implemented in of screening VD mass part important, first was the was it it and because biopolitics Hungarian also in turn but authoritarian 1973 in years 15 for form different unti force in remained it because only not and 1945 after afterlife anti while that forth und broad a in resulted which sexuality, “respectable” of borderlines the defining at attempts further anti the to points andto induce an self attempt by power confessional”“secularized a both frameworkcounselingmarriageInis normalization. this sexual at attempt biopolitical Foucauldian, a as it to led that discourses the and implemented it detail policies in Law Marriage Hungarian 1941 the examine I sense. a biological in marriage proper for adults young of preparation a and issue health a primarily becomes mid in understood primarily was it as least at thus, counseling Marriage materials. education sex through knowledge sexual of production the includes which general, in marriage for onpreparation counseling and premarital project this on is of marriage. focus The or practices legal of medical, range including wide a for term umbrella an as used is counseling Marriage 1950s. early the to 1920s early the from Hungary in counseling marriage of topic the with deals study This erstanding both of “race protection” and of “marital health” in contemporary Hungary. I put put I Hungary. contemporary in health” “marital of and protection” “race of both erstanding - miscegenation clause in the Marriage Law and treats race defilement cases as cases defilement race treats and Law Marriage the in clause miscegenation - Semitism and state racism was discredited, marriage counseling had a long a had counseling marriage discredited, was racism state and Semitism sexual counseling for individuals and couples, before and during during and before couples, and individuals for counseling sexual th

century Hu - normalization through “discoursiveferment”. study The normalization a ngary. Abstract -

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CEU eTD Collection have wouldn't I Markmann. Heidi and Humphries Cary Griffin, John Brooking, Alex Budapest: Stráner, Katalin Ferenc K Erős, Melinda Kurimay, Anita Forrai, Judit Pető, Andrea Ablonczy, Balázs Ingebrigtsen, Sa Leyla Pascaru, Mirela Mroziewicz, Karolina Mazanik, Anna Martin, Bröker, Jamila Lafferton, Jan Emese encouragement: and comments critical with me helped and written have I texts excellent with me providing guidance during semesterabroad my inDurham. for Sauerteig Lutz thank to like also would I process. writing the and research the enjoy to able be to and subject entertaining an find to needed I freedom allowe also have but orientation necessary the with me provided have way, the along of inspiration. al would I waned. never humor of sense whose grandfather late my to and inspiration an been always have stories whose ever my to as well as them, to dissertation this dedicate to like would preparation ofdissertation,I this professionallyattempt. orotherwise.an make will fta - Zecheria, Takács Barna Judit Anita Winkler. Szamosi, and Thank you to all others, who have helped me professionally, in various ways: Erik Erik ways: various in professionally, me helped have who others, all to you Thank to like would I me in trust put have who Hall Karl and Rév István supervisors my thank to like would I p my thank to like would I foremost and First the to contributed have who people the all to gratitude my express to task difficult a is It I would also like to express gratitude to my supervisors at the Australian Embassy in in Embassy Australian the at supervisors my to gratitude express to like also would I

say a special thanks to those who have read shorter or longer bits of the the of bits longer or shorter read have who those to thanks special a say ovai, Zsuzsa Bokor, Zsuzsa Alisch.ovai, Rainer so like to mention my brother Balázs and my cousin András as sources as András cousin my and Balázs brother my mention to like so Acknowledgments -

arents for their enduring love and support. I support. and love enduring their for arents

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CEU eTD Collection me through phases process. difficult ofthis themore ma the PhDlab” whohave of “people the you thank say to like also would I Department. History the especially and CEU by provided support institutional the without possible been have not would work My grants. t of form the in University European Central colleagues thelunchforEmbassy, discussions. amongst atall others, the thei without studies my pursue to able been And finally thank you to all my friends who have been there in the last 4.5 years to help help to years 4.5 last the in there been have who friends my all to you thank finally And the from support financial appreciated much received have I research of years the During de theend lotmore a funthan phase whole anticipated. feiiiy n epty A hn yu o y ex my to you thank A empathy. and flexibility r -

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- CEU eTD Collection health and VD Chapter 2:Counseling advice: and debates Voluntary counseling marriage and onmarital public Chapter ofVD 1:The Care Politics and Counseling Marriage Introduction List ofAbbreviations ListIllustrations of L Contents Acknowledgments Abstract ist ofTables ist 2.3. VoluntaryCounseling Marriage Centers inHungary 2.2. Voluntarycounseling context marriage inthe international 2.1. Thefield Discursive ofmarriage counseling Introduction Conclusion ofHealth1.2. Politics inthe interwar periodand early postwar 1.1 VD andcounseling marriage before 1920 2.3.6. Magyar Családvédelmi Szövetség 2.3.5. Marriage atthe Családvédő Counseling Országos Egyesület 2.3.4. Social Sexual Democratic/ Communist Counseling Health Houses inthe Health2.3.3. Marriage Protection counseling Institutes(EVI) OKIrural and the 2.3.2. Újpest Counseling2.3.1. Teleia's Station health1.2.3. Public reform and 1.2.2. TheCommittee Antivenereal 1.2.1. Teleia inthe interwar era 1.1.3. Nemzetvédő Szövetséga Nemibajok Ellen 1.1.2. Pre 1.1.1. Teleia Egyesület

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CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Conclusion Digression Race or climax: defilementandsexualanti educationChapter and 4:Sex Marriage Lexmeasures Veneris ofthe Chapter 3: Coercion, marriage Mandatory obligation, bans: premarital testing coercive and the Conclusion education4.4. Sex after 1945 reformers, progressives4.3. Sex leftists, 4.2. Pragm 4.1. Christian Conclusion 3.2. Legislative3.1. Lex The Venerisframework: Lawthe Marriage and Introduction Conclusion 3.2.5. Implementation3.2.4. Implementation3.2.3. Implementation3.2.2. 3.2.1. Reactions ofthe elite medical 3.1.2. MarriageLaw counseling of as the1941Marriage part 3 .1.1. The organization of acare VD network centers of Implementation Implementation

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Postwar issues andofmarriage theend counseling valuationStatistical MABIand Medical Officers Discourses of medical professionalsinvol

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327 318 307 304 291 277 255 232 226 221 209 20 200 196 191 191 172 166 166 163 163 159

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CEU eTD Collection 4. Table 3. Table 2. Table 1. Table List of Tables

New Cases of Syphilis, Syphilis, CasesNew 1947 of Hungary,Number VD in 1951 screenings of Marriage Marriagethe OTI permits at Premarital 1946 statistics screening Budapest, for

- 1964 -

7 -

Clinic 1945 Clinic - 1956

- 50.

CEU eTD Collection Fig. 7. Fig. 6. Fig. 5. Fig.4. Fig. 3. Fig. 2. Fig.1. List of Illustrations

Illustration in Tihamér in Illustration Tóth's Neglecting ruin your life VD will threaten” “Penicillin watchout: heals gonorrhea infection but syphilis to continues with room waiting The theMCSSZ of Institute Central Marriage Counseling “FirstPremarital medial ad here: Béla Johan examined“Have yourself before marriage”

Tiszta férfiúságTiszta 8

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(by Márton) L

CEU eTD Collection OVE OSZI OKT OKI OKE OESZ OAB NSZM MOL MONE MELE MABI EVI EPOL CSOE BFL AB List of Abbreviations

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Nemzetvédő Protectiona Nemibajok ellen(Nation Szövetség Association Magyar OrszágosNationalArc Levéltár (Hungarian Doctors) HungarianMagyar of Egyesülete Association OrvosokNemzeti (National Women)Trafficking Magyar AssociationAgainst (Hungarian Egyesület aLeánykereskedésEllen Employees) Magánalkalmazottak Biztositó Private Intézete Institute of (Insurance Egészségvédő Protection Intézet (Health Center) Egészségpolitikai Társaság (AssociationHealthPolitics) for OrszágosCsaládvédő Eg FővárosBudapest Metropolitan Archives) Levéltára (Budapest Antivenereás (Antivenereal Bizottság Committee) Országos Védő Országos Szociálpolitikai Intézet (Nat Health Council) (National Public Tanács Országos Közegészségügyi IntézetOrszágos Institute) Közegészségügyi (Public Health Or Országos Egészségvédelmi Protection Health (National Service) Szolgálat Országos Antivenereás Bizottság (National Antivenereal Committee) VD) against szágos Közegészségügyi Egyesület (Nationalszágos Public Közegészségügyi Health Association)

- egyesület a nemi betegségek ellen (Nationalegyesület a nemi Protection betegségek ellen

yesületProtection (Family NationalAssociation) -

9 -

ional Social Policy Social ional Institute)

hives)

CEU eTD Collection VBE

Association Against VenerealAssociation Against ) Disease Venereás OrszágosProtection Elleni Védő Egyesület (National Betegségek VenerealAssociation Against Diseases”) -

CEU eTD Collection 2 1 Népegészségügy compassion for him.” hist him examine them letting not but certificate, a for them asking physicians, local to visits unsuccessful three “potent his attested he until married get Cs. letter tothe bi a writing intention, this against protested brother own his K.), Mária to time (this get again married to wanted Cs. Flórián when later, years few A coitus.” of incapable permanently was he saved parents His disease. the of source potential the as Cs. Flórián to referred she and VD, with man a infecting of accused was woman a which in trial a at suspect a was he later year A request. his withdrew he so and marriage, in duties o incapable him made that disabilities physical family, had His he G. that revealed Veronika however, marry to intention his regarding authorities church local the with

orian András Deési Daday, concluded, “his person, his unfortunate situation makes us feel us makes situation unfortunate his person, “his concluded, Daday, Deési András orian he urinates. sex, female t grown is organ male a called be whatcould and there hanging are testicles the maleonly organ, actual an have not he does For (…) reproducing. of incapable is he that parts genital his in flawed so is Cs Flórián brother, younger My

es Ddys ril ws ulse i 13 i te motn pbi hat periodical, health public important the in 1930 in published was article Daday's Deési Flórián let to not priest parish the ordered bishop the letter brotherly this of result a As request a lodged Kiskunfélegyháza, from landowner Hungarian a Cs., Flórián 1840 In

Ibid: 247. Ibid: A Deési Daday, shop ofVác, saying -

, and by that time marriage counseling was counseling marriage time that by and , the end of Flórián's travails is unknown, but as the author of the story, medical medical story, the of author the as but unknown, is travails Flórián's of end the ndrás. A házasság előtti orvosi vizsgálat multjából. In: multjából. vizsgálat orvosi előtti házasság A ndrás. 2

ogether with his belly and on the belly there is a little hole, through which, like the the like which, through hole, little a is there belly the on and belly his with ogether 1

Introducti ial” with medical certificates. Flórián reportedly paid paid reportedly Flórián certificates. medical with ial” -

him by attesting that “due to his physical flaws flaws physical his to “due that attesting by him -

one of the hot issues in the anti the in issues hot the of one Népegészségügy Népegészségügy 9 (1930): 245. (1930): 9 f fulfilling his his fulfilling f

VD CEU eTD Collection mandatory implementing started just had and effort war the to thousand hundred two of army an dedicating Union, Soviet the with war at was time that by Hungary 1942. from later, years Hungarianexisting, phenomenon. as simply and occurrence everyday an as this portray to rational seemed have might it Therefore practice. this resist would control, medical regular to used not n marriage to approach medical A centuries. previous in Hungary rural of life the in roots strong 20 nar historical a frame to tried suspected, be can it Daday, Deési law. a as it introducing for options on working Committee Antivenereal the and Ministry Welfare People's the of officials health top the with discourse, eeded legitimization, as there was a suspicion that the predominantly rural society of Hungary, Hungary, of society rural predominantly the that suspicion a was there as legitimization, eeded th

century phenomenon and the invention of an idealist medical elite, but something that had had that something but elite, medical idealist an of invention the and phenomenon century rative where premarital health checks appeared not as a modern, modern, a as not appeared checks health premarital where rative

1942) Offset, Tomcsik. (Budapest: József marriage before examined yourself Have children. healthy have can parents healthy Only Fig. 12 - 1

society fruit.” andthechild isits wither. also whole the of will life the of basis nation the is Marriage the ill, is cell the th develop further can nation is the the which family of importance ”The national family: the to words meaningful deeply with attention raised he a made which in 1935, in peoplenation the to proclamation our of Governor wise The : “Only a healthy tree can bear healthy fruits. fruits. healthy bear tree healthycan a : “Only

The two above sources are from over te over from are sources above two The hozomány,” hozomány,” ( Gyula Peitler, “A jó egészség a legjobb a egészség jó “A Peitler, Gyula MABI Tudósí MABI

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in 1952 but then returned for a decade and a half in the form of form the in half a and decade a for returned then but 1952 in

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2008). 2008).

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Nathaniel Katzburg, Katzburg, Nathaniel Ormos, Mária Braham, Randolph AHo KrisztiánUngváry, Péter Hámori, Hatalom, “népnevelés” és házasélet. Elképzelések a cs a Elképzelések házasélet. és Hámori,“népnevelés” Hatalom, Péter Komoróczy, Magyarországon, AZsidókérdés Gyurgyák, János Komoróczy, Géza

- miscegenation has been discussed marginally by the literature on the Holocaust in in Holocaust the on literature the by marginally discussed been has miscegenation A Horthy A - eii lw. h rao fr hs s h cmo asmto ta i practical in that assumption common the is this for reason The laws. Semitic A zsidók története zsidók A Magyarország a két vilá két a Magyarország

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5 A zsidók története Magyarországon II: II: 1849 Magyarországon története zsidók A , Nathaniel Katzburg Nathaniel , Politics of Genocide: the Holocaust in Hungary in the Holocaust Genocide: of Politics d marriage loans, marriage d

Hungary and the Jews : policy and legislation, 1920 legislation, and thepolicy Jews: and Hungary Nők és férfiak… avagy a nemek története nemek a avagy és férfiak… Nők elieve some underlying explains and aspirations. presuppositions rthy 9

- s f eet eerh a satd n h OCA rga that, program ONCSA the on started has research recent of As 294. and Dorottya Szikra, “A szociálpolitika másik arca, másik szociálpolitika Dorottya“A and Szikra, 294. - rendszer mérlege: diszkrimináció, szociálpolitika és antiszemitizmus és antiszemitizmus szociálpolitika mérlege: diszkrimináció, rendszer , 2012: 619. 2012: ,

A Horthy A - 404 -

page book) and in several other relevant sour relevant other several in and book) page gháború korában (1914 korában gháború Krisztián Ungváry had to conclude that “history that conclude to had Ungváry Krisztián - 10

but premarital screenings have not received attention received not have screenings premarital but em and term 6 - , Géza Komoróczy Géza , rendszer mérlege rendszer -

long term? I will perhaps not provide provide not perhaps will I term? long significantly. In fact, asKomoróczysignificantly.In adds,fact, . (Hajnal István Kör. Nyíregyházi Főiskola Főiskola Nyíregyházi István Kör. (Hajnal . - - 1945) től jelenkorig, től a 3

(New York: Columbia, 1981). (NewColumbia, York: 7 it is mentioned briefly, whereas whereas briefly, mentioned is it aládok házaséletének befolyásolására befolyásolására házaséletének aládok , or János Gyurgyák János or ,

(Csokonai Kiadó, Debrecen, 1998). Debrecen, (CsokonaiKiadó, - 1943

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CEU eTD Collection 12 11 Holocaust. de Horthy the of characteristics least at or broken seemed biological socio “a their and WWII groups after population among state, distinctions Rose of understanding and Rabinow As war. the after discredited largely a by inspired were “worthy” the for loans marriage even and defilement race intermarriage, on Bans discontinued. were value, biological higher perceived a or race on based especially reproduction, and marriage couples (positively, loans,or as negativelyas inmarriage inanti or individuals between hierarchies promoted and created consciously that measures broad a counse despite marriage treat possible, to is biopolitics of it framework why and State” biopolitical Hungarian “modern the under understand I what clarified be to needs it respect this In State. biopolitical Hungarian modern introducing that prove to try will prev of measures comprehensive first the of one was screenings premarital I Furthermore, recognition. gets history Hungarian of postw on effect lasting a had methods its and discourse its both and 1945 survived that Law Marriage 1941 the only the of Hungaryelement was counseling Marriage society. essentialin this “cell” of i invested and reproduction and health fertility, with family the and marriage above, shown as associated, that project healthcare the marriage loans.”

ar Hungarian healthcare and therefore it is of significance that this yet uncharted territory territory uncharted yet this that significance of is it therefore and healthcare Hungarian ar After 1945 the attempts of the State to si to State the of attempts the 1945 After at look primarily will It gap. this of parts least at address to attempt will dissertation This issu serious a remained however, medicine, Preventive Paul Rabinow and Nikolas Rose, ”Biopower Today”, Today”, ”Biopower Rose, Nikolas RabinowPaul and Ungváry,

Horthy 11

thinking that can be linked to biological racism, a tenet of ideology that was was that ideology of tenet a racism, biological to linked be can that thinking - rendszer

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15 12

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tt anti State BioSocieties BioSocieties ling as a separate entity from the eugenic eugenic the from entity separate a as ling - Semitic provisions) Semitic - eiim oe f h defining the of one Semitism, 1 (2006): 205. (2006): 1 e of consideration in postwar postwar in consideration of e - entive medicine in the in medicine entive

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anding hidden or not so hidden agendas of biopower. In addition to health prevention, prevention, health to addition In biopower. of agendas hidden so not or hidden anding In

”It is (…) not Foucault that the not Foucault that is(…) ”It A fter The History of Sexuality: German Genealogies with and Beyond Foucault: 1 Foucault: Beyond and with Genealogies German Sexuality: of History fterThe

The History The the persistence of this paradigm becomes evident. The book is an attempt to return to return to attempt an is book The evident. becomes paradigm this of persistence the - 20

th of Sexuality: Volume I Volume Sexuality: of

century Hungary. For this reason in the first the in reason this For Hungary. century

new literature turns away or moves beyond, as much as a Foucauldianism muchFoucauldianism as a as beyond, moves turnsawayor newliterature ealthcare system of Hungary. Healthcare provision is an is provision Healthcare Hungary. of system ealthcare 13

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16 Michel Foucault, by challenging the “repressive the challenging by Foucault, Michel -

After The History of Sexuality: German German Sexuality: of History The After History of Sexuality. of History

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s operation.” Foucault added: “we must not think that by saying yes to sex, one says no to no says one sex, to yes saying by that think not must “we added: Foucault operation.” s In one of his lectures at the Collège de France Foucault pointed to two technologies of of technologies two to pointed Foucault France de Collège the at lectures his of one In and natural as sex of idea the challenged he firstly Foucault, of innovations the for As Th Michel Foucault, MichelFoucault, 157. Ibid: MichelFoucault. e for sexual historians.e for sexual us, with Foucault, there is no inherent essence that can be revealed in sex or sexuality or sex in revealed be can that essence inherent no is there Foucault, with us, 16 n disciplining the individual body through institutions like schools, prisons or or prisons schools, like institutions through body individual the disciplining n

It is this idea that rejects not just sexuality but even sex a sex even but sexuality just not rejects that idea this is It - 252.

Society Must be Defended: Lectures at the the at Lectures Defended: be Must Society Introduction I:An Volume Sexuality: of History The

h rao fr th for reason The

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century,

CEU eTD Collection 19 18 the realm sexualityand ofsexuality concerna for becamecentral medicine. p be to proven were who those “heal” to order in medicine apply to and norms these with conform individuals pathological psycho and sexology of 20 early sciences the in emerging psychoanalysis The pathological. become “degenerate” but not do develop or “late” are who those and society, the of individuals the for set are maturity sexual development of example), for “heterosexual” the sexuality (in “norm” a categories, fixed of creating a classification, scientific a foremost and first normalization entails sexual that state to suffices itself it now manifested for normalization counseling; way marriage century the twentieth to refer dissertation this of stages later in will of question the to leads uncovered, Foucault that sex about talk constant this of the confessional. Christian form secularized a as this sees Foucault sexuality: about secrets hidden revealing into everyone discussing constantly induce that up set are mechanisms are Institutional be. should it what and power not is it what is, sexuality of agents and institutions and sexuality own her or is answer Foucault's regulat the and bodies of disciplining the through legitimacy seeks and power its asserts that state biopolitical emerging this to issue central a is sexuality if However, definition. by unruly are these because pleasure or deniacensorship, narrative“defenses, aof not sexualityhistoryis of the writing structures, power various by applied measures prohibitive are there though even and

There will be more i more be will There Foucault. for role crucial a played has medicine biopolitics/biopower of definition the In Ibid: 18. Ibid: Foucault,

athological. Thus, the sphere of medicine penetrated more and more deeply into into deeply more and more penetrated medicine of sphere the Thus, athological. History, History, - sexual development and power used the innovations ofscience used make development bothto sexual theinnovations andpower discussion ion of population processes, then how is power trying to enter this field? field? this enter to trying power is how then processes, population of ion 1990: 12. 1990:

n a later chapter on the confessional, but the “discursive ferment” “discursive the but confessional, the on chapter later a n

th instead of silence. The subject is encouraged to speak about his about speak to encouraged is subject The silence. of instead

centur hle cet ctgre o dsae sxaiis and sexualities diseased of categories create helped y -

18 -

trajectories where certain stages of of stages certain where trajectories ls” 18

that try to restrict desirethat tryrestrict to

normalization. normalization.

what what

19 in in I , CEU eTD Collection 22 21 20 two a from step the to refers illness” of “spatialization “three a by produced) the being shift this of Foucault'sidea using Armstrong, pathology”.and sign symptom,involving it symptoms the equaled illness that idea (the Medicine Bedside of paradigm the replaced that Medicine Hospital of rise the saw century “p healthcare. 20 in medicine” “surveillance on argument Armstrong's David use will I framework of significance the a explaining counseling marriage For well. as biopolitics of understanding dissertation's this Surveillance Medicine the beyond go that forms in apparatus.” and levels all on employed are that methods control, by but punishment by not normalization, by but law by not technique, by but right by power new mec The process. the is normalization whereas control, of means its is medicine and both disciplinary effects andregulatoryeffects.” w it and processes, biological the and organism the both population, the and “power a became it this through and processes” i saw He

rdg sit” n eia prpcie. cekeh hd lie ta te n o te 18 the of end the that claimed had Ackerknecht perspectives. medical in shifts” aradigm hanisms that “took charge of men's existence, men as living bodies” were now “not ensured “not now were bodies” living as men existence, men's of charge “took that hanisms Medicine as the power the as Medicine power of target central a is sexuality Foucault, for State, biopolitical modern the in So

David Armstrong, ”The rise of surveillance medicine,” ofsurveillance rise ”The Armstrong, David Foucault, Fo t as establishing a link “between scientific knowledge of both biological and organic organic and biological both of knowledge scientific “between link a establishing as t ucault, 22 21

rsrn rfr t mdcl itra Ewn cekeh' casfctos of classifications Ackerknecht's Erwin historian medical to refers Armstrong Society History , 1997:252. ,

, 1990:89. , d rmrtl cenn a mdcl nevnin wti te biopolitical the within interventions medical as screening premarital nd

knowledge controlling sexuality is the theoretical underpinning of of underpinning theoretical the is sexuality controlling knowledge

19 20 - knowledge that can be applied to both the body the both to applied be can that knowledge

Sociology of Health & Health of Illness Sociology - dimensional, surface dimensional, - dimensio - oriented (symptom) (symptom) oriented , 17 (1995): 393 (1995): 17 , ill therefore have have therefore ill nal framework framework nal state and its its and state th

century - 404.

CEU eTD Collection 24 23 becomesrelati health Medicine Surveillance in Thus, “healthy.” being for need internalized an by replaced was screenings into invested was that effort the all life, everyday permeated awareness health case In thr health potential of awareness the increase would that hygiene in education an encompassed It procedures. screening with problems the of result procedures.” these in participate to many un the particularly resistance, of points confront to had always have population the screen to “techniques and lesions for searched itself screening the as body the in interest b out reach screening semi the but se per illness less is problem “The individuals. healthy seemingly among abnormalities for search the with but hospitalization with and symptoms with start not does disease paradigm also Thereis sets. data largepopulation non as seen be could one “diseased”: and “healthy” between opposition binary the challenged normality to approach created weigh height, “normal” and (e.g. development this particular) for trajectories “normal” in child the (of development with itself concern to started paradigm new medicine the In perceived. were illness and health way the striking in lay The two the Medicine”. in difference “Surveillance called he approach dimensional four a to Medicine as theproperplace treatment. of three a to approachhealth

- p athological pre The Armstrong twomaintools for thepropagation identifiesof Surveillance Medicine are 20 the that argued Armstrong

Ibid: 399. Ibid: 399. Ibid:

and yn is ofns ad ht t sces a lmtd eas i soe to much too showed it because limited was success its that and confines” its eyond ve and instead of a binary opposition, a scale of health and illness is created where created is illness and health of scale a opposition, binary a of instead and ve health promotion health

- - healthy (i.e. abnormal) by simply diverging from the average produced by produced average the from diverging simply by abnormal) (i.e. healthy illness atillness

- dimensional one and one dimensional

- risk state” . The first one he claimed was a “bid by Hospital Medicine to Medicine Hospital by “bid a was claimed he one first The . th a further spatial dimension added to disease: time. Inthis time. disease: to added dimension furtherspatial a

century brought a new paradigm shift from Hospital Hospital from shift paradigm new a brought century 24 23

, as Armstrong writes. The second strategy, health promotion, emerged as a as emerged promotion, health strategy, second The -

20 adds that the hospital replaced the patient's home patient's the replacedhospital the that adds -

eats and the necessity of a healthy lifestyle. healthy a of necessity the and eats

t, intellect) and this new new this and intellect) t, ilnns of willingness

CEU eTD Collection 25 by issued certificate medical a with coupled were cases many in examinations health Premarital children). their of benefit the for again, (and, society of pool gene the for unions such of effect then family the in against advise could running counselors marriage diseases such had or illness mental or physical hereditary with diagnosed was one if process; counseling this of part often were diseases Hereditary children. f their affect would that illnesses other or tuberculosis gonorrhea), or syphilis (primarily VD detect would that examinations health take to obliged or advised either co that idea the examinations, and counseling health premarital for used primarily was initially concept mid in used as counseling”, What marriage counseling? is the and health marital in interest resulting andpolicies intwentieth public health normative centuryHungary. discourses intense the for reasons the best explain can two these of Armstrong's that think I and because medicine in sexuality surveillance and normalization and of description control for analysis Foucault's used I private. the of sphere to promoted is knowledge and science pathologies, create trajectories developmental cases both In sexuality. them back tothehealthy. community are who those “processing” hospital the of instead over take that tactics time. same the at healthy and ill as perceived be can one

uples should be made aware of their responsibilities before entering marriage. They were were They marriage. entering before responsibilities their of aware made be should uples As a next step I would lik would I step next a As in work at biopower of description Foucault's with well resonates Medicine Surveillance

Ibid: 399 Ibid:

induce self induce - 400.

- self and control - 20

e to introduce my understanding of the generic term “marriage term generic the of understanding my introduce to e century Europe and North America, including Hungary. The The Hungary. including America, North and Europe century 25

- observation and power aims at the body and enters the the enters and body the at aims power and observation

marriage or having children due to the “degenerative” the to due children having or marriage -

21 -

Pathologization amily life, their spouses and and spouses their life, amily

l ad hn bringing then and ill and vigilance the combination the

are the the are

CEU eTD Collection launched. I will add: marriage counseling is the discourse and practice that perhaps best best perhaps that practice and discourse the is counseling marriage add: will I launched. wid and screenings scale larger introduce to attempts first the for time the was this because Medicine the Surveillance toof advance key the is of era understanding interwar the Hungary in that argue will I whole. a as population the affect thre health immediate more the avert to needed are measures disciplinary direct more but lifestyle and hygiene of terms in population the of cooperation the induce to needs The in interest promotion. health and screenings Medicine, Surveillance Armstrong's of tools key two prod to dedicated was that young health maritalknowledge health and adults. onsexual for marital on discourse broader a Europe, of rest the in as just was, there However, TB). or VD like diseases infectious common in narrowly: (more mos counselors marriage examinations, and counseling premarital on focus greater much a was there Hungary, political the in and counseling marriage in especially arena, international the State from deviated who those for support emotional provided these of some and bureaus” counseling sexual through happier „ contemporaryaslabeled factin discourse weremarriagein centers counseling advice. Some marriages existing make to how on also but partner, marriage right birt on advice include could This before. or marriage in either individuals adult or couples to advice moral and eugenic the ph ysician,attesting “fitness marry”. the to Thus, in this dissertation marriage counseling in Hungary will be centered exactly on the the on exactly centered be will Hungary in counseling marriage dissertation this in Thus, the in one; inclusive and broad a thus is counseling marriage of definition My legal, emotional, sexual, of provision the to refer could term the above the to addition In - promoted norm (e.g.promoted norm homosexuals). the two technologies appears simultaneously and jointly in marriage counseling. One One counseling. marriage in jointly and simultaneously appears technologies two the l soig neet n h imdae elh fet o etrn it marriage into entering of effects health immediate the in interest showing tly h control, education on how to avoid venereal diseases, how to choose the choose to how diseases, venereal avoid to how on education control, h emr emn, n fns get ait i te om of forms the in variety great a finds one Germany, Weimar - dooia cnitos f arae oneos In counselors. marriage of convictions ideological

22 -

e - ranging efforts for health promotion were promotion health for efforts ranging

ats that would that ats ucing

sex CEU eTD Collection 26 enemy certain where racism of level new This rest. the of health the to threat biological a as “rejectio is it literally, taken be to necessarily not is but be can (which “killing” the entails necessarily will be, I thestronger a but confrontation, of relationship warlike more I the and whole, asa species willin the be there degenerates fewer or military a not is that other biolog the of that death treat the and to life my power between allow will relationship a establish to This possible it makes racism hand, one domain. the On (…) races. as precisely, biological known, subspecies the a be to species the subdivide appears to species, the treat to accurate, more be to or races, of mixture that a as population population a within caesura power's under type is that life of domain in the is, It (...). into die. must what break and live musta what between introducing break the control: of way a primarily is It racism? is fact in What one oftheconstituents ofbiopolitics: basic conc his introduced Foucault as especially well, as approached be to needs race of issue the Hungary, interwar to view a with especiallyframework, biopolitical this establishing be can population, on i an as considered and body on effect its with practice, counseling marriage 1950s), to (1920s century twentieth the of decades three on large and by focusing if fact, in elements; these interpre be to needs counseling marriage of concept broad The State. biopolitical the for control of technology crucial a above, stated as is, medicine Biopolitic Hospital Medicine. treatment replace to paradigm new this for necessary technologies two the combines

ical n hs nesadn te rmto o te ie f h ognc oy f h nation the of body organic the of life the of promotion the understanding this In of sexualitythrough normalization The biopolitics. toreturn to point this necessaryat Itis

Foucault, - n” in a more general sense) of the “Other”, a sub a “Other”, the of sense) general more a in n” type relationship: "The more inferior species die out, the more abnormal individuals are eliminated, the the eliminated, are individuals abnormal more the out, die species inferior more "The relationship: type s: race Society

deal case study for the workings of the State’s biopolitical mechanisms. When When mechanisms. biopolitical State’s the of workings the for study case deal the more vigorous I will be. I will be able to proliferate." will to able willI be be. I vigorous more the

, 1997:254 ,

- 255.

23 -

ted as part of this framework as it entails all entails it as framework this of part as ted - category of the population that is seen seen is that population the of category -

as species rather than individual than individual rather as species

short, a way of establishing a biological a establishing of way a short, 26

ept of racism as racism of ept

it controls, into into controls, it - - focused

can live, canlive,

- CEU eTD Collection 32 31 30 things of 29 28 27 the to resorted process normalization body the for applied imagery medical here race: for said be sexual can same the medicine, of assistance the If context. biopolitical same the within social the of weft the into itself”. normalization.” productiv as frame common a within race of war biological nineteenth the “resituate they together, read if since, sexuality, on work previous his to understanding new a bring France de Collège state.” normalizing disinfection. parasite a but lion) or (wolf animal dignified a formerly as not, is enemy the where Forti, says politics”, “zoological a to lead can norm, a on based individuals and groups to ascribed be can humanity” of degrees M Surveillance in “health” as just here, racism As given racial heritage.” of all interpretedresult moraladds: as “'Spirit' andaptitudes are the itself Forti issue. hygiene a basically members its of rejection the makes enemy the of naturalization history political and social war groups societyare becomeselimination createdand their within a healt

- like threat but they constitute a hygiene theylike threatbut constitute danger. 31 That race is a permanent element of the normalization of the biopolitical state, “woven state, biopolitical the of normalization the of element permanent a is race That the of power “biologizing the in roots its had racism argued, Stoler Ann Laura As “ the for instrument the as racism evolutionary this sees Forti Simona

Ann LauraAnnStoler, Ibid: 92. Ibid: Ibid. ofSou Biopolitics “The Simona Forti, (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995) Press, University (Durham: Duke Ibid: 69

92 28

Stoler adds that this amounts to a “racism that a society will practice against practice will society a that “racism a to amounts this that adds Stoler 29

(flea, cockroach, leech) that needs to be removed within a process of of process a within removed be to needs that leech) cockroach, (flea, ocuts da o rc ad tt rcs peetd t i lectures his at presented racism state and race on ideas Foucault's

Race and the education of desire: Foucault's History of sexuality and the colonial order order colonial the and sexuality of History Foucault's of desire: the education and Race

oy trae truh t fabric”, its through threaded body, , s srgl bten pr” n “mue ocs and forces” “impure and “pure” between struggle a as ”,

ls: Racism, Nazism, and Plato,” Plato,” and Nazism, Racism, ls: - century discourse of sexuality and the discourse of the of discourse the and sexuality of discourse century : 68.

24 -

edicine, becomes a scale where “different “different where scale a becomes edicine, e sites in a broader process of of process broader a in sites e 32

Political Theory Political hd nw ih o sexuality on light new sheds h issue: theyactual, are an

auaiain of naturalization 34 (2006):13.

t the at

the 27

CEU eTD Collection 1998). 33 and Agamben for thi that relevant is Foucault between difference a to pointed who Lemke, Thomas to refer here will I many. by late of criticized been has extreme the to project this take only states totalitarian that and life” “bare the in brings (Agamben society for example ofGuatanamoBay). dead fact in but body in living life”, “bare to reduced be can rights unalienable even and introduced be can emergency of state a states democratic in even because State the from 20 is power this of matrix” “hidden the therefore and center its in constantly remains and been has it that but biopower of part inherent an just not is racism ra re “elimination”. constantly (and selected are individuals of groups rejec to promotion) health of form a these that way a (as educated is society inprocess normalization the of part As population “norm”. desired a towards converge the of body the and bodies individual affect to attempt the contagion. of sources the be to imagined are who individuals the from and disease from cleansed be to needs it then members, its of life healthier a fostering pol

cism it is possible to arrive at a conclusion similar to that of Giorgio Agamben: that in fact the the fact in that Agamben: Giorgio of that to similar conclusion a at arrive to possible is it cism th itic helps the battle against the internal enemy. If the purification of society is necessary for necessary is society of purification the If enemy. internal the against battle the helps itic

century totalitarian states. In Agamben's analysis the individual is never really protected protected really never is individual the analysis Agamben's In states. totalitarian century

Agamben does not take into account that the site of sovereignty has been displaced. While in the the cont in that state the by While displaced. been has 20 the sovereignty of half of first the in site programs eugenic the that account into take not does Agamben This idea that in the modern biopolitical State is essentially involv essentially is State biopolitical modern the in that idea This modern of functions and background ideological the of concept this from out set we If

Giorgio Agamben, Agamben, Giorgio

rolled the health of the population or the hygiene of the race, biopolitics today is is today biopolitics race, the of hygiene the or population the of health the rolled Homo Sacer: sovereign power and bare life and power sovereign Sacer: Homo

“alienated” and one can be stripped of political existence and be and existence political of stripped be can one and “alienated” s project as well. Lemkes project aswell. claims: dsae n h lvl f h pplto: niiul and individuals population: the of level the on disease t th

century biopolitical interventions were mainly executed executed mainly were interventions biopolitical century -

25 -

- selected) as a biological threat, for for threat, biological a as selected) the concentration camp, as set up by up set as camp, concentration the

(Stanford: Stanford University Press, Press, University Stanford (Stanford:

Normalization becomes more than than more becomes Normalization

ed in the production of of production the in ed

CEU eTD Collection 38 37 Modernity,” 36 35 9. Outlines (2005): 34 health concrete and results positive brought have that biopolitics of projects the Therefore, mode not and murder mass to arrives Forti conclusion the exactly is (which analysis Dickinson's In resistance. of pockets local the rights, individual of existence the the constraints, institutional the configurations: power totalitarian these in non the of that because Socialism National under as extremes signposts such to taken be not could and biopolitics democracies liberal of that and Germany postwar and Weimar eugenics.” of logic 'a' pursued they rather, eugenics; of logic 'the' by driven not “were Nazis the applied, was logic race biopolitical a and modernity that claimed Dickinson Na Germany. under although West postwar and Reich Third the Weimar, healthcare and of social policies the on based Lemke to similar very conclusions drew who Germany, much of decision era” Nazi the since transformations “important indeed been have there that and population mid the of health the and on grip evident most early the had State the the where interventions fact in was it that and power of nature and elusive diffuse the of importance the emphasizing in Lemke with agree would I for. accounted reducing, a reproducing”

subjects. sovereign of moreresponsibility a more and becoming At this point I woul I point this At state “too is Agamben view Lemke's In

Thomas Lemke, “A Zone of Indistinction: A Critique of Giorgio Agamben's Concept of Biopolitics,” Biopolitics,” of Concept Agamben's ofGiorgio A Critique Zone“AofIndistinction: Lemke, Thomas Dickinson, Forti, about Discourse Our on SomeReflections Democracy: Fascism, “Biopolitics, Dickinson, EdwardRoss Ibid. Central European Histor European Central

The Biopolitics of Souls of Biopolitics The

- Biopolitics making to the individual. tothe individual. making tional Socialism the mass murders and genocide were indeed embedded in in embedded indeed were genocide and murders mass the Socialism tional nd the “relational, decentralized andnd the“relational,are aspectnot productive decentralized ofpower”

(2004):20. rnity or science, in other words, not the modern biopolitical state. biopolitical modern the not words, other in science, or rnity d also bring in Edward Ross Dickinson, a historian of 20 of historian a Dickinson, Ross Edward in bring also d

y 37 (2004): 17. 17. y(2004): 37

(2006): 20. (2006):

) it is the Nazis who are responsible for these acts of acts these for responsible are who Nazis the is it )

26 -

- centered” and sees power as “repressing, “repressing, as power sees and centered” 36

34 ikno cnrss h eugenic the contrasts Dickinson

decisions of political actors, actors, political of decisions - 20 35 th

ht aial shifted radically that etr biopolitical century th

century of s

38 -

CEU eTD Collection 39 post its and rejected ultimately were hierarchies eugenic and racism where project a was considere counseling be marriage understanding to need and be can racism state and counseling were marriage health marital and race if even population, Hungarian the of segments large and actors that political some for connected inseparably add quickly also would I However, State. the anti and hygiene social eugenics, of patchwork a just than more as appears 1941 of XV No. Law context this In normalization. for appropriate 20 apparent biopolitics. in var the all behind agenda open or hidden it the as but seen be possibility, not should as remain always will and reality a as existed has racism state Foucault’s increased an and intervention direct of locus a i as State the of withdrawal gradual a see State are these and circumstances political 20 the in modernity biopolitical for factor important an becomes and in appears rejection, their promoting bet differentiating racism, State limitations. and distinctions racism. be not should mortality) infant reducing exami examples: his of (one society for improvement prac i atiue t te ipltcl ujc' on oeeg dcsos I ohr words, other In decisions. sovereign own subject's biopolitical the to attributed is mportance

century Hungary. I think that Foucault's historical approach and biopolitical framework is framework biopolitical and approach historical Foucault's that think I Hungary. century ned in the light of Nazi eugenics and Nazi genocide or, for that matter, biopolitical state biopolitical matter, that for or, genocide Nazi and eugenics Nazi of light the in ned It is this biopolitical framework that I will use for the analysis of marital health in mid in health marital of analysis the for use will I that framework biopolitical this is It these from out start therefore Iwould racism state and race of issue this addressing When

It is important to is importantto It

etr.Hwvr ti ol eeae o h ee o asetriaini certain in extermination mass of level the to elevated only is it However, century. - promoted. Furthermore, in the second half of the 20 the of half second the in Furthermore, promoted.

tdig h aprtos f h Hnain tt fr eul n racial and sexual for State Hungarian the of aspirations the studying underline that anti that underline

it does not raise its head in a number of health interventions even if even interventions health of number a in head its raise not does it

- WWII history shows history WWII - Semitism: it becomes the truest expression of the biopolitic the of expression truest the becomes it Semitism: - Semitic racial rejection and coercive hereditary eugenics did not play a not play did eugenics hereditary coercive and rejection racial Semitic -

27 -

that it was a modern biopolitical measure biopolitical modern a was it that ween people on a hygiene basis and basis hygiene a on people ween th ious normalizing processes normalizing ious

century in Europe we can can we Europe in century d separately. In my my In separately. d s of of s - CEU eTD Collection 1945. after in policies state role show inthe U.S.to as voluntarymoves ontolocate and counseling a inEurope marriage practice internation this introduced that discourses VD and Health Marital on Debates time. counseli marriage the which in context politics health were actors what chapter willthese locatelarger shifted.the established, This among relationships involved power and howthe were counseling marriage for relevant will structures It WWII. healthcare after and era Horthy the in both counseling, marriage in role The any longer. 20 the of half second the in forms, novel in return and exist to continue will it though even and discredited and racial interwar while way long a goes health both of seeds with marital in biopolitics inclusive medicine, of path the 1945 After biopolitics. through exclusionary and inclusionary attempts normalization for sexuality, for race, for beco Marriage century. past the in tendencies biopolitical of understanding Here not aboutletting die. rejection. permanent of subject a appe it if even become biopolitics, not do disease the carrying individuals discoveredwhereand from thencleansed thebody butthe the bodypolitic, issought, disease D what to and Medicine Surveillance to belongs that Politics of VD Care and Marriage Counseling Marriage and Care VD of Politics

hpe Two, Chapter di The our enhance can we which through study case a is therefore Hungary in health Marital th

century, similarly to Germany, the Hungarian State did not seem to pursue this track this pursue to seem not did State Hungarian the Germany, to similarly century, ssertation will consist of four main chapters and a brief excursus. The first chapter, chapter, first The excursus. brief a and chapters main four of consist will ssertation

oneig n Avc: outr Mrig Cusln ad Public and Counseling Marriage Voluntary Advice: and Counseling

ars through coercive measures by the State, is about fostering life and and life fostering about is State, the by measures coercive through ars

, shows the genealogy of marriage counseling through the through counseling marriage of genealogy the shows , al discussion to Hungary in the early 1900s. It then then It 1900s. early the in Hungary to discussion al -

, will introduce the main actors that played a played that actors main the introduce will ,

uei ecuin eoe b ad large and by becomes exclusion eugenic ickinson called “inclusionary biopolitics”: biopolitics”: “inclusionary called ickinson gdsorei Hnayoeae t the at operated Hungary in discourse ng

mes a central theme theme central a mes

show how the the how show

CEU eTD Collection differedfrom race Nazi inGermany. defilement ho defilement, race through interconnected became will worked sexuality and excursus race how This of issues Law.the on comment Marriage 1941 the on based launched were that cases defilement non and medical young. of the medical for actorsas thesexualnormalization saw important different what and discourses these in conceived was health marital how int in youngadults for education sex of strands different three the It introduces knowledge sexual of production. context andstatistical issues, resistance. implemen to related debates to pointing counseling, marriage of practice also the will on it reflect and detail some in laws two these present will chapter This marriage. on debate adopte were Law Marriage 1941 the of provisions counseling marriage the and Veneris Lex 1940 the how detail ten the on and counseling marriage Veneris Lex the of Measures Coercive the Hungarian case with thescene. international sho this chapter of part final The practice. the behind motivations opposite ideologically and variety the Chapter Four, Four, Chapter Three, Chapter hr wl b a br a be will There ws case studies of Hungarian voluntary marriage counseling bureaus and relates the the relates and bureaus counseling marriage voluntary Hungarian of studies case ws w it affected the Hungarian concept of marital health and how the Hungariancases the how andhealth marital of Hungarianconcept affectedthe it w , ocig pn h bracai peaain rcs ad h parliamentary the and process preparation bureaucratic the upon touching d, Sex education and Marriage and education Sex erwar(Christian Hungary Coercion, Obligation, Marriage bans: Mandatory Premarital Testing and Testing Premarital Mandatory bans: Marriage Obligation, Coercion, ief excursus following Chapter Four, which will discuss the race race the discuss will which Four, Chapter following excursus ief

- year practice of obligatory marriage counseling. It shows in in shows It counseling. marriage obligatory of practice year , focuses on the legislative process concerning VD and VD concerning process legislative the on focuses

- nationalist, pragmatist, sex reformist) and shows reformist)and pragmatist,sex nationalist, - , establishes marriage counseling in the wider wider the in counseling marriage establishes ,

tation,

- CEU eTD Collection 42 19. 1987): Press, University Oxford (Oxford: 41 51. 2005): Press, 40 not often were they and sources two these from came usually marriage of regulation based health the that others) several are there (and examples two these from seen be can It other. each partners marriage future and marry to right the have feeble the stage, contagious a in VD having those level: national a on these of all combined Law Marriage 1915 the where Sweden is example was it and particular) in for and basismandatory a on 1930s the in states (syphilis of number a in introduced diseases venereal to linked been has testing premarital 1899 in Michiga in introduced were checks VD premarital first the and Connecticut in 1895 in enacted feeble and imbecile “epileptic, the to pertained which prohibitions marriage th or one in involved were that actors and institutions, organizations, by implemented and driven was it introduced was it where countries most in Therefore, control. and prevention disease venereal of and eugenics Introduction

Chapter 1: Chapter 1: The idea of marriage counseling in the early 20 early the in counseling marriage of idea The

Friedman, Lawrence M. LawrenceM. Friedman, Ibid: 149. Ibid: Bra 41 Wie uei mrig poiiin wr i fre n ay tts f h U.S., the of states many in force in were prohibitions marriage eugenic While . ndt, Allanndt, M.

The Politics of VD Care and Marriage Counseling andMarriage Care ofVD Politics The No magic bullet: A social history of Venereal Disease in the United States since 1880. States since United the in Disease Venereal of history social A bullet: magic No

e other or combined elements of both. In the United States eugenic States United the In both. of elements combined or other e Private Lives: Families, Individuals and the Law. the and Individuals Families, Lives: Private

- idd n te nae r plpi dd not did epileptic or insane the and minded

had to exchange medical certificates with certificates medical exchange to had t h

century was linked to the discourses of of discourses the to linked was century

(Boston: Harvard University (Boston: Harvard

both sexes. both - minded” 40 42

were first were

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n - CEU eTD Collection 44 1940 Weindling, eds., J 1945 to Europe eugenicssoutheastern and in Hygiene Health, 1918 Bulgaria, 153 (1938): 29 Trends,” and Status itsPresent Countries: in European “Marriage Counselling Kopp, E. Marie 43 all social groups: in reduced be should mortality infant that idea the with agree not did eugenicists where telling, for eugenicists anti the In temporary. be to were prohibitions marriage such so cured fully be can VD that believed widely a have not did VD with People sterilized. be to needed they that idea the with coupled often “unfit”, the for prohibitions marriage permanent in believed diseases, hereditary on focusing Eugenics, prohibitions. of nature the from comes split The health. marital to regard with directions two the between differences marked non unio sexual in engaging couples healthy have to important VD and eugenics both reason this For procreation. through race the of improvement the same: the exactly for aiming was marriage, to especiallyif prevention, VD and time the of discourses medical most permeated eugenics of “science” the because eugenics) hereditary to down narrow would I (which eugenics from separated. clearly

healthy access ones procreative from to sex. (New York: CEU Press, 2006). 2006). Press, (New CEU York: and education, minimum. “health” reasonable a would be percent ofmortality10 rate infant that an suggesting health, to child welfare every indiscriminate morta of infant and As “danger policy.” the each of warned of Kaup Ignatz right citizenship, effective universal of socialization the on based system welfare layi were advocates welfare child when moment a at 1913, In were there that maintain will I discourses, two the of nature interweaving the Despite Dickinson, Dickinson, Further examples include interwar Bulgaria, Nazi Germany, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Iran, Brazil, F Brazil, Iran, Turkey, Yugoslavia, Germany, Nazi Bulgaria, interwar include Furtherexamples - VD discourse decreasing VD morbidity and mortality was unquestionable reality, but reality, unquestionable was mortality and morbidity VD decreasing discourse VD - - 160.; Svetla Baloutzova, SvetlaBaloutzova, 160.; 1944 such goals of were not evident. Edward Ross Dickinson's example for Germany goals RossDickinson'sexample ofwere Edward such is notevident. Blood and homeland: eugenics and racial nati and eugenics and homeland: Blood Biopolitics

43 (Bud

In fac In apest: CEU Press, 2011); Christian Promitzer, Sevasti Trubeta, Marius Turda, eds., eds., MariusTurda, Trubeta, Sevasti ChristianPromitzer, 2011); apest:Press, CEU

t, it is not easy to refer to the antivenereal discourse as a distinct affair distinct a as discourse antivenereal the to refer to easy not is it t, , (2004): 31. (2004): , lity approached the single digits in the early 1920s, Friedrich Lenz was still still was Lenz Friedrich 1920s, early the in digits single the approached lity

Demography and Nation: Social Legislation and Population Policy in in Policy and Population Legislation Social Nation: and Demography

- control were zooming in on the act of reproduction; it was it reproduction; of act the on in zooming were control -

permanent disability, in the interwar era it was was it era interwar the in disability, permanent -

(Budapest CEU Press, 2010); Marius Turda and Paul Paul and Turda Marius2010); Press, CEU (Budapest onalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900 Europe, Southeast and Central in onalism n as much as possible and preventing and possible as much as n ng out a program for a national child child national a for program a out ng Journal of Heredity of Journal most important most 44

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- raie egnc mvmn a te ie n ugr, n h ery 90 te anti the 1920s early the in Hungary, in time the at movement eugenics organized In this chapter I will therefore deal with the actors that discussed marriage pri marriage discussed that actors the with deal therefore will I chapter this In equally was was Two, Chapter in argue will I as Germany, Weimar on statement This These were primarily out of concern for the “germ plasm” of the progeny and referred to diseases that were were that diseases to referred and progeny the of plasm” “germ the for concern of out wereprimarily These Tuberculosis was regulated along with VD in both major pieces of legislation, the 1940 Lex Veneris and Lexand Veneris the 1940 pieces oflegislation, major both within VD along was regulated Tuberculosis Ibid.

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Lawrence Lichtfeld, “A Plea for the Establishment of an American Association for the Prevention of Social ofSocial Prevention the for Association American an of the Establishment for “A Plea Lichtfeld, Lawrence Moritz Kaposi, Lajos Török, Lajos Nékám, Ernő Schwimmer Schwimmer Nékám, Ernő Lajos Lajos Török, Kaposi, Moritz Lurker, Manfred. Lurker,Manfred. The Journal of the American Medical Association Medical the American of Journal The Budapest. n http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_ ora f h Aeia Mdcl Association Medical American the of Journal

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76 medical members of the association and aimed at fighting all damages damages fightingall at aimed and association the membersof medical level members of the Government; the meeting, however, did not did however, meeting, the Government; the of members level 74 - issues related to general mobilization became priority for the the for priority became mobilization general to related issues

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- Venereás Betegségek Elleni Betegségek Venereás accessed: February 24, 2014. February24, accessed: propertied

8(1915/11 Közegészségügyi Kalauz Közegészségügyi Egészségügyi Lapok Egészségügyi

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Emil Weiss, “Emlékirat a nemi betegségek leküzdése tárgyában,” tárgyában,” leküzdése nemi betegségek a “Emlékirat Emil Weiss, n which in - ae had maker rted in January 1916 in in January1916 rted ich the VBE called for state authorities, municipalities and insurance companies to companies insurance and municipalities authorities, state for called VBE the ich Egészségügyi Lapok 9 (1916/1): 1 (1916/1): 9 Lapok Egészségügyi 78 Orvoséletrajzi Lexikon Orvoséletrajzi

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83 ” (the contemporary Hungarian term, literally “women of lust”) to larger groups larger to lust”) of “women literally term, Hungarian contemporary (the ”

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ties to the rest of the county” the of rest the to ties 1 (1923): 9. (1923): 1 In the early 1920s Teleia established strong links to the officials of the People's Welfa People's the of officials the to links strong established Teleia 1920s early the In

Ibid. Ibid. “A nemi betegségek elleni küzdelem hazánkban.” küzdelem elleni nemi“A betegségek See thefullSee t céljairól,” és munkálkodásáról éves 30 egyesület “Teleia” alakult ellen “Anemi betegségek Emődi, Aladár

ext of the decrees at “A nemi betegségek elleni küzdelem hazánkban.” hazánkban.” küzdelem elleni nemi betegségek “Aat the decrees ext of

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accepted as a member, the short article was hopeful and and hopeful was article short the member, a as accepted and more than a year later it was reported that Hungary that reported was it later year a than more and http://www. ologist of the Apponyi Clinic in Budapest and also doctor of doctor also and Budapest in Clinic Apponyi the of ologist -

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“Egészség és hatalom,” “Egészségés Heller Jakab unio.” nemzetközi elleni “Anemibetegségek aá Eői otne t b te eiig oc i te soito, h ue his used who association, the in force defining the be to continued Emődi ladár - - VD society National English forand Council the Combating VD. offi , however, Teleia did not seem to play an important role, at least after 1925. There was no There 1925. least after at an importantnot role, seem play did to however, , Teleia , “A nemibetegségek elleni küzdelem ujabb térfoglalása,” ujabb küzdelem “A , elleni nemibetegségek cials and for Teleia to get even more engaged internationally. As the As internationally. engaged more even get to Teleia for and cials Teleia

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Ibid: 93. Ibid: július11 1935 Egyesület “ATeleia “ATeleia április 20 1933 Egyesület “ATeleia jelentés” “Titkári Emődi, Aladár State funding: 12.500 pengő in 1926, 10.000 in 1927 and 5.000 in 1928. In 1929 they got 10.000 from the the from 10.000 got they 1929 In 1928. in 5.000 and 1927 in 10.000 1926, in pengő 12.500 funding: State -

4.000 pengő and each treated ca. 500 patients annually, while Teleia had ca. 8.000 8.000 ca. had Teleia while annually, patients 500 ca. treated each and pengő 4.000 1930 május 4 1930 financed over 50%allfinanced expenses. over of

- egyesület 1934 május 9 1934 egyesület

- 108

iki igazgatósági és választmányi ülésének jegyzőkönyve,” jegyzőkönyve,” ülésének választmányi és iki igazgatósági Emődi recurrently complained about the financial situation of Teleia of situation financial the about complained recurrently Emődi

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117 119

30., Semmelweis Museum and Archive,Budapest. and Semmelweis Museum 30., hra Zimn Smgi ocue i 16 in 1968 in concluded Somogyi Zsigmond whereas 120 te omte dd o ws te re the wish not did committee the t -

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53 . 1942. p. 502. Online: p. 502. .1942. -

Népegészsé 118

György Nagy, Head of the VD the of Head Nagy, György gügy -

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oe t st p elh oss eézéhz, hc wr the were which (egészségház), Houses Health up set to ioned ns are Model Shires” ( Shires” Model are – terms of VD care and marriage counseling they were were they counseling marriage and care VD of terms

they were to supervise the work of the Green Cross Cross Green the of work the supervise to were they -

159 70

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e 41 EVIs working at the end of 1940 altogether 34 were specialist head doctors doctors head specialist were 34 altogether 1940 of end the at working EVIs 41 e

ween the AB and Teleia, Béla Johan was able to establish his authority over VD over authority his establish to able was Johan Béla Teleia, and AB the ween József Tomcsik, A Tomcsik, József fairly attending years, 13 for parallel in operated Cross Green the and Stefánia The 7EVIs, settingupof reported about Domahidyreport, OKIthe In a 1940 the within up set was (VDCD) Department Care Disease Venereal a 1938 November In Szénásy, Head ofS Head Szénásy, (1997): 181 (1997): , 1931, No. 5: 121 No.5: 1931, , - VD policies of the Government. After the years of cooperation and conflict conflict and cooperation of years the After Government. the of policies VD t much after the setting up of the Green Cross, the leaders of Stefánia, Stefánia, of leaders the Cross, Green the of up setting the after much t - 183. For the debate: the debate: 183. For on and management of the 21 EVIs, “in cooperation and accord with the with accord and cooperation “in EVIs, 21 the of management and on M. Kir. Országos Közegészségügyi Intézet 1940. évben végzet munkájának ismertetése munkájának végzet évben 1940. Intézet Közegészségügyi Országos Kir. M. tefánia Association in the 1930s, wrote in his memoirs that when in the early 1930s the early 1930s whenthe in memoirs that wrote his in the 1930s, in Association tefánia

- 124.

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Orvos

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react and decided to use publicity to confront Johan in a in confront Johan use publicityto to decided and react - –

71 family protection) prevailed and Stefánia was was Stefánia and prevailed protection) family -

, 1930. No. 3. and and No.3. 1930. ,

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d TB care in 1940 and the nationalization of the town and village village and town the of nationalization the and 1940 in care TB d - - eih eilto. hrfr, especially Therefore, legislation. Jewish

72 -

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73 rofile of Béla Johan, focusing in on his vision as as vision his on in focusing Johan, Béla of rofile

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Fig. 2. Béla Johan 2. Béla Fig. -

74 -

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losing a 10 year old, as for reaching the age of 20 the ageof10. to up cost much it had as as about of age the reaching for as old, year 10 a losing a of that than higher is child old year 10 a of life a the of value for the view valueof point its a such produce, From decreases. to gradually economy work, national to ability the of shrinking gradual the with then and time longer on stays it Here produce. to able is one when age the reaching until view of point economic an from continuously increases value this but value a means all by naturally is life Human This clinically sober vie sober clinically This Béla Johan, Johan, Béla Az egészségvédelmi munka egységesítése és rationalizálása egységesítése munka egészségvédelmi Az

the increased emphasis on infant care (for reducing infant mortality) infant reducing (for care infant on emphasis increased the

3 year old and losing a 20 a losing and old year 3 w of “life value” and the economization of human life, however, life, human of economization the and value” “life of w –

see Chapter 2) and, as will be seen later, rejected the the rejected later, seen be will as and, 2) Chapter see 162 -

- 25 the energy spent on raising the individual is is individual the raising on spent energy the 25 -

- evention 25 year old is a bigger loss for the nation than than nation the for loss bigger a is old year 25 - work, Teleia work,

- related tasks (nurses and medical medical and (nurses tasks related

(Buda . pest, Pesti Könyvnyomda, Könyvnyomda, pest, Pesti Johan, similarly, did similarly, Johan,

a good network for the the for network good a the same level for a a for level same the hus there hus

all all y - CEU eTD Collection Holocaust. 164 163 about independent attending care associations state health tasks: long was center, its at prevention not simplyarguing wouldcausea be it public health dismissed, that crisis. Keresztes with page same the on clearly was fo strove which MONE, the Keresztes between Ferenc battle Minister Interior the demonstrated Kovács M. Mária well. as medicine permeated which anti the given i present moreand morewas that significant Semitism more even perhaps is This either. thinking, racist for inclination on these diseases view withaspecial ofthe tothe health fam focusing initially were Gödöllő and Mezőkövesd in shires” “model care health the and OKI The results. tangible bring could indeed prevention that proven been already had it where diseases for only but prevention of importance the in believed he that show Health for Secretary TB). for remedies social the for criteria prevent acute problems: erdeményei presentation his in 1928 In countryside. Hungarian hereditary diseases. mental with people for bans marriage permanent introduce to proposal Benedek's László psychiatrist

oa' c Johan's an demonstrate not did Johan agenda, its on high being not eugenics to addition In matters on focused hygiene social Johan's Oxfor Johan, Béla Kovács, M. Mária. Mária. M. Kovács,

d: Oxford University Press, 1995. Press, University Oxford d: [The objectives, tools and results of modern health care] he focused on two major two on focused he care] health modern of results and tools objectives, [The nito o a etaie ad ainlzd ulc elh ae wt health with care, health public nationalized and centralized a of onviction A modern közegészségügy czélja, eszközei, erdeményei eszközei, czélja, közegészségügy modern A r a roll a r able diseases (diphtheria and typhus) and tuberculosis (citing Grotjahn's Grotjahn's (citing tuberculosis and typhus) and (diphtheria diseases able

Liberal Professions and illiberal politics: Hungary from the Habsburgs to the the to Habsburgs the from Hungary politics: illiberal and Professions Liberal

- back of Jewish doctors from the profession. the fromdoctors Jewish of back - standing. He was open about it as early as 1930 when he wrote wrote he when 1930 as early as it about open was He standing. - ice ad h ntoait otrs soitos PL and EPOL associations doctor's nationalist the and Fischer

163 n public discourse in the second half of the 1930s and and 1930s the of half second the in discourse public n

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76 he saw more acute for Hungary, especially the the especially Hungary, for acute more saw he -

A modern közegészségügy czéljai, eszközei, eszközei, czéljai, közegészségügy modern A ily and that of mothers and andily thatof infants.

(Budapest: Pesti Könyvnyomda, 1928). Könyvnyomda, Pesti (Budapest:

164

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- Trianon treaty idea maintained that Hungary, even though most of its territory was taken unjust taken was territory mostits of though even that Hungary, maintained treatyidea Trianon

a result of this wave of nationalization many Jewish doctors were dismissed. dismissed. were doctors Jewish many nationalization of wave this of result a Meddig terjedjen az állami egészségvédelmi gondozás? gondozás? egészségvédelmi állami az terjedjen Meddig cial associations can accomplish useful work in the future as well if they do not strive not do they if well as future the in work useful accomplish can associations cial rom poetry to engineering) output than their neighbors. their output than engineering) poetryto rom - 3 of 13 Orvosok Lapja Orvosok

165

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called him a “medical dictator”. What I have called a called have I What dictator”. “medical a him called 166 and that of mother and infant care, TB and VD Care VD and TB care, infant and mother of that and , Kúnó Klebersberg's idea for Trianon Hungary andHungary Trianon for idea Klebersberg's Kúnó , -

77 - but become an integral part of the organization for organization the of part integral an become but fascist conduct before 1945) 1945) before conduct fascist Orvosok Lapja Orvosok -

igazoló bizottság igazoló

1 (1945): 104 1 (1945): (Budapest: Magyar Távirati Nyomda, Nyomda, Magyar Távirati (Budapest: ty with the social association association social the with ty

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ries were replaced, were ries Béla Johan remained in his posi his in remained Johan Béla O In fact, altogether eight state secretaries were repl secretaries state eight Infact,altogether File No. 1279 FileNo. 1 Mrh 94 emn ros cuid ugr ad atog Mkó Horthy Miklós although and, Hungary occupied troops German 1944 March 19 n rted to Auschwitz in April in Auschwitz to rted - 91. Béla Johan, Semmelweis Museum and Archive. and Museum Semmelweis Johan, Béla 91.

169

in fact the new Interior Minister Andor Jaross and his two new Statenew two his and Jaross Andor InteriorMinister new factthe in was nothing more than a “bureaucrat” ( “bureaucrat” a than more nothing was

- Semitic Law Semitic IV No of 1939.

tion as the third, the Health Care State Secretary of the the of Secretary State Care Health the third, the as tion - June 1944. In a recent debate that erupted on his 1944 his on erupted that debate recent Ina 1944. June -

78 aced when the new government was formed under Döme under formed was whengovernment the new aced -

as it has been the case with the medical the with case the been has it as - 80 rural doctors) to be automatically be to doctors) rural 80

Magyar Epidemiológia Magyar 168

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         

Germans ofthe vengeance – Foundatio Rockefeller the resignation my with anyone helped have not would I Besides, of irrecoverable. be would this by inflicted help the with and effort great with selected have I whom myofpeople, go let gradually have would They (…) dissolved have surely a In his. because than radical more Incze, much was times, with several voiced responsibility have they which shared doctors, Jewish on have view their not would certainly they and successor my become i because partly position my in remained I

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- born doctors were against the people or the nation? the nation? or werepeople against the doctors born - 91. Béla Johan, Semmelweis Museum and Archive. and Museum Semmelweis Johan, Béla 91.

and their Hungarian supporters. theirHungarian and

171

- work, the National Public Health Institute, which they would would they which Institute, Health Public National the work,

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79 - called legal provisions against Jewish and and Jewish provisionsagainst legal called - Magyar Epidemiológia Epidemiológia Magyar

- – track mind and reveals at least one of the of one least at reveals and mind track 172

and I would have exposed myself to the the to myself exposed have would I and

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rk gbite' toog aayi o Jhns newr ok n h OI n a State as and OKI the in work interwar Johan's of analysis thorough Igebrigtsen's Erik Ibid: 61 Ibid: (1889 Johan “Béla ErikIngebrigtsen, See: e fate of his “life his of fate e

(Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2008): 45 Lang, 2008): Peter (Frankfurt: r lgsis rjc wt 20 ilo ot f blin eg set n civil on spent pengő billion 1 of out million 200 with project logistics are - 174 62. Turul Szövetség Szövetség Turul

Ingebrigtsen mentions that in the early 1930s Johan was still insecure about his about insecure still was Johan 1930s early the in that mentions Ingebrigtsen Of Medicine and Men: Biographies and Ideas in European Social Social in European Ideas and Biographies Men: and Medicine Of 173

However, human life value in these texts is measured on its usefulness its on measured is texts these in value life human However,

- work”, the OKI, (using the word word the (using OKI, the work”, - ucinn sse. t h sm tm, nergsn ons u that out points Ingebrigtsen time, same the At system. functioning

- (Turul Association) to make a rural health survey in 1935. Also, Also, 1935. survey rural health in a (Turul tomake Association) Fischer. With this assistance Johan transformed rural healthcare rural transformed Johan assistance this With Fischer. ere clearly of great value and had earned him domestic and domestic him earned had and value great of clearly ere - 71. e 90 we cmisoig h anti the commissioning when 1930s he

- 1983) and Public Health in Inter Health and in Public 1983) -

80 -

rmer enemies behind him. Letting go of of go Letting him. behind enemies rmer jóvátehetetlen ll backing from the Interior the from backing ll - war Hungary,” in Iris Borowy inBorowy Iris warHungary,” Medicine between the the between Medicine , irrecoverable, for the the for irrecoverable, ,

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CEU eTD Collection 176 175 legislation, and practice counseling marriage this of roots the uncovering when relevance prime areo that VD dealingwith organizations preventivehealth otherand antivenereal associations is Conclusion Hungari the MinistryInterior ofthe ever has implemented. actions of series inhumane obviously most the of one in participating fact in was he that happening: was what of weight moral the feel not could perhaps and not, did simply a not and clea decadesof lack previous “temporary the in work professional and political hard his of logical continuation a indeed are actions 1944 His him. behind experts healthcare Hungarian of majority he his for alliancesforming in excellent indeed did”) he as much as of healthcare case Hungarian the forward brought has who nobody, perhaps was (“there Szénásy, József Director paragraphIngebrigtsen's of development: summarizes this article

ousted in October 1944 seems a logical continuation of his past actions during troubled times, rather times, troubled during actions past his of continuation logical a seems 1944 October in ousted sta to decision Johan's perspective this In ignored. been largely has reforms ever of forming the and support political for fight continuous choices moral Johan's maypresent support to keysuch the creating in constitute skills Johan's endorsement, public as well as professionals, commitment, of political number involve default by reforms health public As than a moral slip, to be excused by a temporary lack of clear vision. ofclear bylack temporary excused a be to slip, moral thana I have argued (and will later continue to do so) that in terms of institutional structures it it structures institutional of terms in that so) do to continue later will (and argued have I received he praise the by example for seen as Johan, 64. Ibid: József Szénásy, Szénásy, József

Versenyfutás a halállal: Egy orvos emlékiratai Egy orvos halállal: a Versenyfutás r vision”. His values were adapted so closely to his objectives that he that objectives his to closely so adapted were values His vision”. r

n h sme o 14, h fc ta hs nie inter entire his that fact the 1944, of summer the in

- day controversies regarding his policies. While debate has centered on centered has debate While policies. his regarding controversies day 176 -

alth reform and was able eventually to line up the up line to eventually able was and reform alth 81 n o hs al avrais n h 13s was 1930s, the in adversaries early his of one -

- changing alliances around public health public around alliances changing

( Budapest: Folpress, 1997): 178. 1997): Folpress, Budapest: 175

n te oiiain f great a of mobilization the and

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CEU eTD Collection the understanding for but Introduction the in to referred already have I which to eugenics, of eugenics be needsto addressed discussing when and postwar interwar c marriage decision by and discourse public in both attention received marriage voluntary of practice the in influential as nearly not were they and policy on influence limited very a had argue, will I These, profession. psychiatric the of members the prominently most eugenicists, of of me from suffering those, for bans marriage permanent possibility the including health, marital for considered be should diseases hereditary that idea the era interwar the In States. United the and Austria Germany, of that prominently most Weste of practices and deliberations the on reflecting 1910), around at (starting which inVDbeing eventuallya of core these resulted part checks. health prem on law the drafted that (AB) Committee Antivenereal the was it and centers counseling marriage most up set they debate, and discuss to eager most were who venerologists previous the in argued chapte as counseling, Marriage another. or way one in obligatory become could counseling marriage where policy controlled more a for road the pave also preferably, and, popula the of propensity the assess could experts VD the centers these With position. starting ideal the be to seemed centers antithe core the of discourses r to attached importance the and 1930s and 1920s the in subject Introduction , a isiuinlzd rdmnnl b te anti the by predominantly institutionalized was r, oee, arae oneig a dsusd ihn h dsore n ueis s well as eugenics on discourse the within discussed was counseling marriage However, Here I would like to make a short and basic distinction between social hygiene and and hygiene social between distinction basic and short a make to like would I Here Marriage counseling, as exhibited by both the sheer number of publications on the the on publications of number sheer the both by exhibited as counseling, Marriage

counseling as the makings of the antivenereal elite; however, their proposals proposals their however, elite; antivenereal the of makings the as counseling in o oprt, hy ol sra poaad mr effectively more propaganda spread could they cooperate, to tion - VD struggle inHungary. Settingcounselingmarriage upvoluntary -

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Ruth Clifford Engs, RuthClifford I see these endeavors as different from the aspirations of those who saw interventions into the the into thoseinterventions of differentendeavors whosaw aspirations I asfrom these the see ed degeneration. As the “social hygiene” entry in the encyclopedia of Ruth Clifford Engs Clifford Ruth of encyclopedia the in entry hygiene” “social the As degeneration. ed    

Law enforcement meas Medical detect programsto andgonorrhea andtreat syphilis and giving activities” “wholesome desire sexual minimizing at aimed education physical and programs Recreation Educating the

The Eugenics Movement: an Encyclopedia an Movement: Eugenics The irrhe bten uas Fr uh hnes wo I il call will I (whom thinkers such For humans. between hierarchies

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it is necessary to make this make necessaryto is it it would have on their on have would it

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and CEU eTD Collection Source: verywaslimited. influence their indicatesthat Democrats/Communists Social by education sex and marriagecounseling the on left behind contr birth a publication, and conference lonethis Despite the 1930s. in question sexual the on books ofbestselling author the and waswhophysician a Totis, Béla editor were indiv influential often control 185 megvilágitása és elemzések kérdések vallási Korszerű válaszok: (Ogino control birth methodof the the Church prohibits or But God neither (...) marriagerights. misusing prohibits itself law ”God’s 184 és Ir Élet 183 182 http://www WegFristenlösung zur dem SPÖ auf Die Abtreibungskonflikt: marr mentioningof isno Schwangerschaftsabbruch Abschnitt Sechszehnter Teil Besonderer 1871. Mai vom15. Reich on based not make distinction a did of1871 Code marriagein that reproduction nowho did thanthose, 181 törvényei., 180 Hungary. in debate policy public the of direction the indicating signposts were they because Hungary. in heard widely be to space public necessary the have not did West, the in flourished time the at that movement The control. birth Social of consideration serious no was there aside, press opposition the was 1932, these in of conference one organized abortion, Party and Democratic control birth discuss to attempts scarce only churches. Christian the of influence increased an of outcome the had this morality Jewish,” “not meant cases most in which nationalist”, and “Christian materials. contraceptive of propagation and distribution Totis Béla as with, coupled wereabortion on rules strict Theseprofit. for it did s/he yearsif 5 to up but doctor, married (if years 3 or 2 to up of sentences Parag by regulated was Abortion centers.

- Knaus theory) seems to be a natural and acceptable way of birth control. ” Béla Bangha, Béla ” waycontrol. of birth naturalacceptable a and be to seems theory) Knaus c marriage of history the for As

odalom “ The intellectuals (doctors, jurists, sociologists, journalists, writers) promoting this discussion on birth on discussion this writers)promoting journalists, jurists, sociologists, intellectuals(doctors, The as normative: seen wordsbe can Bangha’s Béla thinker, influential and friar Catholic control, birth Asfor ed., Totis, Béla more severely werepenalized wedlock while in abortions who did women, that in noted Hungary be isto It As succinctly stated by the historian Miklós Szabó in the 1970s. See: László Karsai. “A múltnak kútja.” kútja.” múltnak “A LászlóSee: Karsai. 1970s. in the Szabó Miklós historian theby stated As succinctly 1878. évi V. törvénycikk a magyar büntetőtörvénykönyv a bűntettekről és vétségekről.”, 1000 év 1000 vétségekről.”, és bűntettekről a büntetőtörvénykönyv magyar törvénycikkévi V. a 1878. .ihs.ac.at/publications/soc/rs76.pdf http://1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3¶m=5799

based on permanent or temporary abstention, which according to recent scientific developments developments scientific recent to whichaccording temporary abstention, or permanent on based

51 (2007). 51 confers, “a whole series of Governmental decrees prohibiting the production, production, the prohibiting decrees Governmental of series whole “a confers, t want to give birth to an ”illegitimate child.” This underlines the high status of marriage and marriageand ofstatus high the underlines This child.” givean ”illegitimate to birth want to t iage with relation to abortion. abortion. to withrelation iage Születésszabályozás

Online:

persisted in Hungary until 1945. By contrast, Paragraph 218 of the German Penal Penal ofthe German 218 By Paragraph contrast, until 1945. in Hungary persisted

http://lexetius. iduals like the journalist Pál Ignotus or the popular writer Ferenc Karinthy, or the writerKarinthy,or Ferenc the popular Ignotusor Pál journalist the like iduals

Totis, Béla (ed). (ed). Béla Totis,

(Budapest: Világosság, 1932). Világosság, (Budapest: , accessed: February 10, 2014. 10, February accessed: , ounseling in Hungary, these centers are significant partly partly significant are centers these Hungary, in ounseling com/StGB/218 marriage for abortions. abortions. marriagefor Születésszabályozás 181 Code, Criminal the of 286 and 285 raphs See: Erich Griessler, Griessler, Erich See: - ) for the woman and the same for the abortionist the for same the and woman the for )

90 ol movement did not unfold in Hungary, and the evidence the evidence and Hungary, in not unfold did movement ol , accessed February 10, 2014, 10, February , accessed -

185 (IHS: Vienna, 2006): 15. 15. Vienna,2006): (IHS:

(Budapest: Korda, 1940): 223 1940): Korda, (Budapest: Similarly, in the Austrian Penal Code of 1852 there of1852 Code Penal Austrian Similarly,the in

. u ta ad occasio and that but Straftaten gegen das Leben das gegen Straftaten 182 . (Budapest: Világ (Budapest: . See: Strafgesetzbuch für das Deutsche für Deutsche das Strafgesetzbuch See: Te uig lt lbld itself labeled elite ruling The ”

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, Health, race, and German politics between national unification Nazism,1870 and unification national between politics German and race, Health, ,

the German Race Hygiene Society and interested intellectuals and and intellectuals interested and Society Hygiene Race German the , he thought, was to be used when writing about the topic for the for topic the about writing when used be to was thought, he ,

”

Magyar Társadalomtudományi Szemle Társadalomtudományi Magyar

- consul (and later (and consul 193 194 fajegészségtan

1989)

192 Die Rassenhygiene in den Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika von Staaten Vereinigten den in Rassenhygiene Die Hoffmann was first the vice the first was Hoffmann

: 303. -

94 gether with geographer (and later Prime Minister) Minister) latergeographergether Prime (and with 195

His 1914 His consul) in Berlin, and he not only joined the joined only not he and Berlin, in consul)

- (race hygiene) just as István Apáthy had had Apáthy István as just hygiene) (race

both physical and ideological and physical both - Eugenika Austrian Huszadik Század Huszadik - paig ol ta Hungarian that world speaking

7 rman in Münich showed that that showed Münich in rman

(1914): 91 (1914): - consul of Austria of consul - 196 Hungarian “international “international Hungarian eh etr. Likewise, century. ieth

took a short detour on detour short a took - 106.

14 (1913): 613. (1913): 14

- - Hungary

and for for and

- CEU eTD Collection 200 199 198 197 gavea first also rush. Hoffmann a upinsuch away started if things race be might scared hygiene, well become would who those, even because petition this in send to early too was it 1913 Governmentin the checkspremaritalto healthfor petition as theonlyand immediatelyapplicableintroduce asociety. methodrace to into hygiene this, add raceUS of institutionsthese on book German his understood many to noted, because,he as had He nation. every for not and solution only the not and time) the (at theories soci of is scum the “it to it, put he as though, (even relation and with similarthings the individual freedom of the talkabout unnecessaryeagerness to matters private into intervention such of introduction by asofbecoming thedoctor capable parents.” deemed are who permit, marriage a receive shall those only and doctor a by examined be marry dem theoretical the of “one was it that for added Hoffmann hygiene. race of pamphlets” principles the about population the educating of army whole a or volumes thick than “better purposes, propagandistic for alway not could implementation their as view, of point practical a from useful necessarily not were VD) with those course of (including society” for burden “a were that people for bans marriage such that emphasized Hoffmann implemented. examples as States United the in of states 10 elements the citing key eugenics, the negative of one as bans marriage sterilization, and institutionalization amongst g eneral public, just for the sake of easier understanding. easier of sake the for just public, eneral

Hoffmann's article in fact mentioned that the that mentioned fact in article Hoffmann's acknowle time, same the at Hoffmann,

Ibid: 96. Ibid: Ibid: 101 Ibid: Ibid. Ibid: 103. Ibid:

- 102.

ety” ands of race hygiene that sooner or later all individuals with the intent to intent the with individuals all later or sooner that hygiene race of ands 199

ad ad ht rmrtl hcs a wl a seiiain ee just were sterilization as well as checks, premarital that said and )

198 dged that Hungary was clearly not ready for the the for ready not clearly was Hungary that dged 95

s be carried out perfectly, but they were ideal ideal were they but perfectly, out carried be s -

emsetdmni Társaság Természettudományi 197

In – Eugenika

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disposed to to disposed had sent a a sent had 200

hygiene

CEU eTD Collection 204 203 202 201 from time (this territories additional regain to advisers his of and Horthy Governor of eagerness Tele under alsoItwas 1920. in lost territory its of parts regained Hungary arbitration, Italian and German under where, Awards, Vienna two pro and Nazi growing the by unsettled deeply was and second term asPrime Minister. anti the 1939 in 1920that the anti repressive most the to in involved racist convinced a became he era interwar the In leader. in Minister 1920 Prime in first twice, was Hungary Teleki Hungary. in counseling marriage and important eugenics and on active discourse an played who Teleki, Pál politician, talented and young marriage not. or both of history medical description tanácsadás his in place: taking was already this where examples two as Dresden of description

engineering, press, or industry. See: Krisztián Ungváry, KrisztiánUngváry, See: industry. or press, engineering, fromt settingout mostly economy, ofHungary’s branches various in Jews of the employment restricted These Laws. Semitic Pál Teleki 1918 werebefore ofthis sings no there indeed (and Soviet” Hungarian ofthe „logial theoutcome Law No. IV of 1938 and Law No. IV of 1939 became known at the time as the “First” and “Second”anti and “First” the as becamethe at time known of1939 IV Law and No. of1938 IV LawNo. himselfda he monographTeleki, on Ablonczy’s Balázs to According 204 out Hungary keep to efforts serious made time same the at Teleki high active, the Hoffmann, from Aside

This Law No. XXV of 1920 intended to set a limit to the percentage of Jews ofJews the percentage to intendedlimit seta to of1920 XXV No. Law This Ibid: 105 Ibid: (the Second Anti Second (the Semitic clauses of the 1941 Marriage Law (Law No. XV of 1941 were started under his under started were 1941 of XV No. (Law Law Marriage 1941 the of clauses Semitic

(2004): 217. (2004): meant that the individual explained to a doctor everything s/he knew about the the about knew s/he everything doctor a to explained individual the that meant - áasg tanácsadás házassági 106. 201 Numerus Clausus Numerus he conviction that Jews are “overrepresented” in areas of influence like law, medicine, law, oflike influencein areas “overrepresented” are that Jews heconviction

the pursue to whether recommendation a gave doctor the and families - Semitic -

1921 and then in 1939 in then and 1921

203 Law) and it is certainly not by chance that the preparations for preparations the that chance by not certainly is it and Law)

was adopted, he wrote the justification of the LawIV theofNo. wroteof was the adopted,justification he

- (marriage counseling), naming the US and the city of of city the and US the naming counseling), (marriage Jewish laws of the Horthy the of laws Jewish ki's second term that in April 1941, mostly due to the the mostlyto due1941, April in that term second ki's -

- 96 profile diplomat, it is essential to mention a then then a mention to essential is it diplomat, profile A Horthy A -

- 1941, and was controversial as a political political a as controversial was and 1941, 202 - German sentiments, especially after the the after especially sentiments, German - rendszer rendszer

and a and ted the beginnings of his anti of the beginnings ted n anti n (2012): 184 (2012): - era. It was under his first term first his under was It era. - Semite and he was deeply was he and Semite being admitted to universities. to admitted being

of the war in 1940/41 in war the of - 198; 375 198; - - 387. 19). Abloncz, 19). - role in the the in role Semitism to to Semitism házassági házassági

CEU eTD Collection 207 206 In, tervezése”. biológiai 205 Lajos and Teleia) of Chairman (later Szterényi József Szövetség) Nemzetvédő the and egyesület co its but Teleki by chaired was It struggle. antivenereal of VD years from coming experiences their to the due hygiene” “race embraced and Hoffmann Teleki, Apáthy, like eugenicists between link a provided Hygiene inNovember Association] again, President. 1917,where, Teleki became the Társaság Népesedéspolitikai és Fajegészségtani Hoffmann. Géza with together work to started and Committee the of work the up keep to trying was Teleki hygiene, race of cause the committee. Hygiene Race Hungarian the b to Apáthy by asked was he 1914 in and participant) Hungarian only the detail. more in article journalnewly launched work. scientific to regards years 20 almost was who personally, politician. anti controversial, a as and statesman tragic and grand a as therefores is Teleki Hungary. to Governorand his messageto a send ramificationsHungary, for suicide tocommit partlya decided ofdesperation sign as and partly to opposit strong Teleki's despite Yugoslavia, of invasion the in Axis the join to agreed Hungary Serbia),

by Ploetz (“Die Begriffe, Rasse und Gesellschaft und die davon abgeleiteten Disciplinen“) abgeleiteten Disciplinen“) davon GesellschaftBegriffe, unddie Rasse und (“Die by Ploetz The Ploetz Alfred from eugenics towards move to impetus intellectual his got Teleki Young the knowing and war the in Germany of defeat the foreseeing Teleki, endeavor. the to ion

Ablonczy calls Hoffmann Teleki's “Lucifer.” Teleki's callsHoffmann Ablonczy 15 Ibid: Ablonczy,

ayr aeézétn é Npsdsoiia T Népesedéspolitikai és Fajegészségtani Magyar - 16. Teleki attended the International Hygiene Congress in Dresden in 1911 (he was was (he 1911 in Dresden in Congress Hygiene International the attended Teleki Teleki Pál Teleki

Rubicon Archiv für Rassen für Archiv

(2004): 116. See also: Balázs Ablonczy, “Az Balázs also: See 116. (2004): 205 , 2004. (2): 15 (2): 2004. ,

In Huszadik Század Teleki wrote a long introductory note introductory long a wrote Teleki Század InHuszadik

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97 -

Hnain ouain oiy n Race and Policy Population [Hungarian ih pty hy one the founded they Apáthy with ársaság -

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- CEU eTD Collection 212 http:/ 211 210 209 208 above the of establishment essay 2009 a In well. as language, scholarly Hungarian in but literature, English and German in just not theme persistent very a is right, extreme the of racism the with infused necessarily is result, population policy ofview rational point itcouldhave direct focus to seemed procreation. their to quality g next a producing for source proper the were they if as possible; as much as ex wounded these that wanted Teleki seems, it fact, In quality. eugenic good positiv focusedon war. the by disabled became who individuals, the for jobs allocating when principles hygiene race poi Teleki Circular this In agencies. job and institutes Eugenics], on [Circular 1917 September his in shown goals,as hygiene race promoted wherehe wid war and families their disabled, war the of care social the with dealt that VD fact in belonged; eugenics in believers other and Teleki Hoffmann, which to network the of part . Korányi Sándor and Grósz Emil board the on also was Donáth the of Head Nékám,

appears as aappears ascentral inthework and issue Committee of the1917Association. the 1914 /www.matud.iif.hu/09jun/12.htm

211 soldiers,disabled with dealingofficials of largereadnumber byabe to meant Circular,The The idea that racial hygiene / eugenics should eugenics / hygiene racial that idea The agency (an Agency Care War National the of President as appointed was Teleki 1917 In Ablonczy, Társaság,” Népesedéspolitikai és Fajegészségtani ”A Magyar A scientific periodical run by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Academyof theHungarian run by Aperiodical scientific - Gábor Palló, “Darwin utazása Magyarországon,” Magyarországon,” “Darwin utazása Palló, Gábor eugenikáról,” “Körlevél az Teleki, Pál in the p the in

as they were not as useful in a productive manner themselves, from a eugenic and and eugenic a from themselves, manner productive a in useful as not were they as eriodical Tel e eugenic goals, assuring these officials that disabled war veterans were still of still were veterans war disabled that officials theseassuring goals, eugenic e eki Pál eki eztéő zvté a emao Ellen Neimbajok a Szövetség Nemzetvédő 210

(2004): 117 (2004): Magyar Tudomány, Magyar

- hc ws et y i Ntoa Wr ae gny o l national all to Agency Care War National his by sent was which mentioned associations initiated by Apáthy and Teleki and argues argues and Teleki and Apáthy by initiated associations mentioned

aog ih te poiet ulc elh xet/otr like experts/doctors health public prominent other with along , ,

accessed November 10, 2011 10, November accessed 208 - 118.

In other words, at the end of WWI the antivenereal elite waselite antivenereal the WWI of end the at words, Inother

Szociálpolitikai Szemle Szociálpolitikai 212 -

[Hungarian Science], Gábor Palló, refers to the to refers Palló, Gábor Science], [Hungarian Magyar Tudomány Magyar -

nted out that it was crucial to keep in mind in keep to crucial was it that out nted be associated with the right the with associated be

Egészségügyi Lapok Egészségügyi

6 (1917): 169 (1917): 6

169 (2009): 714 (2009): 169 . Another VD expert, Gyula Gyula expert, VD Another . - 171. Körlevél az Eugenikáról Eugenikáról az Körlevél . 11 ( . 11

ows, war orphans), orphans), war ows, - eneration of good of eneration soldiers procreate soldiers - 726, 726, 8. 1918) - wing and, as a a as and, wing

209

CEU eTD Collection Gardens,” from its National Eliminate 'Weeds' to the Tried 218 Countries, C.1870 European 217 2010). Press, 216 1890 Sozialdemokratie deutschen 215 1950 214 213 each states totalitarian in as much as democracies liberal in as camp, concentration the is age that than conclusion similar a to us Nazi even cases some in and restrictions marital sterilization, like Véronique Mottier onSwitzerland Scandinavia on Blom Ida like research, Other (Timm). framework had sides “motherhood both as Weimar, in exist not did divide Wing/Eugenicist/restrictive Berlin. Century Twentieth in Schwartz in Grossmann Atina by e.g. decades, few past the of research by challengedwas view era.This Weimar the of Leftist eugenicists reformers and sex the to relation – eugenics on ideas of range wide a had also who and Berkovits), feminist the or Madzsar Buday, journal the connectedto closely more looselyor were “progressives”,who politicians.” society társadalomjobbítók) meek of hands the from over went slowly “Eugenics writes, He anti towards path the in milestone being this

just like those,nationalisticallyjust inclined.

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995). University Press, Oxford (Oxford: measures eugenic of intellectuals Leftist of support the and eugenics on consensus The Palló's

Atina Grossman,. AtinaGrossman,. Vé Blom. Ida FTimm, Annett Palló, Michael Schwartz, Michael Schwartz, ronique Mottier and Natalia Gerodetti, “Eugenics and Social Democracy: or, How the European Left European How the or, Democracy: Social “Eugenics and Gerodetti, Natalia and Mottier ronique

213 - Darwin utazása, 2009 utazása, Darwin oilsice Eugenik Sozialistische

eugenics” consensus were a and eugenics” operatingwithin (Grossmann) remark is a view that had been furthered by a number of historians of Germany in in Germany of historians of number a by furthered been had that view a is remark

Here the “meek society “meek the Here

Medicine, Morality, and Political Culture: Legislation on Venereal Disease in Five Northern Northern in Five Disease Venereal on Legislation Culture: Political and Morality, Medicine,

The Politics of Fertility in Fertility of Politics The n bcm a eie f right of device a became and Reforming Sex: Reforming Sozialistische Eugenik: Eugenische Sozialtechnologien in Debatten und Politik der der und Politik Debatten in Sozialtechnologien Eugenische Eugenik: Sozialistische -

C. 1995 C.1995 - 1933 1933

216 .

(Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2012). Press, Academic (Lund: Nordic

( Bonn:1995). Dietz, 218 hy rud ht h Lf/rgesv ad Right and Left/Progressive the that argued They The German Movement for Birth Control and Abortion Reform, 192 Reform, Abortion and forControl Birth Movement German The 215

of Giorgio Agamben: that the biopolitical paradigm of our our of paradigm biopolitical the that Agamben: Giorgio of show that sucha political

n b Ante . im in Timm F. Annette by and - improvers” most probably refers to the non r non the to refers probably most improvers”

Twentieth - -

Semitism and race becoming dominant eugen dominant becoming race and Semitism 99 New Formations New -

- Century Berlin Century - ig n te etee right extreme then and wing -

i 60 (2007): 35 (2007): 60 deological divide isuntenable.deological

(Cambridge: Cambridge University University Cambridge (Cambridge: - type “euthanasia”, could lead lead could “euthanasia”, type 217 h Pltc o Friiy in Fertility of Politics The eomn Se Reforming , or Natalia Gerodetti and Gerodetti Natalia or ,

- Huszadik Század Huszadik 49. - Bevölkerungspolitik mrvr ( improvers

x agreed on a a on agreed 214 ight ,

Michael jámbor jámbor - -

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ics. ics.

CEU eTD Collection 219 menti Dickinson politics. the despite and vogue in was eugenics “motherhood of science the that fact the despite implemented, adherents 5000 had policy”, health of area specific quite one in anti measures health public German preventive discussing to (the devoted organization DGBG the meanwhile and 1913, in members 500 ca. example the provideshe example Inhis hygiene. public of advocates to compared marginal rather were spirited, and loud although eugenicists, Weimar that argues convincingly and biopolitics democratic of description his in Weimar includes He to technocratic, welf “intrusive, positive concrete having state, democratic a in but, just limiting” and constraining not is it where biopolitics, of view nuanced a offers havin for suspect post and Weimar both where biopolitics of side dark the on much too focused has research that claims Dickinson objectives. destructive utterly for State biopolitical were Nazis the why explaining on too stringently focused has paradigm”, “biopoltical the offered instead and Nazism German explaining Democracy Fascism, onlythose who areexist not possess anyand“spiritual to deemed bodily do value”. to life of denial the entails life of confirmation the Nazism in For extreme. negative a at State mindset this that emphasizing Agamben, says community, (organic) the or state the of protection the for necessary deemed is it if anyone from alienated be can rights” re existence, political and life spiritual a from stripped and society from isolated be can individual ue prl t “ae ie” ih h itouto o te tt o eegny “unalienable emergency of state the of introduction the With life.” “bare to purely duced

wud hwvr are ih dad os Dickins Ross Edward with agree however, would, I Agamben, Agamben, - ueis cness mn Lfit n right and Leftist among consensus eugenics” Homo Sacer Homo g continuities with or a potential return to Nazi eugenics. Dickinson instead instead Dickinson eugenics. Nazi to return potential a or with continuities g

ar us ht h shlrhp ht a rpae the replaced has that scholarship the that gues

n te ny tep big h State the being attempt only the ons , 1998. ,

. It is added that before 1933 no eugenic measures were measures eugenic no 1933 before that added is It . -

100

be o s te ol aalbe n h modern the in available tools the use to able -

of the Society for Race Hygiene that had that RaceHygiene for Society the of n wo n i essay his in who on, - ig cos novd n sexual in involved actors wing - raie peaia counseling premarital organized - 1945 welfare policies are policies welfare 1945

is embodied in the Nazi Nazi the in embodied is Sonderweg - VD Society), “an “an Society), VD 219 are outcomes. outcomes. are Biopolitics, Biopolitics,

hoy in theory - down, down,

CEU eTD Collection democracy fascism, Biopolitics, Dickinson, politically. “howlingsuccess.” a biopolitics makingliberal consenton measures based welfare positive biopoliti democratic that argues Dickinson measures. such firstemploy were to the among democracies as ofgovernment nature the about sayanything 221 220 Interior Ministry, were rejectedwell. butthese as the to draft a submitted who Benedek, László psychiatrist the including some, by recommended Catholic a being Hungary of because country. possibly and heredity” on knowledge of “lack a of 1931 in Germany in like (just 1930s early the in Parliament in majority vast a by rejected be would it as view of point Catholic a from sensitive be might that ideas any with cautiously about go to sense a was there reje was legislation eugenic radical Hungary in Church; Catholic Nazi a prevented that centers power various were there radicals, right far and conservatives between strug a and of support the by characterized usually were governments successive though even role inthe welfare po significant a play not did eugenics that argued be can it priority, receiving measures healthcare preventive other of because partly but setback, this of because Partly 1920s. early the in setback the but hygiene,race institutionalizing at attempts certain make did it) about reservations serious having seen, as (some, eugenics in interest an showing individuals the Hungary in that seems It case. Hungarian the on arguments his apply would I failure.” “abject top this from however, which, Prussia, in centers

- type whirlwind legislation on radical eugenics. One such power center was the powerful powerful the was center power such One eugenics. radical on legislation whirlwind type When in 1941 mandatory premarital mandatory 1941 in When and state totalitarian a being from far was it democracybut a not time the at Hungarywas Dickinson, One could argue based on U.S., Swiss and Scandinavian eugenic practices that forced sterilization does not does sterilization forced that practices eugenic Scandinavian Swiss and U.S., on based argue Onecould 221

Mand 220 Biopolitics tr peaia hat criiae o te ai o hrdtr tat were traits hereditary of basis the on certificates health premarital atory –

Later in this dissertation I will use Dickinson's analysis of biopolitics biopolitics of analysis Dickinson's use I will dissertation this Laterin

even among convinced eugenicists in the interwar era interwar the in eugenicists convinced among even licies related to healthcare in thefirst related halflicies ofthe century. tohealthcarein twentieth

(2004): 46 (2004): (2004): 14 (2004):

cs never became genocidal and could be corrected in the long term with in termthe long corrected be could and genocidal cs never became - 49 . Eugenic sterilization was debated among experts and even even and experts among debated was sterilization Eugenic .

testing was introduced it was not a eugenic measure eugenic a not was it introduced was testing -

101

- -

on ituie iw f ipltc, a an was biopolitics, of view intrusive down,

slowly upcoming movement suffered a a suffered movement upcoming slowly - 32) but was rejected on the basis the on rejected was but 32) td y ot ahlc and Catholics most by cted –

that one would need need would one that

but herebut

gle CEU eTD Collection improvers.” society „meek ofthe the picture complicates further which marriage, on stance eugenic and interventionist eyes,etc.” both for dumb,blind and deaf „havingbeing hunch, a a like physical defects” „visible who had those, including hereditaryfor also diseases, and VD TB, infectious for ban, a of withthe effect checks health obligatory demanded (1918 1 Nemzetvédelem vizsgálatáról,” orvosi kötelező házasulók a “Törvényjavaslat Buday, Dezső Szövetség. Családvédelmi the Országos and Hivatal Hadigondozó Országos the Társaság, Fajegészségtani 222 the in interest documented no showing 1920s, the of most for science/academia to retreated 1920 in Minister Prime became Teleki Romania). 1919 in country the left Jászi Oszkár and Madzsar József or Doktor (Sándor emigratedor weremarginalized Orgovány, others at 1919 jour the in 1918 in checks Nemzetvédelem health premarital mandatory on proposal draft a published like who Buday, Dezső ousted: were discourse the in involved intellectuals Leftist and feminist while debate eugenics the of participants important László psychologist other (while 1920s early the in died 1919 around in interested those of generation first the of disappearance sudden the by left void a was there Firstly, central. become not did effect anti ofracist, practical and scope the later, argued be will as then, Even Hungary. in adopted anti were measures first the where time the 1930s, the of end the until centers counseling marriage ideological the as (or practice the in appear not did thinking racialist Horthy the of end very the until basically policy social counterpar right their to compared voice of strength a have not did simply eugenicists Leftist milieu right authoritarian the in that true is It diseases. contagious preventing at aimed one but

As said, in Trianon Hungary the discourse and the institutional organization of eugenics of organization institutional the and discourse the Hungary Trianon in said, As

This appeared in appeared This Buday, who was a Leftist and got a high position in 1919 during the Hungarian Soviet, adopted a radical, radical, a adopted Soviet, during the Hungarian in1919 position high got a and Leftist a was who Buday,

s u i ses ht vn right even that seems it but ts - 1922. The two main propagators of eugenics, Géza Hoffmann and István Apáthy István and Hoffmann Géza eugenics, of propagators main two The 1922. 222 , was killed in one of the most well most the of one in killed was , - Semitic marriageSemitic

pti o te yeooit áo Broy id n h early the in died Bársony János gynecologist the or Epstein Nem

zetvédelem

ueis rm ulc icus i te ore f fw years few a of course the in discourse public from eugenics , the joint journal of the Nemzetvédő Szövetség, the Magyar the Magyar Szövetség, ofthe Nemzetvédő journal the joint ,

advi - ce inmarriage minimal. bureaus was - 90 Rn Broiss hometown Berkovits's René 1920, wing eugenicists could not influence healthcare and and healthcare influence not could eugenicists wing -

102 -

- 1 u h rsge i a ers ie and time year's a in resigned he but 21 - known massacres of the White Terror in Terror White the of massacres known - regime. It is not by chance, either, that either, chance, by not is It regime. objective) of voluntary voluntary of objective) ): ): 47

became part of of part became - 53. Buday53. - mid 1920s), 1920s), mid - - Semitic Semitic - - wing wing wing

nal CEU eTD Collection 226 225 224 psychiatry. oftheHungarian history on Kovai by (2014) Melinda book forthcoming thison a in More counseling. ofeugenicpremarital wrote favor in all 223 financia of question a be can counseling, marriage of promotion permanent based reasons. oneugenic marriage bans pre obligatory extending about Johan Béla to draft (rejected) a submitted Benedek law marriage the for process drafting legislative chicken.” or cattle horses, his with deals breeder horse a as citizens way.” exact an in proven beenhave ratios Medelianwhichfor illnesses four than more barely “thereare that and 1936 an es in sterilization) understood primarily he which (under eugenics” “active dismissed Szondi the of because primarily acknowledged, internationally became agreement legal onwhether were necessary. regulations eugenics the of benefits the within about consensus a fact was there profession in psychiatric eugenics, hereditary of importance the discussed actively who Benedek, László psychiatrist the or Somogyi József like individuals were There healthcare. Hungarian interwar of mainstream the enter to unable were they activities counseling voluntary their with t tried below discussed be will awithout real heir. Társaság Fajegészségügyi és and 1920s Népesedéspolitikai the in result, a As 1920s. the in eugenics of cause

say, saying “hereditary prognosis only works with probabilities but not with exact numbers”exact with not but probabilities with works only prognosis “hereditary saying say, h ohr esn o egnc nt ann a tog nuh otod a lat n the in least at foothold, enough strong a gaining not eugenics for reason other The o Szondi, Lipót and centers counseling marriage voluntary eugenic operated that organizations two The Ibid: 29. Ibid: 27. Ibid: Lipót Szondi, Hu the greatsof included This

225

As a result, he stated, quoting Alfred Grotjahn, Grotjahn, Alfred quoting stated, he result, a As Az öröklésta Az

e f h sas f ugra psychiatry Hungarian of stars the of ne

n jelentősége a gyakorlatban a jelentősége n

o take up this thread but their influence on policy was limited and limited was policy on influence their but thread this up take o ngarian psychiatry like Lipót Szondi, József Nyírő and Pál Ranschburg, who Ranschburg, Pál and Nyírő József Szondi, Lipót like psychiatry ngarian marital testing to hereditary diseases and establishing establishing and diseases hereditary to testing marital -

103

- a lf wtot t cr mmesi, and membership, core its without left was

, (Budapest: Admiral, 1936): 26. 1936): Admiral, (Budapest: ,

- “the State cannot deal with its with deal cannot State “the psychology at the time, who who time, the at psychology 1930s the dissolved dissolved the 1930s l priorities. For the case of of case the For priorities. l - 226 test he had put together, together, put had he test

n h cus o the of course the In 223

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Magyar Magyar

224

CEU eTD Collection Philippa Levine and Bashford Alison 227 1938articlein his surprising: isnot equally but “modern”andgoals “biopolitical” a and, thatreceived result, as priority funding instead. dehumanizing, and intrusive less other, were there era, interwar the in eugenics of nature multifarious pot was althoughthere biopolitics: the to regard with claimed Dickinson Ross Edward what underlines This issues. prevention health these on focusing was OKI, the money, their with established iss latter these to related were that measures supported era, interwar the in healthcare European) Eastern (and Hungarian in investor largest single the Foundation, Rockefeller The gonorrhea. and syphilis of morbidity lower a have to propaganda on focusing by and mortality infant reduce to care infant and mother improving by TB, tackle to conditions social improving by instant an at done be can much that clear however, the whether establish to enough precise nation Hungarian not was thought, many heredity, of science The population. the to danger present and clear a posed that diseases to related questions to primarily even availablefunds became inthe whenpublicend for health of the1930s. priority receive to tended education and human control energies.” and mobilize to inability their was Europe Eastern in movements eugenicist the importantweaknessof “Themost claims who Bucur, Maria with hereagree I would Hungary

has yet been prepared. There was an ad hoc organization dealing with eugenics, with dealing organization hoc ad an was bill There draft a prepared. only been now, yet of has as provision legal no basically is There Hungary. in question this to regard another of subject the be will this as countries, foreign of regulations and laws eugenics the detail in discuss to want not do We In the the In Maria Bucur, “Eugenics in Eastern Europe,” in Europe,” in Eastern “Eugenics Bucur, Maria n h ery 90 Tinn Hungar Trianon 1920s early the In 227

Bucur claims that public health d health public that claims Bucur light of the above the frustration of physician and eugenicist István Nádor Nikitits Nikitits Nádor István eugenicist and physician of frustration the above the of light was actually losing or gaining by not implementing eugenic practices. It was, was, It practices. eugenic implementing not by gaining or losing actually was

article. We do want to discuss, however, what has happened up to now with with now to up happened has what however, discuss, to want do We article.

(New York: Oxford University Press (New Oxford York: ential and a certain amount of support in Hungary for negative for Hungary in support of amount certain a and ential

in Hungary hereditary eugenics did not enjoy priority enjoy not did eugenics hereditary Hungary in y, with its depleted resources, had to find answers answers find to had resources, depleted its with y, -

104 The Oxford Handbook on the History of Eugenics, eds. eds. Eugenics, of History the on Handbook Oxford The id not get enough funding, because the military the because funding, enough get not id -

ues and the major healthcare institution healthcare major the and ues , 2010): 407. 2010): ,

but it has not been been not has it but

VD care and and care VD

CEU eTD Collection by infected prostitutes. be to werelikely marriageas they before VD for menscreening for foundations down the 230 ké vizsgálat orvosi 229 11 (1938): 228 suggesting were movements feminist Western contemporary what s not was one that attested that certificate health ofthe similarly Géza other), physician HahnGéza toSocialist andHoffmann. have only would obligation the prohibition, marriage not (again, option viable a as couples among certificates of exchange obligatory saw himself Nékám needed. was certificates health of exchange for recommendation the and propaganda great bore opinion prac for possible expert not was testing Guszman's mandatory that believed József he importance: but participated, who experts, VD only not Szövetség Nemzetvédő “ first the that claimed discourse, antivenereal the of proponent a being and experts VD to talking out few a of phantasmagoria a as whole a as eugenics Hoffmann's that claimed and eugenic discourse of propagation eugenics the within marriage on reflected Grúsz VD andmarriage counseling more significant step” came only in 1917 when Lajos Nékám, anti Nékám, Lajos when 1917 in only came step” significant more

harmful than beneficial for the gr the for beneficial than harmful one a via heard themselves make mostly information and articles appearing rhapsodically The time. long a for active Frigyes Committee, Antivenereal the within counseling marriage on presentation a In

As discussed in Chapter 2, French physician Alfred Fournier’s 1880 book on syphilis and marriage laid marriagelaid syphilisbookon and 1880 AlfredFournier’s French physician 2, Chapter in Asdiscussed Asseenearlier, családvédelemben,” nemzeti a szerepe eugenika Nikitits,“Az Nádor István It was the feminists, and their representative Oszkárné Szirma, who proposed to have a a have to proposed who Szirma, Oszkárné representative their and feminists, the was It - 12.

rdése,” rdése,” his description probably wasn’t far away from reality. Frigyes Gr Frigyes from reality. wasn’t away far probably description his Teleia

called together a legislative drafting conference. At this conference it was it conference this At conference. drafting legislative a together called

marital health did not bring good results because “the audience saw saw audience “the because results good bring not did health marital

13 (1935): 26. (1935): 13

and objective of eugenics. ofeugenics. objective and

- sided and ill and sided uffering from contagious VD, which was in line with line in was which VD, contagious from uffering -

105 - -

willed portrayal of foreign measures, are more are measures, foreign of portrayal willed

meant spouses being informed about the about informed being spouses meant 228

- of - oc scientists” touch –

- following Fournier’s line Fournier’s following VD Commissioner and the and Commissioner VD Nemzeti Családvédelem Családvédelem Nemzeti - providing essays, which essays, providing tical reasons and that and reasons tical úsz, ”A házasság előtti előtti házasság ”A úsz, 229 H, however, He, .

230

CEU eTD Collection 232 179. (1917): 4 ”Fajpusztulás,” Szegvári, Sándorné See: Naggyűlés). Népegészségügyi (Országos Health Gathering People's 231 example ofthe debatesthe mid of intro of forms possible various the on and against, and of for arguments key deal the out great singling on a concentrate will was I Thus, debates. there these in as repetition years 20 of course the in recou counseling to marriage unnecessary of is discussions It VD. and marriage on discourses later on and long a had counseling marriage and testing premarital on V against struggle The Ministry. Interior the instance”, of court “highest the and Johan Béla from backingeventually no andandhealth marital had between sterilization only, split fewindividuals illness hereditary on Debates diseases. policy institutional, an on just not shifted 1919 after counseling marriage of focus the sense acc this In experts. to the by discussed results test what authority, (whose implementation of details the introduced, were checks health premarital when 1942, after even and era interwar the along ve journals The 1925. in scrutiny of issues first the of one was it where AB, the within partly and Teleia of Emődi of initiation whoexpert presented case, the argued Guszman, against marriage mandatory testing. cautious” and moderate were they general ma the into VD brought and prostitutes to turned men young where moral” “double the of rid getting for arguing and

D however, was part of the wider public health reform framework and therefore the discourse discourse the therefore and framework reform health public wider the of part was however, D

eelg dsore h ise f aia hat rne aog h tp aoie vruly all virtually favorites top the among ranked health marital of issue the discourse nereology fe 12 th 1920 After t In Grúsz, s The he early 1920s Teleia Secretary Aladár Emődi was among the first to recommend a a recommend to first the among was Emődi Aladár Secretary Teleia 1920s early he

ame idea was put forth by the feminist Sándorné Szegvári at another 1917 conference, theconference, National 1917 another at Szegvári feminist Sándorné by the putwas forth ame idea A házasság előtti orvo előtti házasság A ere were numerous discussions of marriage counseling, partly upon the the upon partly counseling, marriage of discussions numerous were ere

rriage

- making level but also on the level of discourse towards venereal towards discourse of level the on also but level making 231 si vizsgálatok - 1920s. Gúz hwvr rmne ta “pnos ifrd u in but differed “opinions that reminded however, Grúsz, . Teleia, Egészség, and Népegészségügy Népegészségügy and Egészség, Teleia, es, as exhibited above, were more sporadic and linked to a to linked and sporadic more were above, exhibited as es,

232 , 1935: 27. 1935: , -

106 at this conference and it is worth noting that the that noting worth is it and conference this at -

ducing marital health measures, taking the the taking measures, health marital ducing - term effect both on the marriage law law marriage the on both effect term p, t. wr avidly were etc.) ept, testify that in the the in that testify nt all the various various the all nt

A Nő Nő A

CEU eTD Collection 235 234 233 sides.” refe (without mentioned was it and discussed thoroughly was counseling marriage of issue the document this In Interior. the of Minister the to addressed Minister, the of behalf on memorandum a authored Minisztérium) of Hungariananti was It hygiene. on historiography German anti German the DGBG, the of initiative the upon Prussia in introduced was that pamphlet warning the of version This checks. medical premarital of importance the about leaflets with couples inform to officials marriage oblige to Interior the of Ministry theto pleaa submitted TeleiaAssociation 1922 in step first a society.andAs State the on burden put offspring in result would which disease a had marry to about those whether investigate to right the had State the that arguing examinations, premarital compulsory of system gonorrhea medical checks were often ineffective; syphilis was only dangerous in its contagious its in dangerous only was syphilis ineffective; often of were checks case medical gonorrhea the in plasm; germ the of damaging the with linked unequivocally be not could VD great three the detected; be not could illnesses inherited recessively intervention: hygiene racial direct rejecting for reasons its detailed also document The insurance. family or tax, bachelor a families, large for cuts tax like means policy population other promoted but intervention, direct for evidence sufficient provided not had eugenics of

235 In the memorandum Fáy rejected obligatory health checks, as he believed that the science science the that believed he as checks, health obligatoryrejected Fáy memorandum the In at State of Secretary Fáy, Aladár year next The

35.047/1923 N.M.M See. Népegészségügy 6 (192 6 Népegészségügy See. N.M.M 35.047/1923 See Lutz Sauerteig, LutzSauerteig, See “A nemi betegségek elleni védekezés tízparancsolatja,” tízparancsolatja,” védekezés elleni “Anemi betegségek

formulated by the same Alfred Blaschko, who was one of the prominent invitees prominent the of one was who Blaschko, Alfred same the by formulated - VD association. VD - VD organizations before thewar. Krankheit, Sexualitaet, Gesellschaft Sexualitaet, Krankheit,

ulc health public ec t Tli) ht h qeto hd en asd fo several “from raised been had question the that Teleia) to rence

233

The German German The 234 -

107 s mjr tp oad state towards step major a as

5): 327 efe, rsne b Tli, a a amended an was Teleia, by presented leaflet, Merkblatt für Eheschliessende Eheschliessende für Merkblatt -

. (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1999): 377. 1999): Steiner, Franz (Stuttgart: . Teleia - 329. the People's Welfare Ministry (Népjóléti (Népjóléti Ministry Welfare People's the diseases of alcoholism, tuberculosis and tuberculosis alcoholism, of diseases

1 ( 1 1923): 30 1923): - 31.

- upre racial supported is perceived in perceived is ting a serious serious a ting

CEU eTD Collection 237 236 establishment of state a Gerlóczy Zsigmond while marry, to intended who patients, infected any of officer medical regional the notify should doctor the Gr Frigyes previously. infected beenhad knowing one if disease spreadingthe German large a of purposes the for tuberculosis with VD connecting recommended He companies. insurance health of doctors or GPs from obtained ce that believed but certificates, obligatory opposed Győry Tibor certificate. a such for liable held be not could so and result false a on based license marriage a issue might discus for memorandum draft a presented who Somogyi, Zsigmond was The time health. this marital referent subject's on memorandum a present to them asked Ministry the and formed was Teleia's wish. marry to about couples all to leaflet warning medical the over handing of idea the recommended He examination. superficial a than better as o familyhistory the of overview bettera doctor give the would conversation private This official. marriage the to counseling this of certificate a show to haveshould withtheir family a“intimate”discussion only should private, doctors and be obliged individual that suggested thus Fáy certainty. percent hundred with ascertained be not could time), the at reliable most as considered test VD (the reaction Wasserman the with even this, but phase.

sion.

The discus “Egyesületi ügyek,” ügyek,” “Egyesületi In other words, only f only words, other In Ibid. Notverordnung 237

236 e one t te rbes f eiblt fr uh D et, hr a physician a where tests, VD such for reliability of problems the to pointed He

sion on premarital checks continued in 1925 when the Antivenereal Committee Antivenereal1925 when checkscontinuedthe Committee in premarital sion on - sponsored marriage centers. sponsored counseling

Egészség (Emergency Decree) as a good example good a as Decree) (Emergency

reshly infected syphilitic patients could be banned from marriage, marriage, from banned be could patients syphilitic infected reshly

39 (1925): 80. (1925): 39 s spotd outr cek ad rpgna pu the plus propaganda, and checks voluntary supported lso

108 - – cl hat cek cee n mnind the mentioned and scheme check health scale

something that was in full concordance with with concordance full in was that something -

f the individual as well and this was seenwas this andas well individual the f

for introducing punishment for for punishment introducing for ú rtificates could be be could rtificates sz mentioned that sz

s CEU eTD Collection 238

people where institutes but hospitals be not would which institutions, new with complemented Howeve educated. properly public the and etc.) doctors, (hospitals, available made been have would means necessary the until measures coercive any introduce four were There regulations. these problematic around go to easy was it that but states, four in existed institution the U.S. the in while intent, marriage of case in officials the inform to had doctor England, in that stating Norway, Germany, and Austria Denmark, Sweden, USA, the of examples the cited they Commissioner, Government as time Nékám's under issue the of discussion 1917 the to referred They well. as co authors the and considered thoroughly were checks “A házasság előtt való kötelező orvosi vizsgálat kérdése.” kérdése.” vizsgálat orvosi kötelező való előtt házasság “A ae o al hs cnieain ad h frin xmls hy eomne nt to not recommended they examples foreign the and considerations these all on Based premarital that clear becomes it itself memorandum the of contents the reading When    

areas difficult introduceauthors, it to that,accordingmade thechecks: tothe

marriages. number the reduce would and hated deeply be would decree a such affairs”, Ethical year75.000 marriages have50 newa specialists tobeappointed. would Administrative issue certificates. to courage the have not would physicians that presumed they so infected been once least at had population urban the of majority the that believed members AB Legal occurrence offalse results). Technical : the doctor would issue the certificate and thus he coul he thus and certificate the issue would doctor the : : even in 1925, when “one had got so used to state intervention in private in intervention state to used so got had “one when 1925, in even : : the problems of detecting syphilis and gonorrhea (the relatively high high relatively (the gonorrhea and syphilis detecting of problems the :

238

: only qualified doctors were to be allow be to were doctors qualified only :

Sweden there was compulsory notification of VD and the and VD of notification compulsory was there Sweden

109 Népegészségügy 6 (1925): 326 (1925): 6 Népegészségügy -

nsulted a wide range of foreign literature foreign of range wide a nsulted ed to do the tests, but with but tests, the do to ed , rpgna ol be could propaganda r, - 332. d have legal liability. liability. legal have d

of of CEU eTD Collection families, Hungarian cited Emődi humans For types. were”barking” 244 243 vizsgálatról,” orvosi előtti házasság a “Nyilatkozatok 242 36 (1925): 241 interwar Anti memberofthe he became that archival indicates material 1945 post The in 1927. ofTeleia Doctor whereHead he became in1920 Budapest to moved and 1919 in dermatology during WWI Kolozsvár of of the University wasDirector the Deputy János ofKolozsvár. university medical ofthe lecturer firstwasHe the Jewish also 1874. in Hungary in dermatologist ofthe doctor and assistant vonHebra's 240 239 traitswereinheritedspiritual alsobodily but just not that idea the supported and it into married individuals worthy” “less of couple a if even nature. of laws the understood education, proper through people, the before compromises make to have might one and needed was caution of deal great a circumstances historical and family moral, social, the and humans co the to due that added, he However, lineage. good a have to needed hereditary and diseases have could sides both that evident similarly was it breeding animal of case the in venerologist Veteran reasoning. rational or scientist any than necessity its about men convince easily more much could they and counseling marriage of importance the about knew they if because women, Márton physician, another whereas treated, VD their having to masses the lead to way only the was propaganda and education Teleia of editor and association I counseling. marriage of aspects social and medical establishment a of adoctor. had family” discussed been with would official marriage the to shown be to certificate The centers. counseling marriage or centers care VD visit: a for go likely more would

March the In

years his career did not advance as it should have because of his Jewish origins. hisJewish of havebecause as itshould advance not did yearshiscareer Géber was a reputable name in the field of dermatology. János's father, Ede Géber was Ferdinand Ritter Ritter was Ferdinand Géber Ede father, János's fieldofdermatology. the in name was reputable a Géber His example for animals was that certain dog families were “loyal”, others “happy,” while some some while “happy,” others “loyal”, were families dog certain that was animals for example His in it about article and actually Who published Ibid. Ibid. megadása,” engedély házassági és a kérdése gyógyíthatóságának “A Géber, nemibetegségek János Ibid. - 41.

Gyula Donáth focused on heredity, argued for examining both sexes, claiming that claiming sexes, both examining for argued heredity, on focused Donáth Gyula - pi 12 ise of issue 1925 April

243 All

Aladár Emődi strongly belie strongly Emődi Aladár 240 gemeines Krankenhaus gemeines

Práger eetd biaoy elh hcs ad elrd ht sex that declared and checks, health obligatory rejected 242

Teleia only be one testifying: “health matters related to the the to related matters “health testifying: one be only 244 Teleia Teleia -

Egés recommended sex education targeted primarily at primarily targeted education sex recommended 110

and expressed his hope for a law in the future thatfuturethe lawain for hope his expressed and

zségvédelem 3 (1925): 70. (1925): 3 - a debate was launched to discuss the legal, legal, the discuss to launched was debate a

n this debate János Géber, doctor of the the of doctor Géber, János debate this n in Vienna for years and became the first appointed appointed first the became years and infor Vienna - Venereal Committee in 1945 and that and in the 1945 in Committee Venereal like the superior military skills inherited from from inherited skills military superior the like 239

and was cited only in wasonly cited and

ved that a family would degenerate would family a that ved but he did not get the Chair in the Chair not get but hedid

Teleia . See: . mplexity of of mplexity

Teleia -

241

CEU eTD Collection 245 vizsgálat előtti házasság “A Emődi, Aladár Zrínyis. fontossága,” the of patriotism passionate the or Hunyadi, Mátyás to János voluntary practice. actual the of result a as run long the in evolved discourse the how and responded experts medical me this to reacted marriage before standing youths how practice: in worked volition on based counseling of idea this how show to centers counseling marriage 1924 after operation in centers counseling marriage voluntary the of practice the by informed already were health marriage or premarital of discussions these However, arguments. same the to back harked often counseling marriage m to relevant deliberations long on focused that counseling of marriage concept a with proliferated, centers voluntary where one the was decade coming the why these, oreven intemporary based prohibitions VD. oninfectious marriage on based prohibitions marriage permanent in believed doctors few a only However, eugenics. d of range wide a included initially health marital on discourse antivenereal the that show debates These individual. the to belonged that right private fundamental the was partner detec marriage a choosing can that idea the one of dominance although experts, medical the of opinions the and opened centers counseling marriage voluntary first the when time the was This counseling. 1925 antivenereal measuresdiscourse, eugenics inclined tosupport as onhereditary well. the in radicals the of one was he stage this at that evident becomes it reasoning “certai require would

- 26, it can be argued that a thorough debate had started on the key issues of marriage marriage of issues key the on started had debate thorough a that argued be can it 26, Propaganda and free counseling was counseling free and Propaganda in debate public the and 1925 in OKE the by submitted memorandum the With

Ibid: Teleia .77.

4 (1926): 74 (1926): 4

” elh etfcts o bfr marriage. before for certificates health n”

- arital health were enunciated in these debates and later discussions of discussions later and debates these in enunciated were health arital 77.

eliberations, including a strong presence of hereditary hereditary of presence strong a including eliberations, - 25. In the next subchapter I will turn to the voluntary the to turn will I subchapter next the In 25.

supported by a majority of experts and this explains this and experts of majority a by supported - -

em hne ad n advice on and changes term 111

t variety, point towards the the towards point variety, t dical option, how the various various the how option, dical 245

rm Em From

- iig Te main The giving. d’ ln of line ődi’s

Teleia

CEU eTD Collection and contraceptives) recommended they abstention sexual of instead but size family their Neo by support received eugenics Marital regeneration. biological for sources the as considered were imp an medical providing is, that eugenics: as conceived discourses many in was counseling marriage Voluntary World. the around practices similar of context broader a in however, understood, be Institute Human ofAnthropology, Heredityand Eugenic Wilhelm Kaiser the at Fischer Eugen others among visiting Germany, in trip round healthcare mid the an Vienna in centers counseling up set who Reich, Wilhem of practices and ideas the by influenced largely was counselor and reformer sex Communist Schönstein, Sándor Fetscher; Rainer by led Dresden in center institutional counseling marriage sought eugenic the counselor with marriageconnections and psychiatrist Naményi, Lajos Újpest; in center counseling marriage a director Somogyi, Zsigmond by headed VD on law 1927 the observe to were linkages European Central These countries. Scandinavian the in or U.K. the States, United the in on went what than Berlin or Vienna in happening was what of more much saw eugenicists and doctors the In cases. Ge Austrian two and these German context the Hungarian on focus special a with checks, and health counseling premarital marriage to outlook international an present will I above, outlined Hungary Voluntary2.2. marriage counseling inthe international context - atuin (hs, h are wit agreed who (those, malthusians The voluntary practice of marriage counseling in Hungary in the 1920s and 1930s has to has 1930s and 1920s the in Hungary in counseling marriage of practice voluntary The c international the provide to order In - 90 pbi hgeit yl Drni f the of Darányi Gyula hygienist public 1930s

numerous: the Hungarian Antivenereal Committee sent a delegation to Germany to delegation a sent Committee Antivenereal Hungarian the numerous: rman - psychological and decision and psychological - speaking countries are the most relevant: Hungarian Hungarian relevant: most the are countries speaking h Thomas Malthus that lower classes needed to limit limit to needed classes lower that Malthus Thomas h -

112 ontext for the marriage counseling practice in in practice counseling marriage the for ontext -

s inBerlin. ayr sldéem Szövetség Családvédelmi Magyar - making assistance to those, who who those, to assistance making

rat ol o positive for tool ortant d later in Berlin; in Berlin; in later d

i a did

CEU eTD Collection 246 right or Democrats Social Socialists, radical conv political all of actors find will we reform,” sex and eugenics hygiene, Foucauldian counseling? of form what out find we can power/know Also: bodies? their over power of exercise the regardto with in engage they resistancedo potential of kind what and expect theydo benefits their of objects as for looking they are Secondly,counseling? are who th who and society in change to want they do What hours? working beyond and charge of free conditions, poor under done often was which work, c marriage voluntary doing are that people these are who Firstly, institutions. these of practices and function aim, the to relation in up pop may questions several clinics, these running individuals the to attention our direct thus state we If hygiene. no were there stage this at where societies in key become actors these of agency the institutions: private these ran that actors individual the of sex aims central their of one education and/or dispensing contraception” and reform sex and eugenics hygiene, social of intersection the at emerged counseling marriage rather concerns, eugenic by shaped solely means no by was As “Thei Switzerland: in bureaus other.advice marriage on writing it, put has each Gerodetti Natalia from separate to easy not often were fertility and marriage to related all that i and boom a enjoyed soon which 1900s, early the in movement control birth the of initiators the were who feminists,

Bureaus,” Natalia Natalia cente various The s o te is qeto, f arae oneig to a te itreto o social of “intersection the at stood counseling marriage if question, first the for As Gerodetti, “Eugenic Family Politi Family “Eugenic Gerodetti, Journal of Historical Sociology Sociology Historical of Journal

eg ntok wr st n oin t hs vros om o vlnay marriage voluntary of forms various these at motion in set were networks ledge n the first two decades of the twentieth century these ideological strands strands ideological these century twentieth the of decades two first the n

rs dealing with marriage/sex counseling thus reflected the convictions convictions the reflected thus counseling marriage/sex with dealing rs

e people that visit these centers and what makes them go? thesego? centers peopleand makesWhat thatwhat e them visit cs and Social Democrats: Positive Eugenics and Marriage Advice Marriage and Eugenics Positive Democrats: Social cs and 19 (2006): 225. (2006): 19 246 -

ig ae yinss Tee cos il typically will actors These hygienists. race wing 113 usln?Wa cnitosaebhn their behind are convictions What ounseling?

- rhsrtd oiis eae to related policies orchestrated cin, including ictions, r existence r

marital marital

CEU eTD Collection 58. 247 psychological or sexual providing on others control, birth on focused some held: actors these o instead institutions) educational Christian and scouts, boy organizations, youth Christian priest, the of power pastoral (e.g. networks Church existing already using by young the for knowledge examp Hungary’s show will 4 (Chapter focused have counseling to seems therefore marriage counseling marriage in and involvement Church clinics. control birth top the to alternative real a provide to able be to low counseling). and “biological” “hygiene as work own their defined consciously and centers these by given advice control) “uninhibited” the in threat a saw organizations Christian these 1950, in retrospect in Niedermeyerstated Albertgynecologist, Catholic the fashionable.As medical used who physicians, bureaucraticalliance over completelycontrol marriageover biologization. take viaits t partly values, of system own their protect to partly counseling, marriage own their provide to attempted Germany) in (e.g. countries some in Churches Christian the actors these by counseling marriage “layper the the have for to needed credentials medicine, necessary of branches established to opposition an up put to tried they midwives, when even battle, hygiene public open an such in nurses,engaged who those rise the on was legitimacy doctors, sci be natural the will from they people or so sexologists, background, psychologists, medical a of kind some have f setting upadvice centers.

n at Crsin hrhs nee te eia dsore n arae fe thr often marriage on discourse medical the entered Churches Christian fact, In views political the as diverse as was clinics advice marriage the running for reasons The miti te rs i ter ntttos eae t mrig: o t lt h medico the let to not marriage: to related institutions their in trust the maintain o Kristine Von Soden, Soden, KristineVon - rvn” as driven,” 247

h pplrt o te hita mar Christian the of popularity The Eheberatung

Die

Sexualberatungsstellen der Weimarer Republik Weimarer der Sexualberatungsstellen

le) rather on sex education; they attempted to produce sexual sexual produce to attempted they education; sex on rather le) - scientific arguments as theological ones were less and less less and less were ones theological as arguments scientific

mrig cusln) s poe to opposed as counseling) (marriage o” o u tut n hi kolde A a ecin to reaction a As knowledge. their in trust put to son” -

114 -

ig cusln cnes a, oee, too however, was, centers counseling riage ences. In an age where scientific scientific where age an In ences.

(Berlin: Edition Hentrich, 1989): 1989): Hentrich, Edition (Berlin:

piaiy enn: birth meaning: (primarily Sexualberatung

ough ough (sex

- CEU eTD Collection 250 249 51 248 Southern immigr European and Eastern Catholic of levels fertility greater and of influx the from itself protect middle white Protestant privileged, the for way a as seen was control birth time same well general the to contributing motherhood” Chance, Clinton Sanger’s of lar The reasons. underlying various these separate to hard often was it above, stated As abortions). avoid to order (in hygiene medical of reasons for or less) reproduce should of rise the control (to ec for population convictions Neomalthusian rich), the as options control birth same the to right the have should poor (the ideas Socialist body), their over control take to able be not was analysis Mesner’s in which centers, accomplished,the establishment of “hundreds ofprivateclinics butledinthe toUSA.” counseling marriage similar establish to early192 establishedand inthethat Sanger associates cause. her to attention direct to thus and authorities provoke to served which action”, “direct of form a as law the breaking obviously so was that re closure, its after (and opening Sanger’s sees therefore Mesner Maria U.S. the in control birth of provision or on advice any banned that legislation the to due opened, been esta was which Clinic, fact, In TB. or VD Control Birth first Sanger’s Margaret advice. providing like just than it to more was there sometimes diseases contagious from spouses future protect to wished many pres some marriage, during or before advice

- 52.

Providing birth control could be bas be could control birth Providing

Ibid: 55. Ibid: 61. and 54 Ibid: Maria. Mesner, Clinical Research Bureau Research Clinical

250 onomic reasons), race hygiene objectives (that undesirables or inferior classes classes inferior or undesirables (that objectives hygiene race reasons), onomic ant women. Birth control was a way to avoid “race suicide” as the advice and and advice the as suicide” “race avoid to way a was control Birth women. ant

but Sanger positioned the clinics in a feminist context as well with “voluntarywith well as context feminist a in clinics the Sangerpositioned but

Geburte blished in Brooklyn in 1916, was closed almost immediately after it has has it after immediately almost closed was 1916, in Brooklyn in blished

n/Kontrolle: Reproduktionspolitik im 20. 20. im Reproduktionspolitik n/Kontrolle:

for example was the British Neomalthusian industrialist Neomalthusian British the was example for ed on progressive on ed sed for eugenic for sed -

- 115 being of society through better marriages. At the the At marriages. better through society of being -

248 0s was partly initiated to motivate the State the0s wastomotivate State partly initiated

Secondly, the Secondly, - - biological recommendations, while while recommendations, biological feminist reasoning (women should should (women reasoning feminist Jahrhundert Clinical Research Bureau Research Clinical , ( Vienna: Böhlau, 2010): 2010): Böhlau, Vienna: - opening) gest initial sponsor sponsor initial gest

of a center center a of 249 -

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CEU eTD Collection 256 255 254 253 peopl 10.000 over 252 251 the was these of prominent most The advice. control birth free or material control birth cheap providing control: birth on centered up opened also organizations, women's or associations clinics and were all five clinics women. ledby control birth for asking women (80%) mostly visits, 2,705 of number impressive an had centers five these operation Hirschfeld's Magnus physician, prominent persuaded them of one and up opened were clinics more four year a half within Berlin, in Neukölln of district the in clinic first the of opening the After VKB. the of control framework the within 1928 May in starting clinics control birth Sanger’s Margaret from arriving organization incentive institutional this and was money It plus present. already background, diseases of treatment over prerogative the have preventive shoul care and andasylums hospitals doctors, systemofprivate supersedeshould the community that believed who staff, Communist and Socialist predominantly regul its in million patients 1.5 to access had that association This counseling. of part as control birth providing League Insurance Health and reduce their fertility significantly. levels culture American an with in” “blend women immigrant these help would accepted, if material,

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- 54.

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257

Sexualberatungsstellen Sexualberatungsstellen

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118 . (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1999): 377 1999): Steiner, Franz (Stuttgart: . -

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267 266 265

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271 Die Eugenik Die Church officials realized that in order to be able to keep up with the rivals they needed to needed they rivals the with up keep to able be to order in that realized officials Church Von Soden, Soden, Von Timm,

Hirschfeld reported about 80 couples per week on average according to Von Soden, Soden, Von to according week average per on about couples 80 reported Hirschfeld The “Inner Mission,” a reformist group of the Lutheran Church in Prussia, under the the under Prussia, in Church Lutheran the of group reformist a Mission,” “Inner The - u te bv ctd ubr f iios niae a ak f ead o C for demand of lack a indicates visitors of number cited above the but class clientele via the of provision class birthcontrol. via clientele 269 d counseling for economic problems. economic for counseling d

Politics of Fertility of Politics n omnssadfmnss gain feminists and Communists and - Sexualberatung Konzeption Magnus Hirschfeld im Kaiserreich und in der Weimarer Republik Weimarerder in und Kaiserreich im Hirschfeld Magnus Konzeption , 102. Jamila Martin 102. , - 53.

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119 e ethics new 270 - ed a strong foothold among a predominantly a among foothold strong a ed - - 60 per week and altogether 18.000 visitsas annually 18.000 altogether week per and 60

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reporting” the actual cases counseled. counseled. cases theactual reporting” ters. In Germany prominent sexologist and sexologist prominent Germany In ters.

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. Master Master Thesis, hurch Jamila Jamila nttt für Institut - - Berlin based

CEU eTD Collection 156. 1991): Press, 275 274 Publishe Transaction Century,”.in Twentieth 273 272 As counseling. Gruber marriage through indirectly, was this accomplishing for means the of one and necessary, was sexuality of ethos new a and forms new such as and structures, family capital.” “organic of reconstruction a for planned society, Austrian and Austria of reconstruction the of part as SDAP, The state. corporate Austro the of introduction subsequent the and 1934 of war Civil Austrian the until years Party Worker's Democratic Social (the party Socialist a majority class working the of votes the with Vienna, capital, Hapsburg c considerable in WWI after emerged Empire, Hapsburg former the of state successor a Austria, Ehewerber für Beratungstelle impact their and marriage. before abstinence sexual full promoted and control birth provide not did these similarly, centers: 1932 in and well as centers counseling open to decided

ii, l atoiis icuig h Ctoi Cuc) a i shambles, in lay Church) Catholic the (including authorities old risis,

arae oneig a itoue o introduced was counseling Marriage centers counseling marriage the of clientele the regarding questions the to regard With Helmut Gruber, Helmut Gruber, ofthe First Half in the Austria in Counselling Sex Lovers: Reasonable “Educating Mesner, Maria Ibid Mesner, Mesner, explains i explains possible. party the worker'sto 'marriage' make as to the so sublimated be to was sexuality light that in Seen culture. collective to neutral best at were that spheres private cre activities and organizations, programs, the from workers distract to threatened which powers, negative possible its on centered concern subject socialists' the with the of Much ends. social to means a as viewed only not was sexuality (…) 272 .

Geburten/Kontrolle rs, 2007):50. rs,

n Red Vienna: n oneig tef e u nw un o uti, n the and Austria, to turn now us let itself counseling on Sexuality In Austria, Austria, In Sexuality Red Vienna: Experiment in Working Class culture 1919 culture Class Working in Experiment Vienna: Red

(Health Advice Center for Engaged Couples Couples Engaged for Center Advice (Health

(2010): 66. (2010): -

eds DP rs t pwr Te tyd n g in stayed The power. to rose SDAP) . 274 Günter Bischof, Anton Pelinka and and AntonPelinka GünterBischof,

That is, they believed that new social structures, new structures, social new that believed they is, That -

120 n a voluntary basis partly because any coercive coercive any because partly basis voluntary a n -

ated by the SDAP, and to lead them into into them lead to and SDAP, the by ated

it developed its own guidelines for its its for guidelines own its developed it - 1934 1934 275

(Oxford: Oxford(Oxford: University Dagmar Herzog (London: (London: Herzog Dagmar 273

– n i te former the in and

vrmn fr 15 for overnment GBE) in Vienna. Vienna. in GBE) Gesundheitliche - Helmut Helmut Fascist

CEU eTD Collection 279 278 277 276 made and GBE the at counseling psychoanalytic provide to need would they that acknowledged counseli sex psychological for need the about and control birth about talked he where lectures, popular very held and over came often he as Vienna, in demands class working sense, control to includingtheir options fertility. the broad the in hygiene sexual about questions asking were people responsibility,” “generative a of out hygieneissues or eugenic adviceon marital or premaritalaskingfor individuals/couples of instead expected: had they what not were demands concrete the that observed yearsKautsky few first the experiencesof the on based Also, early1930s). bythe counselingmarriage for locations (whi clinics new establish the at guidance sought people 900 than less 1929 of year peak the at activities, propaganda of years without passed “weeks sometimes that complained ambitious, extremely Kautsky soon asreality to backyear.pulled Theya were visitors of thousands of tens forhoping were Jr., Kautsky, Karl gynecologist clinic, the of head the and years counselorswith the expected, and alife “moderate” thatwas lead marital inline norm. self and se control of idea the embodied counseling marriage Voluntary society. of regeneration the serve to order in children healthy of production the in engaged be to needed they time same the at and work humans: of economy the and production between link a providing was idea the above, stated As beyond. authority no had and Vienna controlled only SDAP the as impact desired the made have not would measure

GBE Me o most for health and youth welfare, for counselor city Tandler, Julius 52 Ibid: Mesner, Mesner, Mesner, Mesner, . 278 sner refers to Max Hodann, a Berlin sex reformer and marriage counselor influencing influencing counselor marriage and reformer sex Berlin a Hodann, Max to refers sner

The numbers were not particularly low but it is telling that there was no need to need no was there that telling is it but low particularly not were numbers The - 53. Geburten/Kontrolle Geburten/Kontrolle Geburten/Kontrolle -

discipline,

ers were not to be too distracted from production with sexual excessessexual with production from distracted too be to not were ers 276 le in Berlin where there were 16 municipal clinics and over 40 40 over and clinics municipal 16 were there where Berlin in le

hr wres ol itraie h gas e b te marriage the by set goals the internalize would workers where , (2010): 69 (2010): , (2010 , 71. (2010): , ): 68. ):

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CEU eTD Collection 283 282 281 280 can all serve toexemplifyFoucault describedthe process that as follows: made Hodann Tandler and of popularity the feet”; their with “voted clients Hodann the by where rivalry lectures a education provided sex of form the in counseling marriage Socialist alternative able was clientele the Berlin, resistance. (passive) of form a as this population.” the of part large a of “disinterest a be to claimed Kautsky something the clients. over its decide to of right fitness the have marriage suggested) previously (as not did center the that clear it

  

Marriage counseling by the city of Vienna in the 1920s and in Prussia/Berlin in 1926 in Prussia/Berlin in and 1920s the in Vienna of city the by counseling Marriage Michel Foucault, MichelFoucault, oe te cn eraie tef ivs eswee n s te tuge continues struggle the so and elsewhere invest itself, reorganize can then Power ones become thatdid popular. the while neglected, were it provide not did that bureaus the and control birth for demand non or empowerment) of means a as seen be can that information control birth the with along sought, being satisfaction life and (pleasure discourse the content the changing (Hodann), sources information alternative for three in seen be can resistance Vienna In it. attack to used is strong power made had What decency.” marriage, sexuality, of norms “moral over preferred is pleasure power, over preferred is body own one's subject: the from comes Response anddiscipline self induced viathe use toproductive workers puts thebodiesof produce knowledgethat power of investment this i invested being is Power Ibid. in Cited Ibid.

Kautsky reconsider the ways for normalization of their theKautsky clients. reconsider waysnormalization for Mesner, Mesner, self Power/Knowledge Geburten/Kontrolle

- control. control.

to shape the views of the authorities on counseling. In fact, fact, In counseling. on authorities the of views the shape to 280 n the body and desire in the body is expected to appear through through appear to expected is body the in desire and body the n –

both through the counseling sessions, through the attempt to attempt the through sessions, counseling the through both h abtos origin ambitious, The , ed. Colin Gordon (New York: Pantheon, 1980): 56 1980): (New Pantheon, York: Colin Gordon ed. ,

282 , (2010): 71 (2010): ,

The above development shows that in Vienna, just as in as just Vienna, in that shows development above The -

122

- -

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tee a a strong a was there a

- ms: resorting to resorting ms: 57. 281

Mesner saw Mesner –

33 in - CEU eTD Collection 284 It children. illegitimate status equal the and unmarried) or (married women of independence the a advocated doctorate, to women German first the among Stöcker, Heléne Germany In Stopes. Marie and Anglo the in movements control birth the of legends Two authority. of women were whom of many convictions, all of feministsCommunists, bySocialists, driven movement, control birth thriving atherewas Austria was not State the as questions). sexual distress, economic proble a solve to wanted majority voluntary suggest to 10 and about only marriage Also, from sterilizations. refrain to people some advising of goal original well rather but illnesses), mental with individuals (e.g. problems hereditary possible with people the not was it Firstly, problems.” “wrong the with and sessions counseling marriage to coming were people” “wrong complain Bureaus Advice Marriage Zürich and Bern the both where Switzerland, in

Another aspect of agency in marriage counseling relates to gender. Both in Germany and and Germany in Both gender. to relates counseling marriage in agency of aspect Another way different slightly a in problematic was clientele proper the reaching of problem The Gerodetti, Gerodetti, “user nor exercise to chance a was there population the of share larger a to access an having By well. as information control birth and counseling psychological introducing considered center the Vienna Stat the to led this Prussia appreciatedand was it the“right” not who people came tothesessions. - - run bureaus in Vienna and Prussia: eugenic Prussia: and Vienna in bureaus run friendly”forms. Eugenic Family Politi Family Eugenic Neue Ethik Neue

- - informed and “rational” people, “rational” and informed Saxon world were two female marriage counselors, Margaret Sanger Sanger Margaret counselors, marriage female two were world Saxon

aiain bt hs edd o ae e, oe ohsiae or sophisticated more new, take to needed this but malization,

cs that, amongst others, stood up for gender equality in marriage, marriage, in equality gender for up stood others, amongst that, e - wti mrig (.. otaetv avc, ea issues, legal advice, contraceptive (e.g. marriage within m -

15% of the clients came for marriage fitness advice, the the advice, fitness marriage for came clients the of 15% (2006): 225 (2006): sponsored centers providing what the clients requested, in in requested, clients the what providing centers sponsored 284

Zürich and Bern thus struggled with the same problems same the with struggled thus Bern and Zürich -

- 123 235.

- so these Bureaus could not fulfill their their fulfill not could Bureaus these so ilgcl rmrtl ftes advice “fitness” premarital biological

ed that the that ed receive a a receive

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- prto ro ol hs rie o te eae hsca atnig e ad xlis “It exclaims: and her attending physician female the for praise has only room operation The question of authority over fertility and birth control played a significant role in the in role significant a played control birth and fertility over authority of question The especially 1920s, early the in Union Soviet the of politics sexual the of aspects Certain Von Soden dedicates a whole chapter to the “new sexual ethics” that could relate to the post to relate thatcould ethics” the “newsexual to chapter whole a dedicates Soden Von

rpreted by Socialists on study trips to the Soviet Union, or when arriving to the West the to arriving when or Union, Soviet the to trips study on Socialists by rpreted l eprie s h male the as expertise ale dependent income and often lived in independent households, which deeply undermined the undermined deeply which households, independent in lived often and income dependent Von Soden, Soden, Von

285 is everywhere!gynecologicalOut withmenclinics.” from

(much o (much Von Soden, Soden, Von Clinical Research Bureau Research Clinical

Sexualberatungstellen Sexualberatungstellen Frauen in Sowjet in Frauen ud ü Mutterschu für Bund f which originated in Helene Stöcker's theoretical work in work theoretical Stöcker's Helene in originated which f Sexu - oiae gnclgcl rfsin dd o receive not did profession, gynecological dominated alberatungstellen -

124 (1988): 50. (in German, my 50. translation) (1988): -

en cites a short quote by Halle, in which she she which in Halle, by quote short a cites en - Russland Russland as well. The clinics, which relied much relied which clinics, The well. as tz

(1988): 44 (1988): to provide advice to mothers about about mothers to advice provide to [Women in Soviet Russia], was Russia], Soviet in [Women - 47. 47.

rtions and easy, easy, and rtions cologists being cologists

- 286 WWI “new WWI

- only only

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However, even sex reformists and feminist marriage counselors did not escape the the escape not did counselors marriage feminist and reformists sex even However, Jennifer Robertson, “ Robertson, Jennifer Grossmann, Mesner, 13 (2002): 203. (2002): 13 - ueis cness ht tn Grossm Atina that consensus eugenics” Geburten/Kontrolle 289

Reforming Sex Reforming Women in Japan were seen as the key to eugenic to key the as seen were Japan in Women sin f eiiay r uhrt t gv avc o at n eain o marital to relation in act or advice give to authority or legitimacy of estion re conservatively set marriage counseling practices eugenics and motherhood and eugenics practices counseling marriage set conservatively re

set up centers that were primarily aiming for female attention. In f In attention. female for aiming primarily were that centers up set

Blood talks: Eugenic modernity and the creat the modernityand talks: Eugenic Blood

(1995): 15. (1995):

(2010): 53. (2010): rth; motherhood refers to the idea that the primary role women women role primary the that idea the to refers motherhood rth; 287

si mn onre high countries many in As rom the working the rom

od sharply against birth control efforts coming from from coming efforts control birth against sharply od -

125 - trained Ikeda Shigenori and his and Shigenori Ikeda trained -

- class target group of German, Austrian and and Austrian German, of group target class ann saw as valid for the whole political political whole the for valid as saw ann ion of the new Japanese,” newJapanese,” ionofthe - prestige jobs in medicine almost medicine in jobs prestige 288

ueis en ta women that meant Eugenics goals: as mothers they were they mothers as goals: - class, educated educated class, Japan Eugenic Eugenic Japan History and and History act, in a in act,

CEU eTD Collection 290 biological for clientele, be York), New in Sanger (e.g. counseling sex while that addedbe Itto needs health.marital on discoursethe dominatingmen medicalstill was it role bi where countries most as well as Japan, in However, center). counseling the at worked men two and women (five experts female mostly employed Reich's Ma faculties. medical at trained doctors not often were involved counselors women the and issues health marital on gynecologists male) the (mostly questioned of authority Clinics, Mother his with Sanger Margaret records. the from traced be rarely this fitness, eugenic beyond advice for clientele the from demand was there if even and practice and discourse the dominated that hygiene of idea the was it countries many in but im greater a made reproductive beings:mothers. and as aswives as existed primarily they as selection, “proper” for suited better naturally were eugenic for them counselors targeted marriage When societies. these all in present was run, long the of in providers health eugenic the becoming for and selection eugenic for positioned better were women that conviction the Nevertheless, classes.” “uneducated the for examples good provide to able best be to believed were women class middle and hygiene at aimed counseling marriage Germany: strong with society a in as So background and the Communist in much as not was women class working of counseling.marriage Swiss

In Germany, Austria, or the U.S.A. where the birth control and the sex reform movements controlsex and the birth U.S.A.whereIn the Germany, Austria, or Ibid: 205 Ibid: oilsice Gslshf fr euleaug n Sexualforschung und Sexualberatung für Gesellschaft Socialistischen - 206. pact, it was often women giving advice to women at these counseling sessions, sessions, counselingthese at women to advice giving women often was it pact,

il eortc ocs i ti sne ugr ws lsr o aa ta to than Japan to closer was Hungary sense this in forces; Democratic cial -

yinc arae oneig ( counseling marriage hygienic - biological marriage counseling, this was based was this counseling, marriage biological 290 cause of the focus on birth control, had a predominantly female female predominantly a had control, birth on focus the of cause Sexualberatung

It is not surprising that in a conservative society the empowerment the society conservative a in that surprising not Itis

in Germany and Austria and the Mother Clinics of Clinics Mother the and Austria and Germany in -

126 -

rth control and sex reform did not play a play not did reform sex and control rth Eheberatung rie Frischauf's and Wilhelm Wilhelm and Frischauf's rie

in Germany) one cannot cannot one Germany) in

on the idea that they that idea the on

n Vienna in

a only can

CEU eTD Collection n itrrtto t etr h cnn Ad ial, h efcs f hs ofsin were confession this of effects the finally, And canon. the enter to interpretation and scientific this needed truth of discourse the forefront, the to brought secrets sexual the interpreted who expert, medical the was it Fourthly, well. as uncovered be to need these and (consci for probably subject the weight that idea greatest the to the referred latency” carried of “principle this The pathology. as of kind detail any understanding full in uncovered be to needed subject the unde scientifically into coded and standardized be to had individual the by spoken was what that meaning confession, the of codification” “clinical a was there Firstly, confession. the of concept the of rearrangement profession's medical the in voluntary for useful most marriagecounseling. is believe I that confessional Christian “secularized” scientific, advice the by defined much as was 1920s the of discourse health marital the centers, counseling marriage voluntary the of case the in here seen have we as power; of exercise this of aspect important an is forms the to normalization of discourse this of messages the channel to outlets finding and deviation) pathologizing (and norms up setting by body social and physical the over control exert to seeks power where normalization sexual of idea Foucault's to be all can but they antagonistic, often were aspirations of and their actors wide similarly was range The marriage. healthy a for select to whom on educated the to advice sophisticated astra gone marriages with comprehensive) being saving in not sexuality, on people educating in overview sessions these of power above the in believing counselors (the World the of countries of number detect of was sexes thedistribution asimilarmore phenomenon, balanced. colorfu a find can thus One According to this analysis in the modern West the will to sexual knowledge sexual to will the West modern the in analysis this Accordingto

, n diig h not the advising in y, - taker ul o ucncosy tid o ie eti eeet o is sexuality its of elements certain hide to tried unconsciously) or ously a b te advice the by as s l range of marriage counseling centers in the 1920s in a a in 1920s the in centers counseling marriage of range l - - so

127 - - educated about contraceptives, or giving more more giving or contraceptives, about educated givers. It is however Foucault's theory of the the of theory Foucault's however is It givers. rstandable language. Secondly, the sexuality of of sexuality the Secondly, rstandablelanguage. -

targeted bodies. Resistance of various various of Resistance bodies. targeted

was founded founded was verification

CEU eTD Collection 292 65 291 for answers find to try will I counseling. marriage of scene international the with comparisons center these of analysis the for confession” “secular the on theory Foucault's use will I Europe. of rest the in ones the as time same the around established were Voluntary2.3. Marriage Counseling Centers Hungin of scientific betterment by “true”discovering sexuality. discourse medical same the in embedded was practice their and knowledge sexual producing for bu countries), most in Germanybut in just not “motherhood the (despite objectives overall in differences were there and norms sexual certain of acceptance the of terms in differences significant were there medic contemporary by set norms the of light the in confessions sexual their interpreting subject, the for speaking experts medical the find always can one and sexuality on 150 sexuality a used on questionnaire example answers for Hirschfeld archiving widespread, were and anamneses information and (questionnaires extracting of forms standardized are sexualitypathological. normal was or subject’s the whether verdict a reached who expert, medical the was it again is, that medicalized,

- 67.

Below I will discuss the various Hungarian voluntary marriage counseling centers that that centers counseling marriage voluntary Hungarian various the discuss will I Below bure marriageThe Von Soden, Soden, Von MichelFoucault, 292 ), the central subject of the confession always being related to uncovering truths uncovering to related being always confession the of subject central the ), Sexualberatungsstellen The History of Sexuality: Volume I: An Introduction I:An Volume Sexuality: of History The

au can be understood in this frame of scientific confession, where there where confession, scientific of frame this in understood be can au

291 (1988): 99 (1988):

- t marriage counselors all used the same techniques techniques same the used all counselors marriage t 128 100.

- eugenics” consensus dominating dominating consensus eugenics”

(New York: Vintage Books, 1990): 1990): Books, (New Vintage York: s and based on this I will make will I this on based and s ary

al discourse. Yes, Yes, discourse. al - page page

CEU eTD Collection 294 293 gender strong a was there so women were 11) (only 10% than Less Station. Counseling the to visit a paying voluntarily individuals 119 only with either, 1925, in improve not did numbers mar get to wanted who those, for the screening a as doctors functioned thus Teleia session counseling marriage for The institution. their justified of importance infected found were percent, 80 than more majority, large family. a against having advised were persons 4 treatment; get to sent were whom of most infected, as found were 142 and them, of all for undertaken were VD for examinations individuals, 174 attracted VD. of effects harmful possible the about educated be to wanted who married, already those, and marry to about individuals and couples every day a hours two operated workday it and charge of free institution, care VD regular Teleia's This 1924. of half first the in Hungary in center counseling surp no as came it so 1920s early the in VD to related issues in voice dominant the been had association The Hungary. in center journal, association's the to thanks and, 1924 2.3.1. Teleia's Station Counseling marriage bureaus. longer of willingness and/or will resistance I and clientele, the the by cooperation counselors, marriage Hungarian of motivations the

- em mlctos f h etbihet n ery arae oneig rcie n these in practice counseling marriage early and establishment the of implications term eeas outr mrig cusln cne ws am was center counseling marriage voluntary Teleia's “A Teleia Egyesület XXXII évi közgyűlése,” évi közgyűlése,” XXXII Egyesület “ATeleia “ATele , with two doctors (Imre Kron and Miksa Bálint) on alternating duty. It was to serve serve to was It duty. alternating on Bálint) Miksa and Kron (Imre doctors two with , ia Egyesület Tanácsadóállomása,” Tanácsadóállomása,” Egyesület ia 294

h nmes ee oeht disappoin somewhat were numbers The

ried and had reason to believe that they had been infected. The The infected. been had they that believe to reason had and ried

ie ht t ntae te etn u o te is marriage first the of up setting the initiated it that rise provide a number of answers for the significance and and significance the for answers of number a provide 293 Teleia

- Teleia Teleia In its first year Teleia's marriage Teleia's year first its In

Teleia 129

2 ( 2 1924): 42. 1924): - 3 (1925): 62. (1925): 3

, it is the perhaps the best documented such documented best the perhaps the is it ,

Counseling Station Counseling ig o Tli, u te at ht a that fact the but Teleia, for ting

ong the pioneers in Hungary in in Hungary in pioneers the ong

counseling center counseling

was, similarly to to similarly was,

CEU eTD Collection 14. 297 80. (1927): 5 marry.” to unfit permanently and were “completely individuals that4 296 295 and theVDoperating clinics were from fullyseparately it. well a was there Hall City the in even where Vienna, in done been had what copy to proposed Emődi stigma. certain a bore already this and advice for clinic VD Teleia's to go to had clients the as section, counseling for went individuals 103 1925 onlyin counseling as Station, Counseling the of activities the in improvement centers.explained be can by This various facts: imbala

At Teleia's November 1926 general meeting Emődi could report about no further further no about report could Emődi meeting general 1926 November Teleia's At nce, just the opposite of what one could see in German, U.S. or Austrian sex counseling sex Austrian or U.S. German, in see could one what of opposite the just nce, Miksa Bálint reported about the first three years of the Counseling Station in 1928. His 1928. in Station Counseling the of years three first the about reported Bálint Miksa “ATeleia doc The 133. wentto year up byofthe end This, the betegforgalma,” rendelőintézetének budapesti “Azegyesület   

getting married. before cured were they that sure make to wanted and VD having about concerned infe of ratio the from seen be can as Station, Counseling the to coming men The prostitutes. of help the with marriage before urges uncontrollable their satisfy to had men while passionless deemed were women where wit line in was Teleia at practice the fact, In private a such examination. for doctor trusted private, their to go to afford could background middle largely a in was Teleia success offemale clients) (among the for reason primary the was which control, birth with dealing not was Teleia that - egyesület 1926. november21 hó 1926. egyesület 296 - equipped marriage counseling center counseling marriage equipped . Emődi blamed the lack of a good and “intimate” place for the marri the for place “intimate” and good a of lack the blamed Emődi .

295

- én tartott igazatósági és válasz és igazatósági éntartott - - the marriage counseling centers abroad ls nihoho ad oe o a bourgeois a of women and neighborhood class

130

tors found 101 to be treated for their VD and decided theirfor decided and VD treated to be tors101 found -

h the idea of middle of idea the h See: “Betegforgalom az 1926. évben,” 1926. az “Betegforgalom See: Teleia Teleia 297 to, ee rmrl ad justifiably and primarily were ction, (this was Kautsky’s marriage bureau) marriage Kautsky’s was (this

4 (1926): 26. (1926): 4 tmány ülése.” ülése.” tmány

- class sexual morality sexual class Teleia

5 (1927): (1927): 5 Teleia Teleia

age CEU eTD Collection 299 298 should he/she contagious, not is problem his/her although and life long a have not presumably His marriage. endanger also general could examp a VD than be other to problems needed as patient there the that of examination idea the confirmed he sessions, counseling marriage counselin marriage (20%) or arelated problem had tointernal(3%). medicine wit infected be to out turned (87%) clients most and patients VD finding on was emphasis the time same the At example. for tuberculosis, having patients screen also would which examination, information charge aboutfree of VD clinics. providing classes, poorer the from was individual the if and needed a was treatment that giving warning or marry to permission the giving urethra; the of provocation chemical or massage was it if check pro like procedures provocational specialist and fluids genital and urine a blood, of check a by necessary; complemented was which individual, the of examination providing (havi data individual personal the of: consisted This well. as article, his in session counseling typical a described Bálint men. than often less much doctor a to turn to tended general in patients VD in engage did who women shame” false by that back “held were sex life, premarital sexual premarital no had three women to clients most female that of reasons: lack the attributed He success. of lack a for reasons possible the in article

h either gonorrhea or syphilis (their ratio being 3:2). The rest suffered from nervous illnesses illnesses nervous from suffered rest The 3:2). being ratio (their syphilis or gonorrhea either h e a a eiu hat odto, hr “ yug niiul ih hs odto will condition this with individual young “a where condition, heart serious a was le The other marriage counseling doctor, Imre Kron, wrote about the importance of of importance the about wrote Kron, Imre doctor, counseling marriage other The descript Bálint's Ibid: 33. Ibid: tanácsadójából,” orvosi Teleia a “Megfigyelések MiksaBálint, Teleia

confirmed the data already published in the journ the in published already data the confirmed ng the right to anonymity) and explaining all past illnesses;a general medical medical general illnesses;a past all explaining and anonymity) to right the ng g in the same issue of issue same the in g ion of the procedure shows that this was in fact a general medical medical general a fact in was this that shows procedure the of ion

Teleia 298 -

131

. Although he did not provide statistics for his for statistics provide not did he Although . from the medical examination, and that female female that and examination, medical the from -

299

Teleia Teleia

6.(1928): 32 6.(1928): al before, and lamented about lamented and before, al - 33.

state

CEU eTD Collection Erődi Béla of leadership the under 300 up set was settlement a city the of problems social the attend to order In population. class working growing rapidly a with Budapest, of north just town 2.3.2. Újpest with VD. limite very a for worked only health marital of importance the of aware are who individuals responsible and informed for counseling of idea The goals. original its accomplish not did Teleia by imagined therefor is it location; geographic their of 1928 in started counseling state and 1920s the in Hungary in up opened centers true counseling is It 60. reach even not did it Teleia of years five last the in and 78 todown was this by1932 but visitors 187 with 1928 wasyear peak The insignificance.complete nuclearfamily thetwo as well, with child the for provide to able be to parent con the condition heart this for that suggests explanation Kron’s least at eugenic, necessarily not were reasons These reasons. health by threatened been have would life family where cases all in doctors for an to control hygienic social thorough and overarching entitled felt they however, profile; Teleia's of because mainly VD for focus particular a kept doctors center, counseling marriage Teleia's of part as that clear it makes statement Kron's examp for suffer who those, to similarly family a establish to advised be not

the In Imre Kron, “A házasság előtti orvosi vizsgálat fontosságáról,” vizsgálat orvosi előtti házasság “A Kron, Imre i an Újpest, in was 1924 in opened that center counseling marriage second The

d group, most of them men, who could very well assume that they had been infected been had they that assume well very could who men, them of most group, d

– next decade the decade next

Marriage Counseling Center of Center Counseling Marriage the Intézet OrszágosSzociálpolitikai cern was not so much about the health of the child but for the ability of the the of ability the for but child the of health the about much so not was cern

- 29, but these centers did not interfere with the work of Teleia because because Teleia of work the with interfere not did centers these but 29,

Counseling Station Station Counseling - parentthe only model healthy option. e fair to assume that voluntary marriage counseling as counseling marriage voluntary that assume to fair e –

- normality was thus contextualized in terms of the of terms in contextualized thus was normality

132

that could have provided strong advisory rights rights advisory strong provided have could that rolled onto a steady path of decline into almost into decline of path steady a onto rolled -

Teleia

6 (1928): 27. (1928): 6 - supported voluntary marriage marriage voluntary supported

that other marriage marriage other that e rm VD.” from le

ndustrial

300 -

CEU eTD Collection 347. (1950): 305 AHorthy titkosan. vagy“Nyíltan Romsics, Ignác See: minds. their change to “persuaded” be easily could theat elections, party thegovernment support nowho did those, so and notwas secret voting cities, larger and from aside Budapest but, parties, opposition 304 54 1929): Hírlapkiadó, 303 60. 1935): Atheneum, (1925 Kötete Ünnepi Bizottságának Antiveneriás Egyesület Közegészségügyi 302 Rt.(undated). Könyvkiadó és Könyvkereskedelmi Stúdium Budapest: Erődi see: Béla movement settlement Hungarian ofthe ideology Movem Settlement International the of impact and the history to introduction 301 OSZ Somogyi’s from certificate persuade sources: some (in require to agreed the who official, marriage and mayor local the of help the with achieved was admittedly, success, The individuals. po greater have not did probably it such as and biologicaladvice and tests medical the than more anything provide not did doctors, its by provided reports the on based center, counseling marriage OSZI the as sight first at surprise a be might center. the visited couples married all town, the in couples engaged all of half for counseling provided they couple a after department,ZsigmondAB member became head doctor. where the Somogyi Szociálp practices. best and knowledge examples, couldgood easilysettlement, the share within and, needs workingclass to towardsunderstanding breaki for opportunity the create would This “settlement”. joint a to families class working with in move would education) higher co a on based Anglo the on based function to was which Harrach,

Johnson, see: Christian movement settlement the onmore detail For and Teleia) as year same (the 1924 in center counseling marriage a opened OSZI The György Darv György the Horthy of typical is “persuasion” This Rezső Hilscher, Hilscher, Rezső el házasság a “Törvényjavaslat Somogyi, Zsigmond ltki Intézet olitikai

- of years with a fairly low attendance, in 1928 the numbers increased and suddenly suddenly and increased numbers the 1928 in attendance, low fairly a with years of habitation of various classes: middle class youths (mostly from an institution of institution an from (mostly youths class middle classes: various of habitation as, “A házasság előtti orvosi vizsgálat jelentősége a statisztika tükrében,” tükrében,” statisztika a jelentősége vizsgálat orvosi előtti házasság “A as,

A Főiskolai Szociális Telep tevékenysége és a settlement munka mó munka settlement a és tevékenysége Telep Szociális Főiskolai A

[National Social Policy Institute Institute Policy Social [National

ng down social barriers, as these youths would become more more become would youths these as barriers, social down ng mrig cusln cne bfr gtig married. getting before center counseling marriage I - rendszer választójoga,” választójoga,” rendszer 303 301

- ooy' sces n jet t h end the at Újpest in success Somogyi's era in Hungary, where there was a functioning Parliament with Parliament functioning was a there where Hungary, in era

The settlement, which was operated by the the by operated was which settlement, The -

133 őtti orvosi tanácsadásra.” in: in: tanácsadásra.” orvosi őtti -

- - Harrach, A Harrach, Saxon se Saxon Rubicon Rubicon

- wer than Teleia to attract couples or or couples attract to Teleia than wer

SI i 12, a a ulc health public a had 1926, in OSZI]

magyar settlement magyar ttlement model. This model was model This model. ttlement - 1 (1990): 4 (1990): 1 ent. ent. Strength in community: an an community: in Strength 1935 (Derby: IFS, 1995). On the 1995). (Derby: IFS, 304 ), ed. Ede Neuber (Budapest: Ede (Budapest: ),ed. Neuber 302 ) couples to get a doctor’s a get to couples )

- whereas in 1929 almost 1929 in whereas 5. Az Országos Országos Az

dszere - Népegészségügy Népegészségügy mozgalom eszméi, mozgalom (Szeged: (Szeged: f h 1920s the of Országos 305 t . The

CEU eTD Collection 307 for only if even efficiency, 306 better for that and basis voluntary a on well work not did care and self production bythat knowledge beliefs themselves.were Voluntary thus shaped Steiger measures as people, “simple” these that t about decide to sensed enough “cultured“ not as deemed were commented, be to also can it clinic, Újpesti the to visitors the of background socioeconomic the of cognizant Being well. counseling as coercion, involve voluntary that believing in were physicians OSZI persistent how shows dramatically.” decreased center counseling our of attendance the 1930 after so officer retir had marriage after this adding,law”,“regrettably ayearsannounced as was 13 it beforeexaminations health obligatory implemented Újpest of area the in “we, saying officer marriage local the with coercive a indeed was this that confirmed counseling everydayrealities ofmarriage counseling inHungary. the the in if involved even directly work, not counseling were who those but visitors voluntary with struggling centers counseling marriage these were only not that impression the with us leaves AB the in discussion upon institution the to came applicants the that educated less “ immediately: Somogyi the by corrected be to among had misunderstanding This classes.” even results sufficient produced has propaganda general the that simple wereapplicants the that news good is “it sayingreport his saluted Steiger Dezső expert education sex and center, counseling marriage Újpest the of results fro in situation comic slightly a in himself put Somogyi persuasion this of nature the about open fully being reveal thatbyAntivenereal not OKE Committee the meeting of 1931 May of minutes the7

t f i clege. e nomd h eprs n h Cmite bu te extraordinary the about Committee the in experts the informed He colleagues. his of nt A 1950 article by OSZI physician György Darvas on the activities of the OSZI marriage marriage OSZI the of activities the on Darvas György physician OSZI by article 1950 A Darvas ügyek,” “Egyesületi , A házasság előtti házasság A , ed, his successor did not dare to send couples to pre couples to tosend dare didnot ed, successor his Egészség Egészség

, (1950): 347 (1950): ,

wr pr o te nieeel lt, ee eahd rm the from detached were elite, antivenereal the of part were y 45 (1931): 204. (1931): 45 - 349.

134 -

h avc o te arae clerk.” marriage the of advice the

initiative, as he reported on the agreement agreement the on reported he as initiative, - marriage medical checks and and checks medical marriage heir readiness for marriage marriage for readiness heir

people, which indicates which people, Presenter 307

hs article This 306 a to was - -

Kazal Kazal Kazal

notes notes This

- CEU eTD Collection 309 évben,” 308 be would it Therefore, relationship. sexual existing already an sanctioned it as formality a just 1928 this on based checks health Somogyi, premarital so obligatory against reports argued himself own He higher. their be to on it estimated based “naturally”, was this As sex. premarital in engaged already cou all of 34.6% couples: the on also but individuals, the just not on data provide to able was Somogyi pregnant. already were women all of 15% However, 66.7%. at better, much was in 24. Only marriage. ended it if justified as seen was sex premarital hygiene and ethics sexual of terms in both else. someone with previously, but, bride their with sex had not had marr before sex had already had women of cases more they comprehensive couldand (697) examinations go do with their questions. deeper (according and toSomogyi)bloodtest “make dowith”anamnesis to had often doctors OSZI the Thus, for. examined be to wanted they what decide to chance the had clients the voluntary, were themselves tests health The maids. as or home at working women further and workers, industrial were whom of 78% 1930, July and 1928 December between institution. As OSZI. the to paythat, forto poor too theywereif or, doctors,private to weresentcoupleseither the Újpest: in 1933 in activities OSZI the on report own neede physicians knowledge, disseminating

Népegészségügy Népegészségügy Their results included detailed information on premarital sex: 92.5% of men and 52.5% 52.5% and men of 92.5% sex: premarital on information detailed included results Their examined were women) 373 and men (365 individuals 741 altogether that meant This Ibid: 708. Ibid: Intéz Szociálpolitikai “AzOrszágos Somogyi, Zsigmond 308

jet a peoiaty working predominantly was Újpest

8 percent of men met this requirement, while with non with while requirement, this met men of percent 8 14 ( 1933): 708 1933):

- 1930 Újpest data, saying that as already as that saying data, Újpest 1930

- 710.

iage, with the majority (73%) of the non the of (73%) majority the with iage, d the power of the law to back them up. Somogyi's Somogyi's up. them back to law the of power the d -

135 Népegészségügy - -

ls, ot ope edd p n Somogyi's in up ended couples most class, et Egészségügyi Osztályának működése az 1932. 1932. az működése Osztályának Egészségügyi et

s only but inthe majoritys only but ofthe details the agreement made in in made agreement the details

one 309 - -

third of marriages was was marriages of third virgin women the ratio ratio the women virgin ooy camd that claimed Somogyi - virgin men men virgin ples had ples

16%

CEU eTD Collection 311 310 that fields problem the listed and Museum Health Social the in Exhibition Protection Health the at speech a made Somogyi 1933 early In people. class working de counseling marriage the with cons line in however, Somogyi, moralist. Christian a of that than mind in hygiene having physician a of viewpoint the more much was partners, of exchange no pr that indication His noted. the in was be there to is norms interest Christian of application relaxed much Somogyi's population. the how of life sex premarital and results and data for craved institution the badly but haveagaingood not option. marriagea been banning added,themfrom would that marriage for unsuitable was woman thirteenth every and man fifth every that concluded rep person) (1 0.28% only with infected, found were men of percent 9.4 gonorrhea: of terms in women and men between gap gender immense 1 around only “against and state ethical, interestthese.” obstruct hygienic to

finitely shaped his attitude towards obligatory prenuptials and the realities of the sexual life of life sexual the of realities the and prenuptials obligatory towards attitude his shaped finitely s o cecv itreto te miia eiec Smgi o hl o i 1928 in of hold got Somogyi evidence empirical the intervention coercive for As ensus Hungary,rejected in the explains why the current German government had the marriage counseling centers closed in 1933. closed centers marriagecounseling the had government German whycurrent the explains asking were centers counseling marriage and Berlin in procedures appearing persons on the information that shows provide compilation Bendix's to conception. is controlling for goal material admitted less or more their and questions sexual to started gradually have centers counseling marriage these and advocates control birth of hands the into over went gradually counseling marriage states Western in however, Unfortunately, O Újpest the of “heyday” the from report This exam all of 5% about found doctors OSZI the illnesses, for As Somogyi, 709 Ibid: - - 2 percent had syphilis, with no significant gender differences, but there was an an was there but differences, gender significant no with syphilis, had percent 2 710. Törvényjavaslat

emarital sex was to be accepted as long as it resulted in marriage and marriage in resulted it as long as accepted be to was sex emarital

(1935): 60. 60. (1935):

Sexualberatung

for birth control material in 74.9 percent of the cases. This This cases. the of percent 74.9 in material control birth for -

136 re wt i aog oe. ooy thus Somogyi women. among it with orted -

practiced inGermany:

SZI marriage counseling center shows how shows center counseling marriage SZI 310

were already discussed in 1925: in discussed already were ined to have tuberculosis, tuberculosis, have to ined

deal with other withother deal

311

- 1930

CEU eTD Collection 314 313 312 theiraspects,quantifiableand habits sexual in interest of greatdeal awas centerthere counseling Újpes the in class: working the onto “garrulous forced the indeed However, was sexuality” sexuality. of form eruptive more this for controls strict introduce bourgeoisie working where OSZI, the of case the in clearly it. accept to refused often that proletariat the onto middl the for applied was sexuality of control thorough most the that and field, problem a as appeared initially that family of number the reduce marriages withpeo would these so and relationship sexual marriage existing cases already many an in legalized that arguing checks, health obligatory against up speak him made t of that and class middle the of ethics the between distinction a make to tried just probably here Somogyi ethics. of standard lower a have sex) premarital towards attitude their to (due definition by would group ethics higher premarital to agree to likely less are women standard ethical high This statementseemingly is self at the where ethics, lower with those but standard, ethical higher a having individuals to only not relates question “the that warned He avoided. be should bans marriage and purposes propaganda t with persisted he OSZI, the in work his through rates infection and habits sexual premarital on information more much having 1933, By checks. obligatory introducing for obstacles ethical administrative, legal, technical, titude towards premarital sexual life shows very little difference between men and women.” and men between difference little very shows life sexual premarital towards titude

It is worth noting here that according to Foucault it was the sexuality of the bourgeois bourgeois the of sexuality the was it Foucault to according that here noting worth is It Foucault, Foucault, Ibid. tanácsadás,” “Aházassági Somogyi, Zsigmond

–

t h sm tm Smgi n ascae blee i wud o b ws to wise be not would it believed associates and Somogyi time same the at Histor ple living in“wild marriages.”ple y of Sexuality Sexuality of y

e classes e

- (1990): 122 (1990): he idea that premarital medical advice should only be used for for used be only should advice medical premarital that idea he contradictory, because it maintains that among the groups with a contradictory,groups becausewith a maintainsthat among it the –

this “garrulous sexuality” was then, says Foucault, forced forced Foucault, says then, was sexuality” “garrulous this he workers. It was his perception of the latter group that group latter the of perception his was It workers. he - 127. -

137

Teleia Teleia - 313 314 class ethics was seen as inferior to inferior as seen was ethics class -

The idea of “class sexuality” plays out quite out plays sexuality” “class of idea The 11 (1933): 12. 12. (1933): 11

sex and so many men in this in men many so and sex t VD Care and marriage marriage and Care VD t that of the the of that

312

CEU eTD Collection 295 315 he that think not did Herman Oddly, truth. the tell to needed they treatment proper for because an chance,” by even not patients, women our from data truthful get not did “we claimed, He missing. large and by perspective female the with above, detailed relations gender the with line in is which women, found evidence the on based VD and marriage non the among coitus” “first the of age the determine to attempted Herman, János doctor OSZI by authored in published VD, with correlation its and sexuality sexualities. “wild” these contain really not could measures negative prohibitive, that clear less or more was i time same the At uncovered, discussed,interpreted. be to Sexualitywasview. of fertility) point thus: (and sexuality a from relevant that all not was class, working the for least at institution, not were checks obligatorypremarital mid the in government the to submitted counseling, marriage on Veneris Lex the for draft expert His confession. secular this of level the on possible a counseling, marriage of project whole the made exception the than categories. indiv the of the in confessionals sexuality were the on information much as collect to trying experts sessions medical a with sense Foucauldian counseling marriage The evidence. statistical “hard” gener more a draw to attempted physicians expert Újpest the factthat the underline SeveralreportsVD. with correlation e.g.their

- 302. 302. At the same time the fact that for working for that fact the time same the At As for confessionals, there is a report from the Újpest VD care center on premarital premarital on center care VD Újpest the from report a is there confessionals, for As

János Herman, “Statistikai adatok a férfiak házasságonkívüli nemi életéhez,” életéhez,” nemi házasságonkívüli férfiaka adatok “Statistikai Herman, János

da a psil ad nepe tee n ih o ter w nrs n medical and norms own their of light in these interpret and possible as idual d decided only to rely on the men, who he believed have provided correct data data correct provided have believed he who men, the on rely to only decided d - are cins fteV/arae oneigcne admd ttmns on statements made and center counseling VD/marriage the of clients married

l itr o wrig ls sxaiy n mrig bsd on based marriage and sexuality class working of picture al

to be introduced because Somogyi saw that marriage as an an as marriage that saw Somogyi because introduced be to -

138 . Herman completely dismissed the confessions of confessions the dismissed completely Herman . - class couples premarital sex was more the rule the more was sex premarital couples class -

- 1930s, was in line with these experiences: these with line in was 1930s, Népegés zségügy t least for Somogyi, only only Somogyi, for least t

Népegészségügy n 1930. in 315

hs report, This

11 (1930): (1930): 11

t CEU eTD Collection 316 biological of limits the confirm Újpest from reports the Secondly, eugenics. hereditary of discussion no with diseases, venereal of framework were counselors marriage marriagecounselors. the by accepted “reliability” of categories the on contingent strongly thus were confessions these from data”extracted “hard Thedata. of manipulation suchfor justification needeven not does he a “unreliable”as client the of sex the on based confessions the discard to process), verification scientific proper a without (even science of legitimacy the with and expert the of position the veri counselor The confession. the “Masters ofTruth” as counselors groupseeing of the well) as women, included probably most this large dee were were patients 1012 there Therefore told. story where the in discrepancies or “fantastic” too seemed that data disregarded simply he men: by be not could answers evaluating for method” “critical his revealed however, claims He, men. to opposed as seriously women’s why to as evidence or justification provide to needed

There are a few lessons to be learned from the Újpest OSZI story. One is that these these that is One story. OSZI Újpest the from learned be to lessons few a are There    

Ibid: 296 Ibid: Herman’sconclusionsfoll were the

physical and spiritual education for the youngphysicaland for spiritual education theemphasizesearly that marriage. years; fourwithin Antivenereal prophy Antivenereal peopleMost having VD lived withtheir family; infectious 50% and year a within it acquiring 20% with VD, to led necessarily sex Extramarital people tohavebetweenmost (90%) age sex and started the 19; of15 - 297.

neetd n oil yin ad oue o mrtl elh n the in health marital on focused and hygiene social in interested

laxis should shift attention from VD treatment to the appropriate the to treatment VD from attention shift should laxis fies the answers provided by the clients and can decide, from decide, can and clients the by provided answers the fies owing: - 316

139 - yinc arae oneig wih e could we which counseling, marriage hygienic . This attitude (method) points towards Herman towards points (method) attitude This .

–

those, who in Foucault'sanalysis interpret who in those, med as reliable (out of 5400 of (out reliable as med

taken

nd nd –

CEU eTD Collection however, things, Germany In Hungary. Certain in differently out Austria.worked in and Prussia in there already were network state counseling a of examples The counseling. marriage voluntary was provide theseregard VD the counseling tomarriage activities isthatoneof with important however, is, What chapter. next the in explained be will these of establishment the2.3.3. Marriagecounseling Protection in Health (EVI) Heal Institutes OKIrural andthe women,had manner. manylife, a ofwhom inadismissive premarital sex pre female from prostitution of stigma the remove to efforts making be to claimed themselves who doctors, the even differently; perceived definition by were Centers Care VD visiting Women o articlesthe fromevident becomes (which bias gender and class strong the to due probably but, Újpest of workers young the over win to opportunity an received thus center advice marriage OSZI The examinations. youths semi of cohort whole a introducing after even the appear not understand did health would marital of that importance subject” “rational The counseling. marriage voluntary towards r not did it but confessions sexual assessing for corpus larger a create to good only was backing) legal proper (without clerk marriage the of intervention hoc det ect already at Teleia at already ect marital sex talked were conditioned by gendered sexual stereotypes and talked about these these about talked and stereotypes sexual gendered by conditioned were talked sex marital - ocby o h sse ad hy ol ha could they and system the to forcibly salsig D ae etr ws u o te gna y h A frt n 96 the 1926; in first AB the by agenda the on put was Centers Care VD Establishing Houses

–

interest on a voluntary basis was similarly minimal. In addition, the ad the addition, In minimal. similarly was basis voluntary a on interest f Somogyi, Herman and Darvas), they were unable to grab this chance.grab this to unable Darvas),were they and Somogyi,Hermanf -

140 e ped od bu te sfles f these of usefulness the about word spread ve VD Care Centers have been in operation since since operation in been have Centers Care VD -

esult in a change of attitudes attitudes of change a in esult

Care were Centers required to

- orchestrated marriage marriage orchestrated

th CEU eTD Collection 318 Teleia 317 key was production knowledge that understanding an was there as well, as counselors marriage other of views the with concordance in were ideas Hochstrasser's marriage. of concept economic selecti partner that understand people make to was this of part that and health marital about educated be to needed first society that 1911: in back debate eugenics clearly attendance dissatisfied rate: withthe ca of for center Győr coursethe in individuals the 169 altogether report could 1929, Januaryin up opened which example, ones: pioneering the as visitors of rate similar a had EVIs These 1924. one the as lines same the along marriagecounseling their into range activities. of Cen Care marriage first the Újpest, yearscounseling withVD.When a of centers that dealt couple later wereVD set upprimarily the and Teleia with above exhibited As VD. preventing on focusing Hungarian The it. beyond went usually scope their agenda, their on VD had they if even and separately operating were centers counseling marriage various The specific. in marriage with deal not did they but 1914

25 years. 2.5 . 10 (1932) 43 (1932) 10 aspects than to furnishing their flat, the trousseau, the social standing and connections of the future future the of connections and of thedowry. talk about standing not to marital partner, social the deal hygiene trousseau, racial the great flat, to their importance furnishing a same to the than in aspects attribute would engage marriage before to couples the need where ele knowledge level will hygienic the and general We people's our immediately. have to work roots pedagogical and deep educational get cannot which abroad, and prudish our For setback. a as it see societyth rural prejudiced not do we so and advance in this with calculating were We Hochstrasser's description is in line with what Detre or Berkovits were saying in the the in saying were Berkovits or Detre what with line in is description Hochstrasser's operated and voluntary were which centers, counseling marriage housed EVIs These Ibid: 46. Ibid: működés (Nemibeteggondozó) Intézet Győria Egészségvédelmi “Beszámoló Emil Hochstrasser, ters, the EVIs were set up (with the help of the same group of experts), these integrated these experts), of group same the of help the (with up set were EVIs the ters,

- 47. 317

ed otr ml ohtasr wo eotd bu te yr V, was EVI, Győr the about reported who Hochstrasser, Emil doctor Head

e idea of the obligatory premarital medical examinations is a exoticism from exoticism a is examinations medical premarital obligatory the of idea e rcie f arae oneig a b cnrs mr narrowly more contrast by was counseling marriage of practice

ta aray a be i oeain n jet t eea since Teleia at Újpest in operation in been had already that s 318

141

on was to go beyond an an beyond go to was on vated to to vated éről,” éről,”

CEU eTD Collection 319 and than tobe ratherpay subject the about gossip disease. their trip to possible for re the in EVI an visit to reason good a had they VD had they that suspected villages from individuals If villages. the in issues VD on focus to prone less themselves physicians the made with infested as seen were cities larger as VD of terms in and childbirth of terms in both better fared communities nation” the of grave an is it statistically and children of number the withers irresistibly industrialization and (“urbanization life urban to effect dysgenic a attributed which theory, degeneration on partly and statistics birth on partly based well, as w assumption common There communities. knit closely small, in stigma social possible a of because centers these visit to refused population local the that believe to reason is There Houses. Health these very sessions VD lowattendance of a was there that indicated was it or mentioned not either was care VD but matters health public mid the in reports OKI annual and most In community. care medical the VD of expectations of the behind far terms were they in counseling marriage but well, services health public general served villages larger in their own givewho came on and advice marriage tothose, to 100.000 about for EVI one with VDdetect to serve villageswould regionsand towns in houses health of thousands the while inhabitants, larger for cater to were EVIs Care VD of terms their of part caremarriageasVDandcounseling include to villages.wereTheseand towns smaller in Houses Health up set to commissioned was Johan, Béla by headed time the at for inducing changes insexuality.

From these report these From The “Beköszöntő,” Orszá gos Közegészségügyi Intézet Közegészségügyi gos

Nemzeti Családvédelem Nemzeti 319

gim lm adwdsra rsiuin hs supinmgt have might assumption This prostitution. widespread and slums egoism, . tws eua o eiv adnt uti Hnay htsal rural small that Hungary) in just not (and believe to regular a was It ).

s it becomes clear that VD care was not in the core of the work done by done work the of core the in not was care VD that clear becomes it s

- 1930s

and wasfor thesame counseling. true marriage there was extensive reporting from most regions on other other on regions most from reporting extensive was there

1 (1938): 2. (1938): 1 -

142 (National Public Health Institute Health Public (National

irrefutable fact that the metropolis is the is metropolis the that fact irrefutable

initiative. The Health up Houses set The initiative. –

OKI), that was was that OKI),

services. In services. gion gion as a a as

CEU eTD Collection 28 december 320 Government Christian no as comes the which banned, initially Partywas Communist the and party/parties) of majority the ensure to engineered constantly was that system Horthy the In did. Germany or Austria in counterparts their as masses class working the to out reach to unable were they and limited fairly was influence their control, birth or sexuality like issues the (like Democrats Social some and movement reform sex international the in participation their from apart that clear is it although Democ 2.3.4. Social centers throughout the inoperation country. of dozens were there though even years) most in 500 around (probably year per visitors hundred VD low. lev remained attendance embarrassment, public and coercion control, increased of threats potential middle of population Hungari the of population The achieved. nearly even not was Houses) Health the extent, lesser a to (and, EVIs the of goal 549 new patients 1937and in there onl were had EVI its inhabitants): thousand 100 (over country the of towns largest the of one Debrecen, altogether. EVIs the all than VD of field association his that 1931 in wrote he when truth the from far not was Emődi

- There is only scant evidence on marriage counseling by Social Democrats/Communists, Social by counseling marriage on evidence scant only is There initial the that direction: one towards point all statements and reports numbers, These Teleia'sAladár and Houses Healthand EVIs in both numbers low show statistics VDThe Claiming that the EVI's in total had an attendance of a mere 2 mere ofa an attendance had intotal EVI's the Claimingthat regime Social Democrats were in permanent opposition in Parliament in (dueregime opposition Democrats tothe election were inpermanent Social - án tartott igazgatósági és választmányi választmányi és igazgatósági ántartott - related voluntary marriage counseling in Hungary had to make do with a few few a with do make to had Hungary in counseling marriage voluntary related ratic /Communist Counseling Sexual - class Pest or working or Pest class

an countryside reacted to voluntary marriage counseling just like the like just counseling marriage voluntary to reacted countryside an

physician Béla Totis) having published popular books on on books popular published having Totis) Béla physician 320 -

ülés jegyzőkönyve,” jegyzőkönyve,” ülés yyear.marriage that counseling 13 sessions class Újpest. As there were no tangible benefits just just benefits tangible no were there As Újpest. class

- It is perhaps sufficient just to quote the data from data the quote to just sufficient perhaps is It

143 -

300 VD patients per year. patientsper VD 300 Teleia

9 (1931): 16. (1931): 9 did a lot more in the in more lot a did

See: “Az 1930. évi “Az1930. See: surprise as anti as surprise

els - CEU eTD Collection 323 Freudomarxism” whatcalls”messianistic Erős and economy sexual on theory Reich's Wilhelm to closest viewsSchönstein'scome Mandátum, 2001). Új (Budapest: 322 463 (1980): 321 the were particular in family bourgeois the and norms sexual bourgeois as sexually, liberated legal. were abortions though nations, European other to superior were Union Soviet the of practices birth the how prove to attempted he control, population on article his In abortion. of liberalization the in and control that on taboos sexual of set a society imposed bourgeois repressive a from resulted that qualms sexual their from youths class counselingsexual inthe material Marxist with psychoanalysis on teachings Freud's linking at aimed itself) movement the within variation of deal great a (with large and by which surveillance the r for police under remained and 1933 in activism political his for court by convicted was and leanings Party. Communist German the translating included four left the establish helped and 1920s Demo Social (Hungarian MSZDP the joined then and Prague in graduated family, Jewish a from coming Schönstein, Hungary. interwar in counseling marriage Leftist yearswas bannedafterithad been in1928, three s ideological foundations theParty, regime. theCommunist legal theMSZMP The of reincarnation the of one was 1919, of Republic Soviet Hungarian the of rejection the with linked Communism,

- day strike of health workers in 1932. He was a convinced Marxist, whose political activities political whose Marxist, convinced a was He 1932. in workers health of strike day Schönstein's views can be traced back to the contemporary movement, Freudomarxism, Freudomarxism, movement, contemporary the to back traced be can views Schönstein's (1898 Schönstein's Sándor Sándor Schönstein, “Az egyke problémája,“ problémája,“ egyke “Az Schönstein, Sándor Erős, Ferenc in: ofFreudomarxism overview detailed anexcellent, See munkásságáról,” és életéről dr. “Schönstein Sándor Kárpáti, Endre and Simonovits István - 475 .

est ofthe1930s. Sexualberatung Marxistische Arbei Marxistische

321 323

cösen a eple fo te SD de o hs far this to due MSZDP the from expelled was Schönstein

Schönstein was convinced that the working class needed to be to needed class working the that convinced was Schönstein - all classes. He believed in the woman's right to access to birth to access to right woman's the in believed He classes. all 1945) articles are basically the sole source of information on information of source sole the basically are articles 1945) - wing doctor's association of the MSZDP, which organized a organized which MSZDP, the of association doctor's wing

sense, Schönstein was in fact hoping to liberate working working toliberate fact hoping was in Schönstein sense,

terschulung 100% 100% -

144 1 (1928): (1928): 262 1 et up. -

(Marxist Worker's Classes) notes of the the of notes Classes) Worker's (Marxist - ism. 264. 264. 322

Analitikus Szociálp Analitikus

hrfr, hn providing when Therefore, cratic Party) in the the in Party) cratic szichológia Orvosképzés

even even -

55 left CEU eTD Collection 327 326 325 324 of Party Democratic Social the of Association Doctor's the by up set were which Hungary, the workingclasses wouldinduce and it therefore liberating revolution. repressing for methods efficient most the of one was sexuality that believing revolution, ma of liberation the contraception, (non individual the of sexuality repression. through “armor” the off shake to orgasm) the of force the (via potential genital his use to able be would who personality”, “genital the of spread the through possible be ener neuroticism, sexual of the repression the to society back of individuals the traced of traits authoritarian the that and masochism theory a formulated who psychoanalyst, (Communist) issue wasand chaotic minimal. the about knowledge their as sexuality, about them educate to and ideas) of “ultrarevolutionary” because strict too or bourgeois, too either were (which young class working the of mores c sexual such of up setting the urged He this. of trace” a even “not was there Hungary in whereas well, worked and established been already had these that toestablishawill socialis the to and order social current the of denial the to one bring itself in can through problem sexual the “thinking yoke: capitalist the off shaking help would freedom sexual greater a that thought “dimm the and proletariat” the of “bourgeoisiation the for reason

gies by the patriarchal the by gies t a i 13 we Shnti first Schönstein when 1931 in was It Schö saying abroad, centers counseling sexual the to referred Schönstein article 1930 his In Schönstein, Sándor. Sándor. Schönstein, Erős, Ibid. Schönstei Sándor

Analitikus szociálpszichológia Analitikus sen a cery nlecd y ihl Rih te utin renegade Austrian the Reich, Wilhelm by influenced clearly was nstein 326 n,“

oh ec ad cösen ikd p h fgt o te reo o the of freedom the for fight the up linked Schönstein and Reich Both “A munkásifjúság és a nemi kérdés.” a és munkásifjúság “A A munkásifjúság és a nemi kérdés,” nemi kérdés,” a és munkásifjúság A

t society. - bourgeois State. Reich believed that a Socialist transformation would transformation Socialist a that believed Reich State. bourgeois

- procreative sex for young couples, right to divorce, abortion, abortion, divorce, to right couples, young for sex procreative 325

(2001): 109 (2001): sturbation from its moral stigma, etc.) with Socialist Socialist with etc.) stigma, moral its from sturbation -

145 reported about the sexual counseling centers in in centers counseling sexual the about reported - 167. -

100% 100%

400. (1930): 3 3 (1930): 399 (1930): 3

ounseling centers, to change the the change to centers, ounseling that one's character had built up built had character one's that ing of its self its of ing 327

401.

- awareness.” 324

He CEU eTD Collection Budapest. Archives, Museum Semmelweis See: inBelsen 1945. Germanocc 330 329 328 Családvédő atthe 2.3.5. MarriageCounseling OrszágosEgyesület counselin much leftpotential sex behind abouthis Christian for and MSZDP) (the party his both radical too was of issue 1931 Autumn the in institutions 6 first the of statistics the about write to promised he numbers, about confer not doctors. all were counselors the but examinations, medical no countries as well. German the in discourses counseling marriage and reform sex Leftist the of parcel and part was but discourse Hungarian the just not permeated that consensus eugenic the to belonged ideol Schönstein's conceiving.” from back step to “unsuitable couples for also size: family limit to just not but well, as control birth and checks health pre obligatory supported they that added He ones. legitimate to rights equal have would chi illegitimate and sex extramarital to right a have would individuals mature and healthy where life” “real and sciences natural on based ethics sex socialist a was centers counseling sex o free “completely be to center Hungary.

Counseling was free of charge and anonymous and no records were kept as they wanted the the wanted they as kept were records no and anonymous and charge of free was Counseling   

From anot From He had to publish under various false identities or anonymously in the second half of the 1930s. After the 1930s. halfofthe second the in anonymously or false identities undervarious publish to had He Budapesten,“ tanácsadók szexuális és “Ifjúsági Schönstein, Sándor tanác és szexuális “Ifjúsági Sándor. Schönstein, propaganda withpresentations).(in the press, sending andasking treatment back control themfor themtocome for sessions. counselingindividual sessions 328 upation of Hungary in 1944 Schönstein was deported and died at the hands of antheSS at hands of died and deported was Schönstein in 1944 upationofHungary

He education the outlined mainsex and counseling centers:activity their of her article we can infer that these centers provided advice only and there were were there and only advice provided centers these that infer can we article her

f bureaucracy.” Schönstein stated that the ideological basis of the of basis ideological the that stated Schönstein bureaucracy.” f for workers Társadalmi Szemle Társadalmi -

146 sadás,

g later activities on. -

”

Szocializmus Szocializmus Papers of Sándor Schönstein Sándor of Papers g o te lbrto” f e thus sex of “liberation” the of ogy

- but this never happened, and as he he as and happened, never this but nationalist Hungary, nationalist 329 Társadalmi Szemle Társadalmi 21 (1931): 61. (1931): 21

Unfortunately, Schönstein did Schönstein Unfortunately,

1 (1931): 97. (1931): 1 - guard in Bergen guardin Bergen months of these of months 330

there is notis there -

speaking speaking - marital marital

ldren ldren

CEU eTD Collection Gyógyászat Gyógypedagógia,” és Naményi,“Eugenika Lajos See: ” society. for willanobligation be idiots] [incurable worthlessbeings ofthese whenthe extermination will come time “The eugenics: tenets of most radical the article his inwords likeconcluding his 334 333 wereJewish. these of percentage large a and businesses and 332 331 is there CSOE, the by provided counseling marriage well a Naményi, o that than scope and its in wider center much was counseling that service a marriage provided eugenic a ran it that fact the is important CSOE the makes means).What financial of lack a to related be partly least at can 1930s early the in disappearance short its that guess only can (we expense its outweighed incomes its whether or not or public the to interest great of were sessions counseling its whether know not do we so class. upper class, middle Jewish urban the sector, private the from support of deal great a received association Emődi's co If services. many its of one as only screening counseling, marriage eugenic comprehensive, provided it as practice counseling marriage international the to closer was activities and objectives its in CSOE tra the and government the from both patrons and sponsors of list serious non a CSOE, anti by headed and 1916 in established the revitalizing at attempt an was

See: Lajos convert, Jewish a was CSOE the behind force driving main and ideologist The The Naményi was one of the first proponents of eugenic sterilization in Hungary and some of his statements, statements, his of some and in Hungary sterilization eugenic proponentsof first was ofthe one Naményi ( Egészségvédelem “Családvédelem,” See: individuals wealthy from donations private acquiring in very successful earlier, was, as discussed Teleia , 66 (1926): 705. (1926): 66 , A Nemzetvédő Szövetség a Nemibajok Ellen Alapszabályai. Alapszabályai. Ellen Nemibajok a Szövetség Nemzetvédő A 333 Családvédő Országos Egyesület Országos Családvédő - 332 governmental organization, was set up in 1928 by leading physicians and it had a had it and physicians leading by 1928 in up set was organization, governmental

The CSOE did n did CSOE The

SE otr ad pnos ae rm h Crsin ainls mdl and middle nationalist Christian the from came sponsors and doctors CSOE - nw pyhars ad cnicd eugenicist. convinced a and psychiatrist known

ot provide detailed reports on finances or the number or visitors or number the or finances on reports detailed provide ot Eugenika és gyógypedagógia Eugenika eztéő zvté a eiao Ellen Nemibajok a Szövetség Nemzetvédő - D oenet omsinr ao Nékám. Lajos Commissioner Government VD Családvédelem) Családvédelem)

- (Family Protection National Association Association National Protection (Family

147

mpared with Teleia it can be seen that while while that seen be can it Teleia with mpared -

an extensive description in one of the 1930 the of one in description extensive an 6 (1930): 25. (1930): 6 , indicate th indicate , (Budapest: Stephaneum, 1916). Stephaneum, 1916). (Budapest: Eheberatung f Teleia, the OSZI or the EVIs. the or OSZI the Teleia, f 334 at he was ready to go along with along goready was to he at

s o te otn o the of content the for As -

lived existence lived ditional elite. The The elite. ditional ht nldd VD included that

ht had that –

331 CSOE) CSOE)

been been The

and and CEU eTD Collection women.for childbirth 338 337 336 335 there because but institutions foreign copy to not up set were these that emphasized He sessions. CS the both for working doctor Földes, Lajos 1930 In underpinnings. ideological Naményi's to corresponded activities its checks; included psychological,eugenic/fertil it health and advice premarital beyond went institution this of idea his and counseling marriage of category the under already were marriage before right done be to were that checks Health adolescen to and children young of parents to advice giving as primarily it saw Naményi of counseling, premarital typesfor As counseling. distinctive marriage and premarital two counseling: between differentiated basically and CSOE the within counseling issues of

    

As we can see from the reports on the practice of the CSOE marriage counseling center, center, counseling marriage CSOE the of practice the on reports the from see can we As in article 1929 his In Another doctor of Jewish origin, member of Teleia, a gynecolo a memberofTeleia, oforigin, Jewish Anotherdoctor feladatai,” és lényege tanácsadás házassági “A Naményi, Lajos 28. Ibid: figyelmébe,” “Házasulandók jurist, doctor,jurist, priest orpsychiatrist or andan process. viamediation arbitration debates family in peace and concord establish to how on Advice Information related onallmatters legal tothefamilies; health, and welfare issues of free, growgeneration could strong up; disease a that so generations future of development spiritual and physical the on Advice and etc. heredity, young alcoholism,counseling for mar TB, VD, like issues health on counseling Premarital educationSex forboys girlsand ofpuberty intheage (alsoparents); for Egészségvédelem,

335 Népegészségügy

OE and Teleia, wrote about the utility of the marriage counseling counseling marriage the of utility the about wrote Teleia, and OE Egészségvédelem Egészségvédelem riedestablishing couples on a family; - 337

148 6 ( 6 ity counselingity for as married couples well.

Naményi explained the general idea of marriag of idea general the explained Naményi 1930): 27 1930): -

- 28.

gist, who also wrote popular books on books wrotepopular whogist,also Népegészségügy

10 (1929): 1125 10 – s n e education. sex on ts

ih h hl o a of help the with

336 -

1133.

338

a e CEU eTD Collection CounselingCSOE providing (without Station statistical numbers): any of activities successful for examples specific very four cited He it. for need public a was counseling    

The glue that binds together these little stories is what makes the CSOE unique: if such such if unique: CSOE the makes what is stories little these together binds that glue The was p was he When suicide. commit he'd help receive didn't he if that wrote “He leaflet. education sex a in “onanism” about read he what about anxious terribly was who yearboy, old 15 a understanding towards him. and accepting more were parents “enlightened” meanwhile the where home, back go treated got he where relative, a to months 3 for boy the send to consent parents’ the got experts CSOE The parents. his of control open An goodhelpful partner and sense themost inthis his to back him bring we words warm “With CSOE? the of solution The there. money his spent and pubs to went he so conscience bad his of rid get to wanted he and lover out turned it CSOE the by “local” investigation a After night. the during out sometimes staying even more, any home pay weekly his give not did and her to rude was who husband, her with problems had 50 over woman A which brought him treatment, regular received He infection. VD previous a from neurasthenia had man the that out found experts CSOE the soon a and problems sexual had They teacher. school classes”, “simple thefrom not were and love bygenuine together werebrought youngwho came, couple A tried to direct aspirations sexual towards nobler his other, channels.” a poie i te nttto ta i ral wn fr eod h soe f other of scope the beyond far went really it than institution the in provided was rovided with the ‘correct medical viewpoint’ on the subject, he calmed down and down calmed he subject, the on viewpoint’ medical ‘correct the with rovided - minded 16 year old boy came to tell that he wanted to get out of the tyrannical the of out get to wanted he that tell to came boy old year 16 minded as the man worked for the National Post and the women was a primary primary a was women the and Post National the for worked man the as peace andpeace balance problem. and solved the

149

even worse so that afterward he was happy to to happy was he afterward that so worse even -

is thepriest congregation.” ofhis

that the otherwise good otherwise the that

- willed man had a had man willed

the the CEU eTD Collection of policy their in developing German Nazis life” influenced unworthy of of”life the on dectruction book the cited He obligation.” social willa be worthlessbeings these of death to the when putting will come time Naményi:”the the of radicalism indicates idiots” ”incurable on 340 24 1930): 339 to deem the life of “idiots” as completely worthless. completelyas “idiots” of life the deem to as far as went even and “unfit” the of sterilization the of benefits the propagated publicly 1930s early the in who few, the of one was he eugenics, on articles of number considerable a published Nam fact, In views. their publishing of chances ample had Naményi and Földes both though EPOL Egészségvédelem, Nemzeti Teleia, Egészség, of journal,its activities: anyits of mentioning no qualitative policy inchildbirt a and key was childbirth of rationalization the where conviction, Neomalthusian a in originated art an Családvédelem published who Fetscher, Rainer counselor marriage Dresden the with cooperation a sought he and Society Eugenics British prestigious individuals the Újpest) involved, theygot conta in in clinic OSZI the at used persuasion the to (similarly “persuade” to order in and intervene legitimately could they that believed doctors CSOE the but problem particularly is experts CSOE by investigation” on commonthe sense. report nonchalant 50 The but knowledge medical or scientific on much so not based and arbitraryfairly been have to seem if even therapy, family and couples for counseling relationship provided also it but counseling sex and marriage needed who people to out reached It Hungary. in organizations

Egészségvéd Despite the bombastic reports of Földes on the successes of the CSOE, after 1932 there is there 1932 after CSOE, the of successes the on Földes of reports bombastic the Despite the of member a was Naményi well: as internationally connections had CSOE The

Rainer Fetscher, “A házassági tanácsadás problémái,” problémái,” tanácsadás “Aházassági RainerFetscher, - Lajos Naményi, Lajos 26.

and

. elem Egészségvédelem (Családvédelem) Egészségvédelem 339

It also becomes clear from the article by Földes that eugenics in the CSOE the in eugenics that Földes by article the from clear becomes also It

and no public health journals (e.g. journals health public no and

”Eugenika és Gyógypedagógia,” és Gyógypedagógia,” ”Eugenika

ct a authority. with local of figure h was than a more quantitative increase. important

- 6. (November 1930): 22 (November 1930): 6.

150

work of Karl Binding and Alfred Hoche, whose 1920 whose1920 Hoche, Alfred and Binding ofKarl work Családvédelem Gyógyászat Gyógyászat

- - nrgig s t a a lal non clearly a was it as intriguing

year loverand“local the his oldhusband and 340 Egészségvédelem (Családvédelem) Egészségvédelem rpre o ay f t atvte, even activities, its of any on reported )

As the CSOE disappeared in thin air after air thin in disappeared CSOE the As ce n i atvte i Dedn in Dresden in activities his on icle Magyar Vörös Magyar 66 (1926): 702 (1926): 66

- was no longer published as part as published longer no was 24.

- kereszt, Népegészségügy, kereszt, - 705 . The following passage The

the tools applied tools the

6. (October (October 6. - medical ényi

CEU eTD Collection ”euthanasia”. Szövetség 2.3.6. Magyar Családvédelmi started toaffectwell. the ofHungary economy as the for income annual an provide have would to that association able not were patrons and sponsors the and all after successful very not was center counseling marriage the that plausible seems it years, few a only

enabled the continuation of its activities after the Great Depression Great the after activities its of continuation the enabled

151

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ározatok, - page book on VD in Budapest (coBudapest in VD on pagebook http://filmhiradok.nava.hu/watch.php?id=3116 P Gábor Doros, Doros, Gábor Intézete,” Tanácsadó Házassági Szövetség Családvédelmi “A ossibly the only accessible archive newsreel footage on marriage counseling in Hungary in counseling marriage on footage newsreel archive accessible only the ossibly

(Budapest :FranklinNy.,1926). (Budapest A nemi betegségekre és azok leküzdésére vonatkozó magyar törvények, rendeletek és törvények, magyar vonatkozó leküzdésére és azok betegségekre nemi A

- authored with József Melly, published in 1930) was also was1930) in Melly,published József with authored - . accessed: 12 January2012. accessed: 12 . in the field, as it was a substantial account not just not account substantial a was it as field, the in

152 -

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MCSSZ]. Magyar Világhiradó 775, 775, Világhiradó Magyar 341

n n D n Hungary, in VD on on The MCSSZ was init was MCSSZ The De cember 1938. 1938. cember iated -

VD VD 342

CEU eTD Collection http://www.ogyk.hu/e 256 országgyűlésről.: 1939 Almanachaz Országyűlési see: profile Melczer's For parliamentary 2013. 15, February 293 2012): Tanszék, Médiatudományi tiszteletére Mihály Szajbély éves 60 a tanulmánykötet Bal well.See: as workforce the in present right be women's to for up spoke womenbut ofmain role rearingas the 346 16. dec. 1937. Szövetség Családvédelmi “A See: Magyar Association. motorwasofthe real the Director”, “Managing 345 100. Ellen,1935): (1909 munkájáról negyedszázados Ellen” Leánykereskedés 344 1930). Házinyomdája, Székesfőváros 343 for becomingnational theflagship, for organization marriage counseling. back strong a had Association prob most wasDoros 1937. Governmentcirclesin the that indicate above the All newsreel. Melczer (Lilla benches Institu Governmnent Counseling Marriage the of opening the department: propaganda the from attention received institution the of establishment the addition, InteriorKeresztesFerenc the of ImrédyMinister and Béla Minister Prime Horthy,the wi the like notables find we MCSSZ the of chairpersons honorary and patrons anti 1937. in c to Szövetség attempted Családvédelmi Magyar the into MELE transforming initiated CSOE), the and Naményi to (similarly counseling marriage of vision and understanding of Chairman Gedeonfacto Hodossy, hethede became ofthe Head organization. years,elected Vice its he was MELE) in1932 for Leánykeresked a Egyesület prophylaxis. of questions and anti of Hungary, history the diseases, the of pathology the on but Budapest in VD on

- ázs Sipos, “Az 'Új Idők' mint női lap a két világháború között,” in között,” világháború kéta mint lap női Idők''Új “Az Sipos, ázs i díszközgyűlése,” i díszközgyűlése,” - venereal marriage counseling centers already in operation. If we take a look at the list of the the of list the at look a take we If operation. in already centers counseling marriage venereal Hodossy Gedeon became the Chairman of MCSSZ in December 1937 but Doros, who received the title whothe title received but Doros, 1937 December in ofMCSSZ Chairman the became Gedeon Hodossy Doros, Gábor Melly, József and Doros Gábor good having Doros, A divorced (Roman Catholic!) single mother, who ran a large estate. She believed in family and child and family in She estate. believed wholarge a ranmother, single (Roman Catholic!) Adivorced ombine the pro the ombine

- - 257. Online. Available: Available: Online. 257. konyvt/mpgy/a N Küzdelem a leánykereskedés és a prostitúció ellen: jelentés a “Magyar Egyesület a a Egyesület “Magyar a jelentés ellen: prostitúció a és leánykereskedés a Küzdelem emzeti Családvédelem emzeti

connections with the regime's aristocratic elite, and with a broader broader a with and elite, aristocratic regime's the with connections és Ellen (Hungarian Association Against Trafficking Women Women Trafficking Against Association (Hungarian Ellen és

- family ideals of the regime with eugenic principles and with the the with and principles eugenic with regime the of ideals family

lm/al939_44/257.htm - 309, 309, A nemi betegségek kérdése Budapesten, kérdése betegségek nemi A http://www.media.u http://www.ogyk.hu/e 346 . 1 (1938): 15 (1938): 1 . ws a idctd ard s at f h wel film weekly the of part as aired indicated, as was, ) 343

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153 - - . Last Accessed: 12 January2012. 12 Accessed: Last . 1934), President, and in 1934, due to the long absence longabsence due tothe in1934, President, and - ably right to assume that it was time to attempt to time was that it assume to ablyright 20. -

te of the MCSSZ by an MP from the the from MP an by MCSSZ the of te

- szeged.hu/szajbely60/pdf/sipos.pdf

(Budapest: Magyar Egyesület a Leánykeresk a Magyar Egyesület (Budapest: - konyvt/mpgy/alm/al939_44/256.htm Médiumok, történetek, használatok használatok történetek, Médiumok,

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     

In addition to such advice, the institute provided a place for public marriage propaganda propaganda marriage public for place a provided institute the advice, such to addition In journal, quarterly their In Ibid: 17. Ibid: előtt,” házasság a tanácsadás “Orvosi Dobák, Ferenc Social counseling: 340visits family. h of basis the on solely excluded be should marriage no there beamong should nomarriagerelatives; one notmarry should havingparents; alcoholic someone spoiled; be will alone girl onebecause girls, several of family a from select should youngman the yearsyounger 10 the woman shouldbe 5or man; than the which were either open for 2 hours a week or for 10 hours a week. Statistical data is at is data Statistical week. a hours 10 for or week a hours 2 for open either were which

347

- In the detailed list of advice we can find a patchwork of “common sense” sense” “common of patchwork a find can we advice of list detailed the In agn, eugenical ranging,

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Nemzeti Családvédelem Nemzeti

ly , and this is also where we can infer about the setting up about theup setting also infer , andcan is where we this - retd cp o atvte o the of activities of scope oriented -

– 154

we know the text of some of these presentations, these of some of text the know we - Nemzeti Családvédelem Nemzeti

(National Family Protection) we can can we Protection) Family (National

vn a evu iles n the in illness nervous a aving th

District (Üllői út 11.) of of 11.) út (Üllői District , 2 (1939): 12. 12. (1939): 2 , 348

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CEU eTD Collection work.” their to obstacles moreover,putting with workjealousy, to selfless readiness their observed and enthusiasm sup its official despite Government, 350 349 is this for example An importance. own its overstating prematurely was Hungary, in counseling establishin of course the in was it as MCSSZ, the that possibility hygienic biological beyond move to able was it counselin if advice, control birth without even Hungary in potential marriage voluntary that prove would that accurate, as data this accept we case In provided. they services the of variety the and MCSSZ, the of propaganda intensive the th of perspective the Christian their and from either sessions counseling on data further no With question. the of out surely was sponsors, counselors MCSSZ the of convictions the knowing advice, provision without possible fact in was this and to compared be can popularity Its sessions. its to clients of number considerable a attracted counseling, legal and psychological social, especially services, counselinga week. services marriage of hours 60 altogether provide to doctors pay could they as available funds had clearly marriag other the as much as times annually visits 2500 circa had probablycenter the continued trend this if months,

   

h MSZ hs a a up tr i 1938 in start jump a had thus MCSSZ The 3 mere in number large a is which individuals, 589 by visits 684 to up added all This Even so, Doros complained (Ibid: 18) that they did not get more than modest financial support fromthe support financialmodest morethan not get that did they 18) (Ibid: complained Doros so, Even 19. Ibid: R counseling:Sexual 48visits Legal counseling: 116 visits Psychological 104visits counseling: acial 76visits health counseling: Eheberatung

e clients or the counselors, it can be assumed that the popularity was due to due was popularity the that assumed be can it counselors, the or clients e Wa cud ev a a ann cnenn te bv dt i the is data above the concerning warning a as serve could What .

350 port and that “some high “some that and port

e counseling stations could produce. Nonetheless, the MCSSZ MCSSZ the Nonetheless, produce. could stations counseling e

349

155

of contraceptives or birth control advice. Such advice. control birth or contraceptives of - ranking functionaries still were unwelcoming of their ofunwelcomingtheir were still functionaries ranking -

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centers in Germany Germany in centers

center of marriage marriage of center

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- CEU eTD Collection 354 353 Archives). National (Hungarian Levéltár Magyar XV.17. Országos K150, 16/1940fo., No: Document Johan. a were and not doing paper onup set were only these of most that wasascertained it and Hungary in MCSSZbureaus 352 351 3 had have would institution each center: Budapest its been have would model The counseling. Imrédy inwhichhe mentioned: Béla Minister Prime of speeches the to referred they this In counseling. marriage on Interior the organization d their of Department Improvement Racial the 1939 January 31 They on needs. that these reported for catering MCSSZ the with institutes, counseling marriage of network be been have testing.” premarital obligatory introduce to experts, serious of opinion common the on based “impossible, was it that claimed petition wit checks health premarital obligatory, that opinion” “expert the support to order in experts health public other many and venerologists Doros' Gábor in issuefound of inthe penultimate archival materials thatclearlyclaims. refute these 33 altogether up set MCSSZ the time Doros, Gábor of book 1940 the ny work. More on this in Chapter 4. 4. Chapter in this on work.nyMore iscussed marriage counseling and there they had decided to submit a motion to the Minister of of Minister the to motion a submit to decided had they there and counseling marriage iscussed

introduce the institution of premarital counseling and will make it gradually obligatory so that that so obligatory gradually it marriage. the when entering hisfor offspring make for expected be will to circumstances the about informed and be can marriage a counseling into going everyone premarital of institution the introduce limit to far by want not do We be to is which Minister, Interior the to petition a submitted MCSSZ the 1939 January In I Doros, him to the about writereports secret to Officers Medical the local asked Johan SecretaryState Béla In1940 Doros, Gábor In the very same petition the MCSSZ offered its own services for voluntary marriage marriage voluntary for services own its offered MCSSZ the petition same very the In bid. Date of speech: Date bid. Házassággondozás t n te wr hpn ta te oenet upre te salsmn o a of establishment the supported Government the that hoping were they and st Házassággondozás Házassággondozás Házassággondozás

14 May 1938. May1938. 14

(1940): 14(1940): See for example: Letter from the Vas country Chief Medical Officer to Béla Béla to Officer Medical Chief Vas country from the example:for Letter See

Házassággondozás Nemzeti Családvédelem the freedom of selecting a partner for life, we will still, however, however, still, will we life, for partner a selecting of freedom the (Budapest: Magyar Családvéde Magyar (Budapest:

, as well, where he listed the opinions of numerous numerous of opinions the listed he where well, as , - 16. h a marriage ban should not introduced in Hungary. The Hungary. in introduced not should ban marriage a h 353 oneig ttos rud Hungary, around stations counseling

354

Instead of legal regulations a social solution would solution social a regulations legal of Instead -

156 352 -

[Marriage Care], which informs that by that by that informs which Care], [Marriage . The e . The lmi Szövetség, 1940): 153 1940): Szövetség, lmi ssence of the can petition readssence of be 351

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CEU eTD Collection withand Johan well downgo not certainlydid Such cockiness etc.)”. missions, religious Stefánia, Cross, (Green ofprotection branch ofany employees female had that and they 356 Családvédelem 355 previous The counseling”. marriage of “Stefánia the become and forward move could they rowsStefánia withtheleaders of inthe1930s. serious had had he that known was it and well as desk, his on up end eventually would petition Second win. to chance little had it competition a entering was MCSSZ the so care, infant in expertise well had Cross Green the and Stefánia Both care. infant of inst two were there and started already és (“pártfogónő nurses titkár”) visiting of institution own its establishing at attempted MCSSZ the t in point this at Association Stefánia mentioned they that noteworthy reasons two for is It protection. infant and mother of institutions the organizing in job excellent pri a where the client's the doctors. towards sincerity maintaining for view, of point psychological a from important as this saw They more. nothing sugg (as doctor the with consultation a be just could it obligation, an as counseling marriage introduce to decided Minister they if that saying option, second a presented a and lawyer a by socio advice been have would there and advice” persuasion and “educational given have would They surgeons. even or gynecologists urologists, with complemented being psychiatr a doctors:

oit o let wud ae eevd tia, oil n lgl die s el They well. as advice legal and social ethical, received have would clients so logist 355 ly, Johan at the time sat in the State Secretary seat in the Interior Ministry, thus this this thus Ministry, Interior the in seat Secretary State the in sat time the at Johan ly, oee, n h begi the in However, example, for Association Stefánia the citing examples, similar other to pointed They In fact, Doros boasted that by making for these nurses a pre nursesa thesefor making that by boasted Infact,Doros működéséről,” évi 1937. Szövetség Családvédelmi Magyar a “Közgyűlési jelentés Doros, Gábor

in 1938. This was at a time when the centralization and unification of healthcare had healthcare of unification and centralization the when time a at was This 1938. in vately organized association catered for the national needs of infant care and did an did and care infant of needs national the for catered association organized vately

1 (1938): 14. (1938): 1 at least two children their association „introduced a novelty that had not been introduced for thefor introduced not been had noveltya that „introduced association childrentheir least two at ist, a dermatovenerologist, and a lung expert with their work potentially potentially work their with expert lung a and dermatovenerologist, a ist,

nning of 1939 the MCSSZ could still have reason to believe that that believe to reason have still could MCSSZ the 1939 of nning

associates. Ibid. associates. itutions competing for the role of the national institution national the of role the for competing itutions

157

- requisite that their age was between 20 and 40 40 and 20 was between age their that requisite - trained nurses and a great deal of of deal great a and nurses trained he petition. Firstly, because Firstly,because petition. he ested by the AB) and and AB) the by ested Nemzeti

356

CEU eTD Collection 359 358 357 I marital health energieswere most theproject into invested ofobligatorycounseling. marriage battle. losing a was time the at however, This, Center. the to visitors attract and counseling marriage hygienic race voluntary, MCSSZ's the of importance the out point to tried th fact the despite 1942 August in operation in still was út Üllői on Station Counseling Central the well not were MCSSZ the around theexisting structuresofthe MCSSZ. went that testing premarital of system a adopting and answer the was marginalization so and copied not was network Cross Green the into structures its incorporating and Stefánia rival of option co The healthcare. of nationalization the to road future the defining in freedom considerable ministeri his in comfortably sitting lesser on policy impact a couldgovernment parties, have members the of wing right radical more the mostly MCSSZ, the of connections the Thereby, 1939. February Horthy to liability a became right, extreme the to proximity and turn radical his of because however, Imrédy, deck. the in cards good had they as offensive Családvédelem). boa the on waswife marriagehis (andof counseling version theirImrédy supported activities protection family ( MCSSZ the supported all Bencs Zoltán Commissioner Ministerial and Széll, Darányi, including government,

in marriage counseling: the MCSSZ would probably have been too radical and dangerous dangerous and radical too been have probably would MCSSZ the counseling: marriage in As the publishing of publishing the As More on the ONCSA and marriage loans as a policy eugenic an eugenic policy a marriageloansas and theon ONCSA More házassági tanácsadás? jó a “Hogyan Doros, történik Gábor ébresztője,” tüzes élet nemzeti a Szövetség a “Legyen Bencs, Zoltán in fact, Bencs believed that the MCSSZ should be the umbrella organization for for organization umbrella the be should MCSSZ the that believed Bencs fact, in

Early 1939 therefore must have seemed like the best time to launch the the launch to time best the like seemed have must therefore 1939 Early at obligatory marriage counseling was already in force in Hungary, he still still he Hungary, in force in already was counseling marriage obligatory at

- 357 documented afterward. From one of Doros's articles we can infer that that infer can we articles Doros's of one From afterward. documented Nemzeti Csal Nemzeti ) and in his 14 May 1938 inauguration speech Prime Minister BélaMinister Prime speech inauguration 1938 May 14 his in and )

l hi ad tgte wt Keresztes with together and, chair al ádvédelem

158 -

was stopped in mid in stopped was ” Egészség d social welfare in Chapter 4. welfareChapter in social d

and was replaced by Pál Teleki in Teleki Pál by replaced was and Nemzeti Családvédelem

56 (1942): 199 (1942): 56 - making. Johan was still making. still was Johan - - 1939, the activities of of activities the 1939, ice, hy enjoyed they Fischer, - 202.

rd of rd

1 (1938): 6 (1938): 1

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CEU eTD Collection favoring developments, Austrian and German about mostly reported counselors marriage Hungarian world. Western the m voluntary the of booming the and tendencies Invenereal thereawareness activities. asa Hungary, was strong just inthe1910s, ofinternational anti to related being them of most centers, counseling marriage of number a of establishment social m The other measures. eugenics hereditary than and support greater much a VD had diseases of screening the so and issues health marital on initiatives most made and interrupted was WWI, during slowlymaterialize to started eugenics,which of institutionalization health certificates future among spouses. advi marriage giving ceremonies, wedding at leaflets health marital providing like measures supported idea the of proponents most Instead, prohibitions. of form the in restrictions marriage for ready not was society Hungarian that consensus early dermato feminists, eugenics, of promoters by occasions several on debated was advice health marital and licenses marriage WWI during and Before movement. and of politics architect Hungarian interwar of figures influential most the of one Teleki, Pál that noted be to is It Europe. in societies hygiene race and eugenics of establishment the and states U.S. to subsequent trend, international the with Conclusion

it never really gained momentum after 1920. In the mid the In 1920. after momentum gained really never it The consensus did not change significantly for most of the interwar era. The The era. interwar the of most for significantly change not did consensus The line in 1910s, early the in foothold gained counseling marriage of idea the Hungary In

anti

- eii lw i te 90, a a iprat al fgr o te Hungarian the of figure early important an was 1930s, the in laws Semitic Eheberatung

over

the introduction of marriage health checks in certain in checks health marriage of introduction the Sexualberatung -

159 arriage counseling centers and maternal clinics in clinics maternal and centers counseling arriage -

hc en ta rmrtl health premarital that meant which , ce or recommending the exchange of of exchange the recommending or ce - 1920s the antivenereal discourse antivenereal the 1920s - venerologists, and the and venerologists, id - 1920s saw the saw 1920s re was an was re

- CEU eTD Collection 360 data clinic Teleia the example for as and, VD from suffered they that believe to reason had groups. target the from came fact in centers these to visitors the and goal realistic more a had VD, on sense this In will. own their of out clinics these to go not did illnesses) mental inherited with people (e.g. control marriage eugenic of target a be to were who those of Most reduce. to wanted had counselors “responsible” the of category the to belonged visit problem biological with Dicki clients. their biological of demands the fulfilling to offers of range visito of thousands attracting in succeeded bureaus” “advice and clinics” female, “maternal These among visitors. class popular working Stöcker Helene or Reich Wilhelm Sanger, Margaret of institutions of “fitness”:from one diseases. venereal notsuffering understanding narrow more even an was there clinics, VD mostly OSZI) the or EVIs the Teleia, m in limited was advice

nson remarked ontheGermancase: fertility control. These were, in other words, people who wanted to avoid having wantedwhoavoid to words,people were,in other These fertilitycontrol. government, with assistance and on advice seeking couples unmarried but offspring, prospective their Germanof thequality a by implemented sough who those actually of majority policy eugenic The of failure. abject an was 1926, of decree Prussian piece the under counseling eugenic premarital voluntary major one the fact In Aside from clients' demand in Prussia for contraception, there was a more overarching overarching more a was there contraception, for Prussia in demand clients' from Aside and control birth Integrating Dickinson, Dickinson, Teleia - hygiene basis, by and large did not accomplish similar successes; as Edward Edward as successes; similar accomplish not did large and by basis, hygiene

and the Újpest the and Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy Fascism, Biopolitics, Hungarian premarital counseling that was in general more narrowly focusing focusing narrowly more general in was that counseling premarital Hungarian rs annually and even some Prussian state Prussian some even and annually rs - ost cases to tests on one's biological marriage fitness. As these were (likewere these As fitness. marriage biologicalone's on tests to cases ost hygienic centers on a global level: even the people who actually came to came actuallyto who thepeople even global level: hygienic ona centers

t out the counseling clinics were not affianced couples concerned about about concerned couples affianced not were clinics counseling the out t OSZI

had visitors from the urban middle and working cla working and middle urban the from visitors had

psycho

- (2004): 14. (2004): - sexual advice into marriage counseling made the the made counseling marriage into advice sexual

160 -

and not the “unfit” whose fertility rates the the rates fertility whose “unfit” the not and

Eheberatung Eheberatung Eheberatung

babies at all. at babies clinics tailored their their tailored clinics , when done on a a on done when , 360

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CEU eTD Collection checks, health premarital binding obligatory, introduced 1941 XV No. Law and disregarded was opini their that fact The individual. the of fitness marital the on decisions make to right the having not doctors the and optional remaining checks health with only, consultations premarital Doctors for liberties. individual regard a with implemented be to only was counseling obligatory that experts counseling marriage most of statements the from clear however, is, It introduced. was testing premarital semi the introduce to attempted they centers these of some in that surprise no is it obligatory, counseling marriage make would that policy future not could become he a public large scale practice a as counseling marriage voluntary that surprise and no Hungary as in comes missing it all therefore were West the in clinics of number a in popular so counseling dista too were fertility to related objectives and of use the on ideas doctors' male the and client female the of perspective the in bring to one no was there Therefore, well. as marginalized, was 1918, before issues sexual and marital discussing for significant a been had which movement, feminist The counseling. marriage of discourse or practice the in involved experts female of sign no is there so and physicians male by dominated regime, Horthy the of Christian and authoritarian the with explained be partly can This intellectuals. of group marginal a to limited was this changing on discourse the and abortion prohibited law information banned decrees various Hungary in as the majoritygroup target voluntaryresisted ofthe the of counseling. idea Teleia at year per 50 around at (ebbing low very however was, visitors of number The treatment. or recommendations practical in resulted visits their shows, As most marriage counseling centers were set up with the goal of paving the way for a a for way the paving of goal the with up set were centers counseling marriage most As advice, control birth on taboo the was resistance this for reason primary the that seems It

u as wt a ase rltd o edr te eia poeso was profession medical the gender: to related answer an with also but like Zsigmond Somogyi, Ede Neuber or Gábor Doros all believed in believed all Doros Gábor or Neuber Ede Somogyi,Zsigmond like alth practice.

161 - coerc - -

givi nt and paternalistic. The reasons that made made that reasons The paternalistic. and nt ng or the spread of contraceptives and a a and contraceptives of spread the or ng ive pressure of “persuasion” even before before even “persuasion” of pressure ive

in the 1930s), which shows that that shows which 1930s), the in

- nationalist nature nationalist force force

on CEU eTD Collection health. the of experts health marital the marital of realities new the to adapted quickly chapter, dissent, initial after centers, counseling voluntary next the in seen be will As fertility. and affairs importance the understand to enough “cultured” not was population the as to valid, a as used marriage voluntary counseli of miseries the seen having After counseling. marriage of discourse the shaping in partly and 1941, after counseling marriage obligatory for methods and infrastructure of indifference) (the reactions OKI. the and Ministry Interior the of Secretariat State Health the Johan: Béla to linked powerhouses t enough sufficient not was centers counseling marriage voluntary the operating experts other and MCSSZ the AB, the Teleia, of force lobbying the that indicates

The significance of the voluntary marriage counseling centers lay partly in revealing the the revealing in partly lay centers counseling marriage voluntary the of significance The ng, obligatory marriage counseling got the green light from Béla Johan and it could be could it and Johan Béla from light green the got counseling marriage obligatory ng, - the - point argument that voluntary counseling was simply a waste of resources resources of waste a simply was counseling voluntary that argument point the population towards such centers, partly in preparing the the preparing in partly centers, such towards population the -

162 -

o override the strength of the the of strength the override o

of health for marital for health of

CEU eTD Collection France 362 törvényjavaslathoz,” szóló módosításáról' 361 not. or marry to in the to left was it ban: a of effect the without but population, whole testing extended intheory to every individual premar Hungarian ban. a of effect the with TB introduced and VD for which screenings premarital obligatory 1941, in Law Marriage a dissertation, this of purpose the for importantly Ve Lex the Law, anti an was result The significantly. health marital and Care VD affected this and healthcare Hungarian in changes major brought however, 1940/1941, 1930s. the of end the until up slowly th Also, crowd. significant a attract not that, similarly marriage operated toState bureausPrussiaorVienna, in Hungarian marriage advice did clear became it 1930s mid the By inspiration. for examples foreign at looked chapters, Introduction

wishes to reach its objectives byin taking its objectives reach to wishes The bill does not wish to follow popular slogans and does not copy foreign examples without deliberations, but deliberations, without copyexamples foreign not does and slogans popular notwishfollow to does bill The

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990): 268 1990): Press, University Cambridge (Cambridge: Chapter 3: Coercion, obli Coercion, Chapter 3: The 1942 French law on premarital examinations similarly introduced this measure to the the to measure this similarlyintroduced examinations premarital on law French 1942 The as Centers, Care VD and counseling marriage voluntary Both William H Schneider, Schneider, WilliamH László Radocsay, “Melléklet az 506. számú irományhoz: Indokolás 'a házassági törvény kiegészítéséről és kiegészítéséről házassági törvény 'a Indokolás számú 506. irományhoz: az “Melléklet LászlóRadocsay, individual liberties and moral sensitivities and by further developing the already effective legislation. effective the already developing further by and moralsensitivities and liberties individual premarital testing and the coercive measures ofthe Lex Veneris

362 ei, n 90 te ainlzto o al anti all of nationalization the 1940, in neris,

n at te ae f rne s oprbe o ugr i vros ways. various in Hungary to comparable is France of case the fact, In

Quality and Quantity: The Quest for Biological Regeneration in Twentieth in Regeneration Biological for Quest The Quantity: and Quality

Képviselőházi irom Képviselőházi to account its feasibility in Hungary, reconciling national interest with national interest reconciling Hungary, in feasibility its account to etbihet f D ae etr wn relatively went Centers Care VD of establishment e gation, marriage bans: bans: marriage gation, - –

163

a rarea at inEurope occurrence the time.

- - ányok ányok 271.

(1939): 391. (1939): - VD organizations, and, most most and, organizations, VD

dividual to decide whether whether decide to dividual demonstrated in previous previous in demonstrated Mandatory

- Century Century

VD ital 361

CEU eTD Collection 364 363 thereby and process screening affectedpeople that 200.000 venereal diseases Hungaryfor mass screening in first the introduced a undergo to individual every forced law the the Nevertheless, in race with deal will I health. marital with dealt that discourse same the to back traced be not should background the but undesirables, non and Jews between marriage the prohibited which permanent create health The not health. on did based marriage Hungary to regard sterilization. with undesirables forced of option the face to have not did one and permanent not were bans marriage but practice, mass a as fitness" "marriage introduced mar of medicalization This policy. same very the introduced U.S., the to refer explicitly not prohibition to right similar a had doctors experts. decision Vichy era, interwar the in years long for Parliament French the through go not did what deliberation in V in clause although that here counseling note to important marriage is It Hungary. the like just 1945, after force in remained doctor) the of and choice marriage of act the on both decide could (individuals enforcement its in liberal was and 1942 in checks health obligatory introduced that regime Vichy authoritarian experts mand support not mid the in AB diseases social on screening the on focused rather recommend not did they 1920s, the in examinations premarital on law a the prepared that Society Eugenics French the was it France in Although

In the United States the States United the In Ibid: 269. Ibid: 146 Ibid: 364 –

if the right to decide on marriage was left to the individual. the to left was marriage on decide to right the if

- -

170. 1920s. In addition, the majority of the participants in the French discussion did did discussion French the in participants the of majority the addition, In 1920s. - makers respected and built upon the earlier suggestions of the eugenicist eugenicist the of suggestions earlier the upon built and respected makers tr hat cek o spotd these supported or checks health atory

laws of the individual states fostered VD screenings as well and and well as screenings VD fostered states individual the of laws –

in this sense the Hungarian law, even though it did it though even law, Hungarian the sense this in -

164

short “digression” subsequent to this chapter. chapter. this to subsequent “digression” short – -

just like the Hungarian draft prepared by the the by prepared draft Hungarian the like just permanent marriage bans for the “unfit” but “unfit” the for bans marriage permanent ichy one could introduce without much without introduce could one ichy - Jews and this did create permanent permanent create did this and Jews –

ut s h Hnain antivenereal Hungarian the as just law did have a racist clause clause racist a have did law 363

In France it was then the then was it FranceIn hs a that law this riage

CEU eTD Collection non eugenically werewhodeemed people, but also 367 Press California of University Germany, Postwar 366 365 to population young and health predominantly (presumably) the majority, the forcing from away i Governments examinations. premarital via controlled thoroughly of Germansmarriage.were before therefore notexamined thus rate rejection overall (an rejected were an for examination an undergo to had applicants Berlin from statistics examinations physical include not did and interviews premarital only were these However, applicants. marriage all for applicable was this and well as required on 1941 From stock” “inferior of being of suspected already those, and loans marriage for applying (those, group limited more prohibitive more was it sense this In undesirable. be to proven those for sterilization of possibility the adding prohibitions, eugenic rac required establish to was law this of aim primary The through. carried it) demanded specifically office health public or registry the if mandatory only were checks (health enforcement in loopholes and obstacles the Law, Marriage German the in obligatory checks health premarital made had Law, Marriage the for and Veneris annually.

Germany In This encompasses both anti both encompasses This Heinemann, Elizabeth Timm, In some instances minority groups were singled out and denied/delayed marriage denied/delayed and out singled were groups minority instances some In Ehetauglichkeitszeugnis

The Politics of Fertility of Politics The Eheunbedinglichkeitzeugnisse -

e.g. “asocials”), its effect was not so widely felt within the German populat German the within felt widely so not was effect its “asocials”), e.g. Ehegesundheitsgesetz wih a tkn s rfrne n em o lgsain oh o te Lex the for both legislation of terms in reference a as taken was which , - Charlottenburg, where between 1934 and 1940 9% of all marriage marriage all of 9% 1940 and 1934 between where Charlottenburg,

What difference does a husband make? Women and Marital Status in Nazi and in Nazi and Status Marital make? and Women husband a does What difference

- miscegenation laws where minority groups could onl minoritygroupscould where laws miscegenation

(2010)

[Certificate of Fitness To Marry] introduced a wide range of of range wide a introduced Marry] To Fitness of [Certificate than the Hungarian law, but as it extended its scope to a much much a to scope its extended it as but law, Hungarian the than : 135. , Berkeley (1999): 23 (1999): Berkeley ,

of 1935. However, due to administrative and financ and administrative to due However, 1935. of - desirable, like epileptics in Finland. Finland. in like epileptics desirable,

being at 5% of the population). the of 5% at being -

[Certificate for Unobjectionability to Marry] were Marry] to Unobjectionability for [Certificate 365 165

Ehetauglichkeitszeugniss the health examination of only a minority was minority a only of examination health the -

- 24.

Eiaeh enmn quotes Heinemann Elizabeth . n most cases, however, shied however, cases, most n ial undesirability and the the and undesirability ial

y marry within the group group withinthe ymarry and over half of these these of half over and 366

The vast majority vast The 367 ion.

ial ial or CEU eTD Collection departments VD of up setting the about 1925 November in Ministry Welfare People's the to memorandum of anetwork VD organization3.1.1. The of care centers Legislative3.1. framework: The VenerisLex andthe prohibitions. permanent no were there and Germany) or U.S.A. Sweden, (Switzerland, countries other many the earlier, argued have thru primary I as because, different was outcome the Hungary In popularity. of andburdens, othersgeneralafraid were moral or legal, discontentand simply of implications loss while affairs, private most the of one into intervention deep too a as seen some by was This marriage. before check health a undergo enabled its introduction? It will also will It introduction? its enabled structures power what intervention, an such support not did experts health the of majority the If individuals? of thousands of hundreds for screenings TB and VD mass of regime a to 1930s comprehensive voluntary marginal unvisited, overarching, from get one an did How manner? such in introduced were examinations marriage Hungary in why question a as therefore comes It years. 10 for effect in was law the and bans marriage careand biopoliticalthinking inpostwar Hungary. VD affected it how and failure or success its about conclusions draw can we if was, it efficient co doctors however, mandatory, made were checks health Premarital h Atvnra Cmite ls ta a er fe is salsmn, umte a submitted establishment, its after year a than less Committee, Antivenereal The

st of the legislation was not eugenic. No forced sterilization was introduced like in in like introduced was sterilization forced No eugenic. not was legislation the of st within the hospitals in the countryside and introducing outpatient VD care in the the in care VD outpatient introducing and countryside the in hospitals the within

be examined how this endeavor worked in practice: how practice: in worked endeavor this how examined be tes ee ore aot h psil administrative possible the about worried were others -

166

marriage bureaus in the 1920s the in bureaus marriage

Marriage Law uld issue temporary temporary issue uld

- CEU eTD Collection kötete ünnepi Bizottságának Antiveneriás Egyesulet Közegészségügyi 369 368 involve would which measures, coercive more towards step first a be could they that believed however, was, It patients. VD of reporting obligatory no with care voluntary of sites guidelines, Nagykanizsa. 1929 in formed were EVIs result a As Fund. Insurance Worker's National the with cooperation in centers care t municipalities local the ordered 86.365/1928 No. decree Minister's EVIs. the of PénztárMunkásbiztosító Chairma publicly.too exposed being without center the visit could patients VD that so facility care health another with together to had centers care VD the that emphasized was It centers. care VD establishing for guidelines the developed AB the 1926 In country. the around centers with VDpatients beingGovernment to: pariahsofhospitals andthey the urged hospitals Hungarian in care VD of condition poor the outlined memorandum The cities. larger

The EVIs that started operation at the end the at operation started that EVIs The the commissioned he which in 73.562/1927, No decree issued Minister the year next The care VD the EVIs, the up setting for basis a as served later that memorandum this was It Ede Neuber, “Az O.K.E. Antiveneriás Bizottságának tíz éves munkásságáról, 1925 munkásságáról, éves tíz Bizottságának Antiveneriás “Az O.K.E. Neuber, Ede Ügyek,” “Egyesületi    o te B n te ietr f h Ntoa Wre' Isrne ud ( Fund Insurance Worker's National the of Director the and AB the of n

bie mle hsias o nrdc V cr ad mly seils in specialist a employ and care VD venerology. introduce to hospitals smaller oblige VD separate a make to patients department the hospital; within for them VD for allocated beds with hospitals oblige obl 369 igeVD havingintroduce department hospitals a to outpatientcare; -

1930 in the towns of Hódmezővásárhely, Miskolc, Győr, Baja, Kecskemét and and Kecskemét Baja, Győr, Miskolc, Hódmezővásárhely, of towns the in 1930

368

Egészség -

OMP) to make proposals on and start negotiations about the settingup about the negotiations and on start proposals OMP) tomake

39 (1925): 121 (1925): 39 - -

124. 167

of the 1920s were, as we can see from their their from see can we as were, 1920s the of

(Budapest: Athenaeum, 1935). Athenaeum, (Budapest: be located near a hospital, preferably hospital, a near located be - 1935,” in 1935,”

o establish VD establish o

Az Országos Országos Az Országos Országos

CEU eTD Collection an of Népegészségügy form the in 371 organized was 101. (1927): care VD that 370 fact the and centers counseling VD two countries. the between cooperation scientific close the to view a with Germany, from practice” “best any People the that mentioned they where Grúsz 21 detailed, very a presented and He GBG. the of implementation the observe to Berlin and Dresden to trips made the of permission the with 1928, September and June in then and Grúsz Frigyes with together 1927 in conference VD Düsseldorf ( Law experiences the and system German the about more out find to Germany to logistically.possible th if infection VD of network necessary the country the in have centers treatment to measures coercive introducing for precursor important obligatory reporting

centers. treatment and care VD of number necessary the up set to we need all of first binding, legally treatment compulsory make to order In marriage. from patients VD stop and profession their health from etc.) waiter, the if (hai individual sense dangerous the make remove to means only actual and wouldauthorization legal had authorities patients VD for reporting obligatory permanent, Introducing Gesetz zur Bekämpfung der Geschlechtskrankeiten der Bekämpfung zur Gesetz Somogyi's assessment was very positive, especially with regards to the operation of the of operation the to regards with especially positive, very was assessment Somogyi's missions several on sent was Somogyi Zsigmond up, set were centers care VD Beforethe embra later was thinking Such igazgatásban,” egészségügyi magyar a nézőpontok “Szocialbiologiai Gortvay, György Zsigmond Somogyi and Frigyes Grúsz, “A düsseldorfi értezeklet az új német nemi beteg törvényről,” törvényről,” nemi beteg német új az értezeklet “Adüsseldorfi Grúsz, Frigyes and Somogyi Zsigmond

370

9 (1928): 253 (1928): 9

ntoa ntok a nt e i oeain n tetet o al a not was all for treatment and operation in yet not was network national e

and forcedand1927 article: his in putit treatment. Gortvay AGyörgy

- 274. - page report about the Düsseldorf conference in Népegészségügy,in conference Düsseldorf the about report page

– Reichsgesundheitsamt

there was no point in forced treatment and contact tracing of of tracing contact and treatment forced in point no was there 's Welfare Ministry sent them with the aim of taking over over taking of aim the with them sent Ministry Welfare 's ced by other hygienists as well, as it was seen as an an as seen was it as well, as hygienists other by ced -

168 -

(

the German National Health Office) he he Office) Health National German the -

GBG) of 1927. He participated at the the at participated He 1927. of GBG) of the German VD VD German the of Népegészségügy rdresser, rdresser,

8 371

CEU eTD Collection 299. (1928): 372 in EVIs the on physicians) employed fully 10 ca. of salary annual the cover to enough less or (more year a pengős thousand 25 spend only could Ministry the that mentioned 1933) after Care Interior(w of Ministrythe of official an In1935 up. set wereEVIs first the the objectives of the1920s. setinthe end introduction the of eve the on 1939, in dispensaries VD 21 the importantly, More Hungary. of population and size the consider we if even enough years;from far seven in 174 the of pace German the from far veryestablished, were twenty EVIs course the in that means This 21. to up climbed thirties the of end the by EVIs of number the and 7, existing already the to addition in cities 9 altogether in up set were EVIs Depress the comprehensive,a Germany res the to as well as him, to clear was it so infancy, their in only centers counseling VD with Germany, behind far was Hungary Germany. in law VD new the for ready” were centers counseling VD “s the that adding annually, treated patients 126.500 with Germanyaround centers counseling 174 were there 1921 by and Hamburg in 1914 in up set partnering (later became upwith thethis OMP OTI)and the ot centers care VD the with implemented was partnership” ”working the of idea same the care VD of network Hungarian the in that surprise no thus is It results. better accomplish to cooperation Pflegeamt Arbeitsgemeinschaft

The reasons were primarily financial, as the Great Depression hit Hungary not much after after much not Hungary Depressionhit Great the as financial, primarily were reasons The after especially so, and State the on strain financial put EVIs the operating and up Setting was center counseling VD first the that mentioned Germany, on report his in Somogyi, Zsigm

(Care Centre), the National Insurance Institute and the Healthcare Funds all worke all Funds Healthcare the and Institute Insurance National the Centre), (Care ion has set in, the EVI network in Hungary developed only very slowly. By 1935 By slowly. very only developed Hungary in network EVI the in, set has ion ond Somogyi, “A németországi nemi beteg tanácsadók és gondozók működése.” működése.” és gondozók tanácsadók beteg nemi “Anémetországi Somogyi, ond (“working community” or or community” (“working

- type VD Law could only be done after yearsLawVD could preparation. after betype only of done

t of the AB, that replacing the regulation of prostitution with a with prostitution of regulation the replacing that AB, the of t

169 - munkaközösség

ystem of VD care and the large number of of number large the and care VD of ystem of the Lex Veneris, were not even close to close even not were Veneris, Lex the of her companies. insurance

in Hungarian), where the the where Hungarian), in 372

Somogyi believed that believed Somogyi hich took over Health Health over took hich Népegészségügy of a decade only only decade a of

d in d

9 CEU eTD Collection 376 375 ( 374 MOL. K148, 373 parallels: following the find can we GBG the wit it compare we If tracing. contact and treatment forced “res a as acting State paternalistic, withthe be as labeled could whichbased it on and measures introduced of coercive idea the to population accommodatethe first to plan original The dropped. was law, VDcoercive and treatment and counseling VD for means necessary the have to is, that sho there 30.000 over population a having everycity that in 36.3) (Paragraph laiddown Lex then was Veneris it Inestimates. Hungarian the 120 about borders, new the With Hungary, in 1939 Hungary of part became they before operation in been had already which of most Romania, and formerCzechoslov of territories the wereon these with of 20 but were45 there 1940 in and 1935) comparison in EVIs new (five 21 only still were there 1939 in report, Johan's from see around toatte the country 70 have to was objective The dispensaries. new 40 of up the setting required which (246.379/1938.XV), Interior the of Ministry the by issued was circular a Hungary. 1943): 249. 1943):



The law itself (Law No. VI. Of 1940) had a number of similarities with the German GBG GBG German the with similarities of number a had 1940) Of VI. No. (Law itself law The “semi new, the of inhabitants million 14.5 ca. indicated census the 1941 In Document No. 4266, K150, Belügyminisztérium, MOL K150, Belügyminisztérium, 4266, No. Document eredményei,” előzetes népszámlálás “A Compulsory treatment VD patients; for - “Az 1941. évi népszámlálás nemre évi népszámlálás “Az1941. 40. Teleia, Országos Szociálpolitikai Intézet, Magyar Családvédelmi szövetség iratai, Belügyminisztérium, Belügyminisztérium, iratai, szövetség Családvédelmi Magyar Intézet, Országos Szociálpolitikai Teleia, pected father.” It jointly regulated venereal disease and tuberculosis and introduced both introduced and tuberculosis and disease venereal regulated jointly It father.” pected

374 373

measures and obligatory failedmeasures and checks tomaterialize. health

In 1937, when the Lex Veneris was al was Veneris Lex the when 1937, In which was a significant increase to the 8.7 millio 8.7 the to increase significant a was which

nd the whole population. The spectacular, verynd thewhole resultnot population. was as can we

- , családi állapotra és vallásra vonatkozó adatai,” adatai,” vonatkozó és vallásra állapotra családi , 3 EI wud ae en ufcet bsd n earlier on based sufficient, been have would EVIs 130 Statisztikai Szemle Szemle Statisztikai uld be a dispensary). a be uld -

170 ready in an advanced phase of its preparation, its of phase advanced an in ready -

12 (1931): 97. (1931): 12 n counted in the 1930 census. 1930 the in counted n 376

- Thus, that the original idea, original the that Thus, 0 Vs ihn he years three within EVIs 80

only then only

Statisztikai Szemle 24 24 Szemle Statisztikai

introduce a a introduce - greater” akia akia

375

CEU eTD Collection 378 377 police the by license a getting to VD have to found women the subject the widened it such as and be promiscuous to thought females targeted regulation new the that clear becomes it as bias gypsies), race towards the also, (and bias gender the show remarks Somogyi’s country. the of population wh for checks health initiate to right the given was Minister elements.” similar othergypsyand girls, villages,townsand small in singlemaids well the houses, coffee pubs, hotels, certain of employees female the like prostitutes, tempora and secret of circle “wide the meant they here indicated Somogyi and well, as this up took law Hungarian the and examinations to forcibly sent be could it transmit to likely were it. initiated a processcould if onlytheother started spouse be such marriage within However, prison. years 3 with transmission deliberate penalized only GBG appl the introduced 2 a introducedbecause it one German the than result better produce would law Hungarian the that believed He treatment. f to obliged was one and treatment for institution an self one if is, That Law. the of part important most the was detected was VD if obligation treatment of introduction

Paragraph 4 of the of 4 Paragraph Veneris Lex adopted newly the evaluating article an in emphasized Somogyi    

Regulationwet for Individuals having ofexaminations; could to suspected besent VD contactsTracing sexual (contactan for VD individual’s of tracing) Infection wit of others Somogyi, Zsigmond Somogyi, “Az új magyar törvé magyar új “Az Somogyi, Zsigmond Az új magyar törvény magyar új Az - detected the symptoms of VD, one had an obligation to go to the doctor or to or doctor the to go to obligation an had one VD, of symptoms the detected ication of the Penal Code for the neglectful transmission of VD, whereas the the whereas VD, of transmission neglectful the for Code Penal the of ication

GBG stipulated that individuals, who were suspected of having VD and and VD having of suspected were who individuals, that stipulated GBG -

month prison sentence for those, who failed to comply. to failedwho those, sentencefor prison month - nurses. h VD criminalized;

(1941): 64. (1941):

cp o cecv eaiain; t hwvr dd not did however, it, examinations; coercive of scope ny a népbetegségek leküzdésére,” leküzdésére,” népbetegségek nya

171

ollow the doctor’s orders until the end of the of end the until orders doctor’s the ollow

ole professions or even the whole whole the even or professions ole Egészség –

this was not necessary necessary not was this

55 (1941): 63. (1941): 55 377 378

Also, the lawthe Also,

The InteriorThe ht the that - known known

ry ry CEU eTD Collection MOL. 379 nation.” ra the of health and strength “the Gyula as addressed Minister be to needed selection” physical Prime and “mental of question appointedthe that agreed Gömbös, newly the including ministers, the Ministers, of Council deci highest the of meeting the At 1933. in already the19413.1.2. Marriageaspartof counseling Marriage Law part of been have should this though even Law, VD the from missing of was however, population What, whole Hungary. the needed, if and, people of cohorts whole of screening VD the order beyond went it but GBG German the on modeled largely was Veneris Lex The remained. prostitution, through regulated class and gendered same very the time ch transmission, for penalties people, of cohorts whole for screenings introducing individual, any of treatment forced the on focusing matters, VD of regulation comprehensive more much a by prostitution of regulation the replaced which similarly possible. made was tracing contact and consent not did individual the if even this, about notified be could checks VD limi much order without to authorities medical the to right the giving Veneris Lex a with anymore

The Hungarian VD Law thus entered a group of VD Laws already in already Laws VD of group a entered thus Law VD Hungarian The

it based counseling.it ontheoriginal was draft, marriage The idea that there should be a separate law on marriage counseling was discussed discussed was counseling marriage on law separate a be should there that idea The

379 Batch No. 94., K27, Minisztertanácsi Jegyzőkönyvek (Minutes of the Council of Ministers), 1933.03.18., 1933.03.18., Ministers), of Council ofthe (Minutes Jegyzőkönyvek Minisztertanácsi K27, 94., No. Batch

The minutes of the meeting a few pages later attest that there was a similar agreement similar a was there that attest later pages few a meetingthe of minutes The

tation. Those who were directly threatened by the person found to have VD VD have to found person the by threatened directly were who Those tation.

it in many ways, especially with the right of the Interior Minister to to Minister Interior the of right the with especially ways, many in it

e a o ums iprat o te eeomn o the of development the for important utmost of was ce - based assumptions that were in force when VD was only only was VD when force in were that assumptions based -

172 anging the laws of medical secrecy medical of laws the anging -

sion - aig oy f h gvrmn, the government, the of body making

operation in Europe, Europe, in operation –

at the same the at

CEU eTD Collection 383 382 381 380 marriage on press medical the in discussion solid ongoing, already the of unaware probably these.” on formed be would opinion public authoritative “an that so doctors politi scientists, among debate public a be would there provisions illnesses thatneed tobecountered: supported he theory in that indicating In onlysterilization. and marriage,syphili tuberculosis to named relation however, he examples, good as Netherlands the and England unhealt “the of fertility the to obstacle an putting suggested He necessary. and urgent as legislation hygiene race saw he that and time the of Hygienetrends Race andDarwinist Social superficiallyof aware hand undated, His Gömbös. Minister Prime to letter private a in counseling, marriage and biology racial on opinion on themeans question: ofaddressing this

t ed t b ipeetd y l mas ht e ujc idvdas o oploy medical compulsory to individuals well. as subject we that provisions means all by Legal healed. fully are they until marriage from implemented individuals ill ban and marriage to prior examinations be to needs It th formed was opinion the meeting council the of course the In Horthy added, his wish was that before the government started discussing these legal legal these discussing started government the before that was wish his added, Horthy his voiced Horthy, Miklós governor, Hungary's when time same the around was it fact, In Ibid. Ibid. Levéltár, MagyarOrszágos 4. Ibid: development point of view. Examining this question will be the task of the Minister for the the for Minister the of task the be will Culture for the Minister Interior, question this Examining view. of point development partners marital of examination health premarital the view of point

hy, criminals, the mentally weak, the work the weak, mentally the criminals, hy, 382

to this effect would amend the rules currently regulating doctors' obligations for secrecy, for obligations doctors' regulating currently rules the amend would effect this to - rte lte t G to letter written

H orthy Miklós titkos iratai iratai titkos Miklós orthy

and the Minister for Justice. for the and Minister mö fo ery 93 hw ta h ws t least at was he that shows 1933 early from ömbös

173 -

(Budapest: Kossuth, 1963): 137. 1963): Kossuth, (Budapest: - shy, etc,” shy, 380

t rm nation a from at - to - 381 be bears value from a race a from value bears be cians, in the press and among and press the in cians,

and cited the United States, United the cited and 383 - strengthening strengthening

Horthy was most was Horthy

s as the two s as thetwo

CEU eTD Collection weretherefour M 1940 and 1935 between and Ministers Prime Hungary three had in1940 LexVeneris the and ofGömbös death the 1936 Between governments. ofsuccessive priorities shifting the and crises in Th 1940. wasonly adopted the and Lex Veneris 1934 386 nemibetegség 385 384 included which Protection”, “Family Paragraph “Pre is, 11,that on part a contained counseling, marriage on debates the of result a draft, The 1940. in adopted was that Veneris Lex the of basis the as served it and 193 in Parliament at tabled was bill The 1925. in committee the of up setting the since had members committee the that debates and deliberations the all of result the was it 1936: in format Iview importance utmost wouldbelieve draft thatthis of becomesasa it soonaspossible.” law of point protection racial and people's a “from stated, he when AB the of opinion unanimous the to bill this submitted they 20 1934 February on and counseling premarital on bill draft a submit AB the have to asked personally was Neuber meeting this At eugenics. on law futurea in this include to recommended and counseling for called Interior the for Minister the 1933 November in that revealed such measure. c he that also and legislation such for Government the with “lobby” to important was it that felt Horthy that nevertheless, noteworthy is It letter. this in down jotted ideas his from differed however, expe that and sterilization and counseling

This draft for the for draft This AB the of Chairman Neuber, Ede Parliament, of House Upper the in speech 1937 a In There was a considerable delay, as Neuber was asked to submit a bill in 1933, the AB was ready with it in wasready the AB 1933, in bill a submit to was asked as Neuber delay, was considerable a There Which was published as a book, as well: Doros, Gábor and Neuber, Ede. Ede. and Neuber, Gábor well: Doros, as book, as a wasWhich published 165. II.(1937.06.21): 1935. House). Upper ofthe (Minutes Felsőházi Napló Paragr alled for a debate so that a deliberated opinion would be formed before introducing any any introducing before formed be would opinion deliberated a that so debate a for alled counseling needs to take place maximum 10 days before the wedding day. day. wedding the daysbefore maximum10 takeplace to needs counseling health public the the from counsel free 12 or cost authorities paragraphs receive poor by be to provided certified education are that notice the individuals take and to has doctor and the disease Hungary of inheritable in or practice advice communicable medical a to has right she legal or a he has whether that doctor a with consultation premarital ek leküzdéséről. ek aph 11: Pre 11: aph

–

hr tee s such is there where - marriage Medical Counseling. Every man and woman is obliged to have a a have to obliged is woman and man Every Counseling. Medical marriage

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Foucault, although for the outside observer in the 1970s socialist states might have seemed seemed have might states socialist 1970s the in observer outside the for although Foucault, Szigoritótt meddővé tétel: megmondják mit tehetsz magaddal,” magaddal,” mit megmondják tehetsz meddővététel: Szigoritótt

are often and a well lack of healthcare in policies non of consultation, of lack by characterized implementation or legislation of Processes voluntary policies. “cultured” yet not is population the of majority vast a that vaccinations screenings, TB or VD with (e.g. ones optional over preference enjoying interventions Mandatory Blom’s term, isaspiring tob vigorous Ida borrowing State, The healthcare. resulting run to way efficient most the a is State the by control and centralization that Kozma) with above seen (as belief The A 2010 Eurosurveillance survey shows that postsocialist that shows survey Eurosurveillance A2010 A Rights Human by thestatement See Ida Blom,Ida - based.” based.” Euro Surveill. Euro Medicine, morality, and political culture : legislation on venereal disease in five northern five in northern disease venereal on legislation : culture political and morality, Medicine, See: Haverkate M, D’Ancona F, Giambi C, Johansen K, Lopalco PL, Cozza V, Appelgren E, E, Appelgren V, Cozza PL, Lopalco JohansenK, C, Giambi F, D’Ancona M, Haverkate See: - c.1995 it tookadifferent indemocracies: thebiopolitics form than it

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CEU eTD Collection 397 261. 2003): 396 obligatory marriage(without counseling bans, however): that clear made he Parliament the in 14 May on speech a In well. as counseling marriage of support his announced Imrédy, Béla Minister, Prime appointed newly the 1938 May Interior thetime hadcompletely Ministry a theAB'swhich newreworked draftready, proposal. w it as but, legislation, proposed this of details the concerning doctors among speculations to led which examinations, health premarital mandatory the were these Among manner. speedy a in passed be to needed that laws announced and legislation of parliamentary of process the up speeding of importance the upon touched he Győr) of town the (in speech his In Programme”. “Győr the as known became that scheme militarization principles remained unaltered. th in developed modified, further of form then this was and 1930s bipower the socialist of end state the in this born as was It 1948/49 Socialism. in or born not 1945 was biopolitics in starting genealogy a have not does biopolitics

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in any way that freedom of one to choose a spouse, we will still introduce the inst the introduce still will we spouse, a choose to one of freedom that way any in of the expected consequences of this marriage on himself/herself and the descendants.” and marriagehimself/herself on ofthis consequences ofthe expected cognizant becomes marries who everyone that so step, by step obligatory it make will We counseling. We have to care about the nation being healthy in its body as well. Although, we do not want to limit limit to want not do we Although, well. as body its in healthy being nation the about care to have We Gábor Doros, “Az Doros, Imrédy Gábor compensate for its aleatory nature, to explore and reduce biological accidents and and accidents biological reduce and explore to nature, aleatory wholesale. over this takes socialism methat to seems possibilities…it its for compensate to is State, the replace must that is it whatever or State, the of function essential the that idea the Ultimately, working. of modes its or basis its reexamined fact in has it nineteenth; the takenthroughout and century, eighteenth the of end the at developed which biopower, of theme the of critique no made has Socialism certain: is least at thing One Michel Foucault, MichelFoucault,

it up, developed, reimplanted, and modified it in certain respects, but it has certainly not not certainly has it but respects, certain in it modified and reimplanted, developed, up, it Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège de France de theCollège at Lectures Defended: Be Must Society

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179 -

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- CEU eTD Collection 399 398 viewpoi radical less a had MinistryJustice the as derailed, ways many in was draft 1938 the that meant This law. the drafting of task the over took affairs) marriage for responsible ministry anti the with marriage for just not VD orTB bans butalsopermanent ones,for deficiencies. mental p a bill, the of version intrusive go the given was which Secretariat, State Health of draft Johan’s 1938 the that clear it make 1941 of XV Law of paragraphs counseling marriage the draft was prepared bycompletely theAB re bo advisory health public Ministry’s the of meeting Tanács a Közegészségügyi at Országos 1938, by and law that of draft latest the from removed was counseling

However, after the decision had been made to join the marriage counseling regulations regulations counseling marriage the join to made been had decision the after However, intra the on files archival The Even though in the draft of the AB became the became AB the of draft the in though Even Ibid. MOL K150, Belügyminisztérium, 2785, No. Document    

hereditary could a diseases,it issue marriage as mental prohibition well. suffer from to individual believed the thedoctor butif required No separatetestswere in casemarriage ofdeficiencies,a havingright the produce these to attestations; medical process, administrative the centerof the into put was (tisztiorvos) Officer Medical the forexamination VD; f were they that attest to had partners Both screenings. premarital to changed were consultations premarital - miscegenat

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180 -

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aosy noe te uhrt o te B ad eerd o poesoa oiin the opinion professional a to referred and AB, the of authority the invoked Radocsay Minister (then Radocsay László where however, was, letter the of part exciting more The Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. T.115/88, No: Document   the ofthis law. preparation the over took ofJustice Ministry upon Justice, of Minister Minist the the of bill draft the of out left were of task checks health the premarital regarding regulations the is Justice, of Minister then the marriage of recommendation to pertaining laws a of preparation the representation as and Law, Marriage the amended have would rules these As

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402

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2785. I./6, K150, MOL K150, I./6, 2785.

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oa mdcl fies o ed (tity lsiid rpr t te iity f h Interior, the of Ministry the to report classified) (strictly a send to officers medical ional n 27 On ay recommended that one of the existing voluntary counseling organizations, the organizations, counseling voluntary existing the of one that recommended ay The fact that Johan's State Secretariat asked for information going into such detail (and (and detail such into going information for asked Secretariat State Johan's that fact The different very a had thus Justice of Ministry The Ibid. Ibid. XV.17., K150, 222945/1940. No: Document Ibid.

eray 90 oa sn te utc Mnsr’ dat o onl cot ad the and Scholtz Kornél to draft Ministry’s Justice the sent Johan 1940 February ttos r o promd t l, n ntig apnd fe te local the after happened nothing and all, at performed not or itutions ocsay's

(Hungarian Association for Family Protection Family for Association (Hungarian

mentioning of the MCSSZ and the claim that they had offices offices had they that claim the and MCSSZ the of mentioning - round, top secret investigation that Johan personally ordered ordered personally Johan that investigation secret top round, 406

As it becomes clear from the replies of the Medical Officers,Medical the of replies the from clear becomes it As obligatory vs non vs obligatory - Belügyminisztér

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national the and futurefor children. theand family descendants the well family, a point, starting conscience the spouse, educational, the propagandistic, and community towards a obligations the has emphasizes undoubtedly draft The In the meantime, on 30 June 1940, the Ministry of the Interior received a first memo from memo Interiorfirst a the received Ministry the of 1940, June 30 on meantime,In the that recommended OKT The Document No: T.115/105, 2785. I./, 6., K150, Belügyminisztérium K150, I./, 6., 2785. T.115/105, No: Document Ibid. Ibid. Document No: 219.401, 219.401, No: Document than 30days thewedding. before Johan used first person singular from beginning to the end, was a comprehensive and comprehensive a was end, the to beginning from singular person first used Johan

407 , and asked the OKT to remain completely secret about the request and about and request the about secret completely remain to OKT the asked and , even if the prevention it serves cannot be seen as full; still, it is a correctly chosen chosen correctly a is it still, full; as seen be cannot serves it prevention the if even - thought transition for measures that serve the more active health protection of of protection health active more the serve that measures for transition thought

2785. 2785.

I./, 6., I./, 408 ovide information about the process when preparing the the preparing when process the about information ovide

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412

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His reply thus ended in an elegant retreat: he basically promised to revoke the Justice Justice the revoke to promised basically he retreat: elegant an in ended thus reply His 1941 April 7 on Johan to reply a sent Radocsay I./, 6.,K150, 2785. T.115/114, No: Document Ibid. to make fullyreliableto makegenetic assessments onthe inheritability mental illnesses. of Ibid

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fully return to a version that was more to Johan's liking. The fact The liking. Johan's to more was that version a to return fully h sbitd h pooa t icue hs i te law. the in these include to proposal the submitted who e arrange the process with less additional costs for the the for costs additional less with process the arrange e -

185 Belügyminisztérium -

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CEU eTD Collection 418 part became also loans marriage as Moreover, law. the of part become did they considered, not 1938 Draft some changes: but therewere state budget.

   

aosy et h aedd rf tgte wt hs Arl etr hc rsmld the resembled which letter April 7 his with together draft amended the sent Radocsay marriagemental of bans, terms in thatthoughevenindicatedpoint last This acquired diseasean incurablemental marriage. within spouses the of one case in marriage a dissolving from obstacle the lifted other the other; was marria of partners time the the at of disease mental one a from case suffering in marriage the of validity the challenging of the option introduced one clauses: related two however, were, There prohibitions. and tests removed was diseases mental hereditary of issue The having cured. been of attestation an got patient the until only valid was prohibition The VD. or TB of phase Centers, hos Care (e.g system care TB and VD the within institutions other by made tests the accept also could but attestations medical the issuing with entrusted was Officer Medical The their ownGP orlocal doctor. sp a was there however, women, For men. just not well, as tests VD take to had women as Draft 1938 the from difference major a was there VD and tuberculosis of free were they that attest to examination an take to had prem to back changed again were consultations Premarital , Document No. 2785. I./, 6., K150, MOL I./, 6.,K150, 2785. No. Document , A marriage prohibition could be issued by the doctor but only in case of a contagious a of case in only but doctor the by issued be could prohibition marriage A

pitals).

186 -

ecial option to get an attestation from from attestation an get to option ecial 418

from the paragraphs on prenuptial on paragraphs the from e n ti ws nnw t the to unknown was this and ge

arital screenings. Both partners partners Both screenings. arital

diseases werediseases –

here

CEU eTD Collection 419 anti “Second the Clausus, Numerus the the anti 12 to elicits, Ungváry Krisztián threat As Hungary. biological a represented Germans) as well who (as racist, Jews convinced that a believed became he afterward and WWI during diseases social against and earli stated As death. his after days 4 only arrived “surrender” Radocsay's fact, In term. his under tug the thus and suicide 1941 April he earlier, mentioned as Also, 1910s. the in movement hygiene race Hungarian the and eugenics on part the in attention Ministry was also involved. reveals Székely Miklós to Szűcs Tunyoghi Kálmán from letter a but Ministry, mid by ready was product final to doctors military att provide to right the give and GPs) and women to addition (in exemption further subsequentlywere made were diseases found, even happencould didnot sterilization beassigned inHungary). (which certain if because tests such from away shied couples many years few a after underg to had individuals where loans, marriage on regulation German the followed fact in provision This well. as these to extending test thorough more a undergo to ready were who loan, marriage a get could onlythose provision: the byd the to attached provided was Doctors) diseasesMental Hungarian of mental(Association of list a law, the of

er, Teleki believed in social hygiene and he fought on many fronts both against hereditary against both fronts many on fought he and hygiene social in believed Teleki er, At this point I would briefly like to refer back to Pál Teleki, who received considerable considerable received who Teleki, Pál to back refer to like briefly would I point this At adopt was draft final The Ibid. estations for those, who were in military service. The request was granted and so the the so and granted was request The service. military in were who those, for estations

- a Pie iitr f ugr bten 99 n 14, ni hs 3 his until 1941, and 1939 between Hungary of Minister Prime was

e.g. the Ministry of Defense asked 10 days after the meeting to have a a havemeeting to the after days 10 askedDefense of Ministrye.g.the 419

- June 1941. The final justification was prepared by the Justice Justice the by prepared was justification final The 1941. June ed by the Council of Ministers and only minor amendments amendments minor only and Ministers of Council the by ed - of o various tests in order to get a loan loan a get to order in tests various o - - Semitic Law” (for which he wrote the justification) and and justification) the wrote he which (for Law” Semitic a bten h to iitis n 1939 in ministries two the between war -

187 - Semitic laws can be related to Teleki, including including Teleki, to related be can laws Semitic -

ayr leroo Egyesülete Elmeorvosok Magyar ecree implementing the loan loan the implementing ecree –

albeit in Germany in albeit

that the Interior the that -

41 happened happened 41 Magyars in in Magyars

CEU eTD Collection 420 guaranteed wouldimprove thatit social well du times several applause and mention received (who Johan Béla convincing the by out worked was that issue policy a as health, public for trend good a as examinations premarital regarded debate the of speakers The House. Lower the in MPs Cross life a as seen was question” anti the around centered was show The July. The parliamentary debate or lessofpiece this had fully ifhe livedadoption tosee oflegislation. satisfied the more been have might however, Teleki, counseling. marriage intrusive less have to wanted who t with line fullyin not and racist not was who Johan for much too probably was health marital of terms in introduced law this that protection” “race the Magya from fact, In them well. as eugenics positive included and separating VD; and TB fight to at measures strong introduced aimed and race a as Jews the defined unequivocally it life: his of course the in interest showed Teleki that topics the accurately quite represented hyg race a as background early his him: to related be perhaps can together brought all were miscegenation) anti (marriage marriage counseling, loans, thatelements these various fact LawMarriage butthe Law 1941. No. XV of

The parliamentary debate of the new marriage law took place between 30 June and 18 and June 30 between place took law marriage new the of debate parliamentary The on information direct no have I Ungváry, of effect horrible the of because checks premarital for argued bill the of justification The ienist and his later, interwar racist workings. The 1941 Marriage Law in fact fact in Law Marriage 1941 The workings. racist interwar later, his and ienist A Horthy A 420 - rendszer rendszer

- or

(2012): 364. (2012): - death issue, especially for the numerous and voci and numerous the for especially issue, death

Teleki involvement in the construction of the 1941 1941 the of construction the in involvement Teleki - being. being. -

188 - Semitic provisions on the law as the “Jewish “Jewish the as law the on provisions Semitic -

he wishes of the Justice Ministry officials officials MinistryJustice the of wishes he ring the debate) and thus it would be be would it thus and debate) the ring

ferous Arrow Arrow ferous s it rs;

- CEU eTD Collection 424 423 422 421 (“wethe Romanians are how infected know withsyphilis” t free special, a be should there that added He poor. the for checks premarital free demanded and problem class same the to referred (MEP) party government the of Balás int the to referring punishment harsher much a for called and lenient too as prison) in year 1 (maximum law the violating for people cl middle “the Medical was it as the class by distinction to a made Officer go to having of instead attestation GP's a get could women that fact the that claimed He these. on often so differed opinions expert as it, of part not was illness mental that ag and standpoint” conservative “correct the draft the called Maróthy Károly debate Law checks. health obligatory introducing advocated already House, Lower party the Cross Arrow new, not was This law. the around go to tried who those, for penalties harsher for called syphilis, asource ofmanycases because way positive a in affected be already would these VD for checks marital introducing illnesses.” mental and nervous incurable and hereditary of symptoms yet not did science medical because law the by regulated not ( were illnesses” mental“incurable that debate, the in representative Life) Hungarian Party Government the Bocsáry, Kálmán by emphasized Itfamily.the within infections TB of dangers the fertilityand on VD he places severely infected by VD, making a reference to the places inhabited by Romanians by inhabited places the to reference a making VD, by infected severely places he

– and “minimum” a as law the saw fact in they testing, premarital supported right far The OKN, 1 July 1941: 365. July 1941: 1 OKN, 359. July 1941: 1 OKN, 34. June1932: 16 OKN, 30 (OKN), Naplója Képviselőház Országgyűlési anti the of both criticism, comprehensive most The

unfortunately , when it first entered parliament and Zoltán Meskó read their program in the the in program their read Meskó Zoltán and parliament entered first it when , –

do not have money to pay for a GP.” a for pay to money have not do

erest of the nation in these ill people not having progeny. Károly Károly progeny. having not people ill these in nation the of erest

of mental illnesses, wouldbeof mental discovered more easily. -

189 June 1941: 349. June1941: -

nw nuh o e be o acran the “ascertain to able be to enough know 424 ass that has a GP, but the Hungarian Hungarian the but GP, a has that ass ).

423 Magyar Élet Pártja Pártja Élet Magyar -

Semitic clause and marriage marriage and clause Semitic In addition, he saw the penalty the saw he addition, In also indicated, and this was this and indicated, also 422 421

In the 1941 Marriage 1941 the In e niae ta by that indicated He - of - charge bureau for for bureau charge –

at of Party reed

CEU eTD Collection 428 427 426 425 health clause secrecy the sensitive breaching and information, contain would which of all year, a certificates 200.000 store to need would Officers Medical the year a marriages thousand 100 with that argued he security: data of issue with Hungarians, the“naïve with rural of souled people society.” well notgo scientific”will “realistic, down claimed manner a that reconfiguringinsuch marriage han was marriage state German Nazi totalitarian the in even that show to clause. implementation its in law marriage the of provisions check health Germany non in increase the of because later year a (suspended Yugoslavia in 1934 in checks health mandatory the of failure the mentioned He time. cou European Western as law, health radical a such pass to about was that States) U.S. of couple a from (aside country only the was Hungary belongthen itwill tothe portfolio ofthe Ministerfor Agr ( improvement race of economy planned a of instrument an as marriage of institution the seeing up end will we path this down continue we “If debate: new, this of portrayal His legitimate. eugenically becoming child illegitimate potentially a allowed and contents legal and con religious ethical, deep very but implications sexual such have only not does “marriage as materialistic too as it labeled he testing, premarital for As Party]. Freedom Káro from came counseling,

eune, s well.” as sequences, asy a te is i te hl dsore a lat o y knowled my to least (at discourse whole the in first the was Rassay that out pointing context, international the considered seriously who one, the was Rassay 383. July 1941: 1 OKN, Ibid. 384. July 1 OKN, 1941: Ibid. –

the example the bill’s justification referred to referred justification bill’s the example the retd arae eilto cue oe f h fw oet o laught of moments few the of one caused legislation marriage oriented 425

asys an xml fr hs “te bnft” a a marriage a was benefits” “other these for example main Rassay’s

y asy lae o te liberal the of leader Rassay, ly - marriage co marriage ntries only had voluntary marriage counseling at the at counseling marriage voluntary had only ntries -

190 only had a maximum punishment of 3 months in months 3 of punishment maximum a had only -

- habitations) and pointed to the fact that that fact the to pointed and habitations) Amusement iculture. iculture. –

did not carry through the mandatory mandatory the through carry not did 428 Polgári Szabadságpárt Szabadságpárt Polgári –

Amusement

. –

vitéz Lajos Makray: And And Makray: Lajos vitéz 427 e t tuh pn the upon touch to ge) dled with caution and and caution with dled

He used this parallel this used He .)” 426

r n this in er [Civic

CEU eTD Collection 429 pol determining in role any play not could and process legislative the from marginalized eventually were professionals medical other and experts VD top though Even counseling. marriage on say to had profession understalso essential to Parliament is in1941,it becamestruggled examinations for, premarital obligatory a and effect. binding had Physicians Budapest of the in 1940 in presented views the despite together, put had AB the what to contrary That, many. for shock a as came also procedure legislative the in anti with associated got protection” “race health the such as that venerologists, Jewish especially physicians, many for shocking medi the to and public the to known not time long a for was it that and Justice of Ministry the in prepared 3.2.1. Reactions themedical of elite Implementation3.2. improve theattendance these of had experts VD to authorities marriage and civil and using and engaged, the AB for sessions only counseling the promoted: that solution same the recommended Rassay Instead prison.

In addition to scrutinizing the struggles between the ministries and the debates in in debates the and ministries the between struggles the scrutinizing to addition In anti the that subchapter above the from know We

Ibid: 385. Ibid: cal community that it would be linked up with marriage counseling. It was surely surely was It counseling. marriage with up linked be would it that community cal

icy, the reactions of the medical elite reveal why the law, as it was, could was, it as law, the why reveal elite medical the of reactions the icy,

–

o e icse blw, and below), discussed be to

. 429

- Semitic “race protection”. Nevertheless protection”. “race Semitic -

191 and what voices coming from within the medical the medical within coming from what and voices -

Budapesti Orvosszövetség Budapesti ht well what - Semitic paragraphs of the law was was law the of paragraphs Semitic - once V eprs had experts VD connected

Johan's twist twist Johan's (Association (Association - based based

CEU eTD Collection 432 431 197 (1940): 430 addressi was he that knowing perhaps manner, outspoken strikingly and straightforward very a in associates his and Johan to referred another” or form one in introduced it having states northernmost three the “only (with a warned examples, international the that emphasized Doros detail. in it to responded Doros Gábor Association the within and considered be to one the was Draft 1938 Ministry's Interior the time the At 1940. April in Association the within counseling 1940 in issue the with dealt Association),Doctor's were closest its allies: who those, with even consultation professional excluded Ministry the way the with agree not did 1940. that indicated in Parliament of House Upper the in speech concerned a made time), the at surgeons Hungarian leading the of (one figure distinguished and weighty a and House Upper fromfrom doctors was and “clients” policy. coded the into both Resistance, mind. in had had Interior the of Ministry the that purposes the serve fully not

laboratories, at hospital beds, in operation rooms, or statistics offices.. statistics inrooms, or beds, hospital operation at laboratories, well his/her along bring to happy as be will life, real in there out working is who doctor practicing anonymous the suchpubli in Doctors of Chamber viathe opinion their voice to profession medical the of members all for opportunitythe provide to Interior the for Minister Honorable the ask me let dissonance, and misunderstandings avoid to order in future, the Ministry, Interior Secretary the State especially colleagues, his and Interior the for to theMinister thanks our convey to like would I proposals submitted our of some account na a of solving the initiates bill draft the (...)

“Állásfoglalás a házasságelőtti orvosi vizsgálatok kérdésében,” kérdésében,” vizsgálatok orvosi házasságelőtti a “Állásfoglalás Ibid. Verebély,“ Tibor Orvos Chair Verebély, Tibor - 199.

the Lex Veneris enjoyed the support of the medical elite but at the same time they time same the at but elite medical the of support the enjoyed Veneris Lex the szövetség - one eprec i odr o euah h cmo eey a toe h wr i work who those as enemy, common the bequeath to order in experience founded

Gümőkór és nemibetegségek elleni védekezésről szóló tv. Javas szóló védekezésről elleni nemibetegségek és Gümőkór te fiil ultn f the of bulletin official the ,

man of the the of man ng not the general public but fellow doctors, who would who doctors, fellow but public general the not ng c health issues of great importance. (…) I can assure you that youthat assure can I (…) importance. great of issues health c Orvosi Kamara Orvosi tion -

- 192 saving task and for this beginning and for taking into into taking for and beginning this for and task saving - - 41, reporting about the discussion of mar of discussion the aboutreporting 41,

uaet Orvosszövetség Budapesti (Chamber of Doctors), Member of the the of Member Doctors), of (Chamber

Orvos 431 ant adtr hat checks health mandatory gainst -

szövetség Béla Johan Béla

43 (1940): 43 lat,” . However .

Orvosi Hetilap Hetilap Orvosi

41. 430

, as for for as ,

(Budapest (Budapest

Verebély 432 n ) and ) riage 84

CEU eTD Collection 436 435 434 433 marriageeffect atall. had no law wa find would intelligent” “more the and marriage without “Yugoslav a to lead would law reasons. care economic, forand properinformation of lacka of because implementation for ready not wasthe country time the at that but solution optimal the theory in was radicalsolution” he but effect, denounced propaganda their to due mostly desirable, were checks health obligatory that saying ground, middle a represented Somogyi law.” the of word “cold the against argue to order ra a that shows encouraged.reasoning pragmatic be to was marriage person a such for that meant which well, as improve would activities physical his of range the and diet his marriage, the of result ma his if man, a in TB bans, of case the in example for marriage that saying from refraining for reason social a mentioned Parassin József analysis. their szövetség share opinion: this

dared to approach marriageapproach to dared laws forced passing by pigs guinea as law. progressive a by improved be could negligence of years of hundreds where land, uncultivated of lot istherea policy, cultural and social healthcare, Hungarian lawson pass nega a have could thethat law of word cold the with than better much means cultural and moral social, with counseling, awakening trust control, gentle enlightenment, social of tools the with influenced be can which and nature secret orders decrees, and laws punishments and by solved be only can question every that believe etatism of followers The Further commentary on the marriage law was published in subsequent issues of issues subsequent in published was law marriage the on commentary Further Ibid: 60. Ibid: 52. Ibid: 51. Ibid: 42. Ibid:

and Doros's speech was generally applauded, even if no other doctor was so bitter in bitter so was doctor other no if even applauded, generally was speech Doros's and

h psiiiy f ban. a of possibility the 436

Márton Pályi, a Hungarian doctor from Vojvodina, argued that the Hungarian the that argued Vojvodina, from doctor Hungarian a Pályi, Márton

. However, there are problems, for example the ones related to m to related ones the example for problems, are there However, .

- related issues so violently. violently. issuesso related

tive backlash (see the Yugoslav law). And if we are really determined to to determined really we Andare if law). Yugoslav the (see tivebacklash

- scenario”, where simple people would simply live together together live simply would people simple where scenario”, nge of reasons related to the individual were brought up in in up brought were individual the to related reasons of nge 435 , when, aside from some Northern European states no nation has has nation no states European Northern some from when, aside ,

ósf uza cnee te iw ht h “extreme, the that view the conveyed Guszman József -

193 - 433

terial/financial status improved as a a as improved status terial/financial s o ila dcos n tu the thus and doctors mislead to ys Why d Why o we use Hungarians Hungarians use we o arriage, that are of a of are that arriage, 434

uh non Such cultural and healthand cultural - medical,

Orvos -

- CEU eTD Collection 438 437 voluntary OSZI): counseling marriage (emphasizinghisÚjpest of practice the and AB the of work preparatory the in provision new the of roots the back traced not did Somogyi sun. the under himself for place a sought and legislation opposed, previously new, the justified counseling marriage on experts leading the of one how shows all in all and Újpest in clinic marriage Hungar OSZI the of achievements in eugenics marriage of roots the shortly details necessity, its and Szemle Zs is this for example excellent An manner. pragmatic a in it approach to and regulation the accept to radical solution. the and Physicians of Chamber the AB, the OKT, (the bodies professional adoption law's the to prior that above the from clear however, Itis, machinery. legislative the stop to try to efforts making in anymore point much not (July adoption and debate afteritsparliamentarydraftbecause all, probably after final Johan's on comment not did Association The Parliament. in tabled be to was Draft Ministry th by However, draft counseling marriage their on comment to

god ooy, h woe sot ril i te January the in article short a wrote who Somogyi, igmond ,. The medical elite, however, aside from Doros and his closest associates, was soon ready soon was associates, closest his and Doros from aside however, elite, medical The Ministry Justice the by asked was Association Doctor's Budapest same the 1941 May In

appropriateness of the pioneer workhasconfirmed. been pioneer ofthe appropriateness since enforce However, triumph. laws rarely pioneers now that believes Széchenyi it. twice for obligatory it laws made having and without screenings health premarital started it law, this is of adoption OSZI the check /the Foundation health The The (…) introduced. these. is on i work pioneering done ban has therefore G.Sz./ a based inadequacy, made of case we in but proposals obligatory the from and syst center the from counseling respect some in differs law new The Ibid: 22. Ibid: házasság a vizsgálat orvosi kötelező “A Somogyi, Zsigmond 437

The article provides a compact introduction to the theoretical background of eugenics of background theoretical the to introduction compact a provides article The

t ie aosy a bscly ged o oa' trs n te 91 Interior 1941 the and terms Johan's to agreed basically had Radocsay time at

the continuation of the work we have accomplished to this point, the the point, this to accomplished have we work the of continuation the

uaet Orvo Budapesti n this area as well, when almost two decades before before decades when two well, almost as area nthis -

194 sszövetség - , as earlier, castigate the new law but rather rather but law new the castigate earlier, as , em we have established in our marriage marriage our in established have we em

– 438

which they supported wholeheartedly. wholeheartedly. supported they which

előtt,” előtt,” nal uaiosy aoe a less a favored unanimously nearly )

Szociális Szemle Szociális - eray su of issue February

3. 3. , eot o the on reports y,

(1942): 20 (1942): 1941) there was 1941) -

Szociális Szociális - 22.

CEU eTD Collection 440 Népegészségügy 439 “non the in lay examinations prenuptial of success real the that view the voiced care, VD for appointee OKI the Domahidy, György First stir. a caused who Emődi, was it and responsibility the doctor. of the misleading for liable criminally was who aut individual the was it decree the on Based doctors. legalresponsibilityof possible the concerns: main the of one eliminated it as workedout more no Népegészségügy, was there as AB, the of minutes the that however, forget, not should (one counseling marriage of implementation the detailed that 1111/1941 No. Decree wa Committee the law; the to opposition major the law. of word strict the of application the in laxity certain a foreshadowed this and experts VD top and approv unanimous the have not did idea screening obligatory Johan's the that implementation, of aspects further to on going before noted be to is it However, implementation. as therefore comes It regulation. new the of support in up speak and concerns previous aside brush to ready was expert medical key a that indicated It symbolic. was attitude of change Somogyi’s policy. there that understand to seemed counseling

oiis r epn peiu ifcin sce; t a fil dfiut o sals te legal the establish to difficult fairly was it secret; infections previous keeping or horities The first (documented) debate within the AB erupted at the 11 December 1942 meeting 1942 December 11 the at erupted AB the within debate (documented) first The Népegészségügy in 1942 January 9 on meeting AB the of report The to only interventions limiting supported occasions previous all on had who Somogyi, 9 január 1942 Bizottsága Antiveneriás Egyesület Közeg. “AzOrszágos Ibid: 360. Ibid:

o upie ht te laig xet wr smlry ed t priiae n its in participate to ready similarly were experts leading other that surprise no

23 (1942): 359 (1942): 23

h Minis the

- 362. r' journal). try's

440 was no alternative for him but to support the adopted the support to but him for alternative no was

h cmite a stsid ih h dce they decree the with satisfied was committee The -

195 s rather busy with drafting Ministry of Interior of Ministry drafting with busy rather s -

- én tartotta 69 éntartotta Teleia 439 - ik ülését,” ülését,” ik

, were published published were , does not indicate not does - al of physicians physicians of al results”, that is, that results”,

CEU eTD Collection Népegészségügy 441 Race protection? 3.2.2. Implementation the whole anti of prestige the harm could it and marriage into people infected of number great a let would it as we experts venerology not were was who doctors, by examinations law superficial the how with satisfied very VD many law, by required not were certificates prenuptial Once implemented. were AB) the of members (including experts lenient, be to had law the of temporarily. implementation the that stressed and opinion Domahidy’s with contrast slight in stood (which needed were marriages new of lot a because important was leniency war of times in that and guidelines such had already Officers Medical the that Emődi told Domahidy tha recommended and low quite was bans of number the that heard had he that committee the told he Moreover, easier. cases complicated on Th decisions make to doctors law. for guidelines of set a adopt the and develop to Domahidy recommended of result a as children illegitimate of birth the a of possibility the with reckon) to wish not law. the of nature strict the about informed were and diseased were they that knew they as married get to dare not did individuals many that fact the

that indication the was debate mild fairly resulting, the and remark Emődi’s checks health prenuptial that stipulated 1111/1941 No. Decree Interior of Ministry the As “Az Országos Közeg. Egyesület Antiveneriás Bizottsá Antiveneriás Egyesület Közeg. “AzOrszágos

his previous statement on scaring away people from marriage). Neuber supported supported Neuber marriage). from people away scaring on statement previous his - 24 (1943): 100. (1943): 24 VD movement. VD movement.

–

Discourses of medical professionals inDiscourses medical the practice professionals involved of

n increase of extramarital and premarital sex and of and sex premarital and extramarital of increase n t the Medical Officers be stricter in implementation. in stricter be Officers Medical the t -

196 -

ga 1942 december 11 december ga1942 441

Domahidy clearly did not reckon (or did (or reckon not did clearly Domahidy e debate erupted when Emődi Emődi when erupted debate e - én tartotta 72 éntartotta re simply not enough not simply re - experts believed that that believed experts - ik ülését,” ülését,” ik some VD VD some

CEU eTD Collection 444 443 442 oftheframework four Hislist of benefits marital ofthe health. law included: anti Law, Marriage the of clauses but sawas this noindication thatthe“prenuptial were race measures” protection invain. one about assessment, his on based that added also He conclusions.” major to lead “cannot however, which, 1%,” of rate “failure a to up adds which marriage, from person 1 banned had he that indicated and months certifica marriage 100 around issued having about conferred He results. tangible on much not and propaganda of amount good a included article the so and magic this of convinced the to back this traced nationalism, of hint strong a with and, perfection” towards road the on already are “we that claimed however, He, counseling. marriage binding obligatory, from arise might problems Hetilap Orvosi re a (from Székelykeresztúr of Officer Medical the Kertész, Béla start. good a of signs promising as results insignificant even present to tried mid in appeared first practice in screening premarital about reports first the 1942, February 1 of as introduced be

   

Aside from Kertész’s overall optimism, he (not surprisingly) connected the two separate separate two the connected surprisingly) (not he optimism, overall Kertész’s from Aside non and (Jewish race mixed prohibited law the that added He Struggling inheritable topreventother disease servingethnic aims racial protection fighting TB fighting andgonorrhea syphilis Ibid: 447. Ibid: Ibid. “ Kertész, Béla

442

- “intuitive and empirical legal affinity of our people.” Kertész was profoundly profoundly was Kertész people.” our of affinity legal empirical and “intuitive 92 Te eia Ofcr wr lrey appreciat largely were Officers Medical The 1942.

ie te alr of failure the cited Beszámoló az 1941. XV. tc. alkalmazásáról,” tc. XV. 1941. az Beszámoló

- third of couples had already been already had couples of third

Semi

uolv arae oneig n wre ta legal that warned and counseling marriage Yugoslav

im n mrig cusln udr h general the under counseling marriage and tism -

197 - acquired Transylvanian region) in his article in article his in region) Transylvanian acquired -

s. 444

Orvosi Hetilap Orvosi

in physical contact before marriage marriage before contact physical in ive of the new policy and and policy new the of ive . 86 (1942): 445 (1942): 86 . - eih mrigs that marriages Jewish)

- 448. tes in four four in tes 443

CEU eTD Collection physical simple a because cases all in VD for test blood a having supported They medicine.” test a VD specialist than muchmore X the because VD, andTB between differencea was there that claimedThey city. larger a in Center Care VD a to travel longer a make to forced were couples if regulation” ag go would and problematic be would it war, in transportation of problems increased the to due added, They rare. were specialists VD and Centers Care VD enough weren't simply there countryside the in reason: a without not was this that and Officers of the VD CareCenters. doctors the namely, “specialists”, the or marriage on ban a issue to right the and VD determining burea “medical the was it whether Whose competencies? as intertwinedrepresented as race they both protection. th in accept), to forced was Ministry Interior the that solution” “practical a just was two the combining (and issues health marital in race involving of intention no had law the drafting experts medical most and legislation in paths clau two the though even Thus, it. implementing with entrusted were then who those affected Law Marriage the how the shows counseling marriage of implementation anti Kertész’s s from children of rate criminality high the to due banned, similarly be gypsies non and gypsies between marriages that demanded and offspring “valueless” produce would w patcn Mdcl fies rud ht h jb a alctd o h M the to allocated was job the that argued Officers Medical practicing Two of pages the on place took debate public a 1943 In - eii ad anti and Semitic

- Gypsy comments that were part of a report on the the on report a of part were that comments Gypsy , as “venereal diseases belonged more to the realm of generaldiseases totheof realm more “venereal belonged , as ucracy” (the Medical Officers) that had superior rights in in rights superior had that Officers) Medical (the ucracy” e process of its implementation many saw these two clauses clauses two these saw many implementation its of process e -

198 -

Népegészségügy: ainst “getting used to the new the to used “getting ainst ses had very different different very had ses - ray check needed a a checkneeded ray

the question was was question the uch marriages. marriages. uch edical edical

- CEU eTD Collection 447 közlemén 446 613 445 was who woman, old year 22 a about asked He law. the of architects the of one Guszman, Hetilap) Orvosi of supplement ofmarriageTreatment bans andduration “generalists.” the of that superseded marry to individual the of right the concerning made they decisions the the saw who Centers, Care VD the of doctors the from also but population the from just not resistance encounter to had Law, Marriage the by powers strong lifetime.” hi in once marries every only one “as that test, blood suggested a for Engel Centre Care VD decision. a to its sent be accept individual not did Officer Medical a if Center Care level higher much a had and hospitals of Doctors Head usually were Centers Care the of Heads the reminded, He decision. its accept to obliged be should Center, the of verdict the receiving upon who, Officer, believed tobe“self it the Medical Officer. doct local a through test blood their take couples that suggested they and trusted be to not was check

- 615. and Elemér Puskás, “A házasulandók vizsgálatáról,” vizsgálatáról,” házasulandók “A Elemér and Puskás, 615. or (GP or Health Protection Service), have it analyzed by a specialist, and send the results to results the send and specialist, a by analyzed it have Service), Protection Health or (GP or In 1946 in the Q&A in the in Q&A the in 1946 In in debate little This he articles: the to replied Engel, Pál Center, Care VD Beregszász the of Doctor Head The

“Az Orvosi Gyakorlat Kérdései.” Supplement to to Supplement Kérdései.” Gyakorlat “AzOrvosi foglalkozó vizsgálatokkal előtti házasság a Puskás Elemér és dr Sándor Gáll dr Engel, “Hozzászólás Pál első vizsgálatok előtti házasságkötős “A Gáll, Sándor yeihez,” 446

Népegészségügy

of expertise than an average doctor. He believed that it would discredit a VD VD a discredit would it that believed He doctor. average an than expertise of 445 - explanatory”VD thatthe

Népegészségügy 24 (1943): 866 (1943): 24

447

Orvosi Gyakorlat Kérdései Gyakorlat Orvosi patcn dco “zG. akd qeto fo József from question a asked “Sz.Gy.” doctor practicing a

- 867. -

199 hw u ta Mdcl fies atog given although Officers, Medical that us shows

Care Center was a higher forum than theMedicala wasforum higher Center Care Orvosi Hetilap Orvosi -

Népegészségügy évének mérlege,”In: évének m as less competent and believed that believed and competent less as m

(Questions of (Questions

(1943):

24 (1943): (1943): 615 24

Népegészségügy 96.

Medical Practice Medical - 618.

24 (1943): (1943): 24 s/her

–

a CEU eTD Collection 75.000 ca. insured It Budapest. around and in companies owned privately of employees provide it but country whole the for insurance widow Employees Private of Institute the company, insurance an of documents 3.2.3. Implementation yearbecomea half only. could time waiting the treatment intermittent of instead continuous with or pe products of bismuth treatment combined a with that argued Rajka and Havas Dabis, even one this penicillin of use widespread the with whether discussed was it OAB the of meeting 1950 a At could take after such place muchearlier a prohibition. marriages subchapter) next the in demonstrated (as reality in but wishes normative reflected just was time waiting long truly This years. 2 least at for married get not could girl the that meant effect in This it. after year more one for waiting syphilis, of indication ( strong 5 recommended Guszman married.” get soon could she that question the of out is “it one, first the doing by treatment started only had she and ago year 1 only acquired was syphilis her that non as determined be could she which after treatments of number the concerned question The possible. as soon as married get to wanted but marriage after treatment the with on carry to willing was reportedly finished then and syphilis of because marriage from banned e a fn te ot eald eod o peaia hat che health premarital on records detailed most the find can We advance medical to due on, later year 1 to reduced was recommendation normative The imt Slasn tetet wt sot 6 short, with treatments Salvarsan) + Bizmut - year thecommittee,waitingwithin There reduced. could time noagreement be was - contagious to he to contagious –

MABI and MedicalMABI Officers and -

MABI). The MABI provided old age, disability, orphanage and orphanage disability, age, old provided MABI The MABI). r husband or future child. Guszman answered that knowing knowing that answered Guszman child. future or husband r - aáaklaotk itst Intézete Biztositó Magánalkalmazottak

200 -

d health insurance only for the white collar collar white the for only insurance health d

- we pue i bten n i no if and between in pauses week 8 e frt ramn ssin She session. treatment first her cks in Hungary in the the in Hungary in cks

iiln n arsenate and nicillin theory, however, and however, theory,

(Insurance

- s. s. 6 - CEU eTD Collection Artis 448 as follows: epilepsy, hare other alcoholism, TB, VD, (diabetes, history medical personal and siblings) and parents grandparents, of death of cause and (illnesses antecedents family religion, income), (monthly wide was anamnesis The VD. or TB than other illnesses to related marriage, of issue the on advice” “persuasive provide to need set and details these of registration pure a beyond far went interest their Moreover, family. client’s the and client the to connected detail medical of plethora a in interest showed doctors marriage, for authorization an in fromAside legislators.the as intervention of broaderpolicy much a as project the understood clinic the of physicians the that is Bureau Marriage MABI E - Levéltára Főváros (Budapest Archives Metropolitan Budapest the in available fully are 1948 and mid in checks health ma own its up set it passed was Law health. for people 225.000 ca. altogether families, their and employees

BFL). ugenics

 

The eugenic advice g advice eugenic The the at checks health premarital the of implementation the in striking most is what Firstly, Medicinae Medicinae A woman had an epileptic mother and her future father future her and mother epileptic an had woman A a womanrecommended was because todelay wedding a condition. herheart serious of Tivadar Gorka, “A magyar társadalombiztosítás a két világháború között,” között,” kétvilágháború a társadalombiztosítás magyar Gorka, “A Tivadar

- lips, color blindness). colorlips, –

Orvostört - 1941. The records of these health checks (ca. 18.000 cases) between 1941 1941 between cases) 18.000 (ca. checks health these of records The 1941. ting up a “eugenic register” based on these: in many cases they felt the felt they cases many in these: on based register” “eugenic a up ting

éneti Közlemények éneti iven was similarly wide similarly was iven

- agn: t nldd h cin’ poeso, oil sit social profession, client’s the included it ranging:

rriage counseling center and started making premarital premarital making started and center counseling rriage

121 - –

124. (1988): (1988): 123 124. 201 -

- ranging, some of the examples of these are are these of examples the of some ranging, – 126. 126. troducing a marriage ban or giving giving or marriage ban a troducing -

in law was suffering from the the from suffering was law in Communicationes de Historia Historia de Communicationes 448

hn h Marriage the When uation –

e.g. e.g.

CEU eTD Collection

        

because “he had been having an inside liaison with his bride, who is in the fourth month fourth the in is who bride, his with liaison inside an having been had “he because marr to permission the given was man A ( bothofthese!)promised toquit intoxication. alcohol and nicotine of result The trauma? disease: nervous Other: provision concerningprohibitive I theattestation.”received this, have As heart. ill an for burdensome considerably is marriage with together goes that excitement the because married getting my support not does heart my of condition the that acknowledge “I stated that declaration a sign to had woman A A commentclient: “Other: onamale cm individual atall 154 maintain herself.” to able be would woman the breakdown physical of case in that and physically himself spare could he where life a lead to able was he case in marriage recommended “only th doctors the by warned was he and condition heart a with diagnosed was man A recommendedpermission but against marrying.” the gave “I wrote doctor The red). with underlined details (both cousin second her marry breakdown nervous a had mother woman’s A above isintact, moves freely. Nosignofaor pinchchancre.” is apigmentationdeformation an penis resulting oldbleeding.epithelium onhis from The h has “he man: a on comment A Other: isleft hismother's brother she isnearComment: the results, we but illne same ss and therefore the doctors wrote “we cannot prevent her marriage based on based marriage her prevent cannot “we wrote doctors the therefore and ss

do notrecommend - sighted (2d).

- ad irritation on his penis for 20 years. I believe that the that believe I years. 20 for penis his on irritation ad handed and so is he. andhanded sois

- her havingher children.”

202 y even though he had VD based on the results the on based VD had he though even y -

20 years before the test and she wanted to to wanted she and test the before years 20

the law does not contain a a contain not does law the with ahunch (gibbus).”

at they they at

He CEU eTD Collection “espe marry to right the get should he results test positive the despite that recommended and anamnesis the in fact this noted case) previous the from one different (a anti Ibid. in 1946. later, year a half marriagethe permit manreceived given.”The canbe interrupted was treatment the why reason the of aware been physician MABI the but license marriage a obtain to clinic the to back went he Hungary to return conc a to deported was he that known is it sources other From Hungary. from Jews of deportations the of height the in 1944 June in one second a started and treatment German the before just to 1944, had usual March one cases a treatments in 6 undergosuch In married treatment. for sent get was he to so VD having wanted found was man he and a Hungary, of occupation case first the In test. the doing physician 450 Archives) Metropolitan Levéltára (Budapest Főváros Budapest VIII.111, 449 them. marriage in for occurrence prohibitions higher no was there and differently treated not were clients Jewish anti the that evident also need forabetter for register such State orchestratedeugenics health and prevention inthe future. me contemporary in seen have must they what to service doing just were they latter the With clinic. the visiting individuals all of register eugenic a creating and marriage for well. as concerns eugenic were there that shows relatives or parents epileptic the of case the and red) with (often parents of illnesses the in parts underlined various the However, deterioration. eugenic for worry mo have not potentially would children (these issue socialrather aseems heartproblem a with marriagea against recommending heart).Thus, the for “excitement” causes certainlywhich sex, have to even (or children raise to people such of ability doub but issues exactlyhereditary not perhaps was cases these in reason The prohibitions. non important an be to ser into take even

- Semitic clause and despi and clause Semitic was it andwarnings/advice or prohibitions of terms in bias gender serious detect not did I would or conditions other by concerned were doctors cases, these from seen be can it As I found, however, an example for sensitivity for survivors as well: another Jewish man was affected by the the by affected was man Jewish another well: as survivors for sensitivity for example an however, found, I of pregnancy.”

I found two cases where the events of 1944, the Holocaust of Hungarian Jews posed a dil a posed Jews Hungarian of Holocaust the 1944, of events the where cases two found I 1 - 12. kötet. No.1 kötet. 12.

The MABI doctors understood their role as dual: providing attestations or bans bans or attestations providing dual: as role their understood doctors MABI The ious consideration the medical history of the parents. A heart condition seems condition heart A parents. the of history medical the consideration ious nd could not get married until these were completed. This Jewish man from Budapest did one did Budapest from man Jewish This completed. were these until married get not could nd 449 - 6195. 47. Magánalkalmazottak Bizt. Intézet Házassági Tanácsadó törzskönyvei, Tanácsadó Házassági Intézet Bizt. 47. Magánalkalmazottak 6195. 450 te living together with his partner for five years, could not get married. The physician physician The married. get not could years, five for partner his with together living te

- -

euae polm ht otr wne t icue n h ls of list the on include to wanted doctors that problem regulated eii clause Semitic h eprcl aa hs ofre m hptei ta a these at that hypothesis my confirmed thus data empirical The

cially because of his family background”, which most probably probably most which background”, family his of because cially f h lw i nt ly n rl i implementation, in role any play not did law the of entration camp, but survived and came back in 1945. Upon his his Upon 1945. in back came and survived but camp, entration -

203 - -

noted “his treatment treatment “his noted ney - ann prns o as te) hn a than them) raise to parents earning

is not completed, no attestation attestation no completed, not is dical journals: the journals: dical –

who must have have must who emma for the the for emma t in thein t

CEU eTD Collection K c. 402. IV. 452 marriage.Ibid. for wereapplicants Jewishno there Budapest) detailed and 28 1944 September 10 between of lack the is 451 papers MABI Ibid. in 1945. survivor his to beingJewish a related the to compared different strikingly is what Also, exam own his on based were percent, five than less these, of 10 only and attestations 280 altogether issued he that 1945 August in example for commented Officer Medical County at most debate expert the themselves, checks with health these did rarely line Officers Medical subchapter, previous the in in outlined fact, In clinic. MABI the of doctors the of that than attitude stored ofthem, onmost these werestorage. believedtohavefor probably nousearchival information little the to due and, issued) were certificates million 2 over year, per marriages numerous too probably were papers These attestations. all of fraction a contain only the papers these have even and anymore not papers Officer do Medical relevant archives county Hungarian many but Hungary, around issued certificates s a only is This County. Nógrád in Balassagyarmat and Kőbánya, Csepel, Tisztifőorvosa), Járás Központi (Pesti County Pest of shire central the of that including counties, Medical Officers based onthese. of rac on policy larger attitudes a regarding assumptions make the to wrong be would to it physicians, individual only point found I cases relevant two the and reasons, prevention health r checks health premarital

and shires various of Officers Medical the of papers the from comes sample other The In the April 1945 report he confirmed 3 examinations done personally out of a total of 16. See: Box No.1., Box See: of16. total a outpersonally of done examinations heconfirmed3 report April 1945 Inthe 1941 was throughout 4% at examined individuals Jewish thatof the noted percentage be isto It ettos ee ae o a eaiain y n V ad T Cr Cne. h Pest The Center. Care TB a and EVI an by examination an on based were testations h rprs f eia O Medical of reports The özponti járás tisztiorvosi iratai, BFL. tisztiorvosiiratai, özponti járás 451

ca usin dd o lyarl,pyiin dd h hcs u of out checks the did physicians role, a play not did questions acial

December 1944 (when the marriage bureau was closed due to the siegeto ofdue closed was marriagebureau (when the December1944 fficers showed a much less controlled and interventionist interventionist and controlled less much a showed fficers

204

to be kept (if we calculate with 100.000 with calculate we (if kept be to

ample of the marriage the of ample inations. - 1943, but 1943,

452

CEU eTD Collection 454 453 the Medicalthey and themselves. Officers rarely very didthe tests have would tests these doing that confirms which you”), of instead samples blood take to willing be not will I future the in that you inform (“I testing on time spend to had he so and him to village little a from woman a of test blood the send not doctor, regional a shunned Officer Medical the where checks) marriage on found one quantity in workthe client. wasand Thus,“modest both beinginquality.” done of problems the disclosing in interest an have not did doctor regional or village insurance, the so and interests” emotional and financial “hurt would prohibition a so and set already was wedding that wrote He classes. all for possible in article Hetilap Zemplényi's Imre females. for only not widespread was tests the avoiding yo for attached were GPs of attestations such where 1945 from cases few a found I doctor. village the of leniency the on depending well, as classes lower for possible probably was tests avoiding indicated, have debates doctor's the of some as areas, in However, issue. class a becoming examinations on: commented debate parliamentary the in speakers some what confirms This years....” for XY known and of GP the been have “I w young of indicated or attached. result examination medical the and in filled etc.) address, (name, information essential the only certif their of most so and register” “eugenic similar a up set to motivated be to not constraints, time to due probably seemed, Officers Medical information.

There is a case from the papers of the Balassagyarmat Medical Officer (basically the only only (basicallythe Officer MedicalBalassagyarmat the papersof the from case a Thereis GPs from came that Officers Medical papers the in documents various were there fact, In Box.1.,1946 “Aktualitások,” Zemplényi, Imre

ons oad te ae ieto bt t em fo hs eak ta aodne was avoidance that remarks his from seems it but direction same the towards points omen, who were most probably not examined. Usually such certificates started with started certificates such Usually examined. not probably most were who omen, - 49. Tisztiorvosi iratok, Nógrád County Archives, Balassagyarmat. Archives, County Nógrád iratok, Tisztiorvosi 49.

Orvosi Hetilap Orvosi

usually these tests were done too late when the date of the of date the when late too done were tests these usually -

205

86 (1942): (1942): 543 86 -

meant a serious overload of work for for work of overload serious a meant n mn wih ol idct that indicate could which men, ung - 544. icates were simply left blank with with blank left simply were icates

454

453

who did did who Orvosi

rural

CEU eTD Collection ellenére,” védelme házassági törvény Lazarovits, Lajos shot.” a received has already or treatment negata indicate “could which test, Wassermann ofthe theproblems 457 th that claimed Csordás 456 nemi betegségek,” a és vizsgálat orvosi megelőző házaságot 455 28.151 and applicants 28.746 were there 1943 ce In 3.2%. at being rate rejection the it, got 26.623 and certificates marriage for Budapest in applicants 27.488 altogether were there 1942 on data statistical from KSH and annual The statistics, Budapest. OTI the clinic, MABI the from come will statistics Medical Officer. showe and check another for themselves) went (or else someone sent they and EVI one at positive proven were individuals some where complaints other s were before shown be to There N.M. 191.991/1947 decree in was passed and Government the by ID taken was recommendation photo a the that examinations” the decree for a else pass someone Government of documents the occurred with has went it one “as that repeatedly that recommended (OAB) Committee Antivenereal the meeting 1947 1 in already this regarding complaints were There them. of instead tests non asked people some that happen could it therefore and that clients resisted mainly theexamination. goingby avoiding or around non presented premarit 3.2.4. Implementation

rtificates, the rejection rate thertificates, dropping rejection to2.1%. As for the statistical details of the checks (e.g. number of checks and prohibitions), the prohibitions), and checks of number (e.g. checks the of details statistical the for As F of impact the data, statistical of help the with evaluate, briefly will I subchapter this In XIX Szakosztá Társadalomorvostani Orvosegyesület Kir. “Budapesti See: This was the argument of Lajos Lazarovits’s article in Népegészségügy in 1947. He specifically mentioned mentioned specificallyHe 1947. in Népegészségügy in article Lazarovits’s Lajos ofwas argument This the l elh hcs n h pplto. ih ead o outr mrig cusln I counseling marriage voluntary to regard With population. the on checks health al irstly, one did not need to present any photographic evidence when going for the check check the for going when evidence photographic any present to need not did one irstly, - C - 9, Box.no.5. File 1308, OKT, MOL OKT, File1308, Box.no.5. 9, - participation as a form of resistance and I will set out from the same assumption: assumption: same the from out set will I and resistance of form a as participation 457

e AB had submitted a motion to the Interior Minister on this before 1945 as well.as 1945 before this on Minister motionthe Interior to a submitted ABhad e

–

Statistical valuation

(Central Statistics Office) publication on Budapest tells us that in in that us tells Budapest on publication Office) Statistics (Central

Népegészségügy . In fact the former Budapest Chief Medical Officer Elemér Officer ChiefMedical Budapest former Infact . the

- 28 (1947): 2091 (1947): 28

206

“ Venerológiai Szemle Venerológiai - A syphilis fertőzési útjai: A syphilis terjedése a Aterjedése útjai: syphilis fertőzési A syphilis

ive result if someone was already getting getting was already someone if result ive - infected friends to go and do the blood the do goand to friends infected - 2093.

lyának 1943. II.10 1943. lyának , (1943): 50 (1943): , ta ngtv rsl t the to result negative that d 943

455 - 53. c tests. uch

- and at a January a at and

én tartott ülése: A ülése: éntartott

456

The

CEU eTD Collection has datarejected onexamined and clients 1945: after ration offemales banned and nearly same. males was the no does There treatment. TB for sent were rest there VD, for banned were tested people the of half than less little a Also, earlier. as same the about 2.96%, at was prohibitions marriage of number the testing, premarital of years early Bakács moreare detailed: much for 1946 Table 1. Premarital screening statistics for Budapest, 1946 Budapest, for statistics screening Premarital 1. Table Budapest applicant al checksal Prenupti percenta Officers Medical Banned Banned Banned Banned Banned Banned Banned District females Female for VD for males Male All All ge s - The clinic of the OTI, the largest insurance institution (providing for industrial workers), industrial for (providing institution insurance largest the OTI, the of clinic The m 1946, in applications 16.000 nearly were there that show dataThese Tibor Officer Medical Budapest the of reports the from extract can we numbers The

data data data Jan Jan 184 917 925 194 no no no 2 6

Feb Feb 177 903 876 194 4.3 18 77 39 38 % 9 6

2207 1143 1064 194 Mar Mar 5.16 114 41 64 50 %

Apr 252 124 128 194 2.6 38 66 37 29 % 5 1 4 6

292 143 149 194 Ma 0.0 33 29 59 26 3 0 6 y 2 3

Jun 982 105 194 204 2.7 28 27 55 27 % 9 6 se t b a ifrne ae o sx ete, the either, sex, on based difference a be to seem t 1 e -

207

1244 1308 1946 2552 July July 1.76 20 18 45 25 % -

1004 1946 1997 Aug Aug 1.65 993

14 19 33 19 %

1119 1119 1946 2238 Sept 1.69 16 30 38 22 %

1149 1208 1946 2357 0.76 Oct Oct 11 14 18 % 7

1206 1174 1946 2380 0.92 Nov Nov 18 22 13 % 9 uch less than in the in than less uch

1184 1137 1946 2321 1.33 Dec 14 28 31 17 %

TOTA 2.96% 15869 8856 8006 1946 198 171 416 218 L -

CEU eTD Collection MOL jelentések, XIX either. prohibitions no certificates and 650 were thereinyear the same Baja InSzékesfehérvár cities. 458 200.000. 1 at was rejection related Th higher. were numbers actual that believed experts VD the but percent 1 than less patients, VD 60.000 ca. indicated 1928 in made were that statistics nationalVD the VD: of level the of estimatesconfirmedcontemporary less or more ca any In Hungary. of population adult the in VD of level the to regards as (theas physician, distortions, the test,beingI alreadywould notmakeguesses pregnant, any etc.) TB for were these checks wereandawere made only104peopleof rejected, rate 1.97%. Table 2. Marriage permits at the OTI Marriage Clinic1945 OTIMarriage the permitsat 2. Marriage Table

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 Year

t em fo tee ht eetos ee ewe te 2 the between were rejections that these from seems It M The

I found some fragmentary data int he Public Health Reports from Székesfehérvár and Baja, two midtwo Baja, and from Székesfehérvár Reports Health int hePublic data fragmentary found I some 458 15.149 10.596 6128 3000 Number examined of 12.565 29.239

ABI data shows a low rejection rate as well. In the 3.5 years after the war 5417 5417 war the after years 3.5 the In well. as rate rejection low a shows data ABI

and half of them for VD. Based on this, due to all the factors that could serve could that factors the all to due this, on Based VD. for them of half and

769 certificates were issued by Medical Officers in 1947 and there were no prohibitions, in were prohibitions, thereno and 1947 in Officers Medical by wereissued certificates 769

- 3%, the VD ratio among adults would have been estimated at ca. 150 ca. at estimated been have would adults among ratio VD the 3%,

332 698 649 426 248 81 Number banned of

208 y ol se hi hptei a poe: f VD if proven: as hypothesis their see could ey

- 2.6 2.4 4.3 4 4 2.7 Percentage banned

50. 50.

- 5% margin and usually half of of half usually and margin 5% - C

- 1 -

e. Közegészségügyi Közegészségügyi e. se, the rejection rate rejection the se, - sized sized

- - CEU eTD Collection http://magyarinfo.blog.hu/2014/01/27/megszolaltatott_felhangok félhangok”, “Megszólaltatott Lóránd, Zsófia these deficiencies: to points sadlyone moviebecomes the re constantly undertones withnationalist women, the and raped someoffor the many even for , liberation so Soviet fallen memorialthefor the who honor men, the lectureelderly to movie,decides ofthe scene memorable a Hungary,in in the Holocaust warand ofthe survivors memoryfemale the of ofthe divided unaware seemingly Skrabski, 461 & Past Present 460 459 CareVD the visited individuals 1.000 averageof an 1945 of earlymonths the in as well as 1941, d and Officer Bakács (Tibor Medical Chief Budapest the of reports The prohibitions. marriage of number higher from marrying in1945 prohibited women, mainly people, of number disproportionate a were there years later or earlier these because checks t in increase health major a in resulted premarital of story the for relevant are Hungary in cases rape events. these of witnesses female with interviews of number a showed disgrace] [Silenced i television public on and cinemas Hungarian in both convictions. political by shaped were/are they how and events these of memory the between relationship the discusses Mark Vie and Budapest on essay comparative her in Pető Andrea by provided is analysis detailed most perhaps The silence. of decades long after memory public entered has Rape,couns VD andmarriage 3.2.5.

ramatic rise in the morbidity of VD (syphilis in particular) starting in early autumn 1945. In 1945. earlyautumn in particular)starting in (syphilis VD morbidityof the in ramaticrise Implementation James Mark, ”Remembering Rape: Divided Social Memory and The Red Army in Hungary 1944 ArmyHungary Red in The and Memory Social Divided Rape: ”Remembering Mark, James maradan ”Átvonuló hadsereg, Pető, Andrea foun have I data The 1944 in forces Soviet the by women Hungarian of rape the years twenty past the In Fruzsina Skrabski, Skrabski, Fruzsina ldiers in Budapest. With the failure to acknowledge that the Soviet entry into Budapest wasa indeed Budapest into entry Soviet that the acknowledge to failure theWith in Budapest. ldiers 188 (2005): 133 (2005): 188 –

a nominee of the Communist Party) from 1946 indicate that there was a sudden a was there that indicate 1946 from Party) Communist the of nominee a - Elhallgatott Gyalázat Elhallgatott 46, due to the much higher VD rates in these years. due totheVD muchhigher rates46, inthese – -

sided and and sided Postwar issues and the end of marriagePostwar theend of and issues counseling - 161. d confirms the high incidence of rapes but this did not result in a in result not did this but rapes of incidence high the confirms d

eling

460 he incidence of VD. It would logically follow that, compared to to compared that, follow logically would It VD. of incidence he moralizing without proper context. An excellent review by Zsófia Lóránd Zsófia by review context.An excellent proper withoutmoralizing

Most recently, a movie by Fruzsina Skrabski, which was aired was which Skrabski, Fruzsina bymovie a recently, Most

(Budapest: Omega Kreatív Bt, 2013 Bt, Kreatív Omega (Budapest: dó trauma,” trauma,” dó -

209 -

Történelmi Szemle Történelmi

atm 2013, autumn n Kettős Mérce Kettős

41 (1999): 85 (1999): 41 ), DVD. Unfortunately, Unfortunately, ),DVD. , 2014.01.27. 2014.01.27. , nna, lalaot gyalázat Elhallgatott

459

109. whereas James whereas Online:

- - appearing, appearing, 1945,” 1945,” 461

The

- 45 45 , CEU eTD Collection 464 463 462 approach permissive similarlyaunderstanding, similar a probably was there counselingmarriage church Christian the of members even and physicians, as years these in liberal more became abortions of even practice and the rates marriagecounseling.reflected practice increased Abortion inthe of of overload an to led cases, rape couldSoviets march inseamlesslyat 6%. was this some in battles, severitythe the of on rapecasesdependedof ratio the Austria,for quotes AndreaPető As door fierce, the of because muc is it However them. with areas these to infection of rate highest 12 the district, infected less and bourgeois formerly a that infection. of sources primary the as them saw they and prostitutes) registered 700 only were there (while infected” are them of half about t argued They 10%. at higher, much was rate infection real the premarital that believed included they but surely 3% at (this was screenings) screenings various on based infection VD of ratio the that gonorrhea. 5 were there and 1946 December in 9.400 over to increased VD with treated patients of ratio The visitors. 14.000 with 1946 December in this 1945 October to 1945 July From monthly. Budapest of Centers

Ibid. es

It can thus be ascertained that while the VD ratio, partly because of the large number of of number large the of because partly ratio, VD the while that ascertained be thus can It Andre Box. No. 17., XIX 17., No. Box. Other sources, for example a example for sources, Other 464 lcs f ev fgtn 4% f h wmn ee ae, hl i pae wee the where places in while raped, were women the of 40% fighting heavy of places

acknowledged the right to the termination of a pregnancy in such extreme cases. Forcases. extreme such in pregnancy a of termination the to right the acknowledged a Pető, Pető, a hat there were 50 thousand secret prostitutes in Budapest, “mostly young girls and and girls young “mostly Budapest, in prostitutes secret thousand 50 were there hat Átvonuló hadsereg Átvonuló - C –

- 2

- he explained this with the Nazis taking all the prostitutes of Budapest of prostitutes the all taking Nazis the with this explained he - to s , Simonovits István Miniszterhelyettes, MOL Miniszterhelyettes, István Simonovits s, -

door battle between the German the between battle door

(1999): 98. (1999): h Bdps V Cr Cnes n 1945 in Centers Care VD Budapest the 1945 report to the National Public Health Council stated Council Health Public National the to report 1945 462

Another puzzling occurrence for B for occurrence puzzling Another h more likely that these areas had more VD patients VD more had areas these that likely more h - - tms s ay yhltc ains s hs with those as patients syphilitic many as times 6

210 463 -

th -

Hungarian forces and the Soviets. Soviets. the and forces Hungarian n ua a i 14 b fr the far by 1946 in had Buda in

jumped to 7.000 and peaked peaked and 7.000 to jumped - 96 ti ws not was this 1946, akács was the fact the was akács

CEU eTD Collection that 1950, in end statistics OTI 1948, December in stop records MABI 1949/50. after role major any play not did counseling marriage that indicate all Officers, Medicalotherand BudapestOTI, the MABIclinic, the of that Ifound, material have 5. Fig. The end ofpremaritalhea amongyears.early physicians the in postwar

adtr peaia hat cek wr d jr aoihd n 92 but 1952 in abolished jure de were checks health premarital Mandatory threaten” to continues syphilis with infection out: watch but gonorrhea heals “Penicillin lth checks:lth andpronatalism newscreening Penicillin, procedures -

211

- of most Medical Officers in 1949. It needs to to needs It 1949. in Officers Medical most of

the primary primary the

CEU eTD Collection the validity rules, ofthe furtherrelaxation 466 465 Institute VD and Dermatology (National of supervision and control centralized the for up set was authority new a instead and closed was OKI the of Dept. Antivenereal the that 1952 in then was It general. in diseases popular for screenings and testing premarital to approach the reorganiza a towards pointed this but simplified was process the clients, for point contact direct only the being centers care the With region. a of issues administration health the Of Medical the concept, directly. certificates the issue to right the got centers care and system, the from Officers Medical the justificati removed provisions its bureaucratic, The Law). a of effect the had decrees such takeover, Communist the after Hungary in customary was (this Law Marriage the of paragraphs a Medical Thisthe is Officer. by issued be only can certificate a such Therefore not. or marry can they whether rights people’s other into meddles someone when matter serious a is “it saying initiative this dismissed who arc earlier the of one was It easier. and faster testing made have medical issue to right the have should would which paper, responsibility” my of knowledge full “in doctors undersigned an add and certificates private that up came already it OAB the meet 1946 a At routine. and formal cases most in was role whose Officer Medical the to visit second a for go to had they then and Centers Care TB and EVIs the at certificates their got their in increase an and soon were they Officers numbers, Medical the of tasks the of expansion” “significant a for called Vikol János Secretary State Health the 1947 May in though even that here mentioned be

In 1950 a Council of Minister’s decree was passed (No. 359/8 MT) that amended several several amended that MT) 359/8 (No. passed was decree Minister’s of Council a 1950 In 14.XIX No. Box MT rendelet 359/8 MT, Minisztertanácsi jegyzőkönyvek, MOL. Council of Minister’s Decree Also, as a Decree ofMinister’s MOL. Council jegyzőkönyvek, MT, Minisztertanácsi 359/8 rendelet MT - C - 9, Országos Közegészségügyi Tanács, MOL Tanács, Közegészségügyi Országos 9, ficer providing the certificate as the healthcare generalist, who oversees who generalist, healthcare the as certificate the providing ficer

seen as an administrative hurdle for premarital tests. For, most people people most For, tests. premarital for hurdle administrative an as seen

story thing.” ofthe of these certificates was increased from 30 days to 45 days.45 daysto from 30 was increased certificates these of 466 -

OBNI). As of 1952 the network of VD Care Centers Centers Care VD of network the 1952 of As OBNI). This already meant the abrogation of Johan's original Johan's of abrogation the meant alreadyThis - VD care, the care, VD

212 465 -

on of the decree called this system system this called decree the of on Országos Bőr Országos

hitects of the law, József Melly, József law, the of hitects -

és Nemikórtani Intézet Intézet Nemikórtani és tion, a shift in shift a tion,

ing of of ing

CEU eTD Collection 469 szám 468 Népegészségügy the 467 not danger of sources potential the about only kept are files time same the at client, potential the on focused more and profound more is confession The etc.). personality”, factors individual's diseased “related” the of aspects other, important more “certain and (alcoholism, (“promiscuity”) habits sexual one's about confession detailed 1930 the in imagined as manner focused and sophisticated more a in but confession, of act the through infecte an of contacts sexual the were the ratio until oflatent was useful only syphilis high inthe population. costly most the were screenings serological such cases, early discovering for syphilis, of stages later for important were screenings whereas that claimed who Reyn, and Rein quoted He tracing. contact of application sophisticated a through cer for screenings targeted through discovered rather were These illness. the the in individuals detecting in effective not was syphilis), latent peop million 1951 of years the in which people, of screening mass the that claimed Károlyi) the of cohorts population andther certain or population whole the of screenings any for responsible were They principles. treatment VD and Regulations unified and new receiving all and OBNI the under era, w community”“working the end of the signaled care VD of reorganization The OBNI. the and Ministry Health the under belonged

, (Budapest: Országos Bőr Országos (Budapest: , - 1940s. When resorting to the method of contact tracing the doctor is expected to extract to expected is doctor the tracing contact of method the to resorting When 1940s. Károlyi's description of the correct method of “contact tracing,” that is, following up on on up following is, that tracing,” “contact of method correct the of description Károlyi's venerologist (István expert publicationan 1957 ain ahead time, little in ajumping In fact, Ibid: 110. Ibid: “Akontaktus Károlyi, István feladatai,” és legközelebbi helyzete küzdelmünk “Antivenereás Kovács, László Királyand Kálmán e 3% f ugr' pplto (n dsoee 3 tosn idvdas having individuals thousand 33 discovered (and population Hungary's of 38% le,

34 (1953): 150. (1953): 34

e was a unifieddatabasemanagede onVD OBNI. was by the

- és Nemikórtani Intézet, 1957): 104. 1957): Intézet, és Nemikórtani

- kutatás módszerei a gyakorlatban,” gyakorlatban,” módszereia kutatás d individual, indicate towards the application of pastoral power pastoral of application the towards indicate individual, d ith both OTI and OKI controlled VD care centers care merged VD controlled OKI and OTI both ith -

213

and least efficient procedures. Mass screenings screenings Mass procedures. efficient least and -

in A dermato A

most contagious, early phase phase early contagious, most eul eitos f the of deviations sexual - venerológia haladása. 5. haladása. venerológia 467 468

tain regions and and regions tain - 1956 tested 3.5 3.5 tested 1956

469 of of a

CEU eTD Collection 3.NumberTable screenings Hungary, VD in 1951 of useful biopolitical tool. a confessions such making to, resort to instructed were doctors techniques the and obligation desp confessions tests VD mass anyway), traced not were infected they men the (and confessions deep make to expected not were prostitutes more and more becoming application its confessional, the on focusing path biopolitical a of continuation a is but (female) disease fewof vectors a with VD to approach initial the of reappearance a not is 1950s the in groups regul tracking, to return The 1950s. the in citizens all of 40% (and 1940 of population legislation the in the culminated of cohorts whole on data collecting and screenings mass preferred that 193 the in occurred shift a information, of provision the and clients voluntary on based care 19 the of half second the in starting prostitutes) thousand or hundred few After 1950s. the in venereology population asa whole. Year Total 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 otc rsac ak aprdg sit n h eieilg f Dadi Hungarian in and VD of epidemiology the in shift paradigm a marks research Contact

ite the efforts in MABI, but contact research made this possible, both a legal legal a both possible, this made research contact but MABI, in efforts the ite Number VD screenings of

3.487.782 585.067 700.911 615.580 635.950 506.8 443.467 long decades of the regulation of prostitution (targeting only a a only (targeting prostitution of regulation the of decades long - 07

as exhibited exhibited as

individualized. In the early 1900s the women registered as as registered women the 1900s early the In individualized. 41). This shift culminated in the serological testing of ca. ca. of testing serological the in culminated shift This 41).

214

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i nt ely lo fr nesv enough intensive for allow really not did - 1956

ating, supervising more limited limited more supervising ating, th

century, and then VD VD then and century,

0s CEU eTD Collection MOL. miniszterhelyettes, István Simonovits ofth health the society Socialist wethat in know Because sayingtruth. for the threatened workers the be cannot 1952 in the(…) Ministry willwriteto he us that threaten they as withpatients VD together examined were they screening factoryVD annual thatthe at complained who 9thdistrict, in the Factory) the by workers of the 1952, Hungary, in Stalinism of height the writtenin 471 XIX No.1., Box egészségvédelme). ifjúmunkás serie a mentionsand brochure a 1950 470 anti the factors: external W in exports all of share 75% 65 ca. a (with Chinoin and Richter being two largest the producers, pharmaceutical Hungarian well internationally Hungary.The in 1945 after early fairly started VD, for drugsmagical of the population. parts large for control TB and VD in regularity ensured which all, for tests annual but workers'” could workers home. at production over prerogative a enjoying factory the in production workforce, the into entry the by replaced was children, legitimate producing to license the and marriage by a the into entry the if as seems It examined. be to had she or he time, the at economy the of sector favored the industry, the the enteredin workforce woman or man young a before is, That (ifjúmunkás). workers” “young for tests in the was view, of point ideological an from important, most The introduced. were population the of cohorts larger for screenings new time same the At child. the with footing equal on put were wedlock) of out born (those, children illegitimate 1945 In marriage. of Christian the from away move tangible a nevertheless was There se affected turn Stalinist 1949 the

children in marriages, which abrogated the legal incentive to get married for the benefit of of benefit the for married get to incentive legal the abrogated which marriages, in children thenew medicat wonder The introduction of penicillin, then and process democratization 1945 the how about 5 Chapter in more be will There

There is a related letter that indicates the potential problems of obligatory factory ofobligatory that problems indicatestheletter potential related isa There fromSimon Lajos Secretary State to Ministry Health ofthe organized newly László byFodor A report be easily controlled at the plant: at certain factories there were not just “young just not were there factories certain at plant: the at controlled easily be 471

were afraid that they would get infected. They wrote “and the Mr Doctor should not Doctor the Mr wrote“and They get infected. would that theyafraid were

- eii lw waee te oiin o tee oty Jewish mostly these of positions the weakened laws Semitic

s of presentations with the title ”the health protection of the young worker” (az worker”(az youngof the protection health thetitle”the with sofpresentations WII), were destroyed in a process induced both by internal and internal by both induced process a in destroyed were WII), ul oiis n dsore o sx dcto i Hungary. in education sex on discourses and politics xual

- C - 2 - 1. Simon Lajos, MOL Lajos, Simon 1. dult world, which in the in which world, dult -

215 e people has highest value.” Box no. 4., XIX 4., no. Box has value.” highest people e -

Budapesti Konzervgyár Budapesti

ion that gradually ion thatreplaced less the - nationalist idea of the sanctity the of idea nationalist troduction of the TB and VD and TB the of troduction ancien régime ancien - based screenings. based

(Budapest Tin Tin (Budapest

- was marked marked was C 470 - 2

- s, - Factory - known known

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- CEU eTD Collection 477 476 Ibid. 1949. in September dissolved was 475 474 gy%C3%B3gyszeripar Online: történetéből” 473 race of Cross Arrow byHungarian 1944 the December 30 killedonwas he and in 1942 authorities by Hungarian the forciblyterminated was theat company http://www.richter.hu/HU/Documents/TortenelmiUzletemberek.pdf Üzletem inRasztik “Történelmi by piece Tibor crafted 472 VD canHahn's found inGéza 1965“Twenty be Years of inHungary”: Health Public Using pharmacies. in and company penicillin forwasand gonorrhea 1948. introducedfor syphilisin in1947, insurance OTI the hospitals, in altogether consumed import fever.” high having patients to penicillin out give they indication real any without that is problem “the claimed, They syphilis. and gonorrhea real for it limiting and consumption Council Health Public National the of meeting products.own patent of penicillin re the when 1952 in was It Hungary. in penicillin, of pla production Holocaust, the in perished experts pharmaceutical many factories,

Géza Hahn, Géza - d te set oeg crec o otiig t ad ht a 2 mlin nt were units million 24 ca. that and it) obtaining on currency foreign spent (they ed based inhumanities in interwar and WWII Hungary. Hungary. WWII and interwar in inhumanities based Szabolcs Dobson., “Magyar gyógyszer, magyar ipar II. A magyar gyógyszeripar 1945 1945 gyógyszeripar magyarA II. magyaripar gyógyszer, “Magyar Dobson., Szabolcs anti ofthe because Richter, syph for As 1950 March a at healthcare, Hungarian in available widely was penicillin 1949 By Ibid. Ibid. Box no. 15. no. Box (1872 Richter storytragicGedeon of The

473 Twenty Years of Public Health in Hungary Hungary in Health Public of Years Twenty nts were bombed and damaged. Initially there were English and American imports imports American and English were Initiallythere damaged. and bombed were nts

and between 1946 and 1949 penicillin was partly imported and partly produced partly and imported partly was penicillin 1949 and 1946 between and ,XIX http://www.gyogyszeresztortenet.hu/wp - ilis, we can find a graphic representation of the diminishing threat posed by by posed threat diminishing the of representation graphic a find can we ilis, t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nete - C -

2 - s, Simonovits István miniszterhelyettes, MOL miniszterhelyettes, István Simonovits s,

- Semitic laws, h laws, Semitic –

a micro story that could very well illustrate the wellvery illustrate micro could storythat a

474

ly necessary cases so that there would be enough for for enough be would there that so cases necessary ly - established Chinoin factory started mass prod mass started factory Chinoin established - - 1945 1944), pharmacist and founder of Richter, is detailed in a well in a is detailed ofRichter, founder and pharmacist 1944), ad to resign from the company’s board in 1939, his employment hisinemployment 1939, board thecompany’s from resign to ad 476 - bereink” (Richter Gedeon, 2010). Online: 2010). Gedeon, (Richter bereink”

- 216

1989.pdf The same report indicates that penicillin was still was penicillin that indicates report same The 475 (Budapest: Corvina, 1965). (Budapest: -

content/uploads/2013/09/A hy asd h ise f euig penicillin reducing of issue the raised they

accessed, February 15, 2014. February 15, accessed, , accessed, February 15, 2014. 15, February accessed, , . By that time there was no OAB, it OAB, nowas there time that By . 472

more general story of a series series a generalstoryof more

n i 1944 in and - magyar

–

1989 közötti közötti 1989

- 477

- ucing its its ucing 5 most 45

- CEU eTD Collection A eds, dermato 479 478 drugwas toprovide believed venereal for a that the solution s new the necessarily wasn't it Hungary in claims, analysis 1957 popular a as However, a over. was disease as VD of time the that venerologists among confidence a to contributed probably it. detecting profession (factory, screenings” called w Syphilis Democracy”). Caresufficiently Centers wereallgreatavailable and for these for(“a free success ofthePeople's VD the in that added was It earlier. treatment of months the of instead hours 24 within it heal Syphilis, 1947 of Cases New 4. Table

treatment for the decrease in venereal morbidity. They usually acknowledge the significance of of significance the acknowledge usually They examinati morbidity. tracing, (contact venereal procedures preventive in decrease penicillin the of for introduction the to treatment significance greatest the attribute countries Western of experts The do not support this opinion, on the contrary: thison opinion, not support do listed usually is importance A 1951 report claims that in penicillin a cure for g for cure a penicillin in that claims report 1951 A István Károlyi, A nemibetegségek elleni küzdelem helyzetképe (1947 helyzetképe küzdelem elleni Anemibetegségek Károlyi, István Box No. 14, XIX 14, No. Box 478 - venerológia haladása, No.6. (1957) : 130. (1957) No.6. haladása, venerológia

eiiln n te ail dcesn nmes f el ifce patien infected newly of numbers decreasing rapidly the and Penicillin - 9 - C., Országos Köz Országos C.,

as still believed to be more difficult to fully recover from, but the “so the but from, recover fully to difficult more be to believed still as

after after - 1964 the changes in treatment regimes. Our Hungarian experiences (…) (…) experiences Hungarian Our regimes. treatment in changes the

- egészségügyi Tanács, MOL Tanács, egészségügyi based, regional, and premarital checks) were praised for for praised were checks) premarital and regional, based, they put preventive procedures in the forefront. the in procedures preventive put they -

217

on of threatened groups, screenings, etc.) but their their but etc.) screenings, groups, threatened of on -

onorrhea was found, one that could could that one found, was onorrhea courge:

- 1956), Ernő Liebner and Ede Flórián Ede and Ernő Liebner 1956),

479

s most ts

- CEU eTD Collection 482 481 A dermato Károlyi, István and Flórián Ede Ib Kovács, László Károlyi, István See: cases. ofall in 0.29% results positive gave only they though Evn screenings. ADermato eds, Flórián 480 I uponearlier: touched have reasonsfourincluded explanation Herethe abolished?” checks health premarital were mandatory alone an includes Nebenführer László or Kovács László Guszman, József like members OAB former by written VD,” to related questions “Current the on lecturing start treatment health receive sand supervision healthcare regular under are citizens our that ensures healthcare public developed “our reasoned, Molnár process. wedding the to obstacles” put and time long explanation official the to according marriage easier.” marrying making on Law of effect the having “Decree entitled Ministers of Council the to decree draft a submitted because regime be health discarded. prevention the to itselfwas not but prevention of ways better were there because unnecessary were screenings Premarital syphilis 1961 in screenings 700.000 over were there women; pregnant for e.g done, be to continued screenings mass (and force in remained regime health biopolitical a of structures established The decade). disease a remained VD but power pastoral exercising of ways new were There discarded. was olya Török, Ferenc Réffy and János Varga, Magyarország Bőr Magyarország Varga, János RéffyFerenc and olyaTörök,



The abolishing of the marriage law came early 1952 when Justice M Justice when 1952 early came law marriage the of abolishing The ot In Ibid. Bőr Magyarország Károlyi, István small percentage of society. Today the scree the Today society. of percentage small screenings Other Decree No: 423/11 MT,Minisztertanács,MOL 423/11 No: Decree vn hn n ubr spii ad oore wr rdcd o one to reduced were gonorrhea and syphilis numbers in when even

her words in Hungary the paradigm shift did not mean that state socialist biopolitics biopolitics socialist state that mean not did shift paradigm the Hungary in words her ing in their childhood.” their in ing 480 - venerológia haladása, No.9. 1962: 31. In fact, in 1971 there were still 633.112 such weretherestill 633.112 Infact, in 31. 1971 1962: No.9. haladása, venerológia ) and the importance of these was repeatedly was these of importance the and )

481 : “mandatory premarital checks only resulted in the screening of a a of screening the in resulted only checks premarital “mandatory :

The name of the decree is telling: the main reason for abolishing for reason main the telling: is decree the of name The

- - venerológia haladása, No. 16. 1972: 29. 29. 1972: 16. No. haladása, venerológia és Nemibeteggondozóinak 1961. évi 1961. és Nemibeteggondozóinak 482

A further document, from 1954, a guide for physicians for guide a 1954, from document, further A -

218 was the fact that getting these documents “took a a “took documents these getting that fact the was -

ning brigade of the OBNI, the care centers centers care the OBNI, the of brigade ning - és Nemibeteggondozóinak 1971. év működése, év működése, 1971. és Nemibeteggondozóinak

stressed in medical discourse. medical in stressed működése, Ernő Liebner and Ede Ede and Liebner Ernő működése,

- tnig question, standing inister Erik Molnár Molnár Erik inister - et (wi tenth hn a thin social social “Why

CEU eTD Collection 484 kérdései, 483 this. of part inherent an was birth control of regulation strict and rates birth the increase to order in initiated was program policy but theOBNI, VDCareauthority, supervisory central inVDCare withthe establishmentpoint of the turning a was 1952 year The 1950s. early the in initiated State Hungarian Communist the push was already populationmore muchless wouldhavepromiscuous. present the made danger the that emphasizing that fear a been have might There habits. sexual “improve” would estimate million 2 Nékám's (remember VD of rate infection and dangers the exaggerate to tended had public the with communication their in experts medical surprise: a as come not does this but missing was syphilis and gonorrhea

rm hs fu raos ht ee rvdd o h public the to provided were that reasons four these From    it was a turning point in the field of population policy in general. In 1952 In general. in policy population of field the in point turning a was it

The second point needs some e some needs point second The A collection of primary documents shows that this comprehensive population policy program included included program policy population comprehensive this that shows ofprimarydocuments Acollection Guszman, József

significance spread syphilis.” instopping the of any had not already had cases many in license marriage the issuing not or issuing that pre in success of lack Its test.” blood a of result positive the behind reasons the ascertain fully to possible cases all in reliability testing of problems The our goal tomake is marryin easier: marrying Making years.” every screened society of percentage multiple a in result institutions other by tests and (Budapest: Egyetemi, 1954). Egyetemi, (Budapest:

László Kovács, Gusztáv Petki and László Nebenführer, László and Petki Gusztáv Kovács, László

venting the spread of VD of spread the venting

“we have to keep in mind in addition to this the principle that principle the this to addition in mind in keep to have “we g easier toit.” obstacles and notputting 484 xplaining as well as it fits well in to the strong pronatalist pronatalist strong the to in well fits it as well as xplaining

from 1916), usually based on the conviction that this this that conviction the on based usually 1916), from h iiil hs o te “R the of phase initial The : “according to where science stands today, it is not is it today, stands science where to “according : -

219 -

483

: “we also have to take into account into take to have also “we :

ny h lwr niec of incidence lower the only

A nemibetegségek időszerű időszerű nemibetegségek A atkó -

r” nmd o then for (named era” - 53 a population a 53

–

in CEU eTD Collection 487 1956 486 5 (2002): Anti The Hungary: Stalinist in Rights "Women's Social permit to abortions). could ofpregnancy termination whether the wouldassess that 485 Magya See: daycare). for programme” ”grandmother a introducing and childfor care improving State and adults, childless for taxes ofadditional mothers),the introduction for obligatory births makinginstitutional and distributionprograms, regulati the abortion to addition and sex had they if anymore “fallen” not were women unmarried “girls”, and wedlock in with births footing equal on put were births extramarital propaganda public In before. as marriage strongl so not was reproduction sexuality, of view socialist a of part was restraint sexual and decency though even marriage: to approach new a represents This woman. unmarried example Ratkó cited the oftento sentencesthe most inrelation girl) isone of forthe honor and an womanfor the that wished toincrease thenumberbothlevels,children of aswell. on aims policy population the and level individual and national a on output industrial in increase continuous a for push Stakhanovite the between parallel a make can any One without limits. reproduce quantitative to and produce to citizens its wanted example) Soviet the on (based failure.this of part was policy, abortion including policy, population and succeed not did speed” relentless 1951/52). increas 20% ca. a was (there rate birth the in increase and 1953 summer contraception and 1952 to summer between access abortion restricting in rigorous most was Ratkó) Anna Minister Health

. MA Thesis, Central European Univesity, 2010. Online: 2010. Univesity, European . MACentral Thesis, rországon (Dokumentumgyűjtemény). rországon - r ad h pplto plce o 1952 of policies population the and era The slogan The pro This MichelleSawyer, were up set committees abortion Instead, wasprohibited. notofficially abortion belief public Contraryto 2. Ibid: 50. Ibid:

486

f rpgna ht n ugra “szn” ees o mrid n “il t an to “girl” and married a to refers “asszony” Hungarian in that propaganda of 487

However, as Andrea Pető remarks, turning Hungary into a totalitarian system “with system totalitarian a into Hungary turning remarks, Pető Andrea as However,

- natal Asszonynak szülni kötele szülni Asszonynak ist thrust that came as part and parcel of an attempted totalitarian turn turn totalitarian attempted an of parcel and part as came that thrust ist Women's Reproductive Rights under State Socialism in Hungary: T Hungary: in Socialism State under Rights Women's Reproductive - economic reasons for abortion were not accepted until 1954. See: Andrea Pető, Pető, Andrea See: until 1954. werenot accepted abortion for reasons economic

on –

attempts to reduced infant mortality (e.g. through vaccination programs, milk programs, vaccination mortalitythrough (e.g. infant reduced attemptsto

(Budapest: Népességtudományi Kutatóintézet, 1992). 1992). Kutatóintézet, Népességtudományi (Budapest: - Abortion in Campaign of 1952,” of1952,” Campaign in Abortion sség, lánynak szülni dicsőség szülni lánynak sség, ren (e.g. expanding the places in nurseries and kindergartens kindergartens and nurseries in places the expanding (e.g. ren -

220 - 53, but it is often forgotten when quoting this this quoting when forgotten often is it but 53,

- www.etd.ceu.hu/2010/sawyer_michelle.pdf 485 be justified by medical reasons (and these did not tend did these (and reasons medical be justifiedby

Az 1952 Az

and this shows in the sudden, temporary sudden, the in shows this and i te ek er 94 oprd to compared 1954 year peak the in e - 53. évi népesedéspolitikai program program évi népesedéspolitikai 53. Hungarian Studies Review Studies Hungarian

(Giving birth is a duty a is birth (Giving

he Ratkó Era, 1950 Era, Ratkó he

y linked to to linked y

, 29

CEU eTD Collection regulating was t toreplace Law that Veneris,a VD be easiertocontain. s be could incidence sex extramarital its or premaritalto limited be would it then as reduced, family, the of out kept was VD if view, this to According reproduction. of act the to closest point the was this as advice) health (and/or test health a for trac wayexcellentto an as counseling marriage see to started soon experts Health 1920s. the in side by side established were Centers Care VD of network national the and centers counseling Marriage prevention. Hungary interwar in eugenics mid the in practice voluntary a became 1900s, early the in discourses eugenics and antivenereal the in originated It Hungary. in counseling Conclusion of respectful less and rights.individual collectivist more even was that approach policy population a to way p totalitarian, a of context the in terminated was 1945, survived which Hungary, interwar of legislation hygiene social of piece authoritarian most perhaps the that therefore, observed be can it Paradoxically, rate. birth c women as honored were but marriage before pregnant become n hs hpe ad h peeig n I od nraie f t of narrative a told I one preceding the and chapter this In The establishment of VD Care Centers went hand in hand with the preparation of a Lex a of preparation the with hand in hand went Centers Care VD of establishment The - combating the sexual transmission of syphilis and gonorrhea. It was believed that that believed was It gonorrhea. and syphilis of transmission sexual the combating

e patients with VD. It was believed that marriage was the best entry point best the wasmarriage believedthat It wasVD. with patients e oaait un Mrig sreig wr aoihd n re t give to order in abolished were screenings Marriage turn. ronatalist –

was predominantly was he age he -

- 221 old regulation of prostitution as the only means of onlymeans asthe prostitution regulation of old - - 90 and 1920s

discussed in the light of antivenereal health health antivenereal of light the in discussed – ontributing to the increase of the the of increase the to ontributing

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aternalistic mentality reflected in premarital testing and the Lex Veneris was was Veneris Lex the and testing premarital in reflected mentality aternalistic - WWII healthcare, the practices of contact tracing, coercive treatment, and and treatment, coercive tracing, contact of practices the healthcare, WWII der the Nazis. This can partly be explained with the influence of the of influence the with explained be partly can This Nazis. the der

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225 m Dcisns nlss Te e decision key The analysis. Dickinson's rms - -

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. (Budapest: Királyi Magyar Egyetemi N MagyarEgyetemi Királyi (Budapest: . ei eesgk s z leü vl védekezés,” való ellenük az és betegségek Nemi Chapter 4: Sex education and Marriage and Sexeducation Chapter 4: Nők Lapja Nők its citizens be healthy, and in the family they have established the greatest greatest the established have they family the in and healthy, be citizens its

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226

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of the rise of Surveillance Medicine in the 20 the in Medicine Surveillance of rise the of

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Dickinson, Biopolitics (2004): 4. (2004): Dickinson,Biopolitics Armstrong, at euain perd js a i te et f Europ of rest the in as (just appeared education ealth In order to stop degeneration and/or to improve the health standards of the “race” “race” the of standards health the improve to and/or degeneration stop to order In n" of the individual and his or her physical characteristics and (social and private) private) and (social and characteristics physical her or his and individual the of n" Rise of Surveillance Medicine Surveillance of Rise ic health network, introduced various measures for reducing mortality and and mortality reducing for measures various introduced network, health ic g discourse for policy, and defines its targets and ends. and its targets defines policy,for and gdiscourse

technique

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used for reaching biopolitical objectives, Edward Ross Ross Edward objectives, biopolitical reaching for used

(1995): 399 (1995): -

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CEU eTD Collection Vienna, 1900 in Reform Social Gesellschaft ( (Eds.). Roger 490 reproductio being goal its sex, for place respected and expected the was marriage Firstly, exception. no was Hungary which to Europe in features common of number a counseling marriage of concept the broaden would enlightenmentunnecessarily, for books discussed. children sohere sexual notbe will it and marriage” for “preparation beyond. and adolescence maturity: sexual of age the in youths for education sex discuss to suffices it work this of purposes the for Therefore, married. yet not but mature sexually were who women, public health, social welfareracial science. and link that establishes it Hungary in and field) this in active most the being compmore self introducing at attempt its and education Sex answer. medical a provided State the necessary, if and measured, and registered tec the on based where measures these butunrulybodies the regulateorder to in contagion,increasinglymeasures coerciveusing stop to intendedwere screenings premarital andcounseling Voluntarycounseling. marriage of definition Hungary forward subsequently. were notcarried interwar of discourse dominant the of elements certain that and discourses competing of number clear very a see I Hungary postwar and interwar where betweencontinuity examinations, premarital by exemplified as biopolitics socialist London: Routledge, 2009). and the chapter on health education in Sauert education health and on the chapter 2009). Routledge, London:

Sex education in the first half of the twentieth century, as recent literature informs, literature recent as century, twentieth the of half first the in education Sex disser the of focus The wil I Hungary interwar of education sex of picture a drawing In See the case studies by studies thecase See

Broadening the scope to childhood sexuality would lead us away from this project of of project this from away us lead would sexuality childhood to scope the Broadening . Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1999., and the book by Britta McEwen. by McEwen. the Britta and book 1999., Steiner, Franz Stuttgart: . lex phenomenon. Here the range of actors is more colorful (physicians not necessarily(physicians colorfulmorenot is phenomenon.actors rangeHereof the lex Shaping Sexual Knowledge: A Cultural History of Sex Education in Twentieth Century Europe Europe Century in Twentieth Education Sex of History Cultural A Knowledge: Sexual Shaping

- 1934 Magdalena Gawin and Bruno P.F. Wanrooij in Sauerteig, Lutz D.H. and Davidson, and LutzD.H. in Sauerteig, Wanrooij P.F. Bruno and Gawin Magdalena

(New York: Berghan Books, 2012). Books, (New Berghan York: ain s arae oneig wih agtd on mn and men young targeted which counseling, marriage is tation - regulation makes the biopolitics of marital and sexual health a health sexual and marital of biopolitics the makes regulation hnique of the “confessional” where one's health was was health one's where “confessional” the of hnique -

229

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Views of sex reformists or “progressives” who were influenced by pioneering pioneering by influenced were who “progressives” or reformists sex of Views on focused that discourse a by dominated was morality sexual 1945 until up though Even Sauerteig and Davidson (2009) inform (2009) Davidson and Sauerteig nds - n nweg fr h aodne f euly rnmte dsae ad for and diseases transmitted sexually of avoidance the for knowledge on - based understanding of the “norm.” The Christian The “norm.” the of understanding based

about the features that were common in most European countries: 6 countries: most European were in common that features the about -

230

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- Christian m Christian 491

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t rte ta hpn ta a icesd eul uiy f h nw eeain would generations new the of purity sexual increased an that hoping than rather ity I will put sex education in interwar Hungary into a broader, international context, context, international broader, a into Hungary interwar in education sex put will I but conservatives, sex and reformers sex between not was thus, divide, visible most The Britta McEwen, Britta in im deutsch Jahrhunderts 20. des Beginn zu Geschlechtskrankheiten gegen umSchutzmittel Kontroverse Die versusPragmatismus: “Moralismus LutzSauerteig, N eue Wege in der Seuchengeschichte. der Wegein eue d psychoanalysts had to withdraw from public institutions, their voice was much was voice their institutions, public from withdraw to had psychoanalysts d Sexual Knowledge: Feeling, Fact, and Social Reform in Vienna, 1900 Vienna, in Reform Social and Fact, Feeling, Knowledge: Sexual

dy to a least tolerate certain “immoral” tendencies like premarital sex. sex. premarital like tendencies “immoral” certain tolerate least a to dy

aiis f ugra Ctoi sx dcto, wn to want I education, sex Catholic Hungarian of iarities

Dinges, Martin and Thomas Schlich, eds. (Stuttgart: Steiner, 1995) Steiner, (Stuttgart: eds. Schlich, Thomas Martinand Dinges, -

231 -

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(New York:

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by up this? heard had he where knows Heaven nose. woman's the bit armsthen and made formation blurred m a the that head, was essence my its and in concepts), incompatible foggy was everything anything, believe not did time the that me told had theat (I be he to it believed had wewhat example from different completely was women For and men between contact had. I as reality about idea little as just had he (…) lies romantic with me fooled who and age my was who friend, “raucous” my in disappointed deeply was I The psychologist Eric Berne, for the purposes of a transaction analysis approach to love love to approach analysis transaction a of purposes the for Berne, Eric psychologist The th In Sándor Márai, Márai, Sándor

is chapter I will first provide an overview of some typical characteristics of sex sex of characteristics typical some of overview an provide first will I chapter is - nationalist sex education Egy polgár v polgár Egy edge production.

allomásai allomásai - liberal progressives) liberal - leftist views on sex education resonated with the European European the with resonated education sex on views leftist (Budapest: Európa, 2000): 31. 2000): Európa, (Budapest:

232

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494

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5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

Aside from the entertainment factor in Berne's classification, it very precisely precisely very it classification, Berne's in factor entertainment the from Aside See: Elena Mancini, Mancini, ElenaSee: Berne, Eric ”Wow!” Fun is Sex somethingMarquis de dirty(áSade). lathe Naughty is Sex rational andnon Engineering Mechanical of Triumph a is Sex much focus always should as but on lust spiritual beanlove. emphasized integral of part G a is Sex in by Berne monster. storyline thesticky this legs of this attributes tothe “Father Parent.” dragged be to not out watch to needs always one and bed” the under “chained chamber, Squid Giant a is Sex

496

The first two narratives were predominant throughout Europe in t in Europe throughout predominant were narratives two first The 495 Sex in Human Loving in Human Sex ift of the Angels the of ift

–

here the pleasure side of sex is in the fore the in is sex of side pleasure the here

- – titillating way, more or less as A+B = (child).titillating more asA+BC way, orless Magnus Hirschfeld and the quest for sexual freedom freedom sexual quest for the and Hirschfeld Magnus

sex is about breaking the rules and prohibitions and it is meant to be to meant is it and prohibitions and rules the breaking about is sex - received until the post the until received –

1963 the main message being that sex needs to be kept in the marriage marriage the in kept be to needs sex that being message main the

–

sex is beautiful and sacred and should not be tainted with too too with tainted be not should and sacred and beautiful is sex footing in the Western World and in the last few decades of decades few last the in and World Western the in footing book, (Penguin: Harmondworth, 1976): 33 1976): (Penguin: Harmondworth, Sex inHumanLoving -

233 -

- 1945 era either, although early sex reformers, reformers, sex early although either, era 1945

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n hs eso sx s rsne i a in presented is sex version this in h world the front, Berne uses the expression: the uses Berne front, . Hiscategories areas follows: - 34. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, Macmillan, (New Palgrave York:

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CEU eTD Collection 1924). Manó, 498 497 th (whereas command for word Hungarian the is “parancs” while hard, or strong strict, mean may “Kemény” commandment]. [strict parancs” “kemény the to referred recurrently education, sex nationalist pe was who Association Scout's Boy Hungarian the of leaders prominent the of one and expert pedagogy youth priest, Catholic Atya” “Koszter (or Koszterszitz József rules. experience unchanging and unquestioned, autonomously not does who child,” “obedient the called is what from The coming meet. response a to at aim needs “parent” child this of the communications that criteria certain of condition a love makes who someone urban environment). an in studying or working youths about anxious more clearly were authors these although class, literatu such of target the time same the At Olasz). Péter or Koszterszitz József Tóth, Tihamér subchapter, middle class, The communication. typeof son” to “father a mostly fact in was It education. sex of type this behind motivations the understand to order in good starting psychological point Berne'sof isa parent” ”Father armssquid. the the into onelead co that situations potential the to pointing sinful, and dangerous as excitations and thoughts sexual extramarital any portraying alike, girls and boys to squid giant the of narrative published inHungarianStopes, in1924. 1928)

497 The Christian Marie Carmichael Stopes, Stopes, Carmichael Marie Velde, Vande Theodore

n fr smlr ulo oe a mnin h 11 bo “are Lv” y Marie by Love” “Married book 1918 the mention can one outlook similar a for and

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onalist sex education in Hungary was, however, in most cases telling the the telling cases most in however, was, Hungary in education sex onalist

A n rnatoa aayi i strict, is analysis transactional in Szerelmi élet a házasságban. a élet Szerelmi

tökéletes házasság: élettana és megvalósítása és megvalósítása élettana tökéletesházasság: hp te ot rlfc n well and prolific most the rhaps 498

typical author of such literature was educated wasmiddle literature such of authortypical -

234 -

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In Hungary, however, there was no strong Social Democratic influence like there was in in was there like influence Democratic Social strong no was there however, Hungary, In Csaba, Csaba, McEwen, Aufklärung Amit a serdülő leánynak leánynak serdülő a Amit Sexual Knowledge Knowledge Sexual ”

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(1932): 89. (1932): - 83.

240 - nationalist discourse seemed not to shift towards shift to not seemed discourse nationalist -

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515 Catholic, Calvinist and and Calvinist Catholic, Christian discussing before mentioned be to need Prohászka Ottokár and Bangha Béla As Márai put it, “the Hungarian middle class became insa became middle class “theHungarian put it, As Márai most “the Kultúra callsMagyar AntalMolnár in: társadalomképében,” Béla és Bangha ProhászkaOttokár funkciója antiszemitizmus “Az Gárdonyi, Máté 33 (2011): 43 (2011): 33 -

Jewish” press that he saw as contributing to the “juda the to contributing as saw he that press Jewish”

on anti on liticians responsible for the for responsible liticians A holokauszt Magyarországon európai perspektívában. európai Magyarországon holokauszt A Egy polgár vallomásai vallomásai polgár Egy - eiim n a ih ta lue hi race their lauded that right far a and Semitism - - 46. thirds of all Christians. Most of the sex education material published was Catholic, which wasCatholic, published material education sex the of Most Christians. ofall thirds

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Antal Molnár, “Bangha Béla, az engedelmes lázadó,” lázadó,” engedelmes az Béla, “Bangha Antal Molnár, important point of reference for the Catholic intelligentsia Catholic thefor reference of point important

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to say,” and that “sin, seduction, prostitution, deliberate soul killing and buying are all all are buying and killing soul deliberate prostitution, seduction, “sin, that and say,” to . Edited by Antal Schütz, Vol. XXII. (Budapest: Szent István Társulat, 1929): 8. 8. 1929): SzentTársulat, (Budapest: István XXII. Vol. Antalby Edited Schütz, . agas 93 Ktlczu é zióá” [Catholicism zsidóság” és “Katolicizmus 1923 Bangha's than more was who Prohászka, Ibid: 9. Ibid: “A Prohászka, Ottokár full received whenindividuals Jewish in 1867 was introduced life civil Jews in emancipationof The Budapest were “virtually all bragging” about the fact that they were able to defile young defile to able were they that fact the about bragging” all “virtually were Budapest and Vienna in men youngJewish that claim a cited Bangharelations. sexual Extramarital and consumers material. of such in to considered were sexuality women) and men of (both Jews marriage. place proper the respect not did which plays...etc, theater operettas, Simpicissimus pornography for responsibility their root s that were to be found in the Jewish life ofthe inthes thatwereJewish OldTestamentfound (polygamy tobe allowed)

n emn and Germany in

zsidó recepció a morális szempontjából,” in morálisa szempontjából,” recepció zsidó

Jewish religion got equal standing with the three main Christian religions in religions Christian main three with the standing got equal religion Jewish henomena: their lack of altruism, and in their “exaggerated “exaggerated their in and altruism, of lack their henomena:

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Jenő Lesskó, in his presentation at the 1943 same conference mentioned cinema and and cinema mentioned conference same 1943 the at presentation his in Lesskó, Jenő most Balogh the 1943 In pusztítása,” borzalmas cinizmus és a “Anihilizmus Balogh, Zoltán Jövő,” és Magyar “Nemi erkölcs

529 Jenő Lesskó, “Az ifjúság nemi erkölcsét tervszerűen romboló té romboló tervszerűen nemi erkölcsét Lesskó,“Az ifjúság Jenő

He added that these were advertised “loudly” because serious reviews were not to be to not were reviews serious because “loudly” advertised were these that added He 527

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Magyar Katolikus Orvosok Szent Lukács Egyesülete Lukács Szent Orvosok Katolikus Magyar could make this connection due to the presence of a small group of sexual sexual of group small a of presence the to due connection this make could

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249 Az ifjúság orvosa ifjúság Az

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girl'sdiscomfiture.” the visiblyenjoyed chaos great the them. in to attention alas, paying but, was scare, nobody around frightful a with around looked girl The son. Kohn's haberdasher ” Ferenc Kiss, Protestant doctor and university professor of medicine, in his book on the on book his in medicine, of professor university and doctor Protestant Kiss, Ferenc education sex Christian the in prominent quite was masturbation of question The girls Catholic to sent message unequivocal second a is encounter Zsófi's Péter Olasz, Olasz, Péter Fónyad, Dezső 59. Ibid: -

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There is an article that links the medical elite's discussion of healthcare healthcare of discussion elite's medical the links that article an is There subchapte this in cited be will who pragmatists Most

- oftenwomen thesexualknowledge tomenwas and provided nearlythesame. and packaging conservative less a in came often roles gender literature pragmatist In deviant sexuality; th on remarks covert or open make not did cases most in Pragmatists practical of forinformation avoiding aboutthemethods VD; kind some provided usually reluctantly, seemingly if even Pragmatists, Certain pragmatists like Gyula Darányi or Gáb Darányi or Gyula like Certainpragmatists , wereanti certainly , Semitism was not rooted in a specific Jewish sexuality or sexual capitalism bu capitalism sexual or sexuality inspecific Jewish a notwas rooted Semitism d primarily at providing health prevention knowledge relating to VD. Such texts Such VD. to relating knowledge prevention health providing at primarily d -

Semitism had a solely racial basis unlike the religious unlike basis solelyracial a had Semitism - promiscuous. However, there w there However, promiscuous. - erdcie r xrmrtl e. rgait ms otn rvdd sex provided often most Pragmatists sex. extramarital or reproductive -

549 Semitic at the end of the 1930s as they both advocated anti advocated both as they ofthe 1930s theend at Semitic

hygiene on (Magyar Családvédelmi Szövetség Szövetség Családvédelmi (Magyar on

(Budapest. M Orvosi KvK., 1939). Orvosi KvK., M (Budapest. - nationalist sex educators. Se educators. sex nationalist -

256 or Doros, members ofboththe Doros, or

(Budapest: Turul, 1944). and Gyula and Darányi, 1944). Turul, (Budapest: -

ere a number of points where differences differences where points of number a ere

- moralist discourse on abstention and and abstention on discourse moralist r were in most cases affiliated with with affiliated cases most in were r - cultural reasoning that was convolute was that reasoning cultural - eeel omte (B, the (AB), Committee Venereal e Gábor Doros, Doros, Gábor e

Magyar Családvédelmi Családvédelmi Magyar t rather inbiological a t rather - miscegenation. However, However, miscegenation. e Jewish nature of of nature Jewish e - A Magyarság Magyarság A

e usually more more usually e MCSSZ), the the MCSSZ),

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in CEU eTD Collection 552 551 szociálpolitika magyar 550 were found Boys Catholic Scouts, have (Boy maintained they I networks youth the by publications churches), the by published education sex 150 ca. the of of 80% (over publications of inint wasimmense Church) Catholic that of the educatio sex for as Firstly, authority. placesof other compromises makewith to or hadbattle uphill fightan to thereforehadeither and receptive and wide a access to position best the in necessarily not were authorities and The problem ofaccessingtheyoung ki what and bodyand mind in both healthywas who partner a select to how on tips was for provide did it What successful. labeled be can Hungary in centers counseling marriage voluntary that impressively.” abstinence pedagogy of course the into this insert could and detail in youth of problems health the “discussed believed Neuber which, pedagogy], adolescence, was example life.” of problems biological the on youngster the inform they that I mean, questions, practical on emphasis put and education colorless theoretical, strictly old, the from “diverge p health of preeminence the towards shift the on reflected article this in Committee, Antivenereal the of Chairman Neuber, dermatologist 1939 Neuber's t of education sex the and counseling prevention/marriage nd of marriageand sex

The production of sexual knowledge for youth was a field where healthcare professionals healthcare where field a was youth for knowledge sexual of production The Ibid. 1010. Ibid: Károly,ed, Martonffy, in “Ifjúságunkegészségvédelme,” Ede, Neuber, -

oriented, Victorian Victorian oriented,

h Jsi euao Ptr Olasz's Péter educator Jesuit the

fúáuk egészségvédelme Ifjúságunk

(Budapest, Állami Nyomda: 1939): 1003 1939): Állami (Budapest, Nyomda:

partners toavoid.

piece with no information on VD was practical only to the extent the to only practical was VD on information no with piece

n, the influence of the major Christian churches (especially (especially churches Christian major the of influence the n, rotection and praised those pedagogical authors, who who authors, pedagogical those praised and rotection

257 Te elh rtcin f u Youths]. our of Protection Health [The erwar Hungary, as exhibited by the sheer number number sheer bythe exhibited Hungary, erwar as yrekr srüőo, nevelés serdülőkor, Gyermekkor, -

- 1013.

e Christian he A korszerű közszolgálat útja: A mai mai A útja: közszolgálat korszerű A - ainls kn: Ede kind: nationalist 552

ls' bo, an book, Olasz's [Childhood, [Childhood, 551

audience Neuber's 550

The

CEU eTD Collection tanulmány sexuálpedagógiai 553 da statistical for priest Jesuit a to turned science” of Christian afor lookingwas Christian other of books priest Péter (as Olasz Jesuit b the was choice first his this on data statistical actual for looking When effects. mental as well as medical its and adolescents of masturbation the over concern of deal great a expressed Nagy In copies). thousand 15 in printed been had book this that well most the pathologists sexual renowned a of author gynecologist, was Nagy Nemes youths. to had churches the access the illustrates also and education sex pragmatist into ethics Christian weaving for example good sexual presented thus and themselves Churches knowledge ethics primarily inan these to connected strongly often were governmental in policy influence direct their by and etc.) educator/, leading a was Koszter Father where College Imre Szent /e.g. Colleges Christian Congregations, Mária Marianum, Regnum Catho (KALOT), Association

The fact of mutual referencing with Olasz and recommending reading the sex educat sex the reading recommending and Olasz with referencing mutual of fact The scientificfor purposes. book the medical my in use them could that so I data reliable valuableand over on priest Jesuit information a exc for met an to I is turn youth? who of can matter, practices I onanist where the and on whom data statistical of Hungarian question specific the in interested much very was I - ma Sze Zoltán Nemes Nag Nemes Zoltán king both on a local and on a central level. Doctors, medical authorities, bureaucrats authorities, medical Doctors, level. central a on and local a on both king uleaói é ethika és xuálpedagógia - read books on sexual matters at the time (Péter Olasz on one occasion mentioned occasion one on Olasz (Péter time the at matters sexual on books read y,

Katasztrófák a nemi életben nemi a Katasztrófák -

(Budapest: Aesculap, 1944): 126. 1944): Aesculap, (Budapest: ellent Hungarian expert on sexual psychology and he provided me with this this with me provided he and psychology sexual on expert Hungarian ellent Szexuálpedagógia és Szexuálpedagógia nationalist authors like Tihamér Tóth makes it clear that Nemes Nagy Nemes that clear it makes Tóth Tihamér like authors nationalist - moralist perspective on the matter, but it is still revealing that a “man astill isrevealingitthat but matter, the perspectiveon moralist ecomes evident from the description):ecomesevident from lic Girls Association (KALÁSZ), Actio Catholica, Soli Deo Gloria,Deo Soli Catholica, (KALÁSZ),Actio Association Girls lic

- based manner rather than as a medical issue. based thanas rather manner a issue. medical

[Sexual pedagogy and ethics] by Zoltán Nemes Nagy is a a is Nagy Nemes Zoltán by ethics] and pedagogy [Sexual - eth -

ika: 258 nemi felvilágosítás irányelvei és módjai : : és módjai irányelvei felvilágosítás nemi -

ta on youths. The access to young people, to people, young to access The youths. on ta

[Disasters in sexual life], which was one of one was which life], sexual in [Disasters S zexuálpedagógia és ethika és zexuálpedagógia

553

Nemes Nemes

and and ion CEU eTD Collection write talented a recruited either Emődi so powerful and dynamic original, itselfvery is story The parts.” most delicate 17 real a of diary it from hea took 556 555 554 with aprostitute, the encounter a misfortunegonorrhea had acquired story in who vivid a boy, of VD. for care medical of benefits the on lecture a as well as warning, a mys the by (presented boy adolescent young a naplójából int Christian with agoodwould provideconscience pragmatic information onVD t and biological be neededto educationalso sex that idea with his opposition in stood that conviction Catholic his and clergy the for respect Nagy's Nemes from stems probably most should “one lateradded cautiously and illustrations” with assisted functions, their and organs sexual life, sexual about “informed be should 16 of age the over children school that emphasized he reading, for parents recom he though Even accomplishments. scientific their of because them towards have would youth that “trust” same the and knowledge biological youths.” bu would priest the of calling elevated the and grades their of terms in on depend not “did youth whom leaders spiritual religious and teachers religious of importance the emphasized s who on question the answering When physicians. for was it as time the of educators Christian the for easier much was underlines, book Nagy's Nemes as lives, sexual their influencing to and secrets sexual their

nin wr srcl lne t atvnra ise. eea published Teleia issues. antivenereal to linked strictly were entions r as “Dr F.P.” or it really was an original diary by a young boy with good literary skills. skills. literary withgood young boy a wasby diary original it really an or “DrF.P.” as r At t At Those, however, who were not as cautious as Nemes Nagy and did not comply with the the with comply not did and Nagy Nemes as cautious as not were who however, Those, The story was published in five parts in the 1925 issuesof in the parts 1925 five in published storywas The 146. Ibid: 17 Ibid: 554 - nationalist sexual morality often found themselves in a difficult a in themselves found often morality sexual nationalist he same time he advertised doctors as providers of sex education as well, due to their their to due well, as education sex of providers as doctors advertised he time same he

[From the diary of an adolescent boy] in 1925, which was allegedly from the diary of of diary the from allegedly was which 1925, in boy] adolescent an of diary the [From - 18.

hould provide sex education for the young, aside from parents, Nemes Nagy Nagy Nemes parents, from aside young, the for education sex provide hould also discuss preservative materials as well. asmaterialspreservative discuss also

- year

- old, whom he cured from VD and he just changed the names and “edited the “edited and the names he changed just fromand VD whomhe cured old, -

259 terious “Dr. F.P”), whose parable was to serve as as serve to was parable whose F.P”), “Dr. terious -

mended Catholic sex education books to to books education sex Catholic mended Teleia . “Dr F.P.” claimed that claimed “Dr . F.P.” 555 - avoidance asavoidance well. ” The internal contradictioninternalThe ” 556

position, even if their if even position,

As a reaction to the to reaction a As

Egy serdülő diák diák serdülő Egy

it was not fiction, it hat a doctor doctor a hat ild trust in trust ild

CEU eTD Collection Teleia 558 “Egy F.P. Love again. once anything not feel did I and anything not see did I excited, and inshame, self anything.not learn Being did I fact that isthe moredesperate me even makes whatAnd seduced. be w I sweat. fita had ofcold AtI home neverbefore. 557 cla Minister, Welfare People's the of 50.000/1926 No. Decree by Center Propaganda the of up setting the to referred in education health on article programmatic a wrote Melly hygienistJózsef the relevant activities. propaganda over took OKI the and office his from removed was Pollermann 1934 in However, it. of Reform Sanitary the pub Bureau of Center Propaganda The Gortvay. György hygienist the by directed was latter the Pollermann, Artúr dr by led was and Institute Rockefeller the by financed partly the the and Bureau) mentioned: be to need that institutions Központja Propaganda additional Reformiroda Egészségügyi two are there AB the and Teleia leafle periodicals, books, of form the sexuality evenfrowned case occur. ifinthis upon, didnot were directcensorship pr about talk open that pragmatists sex to clear recommendation. the about mind Klebersberg's the change not did however, This, all. after story the distribute s to not principals school to schools, circular second a sent warning Minister's to available story the make to circular a via steps made already journal the for Minister

4 (1926): 11 (1926): 4 Interestingly, in 1927, only a year after after t after after year a only 1927, in Interestingly, anti and sex health, of variety great a produced however, Pragmatists, “ATeleia as as unhappy wascry to and started I street, wentthe on out hour.WhenI halffor an place her was“I at serdülő pesti diák naplójából,” naplójából,” diák pesti serdülő lished a range of books on general healthcare prevention and VD prevention was part was prevention VD and prevention healthcaregeneral on books of range a lished Teleia Religion and Public Education, Kúnó Klebersberg, revoked his recommendation for for recommendation his revoked Klebersberg, Kúnó Education, Public and Religion - making is terrible. I want to take a bath and to pray. And to forget about everything.” From: Dr. Dr. From: everything.” forget about pray. to And to want and I bath takea to terrible. makingis - . egyesület 1925 októb 1925 egyesület

Társad , claiming that the story was too “realistically portrayed.” “realistically too was story the that claiming , iming that the Center’s most important task would have been the the been have would task important most Center’s the that iming Múzeum alomegészségügyi

er 25 er Teleia - s va ulc etrs fls n ehbtos Aie from Aside exhibitions. and films lectures, public via ts, én tartott igazgatósági és választmányi ülésének jegyzőkönyve,” jegyzőkönyve,” ülésének és választmányi igazgatósági éntartott

3 (1925): 59.3(1925): as absolutely desperate. I blamed myself utterly for letting myself lettingfor utterly myself blamed I desperate. as absolutely -

260 pyai ad oe gahc dsrpin of descriptions “graphic” more and ophylaxis -

(Propaganda Center of the Sanitary Reform Reform Sanitary the of Center (Propaganda (Social Health Museum). The former was was former The Museum). Health (Social he Bureau was set up, the influential social influential the up, set was Bureau he , either. I would give everything to be clean be to wouldeverything give I either. , Városi Szemle Városi 557

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CEU eTD Collection 560 1030. 559 prophylactic repeatedly extra materialand warned about women were as shownas other body well were parts that disfigur and men both of Genitals body. their affect would these badly how showing VD, from people deter to used evidently were and naturalistic extremely were pictures The ministry. the from as order could hygienists which diapositives, 100 included and audiences various of front in country the of parts various in others and Grúsz by made were that presentations the on Techn of University Deputy dermatologist, betegségek nemi a és élet nemi less useful publications. seemingly in than material exhibited potential greater saw probably he and hygiene on masses non preferred Melly successful. been had propaganda through prevention health where countries Anglothe than “generaleducation” of level lower much a had and illiteracyfromsuffered importanc organization. active and living a with endowed was material “dead” museum the because importance” great of truly and valuable more “much as Museum Health Melly classes. a opened claimed lower but even bookstore and of database periodical people and book a for complied Center education the that health acknowledged of support the and organization

w most perhaps The Ibid: 1006 Ibid: irányelveiről,” népnevelés való életmódra “Azegészséges Melly, József sd fo te born iae te ok a mc ls epii i recommending in explicit less much was book the images abhorrent the from Aside e of the Propaganda Center can be attributed to Melly's conviction that Hungary still still Hungary that conviction Melly's to attributed be can Center Propaganda the of e - 1007. ology. The 50 The ology. - written, “living” material over publications for educatiing the (mostly) rural rural (mostly) the educatiing for publications over material “living” written,

- Head of the AB and lecturer of sexual biology and hygiene at the the at hygiene and biology sexual of lecturer and AB the of Head Social as Museum Health Public the of reorganization the saw he that

dl dsrbtd rgait government pragmatist distributed idely

page book, a publication of the Propaganda Center, was based based was Center, Propaganda the of publication a book, page [Sexual Life and Venereal Diseases] by Frigyes Grúsz, Grúsz, Frigyes by Diseases] Venereal and Life [Sexual -

261 -

or premarital sex: ed due to the effectsed due toofVD. Városi Szemle Városi - supported material was was material supported 559

This dismissal of the of dismissal This 560

13 (1927): 1029 (1927): 13

o ti reason this For a package package a - Saxon Saxon

A CEU eTD Collection Henrik example: for See goals ofprevention. long over preeminence took efficiency and speed viewpoint military froma giventhat surpriseno comesas VD pragmatic instrumental; 564 563 1949). Társulat, tükrében tanfolyamok továbbképző szakmai a haladása venerológia 562 561 the company, insurance Hungarian largest the by published was This Diseases]. Venereal about know to need men/women [What booklet dual the was ethos moralist VD thearmy. within provided, was information prophylactic more much audience military issue. the about enlightenedbeing were who militarymen” c in different very be could presentations these therefore and backgrounds of variety wide a from later pro and publicized well not material prophylactic approved own, its had Ministry Welfare People’s the fact, In prophylactics. of discussion a to way gives this and norms, Christian with comply to fail G but message primary the is Abstention education. health ontent, based on whether it was “the educated urban class, rural people, the working class or class working the people, rural class, urban educated “the was it whether on based ontent,

562 rtcin Sc pohlcis ee uhrzd y h Pol' Wlae iity a Ministry misfortune. of wholechain a cause familynotand Welfare does This diseases. of prevention People's the also but p lightheaded stop to wants but fosterimmorality curing the of task the have by only not does he because authorized were only materials these about information complete provides doctor The venereos). provide morbos contra (Prophylacticum prophylactics materials these of Such neither but infection, of protection. threat the reduce can one which with necessary applyi the and keeping by precautions infection of danger bay threatening at the from passions themselves sexual protect their least keep at to should unable are who Those life. sexual extramarital from away keep “ Personal prophylaxis of VD needs to be built up primarily on a mo a on primarily up built be to needs VD of prophylaxis Personal . Grúsz at the very end of his book noted that the audience at these presentations came presentations these at audience the that noted book his of end very the at Grúsz . Frigyes Grúsz, Grúsz, Frigyes Christian dominant the with conformed that literature pragmatist of example typical A Christian and pragmatist between differences the well illustrates passage This It seems that information material intended for youths serving in the army was the most directly was the army in youthsthe for serving materialintended seemsinformation It that Grúsz, eds., Kálmán, Ernő and Ödön Rajka, in propaganda,” elleni “Anemibetegségek Grúsz, Frigyes

A nemi élet nemi A A nemi élet és a ne a és élet nemi A 564

(1929): 43. (1929): -

protection involving chemical substances and condoms were openlypopulariz were condoms and substances chemical involving protection

g iifcat ehd. hr ae eea poetv mtras n methods and materials protective several are There methods. disinfectant ng al nt sd y ay a Gúz ditd n n ril 2 years 20 article an in admitted Grúsz as many, by used not bably

mi betegségek mi Bíró, Bíró, mt frika/őnk nmbtgéerl un kell tudni nemibetegségekről a férfiaknak/nőknek a Amit rzgs ásdlmitst Intézet Társadalombiztosító Országos 15 tanács részére férfiak 15 561 -

eople from infecting others or bringing illness into the the into illness bringing or from infectingothers eople 262

. (Budapest: Pesti Könyvnyomda, 1929): 41 1929): Könyvnyomda, Pesti . (Budapest: -

(Budapest: Magyar Orvosi Könyv (Budapest: 563 rúsz prepares advice for those, who who those, for advice prepares rúsz

It can be assumed that in front ofa front in that assumed be Itcan

ral basis. Therefore one needs to to needs one Therefore basis. ral (Budapest: Fráter és Tsa, 1937). és Tsa, Fráter (Budapest:

in line with the policy on policy the with line in –

this was, however however was, this (National Social Social (National - 42. kiadó kiadó well s - nationalist nationalist A dermato A

ed. This This ed. - term term

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CEU eTD Collection 569 568 567 566 világháborúig 565 main the up sum however, sentences, last The precautions. hygienic necessary the making and male organ.” the on placed be to (condom) rubber protective the is infection of danger the reduce to against protectives thes sure no are There disease. from saved be will they these uses one if that self be would it but recommended being are protectives and prophylactics abortion contracting andliaisons. ofinextramarital of thesurety VD misfortunes” many of source a is marriage outside a with along emphasized, o problems was the to reference abstinence of nature healthy the and importance the sexes in give to not b of calling beautiful and “noble the included message the women For immoral. and dangerous were it outside contact sexual of instances all that and VD avoid to way only the was sex marital that clear very made is it and minimal prophyl on information Practical VD. of curing and prophylaxis the on information provided and Law) Marriage 1941 the of promulgation the before written well” as partner their from certificate a demand should one and consent d the without marry should one (“no counselingmarriage of importance the aboutwarning members. w Institute), Insurance

e!” 568 The usefulness of proph of usefulness The summary a thethreemade gave mainvenereal diseases, The of a description two booklets Ibid. kell tudni nemibetegségekről a férfiaknak a Amit Ibid. kell. tudni nemibetegségekről a nőknek a Amit Gyáni, György and Gábor 569

565 ) There is however, recommendation given for using condoms (“The (“The condoms using for given recommendation however, is There

and it is explained in a few sentences how to have sexual interco sexual have to how sentences few a in explained is it and

(Budapest: Osiris, 2006): 369. 2006): Osiris, (Budapest: –

for money, for friendship for money, for ih t h tm o te oke' pbiain a 12 ilo insured million 1.2 had publication booklet's the of time the at hich

f alcohol, of getting pregnant outside marriage (“a fetus conceived conceived fetus (“a marriage outside pregnant getting of alcohol, f

Kövér, Kövér,

ylactics is seriously underplayed for both sexes: “Many types of of types “Many sexes: both for underplayed seriously is ylactics Magyarország társadalomtörténete a reformkortól a második második a reformkortól a társadalomtörténete Magyarország

–

to the demands of “lust of demands the to -

(Budapest: OTI, 1942): 11. OTI,1942): (Budapest: 263 eing a wife and a mother” and they were warned warned were they and mother” a and wife a eing

(Budapest: (Budapest: - 567

), of the immoral and dangerous nature of nature dangerous and immoral the of ), OTI, 1942): 13. 1942): OTI, axis in the two booklets is is booklets two the in axis -

seeking males.” seeking

–

the text was probably probably was text the - urse using condoms using urse euint believe to delusion relatively best way best relatively 566

For both For octor's octor's

CEU eTD Collection 571 mother.” wife and “as a out men,leaving only 570 aside contacts sexual any in engage not does woman the if is protection secure most The VD. from one protect surely would that preservatives or drugs no are “there message: abstinence the require family the and motherland the of love the and “decency, what is it since necessary, it is doctor the examinations, by permit marriage premarital a that concludes for As counseling. marriage includes and abortion and alcohol make it VD, with else someone infecting of effect legal the about point that assumed be can it so and message, férfiaknak/nőknek its is as OTI, the of that to similar very thousand 20 pamp the of structure The Committee. had Antivenereal OKE the by produced was and copies) edition 1929 (the thousands of tens the in distributed was that publication fertility, all standtogether thereceiving familyat nation end. and the c above The reasoning. medical by underpinned are anti way any in or apocalyptic not however, is, tone moralist Its way. who wereOTI) insured by thewere steered toward youngadults, (mostlyclass working ofpublication the readership this message, showsthat which

This booklet is only ready to provide actual, practical knowledge for youths in a limited a in youths for knowledge practical actual, provide to ready only is booklet This the of benefit the for living and mother and wife living good to instinct sexual the using nation, the family and a as life, married pure within ailments only the precaution greatest the even because VD of reduces danger the and infection of always possibility contact the sexual extramarital bears that understood easily be can it advice of pieces few these From nő z a nőkhöz/férfiakhoz a szó Intő kell tudni nemibetegségekről a nőknek a Amit Intő szó a a szó nőkhőz. Intő the danger but does not at all give full protection against the ailments! One can only be free of freeof be canonly One the ailments! against full protection give all at not but does danger the

was compiled based on based compiled was

(Budapest: Népjóléti és Munkaügyi Minisztérium Propaganda Köz Propaganda Munkaügyi és Minisztérium Népjóléti (Budapest:

[Words of warning for women/men] was a dual short short dual a was women/men] for warning of [Words Intő szó. Intő

- .” (Budapest: OTI, 1942): 14 OTI, 1942): (Budapest:

264 571

In terms of prophylactics one cannot only find only cannot one prophylactics of terms In s abstinence throughguilt: a ofduty and sense -

losing words indicate a sense of duty where where duty of sense a indicate words losing a healthy life. healthya The OKE AB publication makes the same same the makes publication AB OKE The 570

- 15. 15.

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CEU eTD Collection 573 572 a establish to Horthy by founded waswhich group, “vitéz” the of member a was (heclass middle well a was who doctor, Protestant the by article needs generation] future the and education giftall embeddedas a ofangels” narrative. inthe “sex conferen education by Steiger Dezső where expert education sex some AB’s the or and Emődi like pragmatists Saly) László or Csia Sándor (like Christians convinced by were some essays/preseThese 1931. in organized conferenc a included this and children to and youths to advice urban class ofdoctors middle theproportion reading high. have must Teleia been medica on influence greater a had it that likely more is It it. read widely advice young, that doubtful highly is it but class, middle (Budapest) auth basedBangha'sasabout onthesocio Béla Kultúra, asmuchMagyar chapters, earlier in discussed As adolescents. for hence, adolescents; so not the published they earlier, discussed As education. sex with dealt recurrently issues, social from syphilis. comes often this as voice hoarse a with men as well as avoided, be should half” “lower their healthy her from

- well ors and the focus of Teleia on Budapest, its readership most probably came from the urban the from came probably most readership its Budapest, on Teleia of focus the and ors - ádr sas article, Csia's Sándor 1933 and 1925 Between Teleia

Ibid. Ibid. 12. Ib: received

, the only periodical that was explicitly dedicated to venereal to dedicated explicitly was that periodical only the , 573

husband. ir o a aoecn boy adolescent an of Diary ce was mostly on the “enlightenment” on per on “enlightenment” the on mostly was ce Teleia

572

was, at least in least at was, ” In addition, it is also recommended that any men with an injury oninjury an with men any that recommended also is it Inaddition, ”

seultia nvls s jv nemzedék jövő a és nevelés szexualethikai A Teleia ntations on sexual pedagogy and sexual ethics werevaried,ethics pedagogy sexual andsexual on ntations

published over 30 articles that dealt with the question of of question the with dealt that articles 30 over published its aims, a source of information for adults as well as well as adults for information of source a aims, its

to be mentioned here, partly because it is a unique unique a is it because partly here, mentioned be to - , which was both in style and content a story for for story a content and style in both was which ,

265 - Teleia respected member of the Christian the of member respected -

had a circulation between 3000 to 5000, to 3000 between circulation a had e on sexual pedagogy that Teleia that pedagogy sexual on e - adolescent children and it was was it and children adolescent - cultural characteristicscultural ofits - seeking men or women women or men seeking - Kazal, whereas the sex the whereas Kazal, l experts as within the within as experts l

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The second topic on the agenda, which was raised at the second meeting second the at raised was which agenda, the on topic second The February In Számú II. a Ülése I. Antiveneriás Bizottsága Szakosztály Orvosi Egyesület Közegészségügyi “AzOrszágos Ibid: 82 Ibid: tion of what top VD experts like Frigyes Grúsz, József Guszman, Aladár Emődi or or Emődi Aladár Guszman, József Grúsz, Frigyes like experts VD top what of tion Egészség

39 (1925): 81. (1925): 39 March 1925, at the first three meetings of the AB the topics discussed gave gave discussed topics the AB the of meetings three first the at 1925, March

áo Hsia smlry eerd o poaad” s en ky in key being as “propaganda” to referred similarly Hospital János

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Dezső Steiger Dezső ülése,” III. Antiveneriás Bizottsága Szakosztály Orvosi Egyesület Közegészségügyi “AzOrszágos Sza Orvosi Egyesület Közegészségügyi “AzOrszágos 39 1925: 87. 1925: 39 86. (1925): 39 - file soldiers, prostitutes) and introducing sexual biology/hygiene courses at medical medical at courses biology/hygiene sexual introducing and prostitutes) soldiers, file

582

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Kazal, “A sexualis ismeretek oktatása Európa egyet Európa oktatása ismeretek “Asexualis Kazal, - Kazal, who joined the AB in 1928 soon became one of the eminent experts eminent the of became one soon 1928 ABin the joined who Kazal,

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sexual hygiene lessons in the major universities major the in lessons hygiene sexual

- - 11 (1930): 1124 (1930): 11 Kazal, Kazal, pro was alreadyin suchinstruction where institutions 20 listed Kazal Krankheit - Kazal, “A nemi felvilágosító és prophylactikus előadások Magyarország főiskoláin,” főiskoláin,” Magyarország előadások és prophylactikus felvilágosító “Anemi Kazal, A nemi felvilágosít nemi A 587

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(1999): 187 (1999): udience. The 100 diapositives used for presentations based on Grúsz’s Grúsz’s on based presentations for used diapositives 100 The udience. ) served as a basis for many presentations and that it did not include include not did it that and presentations many for basis a as served ) - 1125. 585 -

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271

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in the future. Neuber future. the in “ that youth is regularly educated in certain school cohorts/grades on ethics and family protection and and protection family and ethics on cohorts/grades school certain and in educated education regularly is proper youth that for needed education enlightenment receive schools visit to obliged children tha ensures Education Public and Religion for Minister The VD. prevent to order in information enlightenment of provision provide law the by established institutes hav two by sidelined was education sex and propaganda VD 1930s the of half second the In Gyula Darányi, Darányi, Gyula Ibid. rvso o hat poeto kolde Te iitr f h Itro mks fot i odr to order in efforts makes Interior the of Minister The knowledge. protection health of Provision -

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Közegészségtan, 592

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h tid ruig n y categoriz my in grouping third The his from infer can we as himself, Gortvay Irén Zoltvány, Zoltvány, Irén 33. Ibid: Gortvay, György Budapest. Archive, and Museum Semmelweis , of György Gortvay Papers

(b 605 Nyugat ased in Cluj/Kolozsvár in Transylvania) and Transylvania) in Cluj/Kolozsvár in ased ” In addition, as a guide to avoid pornography, Gortvay recommended IrénZoltvány's recommended pornography,Gortvay avoid guideto aIn as addition,”

n te oil Democratic Social the and Erotika és irodalom Erotika [Eroticism and literature], and [Eroticism Sociálh

ygiénés jegyzet ygiénés

- nationalist genre and showed no lenience to any digression from from digression any to lenience no showed and genre nationalist mained on the margins of public view. Many such voices came voices such Many view. public of margins the on mained

607 ( Budapest: Szent István Társulat, 1924). Társulat, Szent István Budapest:

(Szeged: Wirth és Rengey, 1936): 33 1936): Rengey, és Wirth (Szeged: - to icue toe hs cnet o venereal of concepts whose those includes ation

277 606 Népszava

a 1924 Cath 1924 a Sociálhygiénés jegyzet Sociálhygiénés -

Századunk

ulsig os ws respon was house publishing olic publication that used the anti the used that publication olic

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- 34.

[Social hygiene notes] notes] hygiene [Social 604

n hs nts he notes these in eproduction eproduction sible for for sible

- - l CEU eTD Collection participated Totis and Schönstein both where writers,” “revolutionary meetingof the monitored havingon report a producing gendarmes morof„sexual hisfor criticism marriage” of theinstiution against „agitating months'for 3 to prison Schönsteinsentenced was 163. Hungarica Medicae Historiae Bibliotheca ex Communicationes 609 608 knew They issues. sexual approaching for basis a as morality Christian restrictive a as saw they what rejected and ideas) Reich's of Wilhelm influence the under (often “Freudism” with Marx of interpretation their reconcile to tried even shorter. or years of couple a for lasted only and limited very was shown, was it as this, but Budapest of in indicated Chapter 3, As Budapest. of intelligentsia socialist/liberal the beyond much extend not did seemingly publicity of scope their and censorship to subject be could books/publications their of issuesdiscussion sexual difficult. open made that laws decency the of because and 1918/1919) in experiment Communist the and permanent in revolution were democratic the that after “counterrevolutionary” itself parties labeled that leftist State (the to opposition links obvious more their much of was because action partly of scope restricted, and activities Their audience. wide sex a such of to knowledge spearhead the into developed movement educa reform sex “the sessions sexual counseling through foremost and first but presentations public brochures, periodicals, numerous clas working Berlin even or institutions, health public publishing manyby the progressives. books sexual of

tion,” eul rgesvs f h tm wr haiy nlecd y ps by influenced heavily were time the of progressives Sexual ed sex these reasons such For counseling Tandler'sand marriage DemocraticJulius whereViennaSocial to comparedIf This is well documented in Miklós Mann, “Adalékok dr Schönstein Sándor t Sándor Schönstein dr “Adalékok Mann, Miklós in welldocumented is This Sauerteig Sándor Schönstein reported about his own sex counseling sessions among the workers workers among the counseling sex sessions hisown reported about Sándor Schönstein 608 als that serve the conservation of the current regime” and Mann cites an example of the Hungarian Hungarian ofthe an example cites Mann and current regime” ofthe conservation the serve that als s clients or with Weimar Germany, where, as Lutz Sauerteig states, due to the the to due states, Sauerteig Lutz as where, Germany, Weimar with or clients s

, Krankheit Krankheit , ugra sx eomss i nt ae cac o dseiaig sexual disseminating of chance a have not did reformists sex Hungarian .

(1999): 241. (1999):

ucators had to experience the harassment of the police, the of harassment the experience to had ucators -

ae Mx oan ee n day in were Hodann Max based about the latest developments in sexology and the sex sex the and sexology in developments latest the about -

278 -

(Budapest: Orvostörténeti Könyvtár, 1967): 151 1967): Könyvtár, Orvostörténeti (Budapest:

evékenységéhez,” evékenységéhez,” ychoanalysis; they often often they ychoanalysis; - to - a cnat with contact day

- 609

CEU eTD Collection 612 611 610 League in1932, Brno World for of Reform meeting the Sexual the at Hungary represented result a as and well as movement reform sexual international the to links had but about know just not did He Party. Democratic Social the of member a was and periodical the of circle literary the with connections had who gynecologist, Budapest “bestseller, reproduction and sexuality on books seven of author the was He Totis. Béla gynecologist the is Hungary interwar on the world order. based enlightenment sexual saw necessa but not and se per useful as sexology society and psychoanalysis bourgeois of morality dual the against fought and centuries for conceal to tried had churches Christian the knowledge pragmatic the the informing emphasized Others society. communist collective, a in enjoyed freedom the into feed would women and men by both sexuality in enjoyed freedoms the where bou for a liberal examples as abortion, or divorce for allowed that ones the e.g. regulations, revolutionary some politics sexual Soviet of nature “reformist” the emphasized that information selective had only often They politics. sexual of model Soviet the way, idealized much a in show, effortto and rationalist new, a of stars as progressives these by hailed were who Hodann, Max or Marcuse Max Bloch, Iwan Hirschfeld, Magnus by published been had what about knowledge spreading movement, reform

rgeois society that would make the economic the make would that society rgeois The author I would single out as the potentially most influential sexual progressive of of progressive sexual influential most potentially the as out single would I author The of overhaul complete a to mores sexual of regeneration a linked reformists Marxist Josef Weisskopf, “Der Brünner Sexualkongress,“ Sexualkongress,“ “Der Brünner Weisskopf, Josef Pé See: 157. Ibid: 610 - permissive approach Communism. tosexuality under ter Hárs György, “Pszichoanalízis a Nyugatban I.” I.” Nyugatban a “Pszichoanalízis György, Hárs ter ” which appeared in three editions between 1936 and 1938. Totis was a popular a was Totis 1938. and 1936 between editions three in appeared which ”

and Schönstein labeled his labeled Schönstein and enlightened approach to sexuality. Most sexual progressives spent much much spent progressives sexual Most sexuality. to approach enlightened

A fogamzás titka fogamzás A 279 Sexus Sexus - materialistic nature of marriages obsolete and obsolete marriages of nature materialistic -

1 (1933): (1933): 1 Múlt és Jövő és Múlt 28. rily a per a rily 612

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CEU eTD Collection Béla/,” /Totis nemproblémáiról “Azifjúság Nagy, Közl 613 as follows: comma sixth the of lines seven last The posthumously. published were Commandments Ten his and 1938 in “Erdélyi 31) of rival,age the (at its young tragically died for Dsida Helikon”). worked he if (even “Korunk” periodical Leftist radical the produced that milieu literary open and free relatively a of part was he so Transylvania, of town largest the Kolozsvár/Cluj/Klausenburg, in 1930s the in lived Dsida Dsida. Jenő Romania, from poet the poem radicalwho harboredand thosethese. views grouping progressive sexual the to belonging authors various from received it that reviews the with along analysis, his at look a take 1930s. the throughout censorship direct from saved was he why and success enjoyed moder relative This science. sexual and psychoanalysis of developments latest the on youths educate to and “love” biological useful and practical of number a on reading s Hungarian of framework the within issues sexual analyzed and society of transformation Socialist a for zeal lesser a showed education, sex in least at who, progressives sexual of group the to belonged Totis Hirschfeld. Magnus of

öny,

mes main the up sum To

1932, No. 9. p.154. Max Hodann's p.154. MaxNo. Hodann's 9. 1932, Hirschfeld's Hirschfeld's Tíz parancsolat Tíz

Sittengeschichte der Nachkriegszeit Nachkriegszeit der Sittengeschichte Az ifjúság nemi problémái nemi ifjúság Az ation is probably why his writings (which were truly entertaining in style) style) in entertaining truly were (which writings his why probably is ation –

this will make it possible to show, based on the reactions, the more more the reactions, the on based show, to possible it make will this , [Ten Commandments], a fragment left behind by the ethnic Hungarian theethnic a fragmentby left Commandments], , [Ten behind

sage in sage (De jól ügyelj: ha bűnnek nézed, ügyelj: habűnnek jól (De hogy asszony karjaiban fekszel, karjaiban hogyasszony ki szívből csókol, nem parázna. nem csókol, ki szívből ha gonoszat vélsz tudni arról, tudni vélsz hagonoszat Bringt uns wirklich der Klapperstorch Klapperstorch der wirklich uns Bringt bűn is az, amire törekszel, törekszel, bűnamire is az, ki szeret, sohasem gonosz, sohasem ki szeret, Az ifjúság nemi problémái problémái nemi ifjúság Az Korunk

- cey t h tm. e tepe t poie easy provide to attempted He time. the at ociety

280 [The sexual problems of youth] and give a sho a give and youth] of problems sexual [The for example was banned by the censors. See: censors. was the by example for banned

6(1931):736 -

- hygiene issues along with munition for munition with along issues hygiene -

741.

I will digress briefly and cite cite and briefly digress will I shared the same fate. See: Lajos Lajos fate.See: the same shared ndment in this poem read poem this in ndment Belügy Belügy 613

I will I also

rt - CEU eTD Collection 2013. 23, September költeménye. összes Jenő Dsida Könyvtár: will become)“ yourdoings then evil sinful indeed are yourlabors then as vice, ifbeware: perceived 614 con (for of “necessary” matter than a be extent not greater could satisfaction a their to and reproduction) it in engage to not expected are wives and girls good whereas prostitute, a with or affair extramarital an in happen only could and “filth” was sexua true dualitywhere utterlypolarized an in think to led easilywere youngboys bourgeois sexuality, from disconnected was love As love. to linked necessitynot by wasthereforesexuality mar where time a as the present and past the saw He conscience.” of “marriage the of idea the is message) top the as out of suppression problems automatically will moralsreplaced are be solved by ifbourgeois “openness”a and lack youngprophylaxis the to but alsoengages sexual of“liberation” inadiscourse inwhich simplydiscourse attempts not ofthe prov Totis time. at takesmedical Totis a against ofview clear position point themoralist, but “taboo nemi problémái,Az ifjúság educationof sex especially basis theultimate for hisemphasisonloveas any lasti the aura these. prohibitionaround bestBerne's Hisbookfits with as of a “Sex giftangels” of type premarital/extramarital se (the book wasas wasnecessarily anot fictionalson) organized seriestohis is it letters similar: of a sexual similar explain youngmoralityof science.message withthe words However, tothe his

What Totis repeatedly emphasizes throughout the book (and which more or less comes less or more which (and book the throughout emphasizes repeatedly Totis What asbeautifully putit didnot Totis up13 as Dsidaand took he

This literally translates to: “ to: literally translates This –

something thatTot

x ormasturbation thatmakesx muchmore onebut ill theneurosis due to similarly discusses sexuality topragmatists, a primarily from

ig ws hie awy t itrss eooi, oiia) and political) (economic, interests to always chained was riage (my literal translation) See: translation) literal (my It is never evil to love, who kisses f kisses who love, evil to isnever It bizony gonoszat iscselekszel.) bizonygonoszat http://mek.niif.hu/00600/00640/html/vers1302.htm#36 is openly associated with contemporary Soviet Union. Soviet is openlyassociated withcontemporary -

281 -

–

if it's evil, you believe, to lie in a woman's arms, woman'sarms, inlie a to you ifbelieve, it's evil, ”Jenő Dsida, Dsida, ”Jenő iding more information onVDoriding its more information 614 rom the heart does not fornicate. (But (But fornicate. not heart does the rom

Tizparancsolat 0 pages of18 lines to instead en Tts eivd ht the that believed Totis cern. . M

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lity CEU eTD Collection 1920 617 616 615 generalfor take over complicat to some practitioners less opportunity an as this saw he and physicians for training analytical some providing for options research.” analytic of means by i much very achieved also has naivetes, practical and misunderstandings theoretical receive to Ferenczi ”despite that claimed and ignorant” almost analytically but cause our in interested Sándor is who “guest, approached he that t about “enlightenment” evidence is There psychoanalysis. ofand naked thestraightforward honest and exhibition bodies.” competi “free through desires reduce to chance a was Totis for Sports sexes. of artificial separation the of result a as latter the from coming as sexuality excessive saw and “curiosity” reducin for but drives the suppressing for useful not Totis to according was urges, sexual sublimate to way excellent an as byChristian both advocated time the atwas which Sports, community. indi as other each know to get to chance a have would desire.sexual (e.g. start would maturity sexual where age actual an set to want not did he pragmatists, many with well as maturity sexual to this linked Totis was. union the of form official the what beliefs) and values common on based rather is it as passion with confused be to not however for is, (which “love” this desire and people young physical over superstructure) (a building” “spiritual a erecting be would solution

- 1933 1933 20 or 24) but linked this to responsibility and the capacity to build the superstructure over over superstructure the build to capacity the and responsibility to this linked but 24) or 20 e nw ht oi’ cnet f eytfcto ws nlecd y i itrs in interest his by influenced was demystification of concept Totis’s that know We sexestwo the that so life of walksother in learningin andboth coeducation advocatedHe 44. Ibid: Totis, Béla Ernst Falzeder and Eva Brabant, EvaBrabant, and Ernst Falzeder (Boston: Harvard University Press, 2000): 255 2000): Press, University (Boston: Harvard 615

Az ifjúság nemi problémái nemi ifjúság Az

he discipline for use in practice in 1926 and Ferenczi described him as a as him described Ferenczi and 1926 in practice in use for discipline he

g “curiosity.” He made a distinction between “real bodily desire” and and desire” bodily “real between distinction a made He “curiosity.” g

617 The Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Sándor Ferenczi. Volume 3, 3, Ferenczi. Volume Sándor and Freud of Sigmund Correspondence The

h dsuso wt Tts ae eeci hn aot the about think Ferenczi made Totis with discussion The would make love make would

( Budapest, Világosság: 1931): 25 1931): Világosság: Budapest, -

282 - 256. 256. -

- making ethical and legitimate no matter no legitimate and ethical making ed casesfrom analysts. iul ad lo oprt a pr of part as cooperate also and viduals 616

- 28.

- moralists and pragmatistsand moralists

n some cases cases some n –

in contrast in tion tion

CEU eTD Collection 620 619 618 be their from come that torments their from “heal to wished the bridges individuals love the of and worldview the tenderness between extraordinary difference an unless class, and race same the “within the the incidence allhas four been of reduced. demysti and legal become have they because issues, four these where properly: in this channel to accomplished seemingly has that Union Soviet the of portrayal idealized his is It homosexuality. and abortion contraception, divorce, of prohibition sexu restrained that constructs bourgeois in changes major for argued also he freedom, morefor need psychoanalysis. wil flood the when but crushed; be to needed gates wherethe West the in only weretheseneeded that argued andteachings Freud’saccept refusalto Lenin’s with agreed he sense this In desires. sexual of expression the in freedom full is there center. its at individual the had that science a with it merge to difficult it made this and cooperation human with cooperation in live to able was one whether of idea the from stem also “diseased” and “healthy” of definition his and society for useful and social be to youths expected he time same the At psychoanalysis. Totis’s sexuality. healthy for means the “de a of of expectation one as it evaluated therefore and ones sexual

now In terms of the choice of marital partner Totis makes an interesting distinction between distinction interesting an makes Totis partner marital of choice the of terms In self and responsibility the understood he As especially desires, suppressed the from liberation of means a saw Totis psychoanalysis In

Ibid: 106. Totis was of Jewish origin but he was not religious and due to his Socialist views his his views his to Socialist due and notwas religious but he wasorigin ofJewish 106. Totis Ibid: 107. Ibid: Totis,

and the and 618

Totis’s answer is fairly easy: Freudism is not needed once society chan societyonce needed not is Freudism easy: fairly is answer Totis’s Az ifjúság nemi problémái problémái nemi ifjúság Az

future oit. e oprd ru wt Mr, liig ht oils srv for strove Socialism that claiming Marx, with Freud compared He society. - eroticised” youth was just the just was youth eroticised” , saying that in “today’s society” the choice of love o love of choice the society” “today’s in that saying ,

( 1931):

74.

283 - l have cleaned up everything, there will be no be will there everything, up cleaned have l

- fied, have actually become less pressing and pressing less become actually have fied, opposite of what Christian moralists saw in saw moralists Christian what of opposite control of the individual as the basis of this this of basis the as individual the of control 619 ad vn hsie toe es who Jews, those chastised even and ” ing Jewish.” ing 620

So, aside from a few a from aside So, bject needed to be to needed bject ges and once and ges ality: the ality:

CEU eTD Collection 622 621 marriage. through group” mostthes of persuasionthat from his stems Christians marrying Jews of criticism his is not conspicuous; withJewishness identification not had that experience Soviet the propagated and norms family accepted the rejected it because appeal” general a have “cannot book the of part second the that claimed but times” old of shame completely getting and truth naked revealing “honesty, propagated it as pitch” In reformists. thatfreedomhis assumption andresulting monogamy less problematic true them wouldmake VD avoid to means ap Totis these. specify spiritually,” and physically secure more and bothersome less “better, was it as women, by contraceptives recommended however, He, parties. both for nervousness put also it that believed he coitus interrupted for woman.” the of satisfaction the to obstacle “serious a was it that and love” for preparation their in men “disturbed condoms that claimed He men. by used methods the against advised he when account into health taking marrying. camp) pragmatist and moralist the in others all virtually indire rather is advice This with. up catch to needed still states European the that progress great a as Union Soviet the in introduced illnesses mental and TB VD, for checks health premarital obligatory only The hi from comes gives worldview. Totis advice and eugenic beliefs common on based be to needed conscience” of “love as society bourgeois by set boundaries the within stay to young the recommended Totis exceptions,

Az Az opposed as because perspective new a in brought Totis prophylaxis for As

Ibid: 119. Ibid: 118. Ibid:

fúá nm problémái nemi ifjúság t i te hpe o te hie f aia prnr oi de nt mhsz (like emphasize not does Totis partner marital of choice the on chapter the in ct; Teleia

–

the diseases themselves did not play an important role probably because of of because probably role important an play not did themselves diseases the h bo ws add o is netiig tl ad o “itn te right the “hitting for and style entertaining its for lauded was book the proached the issue of prophylaxis in terms of contraception and not as a a as not and contraception of terms in prophylaxis of issue the proached e mixed marriages were an attempt to be considered as part of another “class or social social “classor of another as part considered be to wereanattempt marriages mixed e

eevd ie rves oh rm rgait ad sex and pragmatists from both reviews mixed received s description of Soviet marriage, where he described described he where marriage, Soviet of description s -

284

an obstacle to satisfaction and it would create create would it and satisfaction to obstacle an -

622

even though he did not did he though even

rid of the false false the of rid

to pragmatists to 621 .

CEU eTD Collection 1950s. the early in the background to was pushed he a although views, hiscritical of Because writersHungary. ofinterwar most prominent oftheone 625 624 623 that believed but start good a as book the saw Nagy solutions. good any without “today” leaving he Also, society. proble of the solve to structure wanted only Totis that new believed the to due problem a represent not would these society Socialist a in as irrelevant as rearing) child (pregnancy, presented Totis problems the of many Socialist represent they like seem values of system own his make which and book the throughout appear that ”obligations” and “responsibility” on emphasis Totis’s hand one M radical destructive thatwas exaggeration the deterring, as as attitude. dangerous orthodox a assumed “Totis that len extreme saying similarly masturbation, on Totis with disagreed Illés content of In terms life. in problems sexual the to solution fast and easy an as ideas of mixture this presented Marxis psychoanalysis, biology, upon touched it that so popular,” “too be to wanted it that in superficial remained it that was Totis of critique main His itself. in problems sexual the solving society collective socialist of idea recomme the on stance a take not did it and raised Totis that issues the generalconsumption. o liberty the but general in book the of content the of much with agreed reviewer public general the for not but researchers arrangemen previous than better as proven been

There is an interesting review that approaches Totis from the “Left”, from an even more more even an from “Left”, the from Totis approaches that review interesting an is There in Illés Endre Lajos Nagy Lajos (1883 problémái. nemi “AzIllés ifjúság Endre “Dr Totis Béla: Az ifjúság nemi problémái,” nemi problémái,” Az ifjúság Béla: “DrTotis arxist point of view: that of Lajos Nagy Lajos of that view: of point arxist rcmedn a ok ih uh lal sbesv ad pro and subversive clearly such with book a recommending f 623 ient position as most psychoanalytic authors” and saw this as a seriously a as this saw and authors” psychoanalytic most as position ient Nyugat - 1954) was a Marxist writer, author, who wrotefor who writer,author, was Marxist a 1954)

provided a review that similarly acknowledged the importance of of importance the acknowledged similarly that review a provided m and some gynecological practical knowledge and and knowledge practical gynecological some and m Dr –

Totis Béla tanulmánya,” Béla Totis a compromise solution that shows that the journal’s the that shows that solution compromise a - Teleia

285 ts. ts. 625

Teleia - (1931): 9 ms of sexuality in a future, Socialist society, Socialist future, a in sexuality of ms

in Korunk.

recommended the book for doctors and doctors for book the recommended 163.

Nyugat Nyugat Nagy’s review criticized on the on criticized review Nagy’s Teleia , 25 (1932) 25 ,

in the 1920s and was hailed as was hailed and 1920s in the ndations of Totis and the and Totis of ndations

could not allow itself allow not could morality. Nagy saw saw Nagymorality. - Soviet views for for views Soviet

. convinced Marxist, Marxist, convinced 224 624

- 225.

CEU eTD Collection 626 of the book's printing butwas the following acquitted house, with justification: Director Deutsch, Dávid and Association, Doctor's Democratic Social the of head Berkes, Jenő Co above, the confirmed and pleasure, duty and desire love, society.through new, Socialist a of that emphasizing including on sexuality, of intent liberation a not for hoped was but which responsibility Totis, of that than tone Marxist by review book The Totis. by arbitrarily defined context certain a within permitted only and lowly as seen was latter se morality:perhaps aofthe basis ofSoviet provided compact unknowingly, analysis sexual th at and work Totis's in contradiction internal the of much sighted Totis of critique Nagy's Hungary. in issues sexual of discussion the inhibited that censorship the to Transylvania, circ the “considering immediately rethinking serious needed raised issues the

–

for Nagy the fact that Totis wanted to erect the building of love over sexuality meant that the sexuality wantedloveover building Totis that toerect the meant of Nagy fact the for that the Not just among the proletariat but also among the theoretical pioneers there are many individuals (…) (…) individuals many are there pioneers theoretical the among also but proletariat the among just Not development of marriage (…) the medical author stands against the current form of marriage but he he but marriage of form current the against stands author medical the (…) marriage of development a is It os o tik ht t hud e capd Svrl lvr n ethic and clever Several scrapped. be undeniable. should it that think not does fidelity and shame and alike alike and shame and fidelity cl classes!) suppressed the by explicitly kept be to exactly made were morals (although it keep however, will, socialists we and society bourgeois in kept the that means ethics” “socialist that believe who 1931 In as it accepting not for and desire” “despising for Totis scolded also Nagy “A házasság mai formáját bírálni: nem izgatás,” nemizgatás,” bírálni: formáját mai házasság “A ass dominated, and gender dominated morals and believe that putting this into practice practice into this putting that believe and morals dominated gender and dominated, ass

fact that the medical author of the book is not passionate about the current stage of the the of stage current the about passionate not is book the of author medical the that fact - 626 1932 Totis was sued for this book but the hearing and the verdict itself rather rather itself verdict the and hearing the but book this for sued was Totis 1932

umstances back home,” referring, with the freedom of someone writing in writing someone of freedom the with referring, home,” back umstances

mmunist criticism of his work. Totis was taken to court, together with together court, to taken was Totis work. his of criticism mmunist

–

amounts to sexual life in a socialist society. insocialist life a sexual amounts to

286 - Az EstAz

re is a certain “morality” that is preached but not but preached is that “morality” certain a is re thus, many have become infested with bourgeois, bourgeois, with infested become have many thus,

ay hw ta tee a a oe radical, more a was there that shows Nagy

23 (1932). 23 –

he claimed it was good and brave brave and good was it claimed he

al statements of the books are are books the of statements al

–

n ta Ng sw as saw Nagy that one

–

legitimate per per legitimate virginity, e same time, time, same e

CEU eTD Collection 66 629 ill.” still are or been all menalmost have withseveral contact in been sexual have who girls the that colleagues, specialist mywith together 628 2009. House, Random NewYork: Scammell, Michael See: reasons. financial written 627 Teleia ag was Transylvania in Cluj/Kolozsvár (as banned was 1941 By sexuality. on public general the of views the on exerted have could it effect the about and popularity its about information much not is there 1941, in war, the during published sexes. both for use proper their detail also but protection for used be can usual the of that agents creams/chemical condoms list just lack not protection for ways the detail that IV Volume a and tone neutral a from “moralizing,” aside book, Décsi's in remarkable most in read can one what with line in largely all but claimed) Décsi as conditions”, re slightly of translation full a either were book Décsi's of Life o chunks large contained that knowledge sexual of presentation erotika az és élet book, his and psychoanalysis) in goodschooling had and neurologist a was however, (he, marriage. on work scientific a writing by court a of front in be easily could one but radical overly not were alt that indicates case This book. this on based organized they series a of part as presentation a hold to him asked Minister

- 75.

that was edited by the English/Australian sexologists Norman Haire. In fact, most chapters most fact, In Haire. Norman sexologists English/Australian the by edited was that

by Budapest born Arthur Koestler, who at the time lived and worked in Paris and took up the job for theup job took and workedin Paris and wholived the at time ArthurKoestler, born Budapest by and the censorship of the press and public life was stepped up due to the war effort in the in effort war the to due up stepped was life public and press the of censorship the and Another Hungarian thread in the story is that Haire only edited the Encyclopedia and much of the book was ofthe book much and the Encyclopedia only edited that Haire storyis in the thread AnotherHungarian a was he as Totis to compared be can who progressive, another was Décsi Imre Welfare People's the that saying by others, amongst himself, defended Totis fact, In Imre Décsi, Imre E.g.

On the possible sources of infection he writes ”with reference to my long experience I can state, I my experience to long reference ”with writes he infection of sources possible Onthe 628

is th is

A nemi élet és az erótika és az élet nemi A

Sxa lf ad rtcs] pbihd n 91 ws n all an was 1941, in published eroticism], and life [Sexual e most detailed provision of knowledge on prophylactics. The ten pages of pages ten The prophylactics. on knowledge of provision detailed most e

ernative views on marriage and sexuality could indeed prevail if they if prevail indeed could sexuality and marriage on views ernative

Koestler: the literary and political odyssey of a twentieth century skeptic, century a twentieth of odyssey political and literary the Koestler:

(Budapest: Népszerű tudományos könyvek a szexuális életről, 1941): 1941): életről, szexuális a könyvek tudományos Népszerű (Budapest: in all the Hungarian edition reflected a morality that was was that morality a reflected edition Hungarian the all in The Encyclopaedia of Sexual Life. Sexual of Encyclopaedia The -

287 -

ain part of Hungary), there was no more more no was there Hungary), of part ain - okd “dpe t Hungarian to (“adapted worked f The Encyclopaedia of Sexual of Encyclopaedia The 629

As Décsi' As 627

What is perhaps is What - encompassing s book was book s Korunk

A nemi nemi A doctor doctor

CEU eTD Collection 1930. Schneider, 631 periodical. in the articles 630 well a already the Hirschfeld, sexology. and neurology psychology, on parts the write book to Gáspár by asked was Neufeld, he, that and illustrations” andmaterial of great deal acollecting volume two the that maintains Neufeld book. this write to known Gáspár emigrant the asked Hirschfeld best that and time the of the translators literary Hungarian of one was who Gaspar), Andreas (alias Endre Gáspár of guest a often was others, among and, authors. the of editors one as Neufeld further as English Paul Gaspar, Andreas including Hirschfeld, Weltkrieges endeavours, significant scientifically also and popular most Hirschfeld's butevenFreudomarxist) onliterature. in author on matters, regular sexual on expertise his demonstrated a writer, avid an also was but degree medical a got Vary, Prague,Karlsbad/Karlovy Vienna, Paris, in lived He takeover. Horthy's after cou he Jászi, Oszkár of group Galilei radical young the and in participated communist convinced a was he because but WWI during Budapest in schooling got He 1920. after Czechoslovakia of part became that Nagyszölős in family Jewish a in 1894 in born Neufe 1933. in takeover power Nazi the until least at mainstream European the on impact certain a made it but Hungary in unknown largely was this knowledge; sexual of production reflectio of years tocome.

h frt li Nued ae in makes Neufeld claim first The BélaThe autobiography doctor/writer/journalist Neufeld's unpublished Hirschfeld, Magnus, Gaspa Magnus, Hirschfeld, of down the shutting and the establishment Between ] hd lgt n ht h cmuiy f mgat ugras otiue t the to contributed Hungarians emigrant of community the what on light sheds n] [The Sexual History of the World War], which was published under the name of of name the under published was which War], World the of History Sexual [The

r, Andreas and Englisch, Paul. Paul. Englisch, and Andreas r, 631

Neufeld writes that when he was living in V in living was he when that writes Neufeld 630

íóó élet Vívódó -

288

Freud, on Marxism (Neufeld was a convinced a was (Neufeld Marxism on Freud, - Korunk

Sittengeschichte des Weltkrieges des Sittengeschichte

(1926 sheds new light on one of Magnus Magnus of one on light new sheds

a “rte msl b Gáspár, by mostly “written was - Korunk, 1940) he published altogether 58 58 healtogether published 1940) ld not return to Hungary to return not ld where he convincingly convincingly he where itnecihe de Sittengeschichte Vívódó élet Vívódó ienna in 1927 he 1927 in ienna . Leipzig: Leipzig: . -

known [A life life [A ld was ld

s CEU eTD Collection 634 Welt 633 74. p. kézirattár. 632 life and morality, sexual dominant fighting for normative be not labeled charactera ne itcould asworldview, a lacked it as that claimed and psychoanalysis scrutinized Neufeld time. the at class working the “ as Christianity presented and worldview any of element defining potentially a as sexuality saw in published later he which Sexuality], and in place take pres a gave to Neufeld Brno/Brünn. about was that conference League World Reform Sexual 1932 September the to paper a submit to him invited Hirschfeld visits his of one at and 1932 in Vary Karlovy in a also League, World Reform Sexual the of meeting eulogyin his in a collection compelling very institute the of niveau intellectual the find not “did he that wrote Neufeld lecturing. tour, world a on was he there, not was Hirschfeld time 1 spring and 1930 of end betweenthe months few a spent Neufeld so and Berlin in Research Sexual of Institute his visit to Neufeld invited in non appeared (but medical a on article an write to Neufeld asked Hirschfeld it. visited often who 1930, of summer the in Hirschfeld met Vary Karlsbad/Karlovy “gavesexologist toth his name” anti

. (1931). (1931). . - sexual” that influenced bourgeois worldview as well but was a reason for neurosis even for for even neurosis for reason a was but well as worldview bourgeois influenced that sexual” Vívódó élet Vívódó a became later who Neufeld, Neufeld, Neufeld, “Ein Wunderkind Neufeld,. Béla and Hirschfeld, Magnus Unpublished. Location: élet. Vívódó Béla. Neufeld,

nd the library and had a very high opinion of Hirschfeld of opinion high very a had and library the nd i Mdznsh Welt Medizinische Die

This claim will need to be confirmed by further confirmedby be to will need claim This Vívódó élet Vívódó Korunk

documented in some detail the participation of Hungarian doctors at the last the at doctors Hungarian of participation the detail some in documented

in 1935. :

87.

e project. entation entitled entitled entation n eln s jit ril o te two. the of article joint a as Berlin in Kurarzt 632 Korunk

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289 Haig hsca] n h teml ah on of town bath thermal the in Physician] [Healing - asserting eros was to serve as a good basis for a for basis good a as serve to was eros asserting Fol. Hung. 3430. Hung.3430. Fol. - . The presentation itself is of interest: Neufeld interest: of is itself presentation The . Weltanschauung und Sexualitaet Sexualitaet und Weltanschauung

brainchild of Hirschfeld. Neufeld was back back was Neufeld Hirschfeld. of brainchild

sources. - Phaenomen der Kraftleistung,“ Kraftleistung,“ der Phaenomen -

634 sexologica vertheless it provided thebest tools vertheless it bt rie te documentation the praised but ” Országos Széchenyi Könyvtár Könyvtár Széchenyi Országos –

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CEU eTD Collection 636 635 t was he Marxists many for but politics, Soviet sexual of the system of idealization his and case) court his in stated (as Hungary in marriage” of form “current the of criticism his to due suspicion with viewed were views His received. he reviews him to references the by and published books his of number the by shown is which large ignite not did classes Democrats Social and liberal c middle the of (mostly urban to) available (and by read only probably were articles and books These sexologists. contemporary and Marx Freud, of basis the on question” “sexual was it and abroad living were whom of some individuals, of handful a by led was It discourse. public Hungarian Hodann'sand Max topicwas onasimilar well presentation his both that and character” social its and “sexuality on was it that infer only can we detail, such he that private in afterward him told Totis Béla Karlsbad), from came he as delegation the of part not was (Neufeld Brno in delegation Hungarian the of head the that and radical” “very been having towards than machinesour towards book, his in claimed who Gladkov, Fyodor citing work, towards face their turning masses the rather but ”authoritative” not was this that claimed he but observed Neufeld channeled.” been having “explosiveness its with there, natural become having sexuality with this explained and Europeans than sexuality about less much spoke they that see could Europe from Union Soviet the visited who everyone social and aswell. economicrenewal

All in all the discourse maintained by reformists/progressives remained fairly marginal in in marginal fairly remained reformists/progressives by maintained discourse the all in All rem he Totis: of that to similar is politics sexual Soviet of portrayal Neufeld's Béla Neufeld, “ASexuálref Neufeld, Béla Sexualitás,“ és “Világnézet Neufeld, Béla huh ta i ws to tog” notntl Ttss rsnain s o aalbe in available not is presentation Totis's Unfortunately strong.” “too was it that thought Korunk lass) and Sándor Schönstein's sex education activities among the working working the among activities education sex Schönstein's Sándor and lass)

in Romania that ded that Romania in - scale changes, either. Béla Totis was the star author in this discourse, this in author star the was Totis Béla either. changes, scale

orm Világligájának V. Nemzetközi Kongresszusa,“ Kongresszusa,“ Nemzetközi V. Világligájának orm

our beloved one.” beloved our

Korunk -

290 icated the most space and energy to presenting the the presenting to energy and space most the icated

7 (1932): 777 (1932): 7 -

635

Neufeld remembered his presentation aspresentation his Neufeldremembered - oo pragmatic and not radical enough, enough, radical not and pragmatic oo that the new Russian man was ascetic was man Russian new the that received Cement - 781.

by the audienceBrnoby the in “we have a stronger desire desire stronger a have “we Korunk Korunk 7 (1932): 822 (1932): 7 arked that that arked and book book and - 824. 636

CEU eTD Collection Jegyesoktatás re educators until discourse strands educationwouldcontinue much disruption. ofsex without Th education. sex and sexuality addressing in involved been have that voices the affect did changes Sex4.4. education after 1945 not did could anysurvive exert andnot thewar thus ch influence onthe them of most but either, 1945, after mainstream the to it make not did war, the after soon state type Stalinist/Soviet a became Hungary though even views, Their misery. of source to cease automatically would sexuality world socialist a these in around, untangle turned if would Also, chains. etc.) marriage, and procreation from detached and free (equal, sex to class working the of that (especially society of sexuality the that hypothesis,” “repressive the to subscribed progressives sexual these of Most society. bourgeois a of now” and “here the for concessions make to willing e “democratic era” between 1945 and 1949, however, was a milieu where the three main main three the where milieu a was however, 1949, and 1945 between era” “democratic e As for Christian for As political the though even Hungary, in politics sexual in watershed real the not is 1945 - evaluated their positions. An excellent example is that of Lajos Müller, whose book book whose Müller, Lajos of that is example excellent An positions. their evaluated

[Education for the Engaged] had two editions in the Horthy regi theHorthy editions in Engaged]two [Education for the had 1945 was disallowed. This did not necessarily mean that the Christian the that mean necessarily not did This disallowed. was 1945 - moralist sex education, the overt Anti overt the education, sex moralist ) was repressed by the capitalist bourgeoisie and that a proper approach approach proper a that and bourgeoisie capitalist the by repressed was )

291 -

- anging postwar sexual politics. anging postwar Semitism that characterized such such characterized that Semitism

me (in 1925 and in (in1925 me - nationalist be a a be

CEU eTD Collection 1947). Korda, 638 1925). Apostol Nyomda, 637 h as before thewar. youths with contact close a such have to and much as publish to chance a have not did Hungary) Christian by produced publications of volume The occasions). many on “liberal” by replaced (“Jewish” 1945 after West the to fled who wingers, right extreme emigrant the by written publications Semitic worked brochure advice marriage the worldview,” Catholic the with “irreconcilable and “liberal” under meantwas what probably knew most book the reading couple anti open allow not did that rules new the with conform to Catholic the with reconcilable not worldview.” newspapers or newspapers “liberal with replaced was to sensitivity well more educated, “more part the excluded it and names book, when recommending sources,stated press the of edition original The edition. third revised, a in again published was it 1947 in and 1940) zsá könyve: ázasság

No Catholic family table should miss having a political newspaper of Catholic spirit or a or spirit Catholic of newspaper political a misshaving should table familyCatholic No seductive serpents, should not just be banned from the little paradise of our family but need to be be s to non a need having but press family For well. our as of might, our paradise all little with crushed the from banned be just not should Jewis serpents, seductive Liberal, either. Szemle', well 'Katholikus more educated, more The etc.”. Nő', 'Keresztény missionarypaper, a Hírnöke', Sz.Szíve 'Jézus Szív', 'A like life spiritual serving ecretly works for ruining the Catholic family and morals. and family Catholic the ruining for works ecretly nte eape f h cniute i pswr hita sx dcto is education sex Christian postwar in continuities the of example Another Lajos Müller, Müller, Lajos Müller, Lajos The 1947 edition changed this text in two places. Firstly, in deleted one of the newspaper the of onedeleted places.Firstly, in two text in this changed edition 1947 The

638 -

nationalists, however, beca however, nationalists, the new, egalitarian wind. Secondly, “liberal, Jewish Social Democratic papers” papers” Democratic Social Jewish “liberal, Secondly, wind. egalitarian new, the

The publication thus did not have to change the essence of its message in message its of essence the change to have not did thus publication The

Jegyesoktatás: jegyesek és házasság jegyesek Jegyesoktatás: számára és hajadonok ifjak felnőtt készülő és házasságra jegyesek Jegyesoktatás: aoiu hzsái tanácsadó házassági katolikus

- off Catholic families cannot miss having 'Magyar Kultura' and and Kultura' 'Magyar having miss cannot families Catholic off me significantly less, most authors (if they remained in remained they (if authors most less, significantly me h Social Democratic papers, publications, as infernal infernal as publications, papers, Democratic Social h -

292

ra készülő felnőtt ifjak és hajadonok számára és hajadonok ifjak felnőtt készülő ra -

[The book of happy marriage: Catholic Catholic marriage: happy of book [The 637

- Catholic spirit often openly, but always always but openly, often spirit Catholic - Semitism. As the young engaged engaged young the As Semitism. - off”, which shows an increased increased an shows which off”, similarly to the coded anti coded the to similarly press product product press

(Budapest: (Budapest: (Budapest: A boldog boldog A order

- CEU eTD Collection 639 sud were policies state because approach and wording actual their adapt to need did among authors. Catholic and sudden a of all disappear not did values interwar that shows rhetoric eugenic of use open the and expression the of use The well. anti in brought connotations, medical the with alongside protection”, “race the with especially improvement”, “race discuss and values eugenic familygetting before married: “ancestors also but for partner a choose looking just not do were they because bear who to responsibility immense those, an have marriage today” of knowledge “hereditary the on based that claiming imp (race “fajnemesítés” word the used still authors the convictions: eugenic strong reflects book the Also, cautious”). us make should instincts, their harness cannot who individuals including digressions, sexual that mention (“w partners marriage as promiscuity in living been had who anyone, recommend not did authors The irresponsibility. and games adventure, for ready was ancient the in rooted was this as marriage type” “motherly a choose to boys young recommended and marriage of basis moral the on emphasis Catholic the reflected book The 1948. in published was that advisor] marriage

In a family where there are often cases of open mental illness or any psychological illness of the soul soul the of illness psychological any or illness mental open of cases often are there where family a In nervous doctor. mental or a marriageor advisers expert of thefor advice but ask suicide or murder or life, sexual of seriousabnormalities a or extremeor epilepsy temper, or people, and reality to with regards individual defo serious the it with brings that It is rather surprising that as late as 1948 such a publication would promote openly openly promote would publication a such 1948 as late as that surprising rather is It A boldog házasság könyve: kiadja a Katolikus Házassági Tanácsadó Házassági Katolikus a kiadja könyve: házasság boldog A they but 1945 after churches Christian the of rhetoric the in change much not was There for their children” and so one needs to get to know about the health of the other's other's the of health the about know to get to needs one so and children” their for

rovement) and warned about the degeneration of the nation, nation, the of degeneration the about warned and rovement) rmation of the personality of the individual, or a dysfunction of the the of dysfunction a or individual, the of personality the of rmation –

from such a family we should not choose a a choose not should we family a such from that even hereditary eugenics could find its promoters even promoters its find could eugenicshereditary even that - natural unlike the “lover” or “comradely” type, who who type, “comradely” or “lover” the unlike natural -

293 -

. (Budapest: Béke Nyomda, 1948). Nyomda, Béke (Budapest: . e perhaps don't even need to to need even don't perhaps e

1941 Marriage Law where Law Marriage 1941 639

partner on our own own our on partner - Semitic meanings as meanings Semitic

woman for for woman denly very very denly

CEU eTD Collection Library. the National Archive or Medical Semmelweis Archive,the 643 642 2013. 25, September 641 640 aired was it and DGBG) the from Germany from 1920s early the in received Teleia that one based partly Lehner, Imre and Guszman József by together put was this which100 diapositives were presentations forafor over decade. usedVD propaganda publication 1929 used much the of author the Grúsz, Frigyes by written was dermato of “progress the on publication 1949 a In war. secretar co its of one being Somogyi Zsigmond Guszman, József Bizottság Antiveneriás (Országos new the from coming expectations and values 19 after the governments to due partly is This 1949. and 1945 change. asid promoted, they that messages that forth put main the and slightly beonly waned churches Christian the of influence the 1949 and 1945 between can it so and 1949 in takeover Communist the until up youths of majority archdeacon. of rank the to promoted was 1947 remained in and career Church successful his on continued Koszter educatorsFather even place, in largely Christian time same the 1945 At in reduced. were banned publication for were opportunities Prohászka Ottokár by one and Bangha anti different and Christian

- omns ad anti and Communist The OAB prepared a movie movie a prepared OAB The between unchanged similarly remained VD and sexuality health, on literature Pragmatist I was unfortunately unable to find a copy of the movie, it is not among the materials of the National Film National materialsofthe the not among movie,it is copy a ofthe find unableto was unfortunately I y Box No.2 , XIX No.2 Box Lexikon Katolikus Magyar jegyzéke sajtótermékek és szovjetellenes antidemokratikus fasiszta, A

642

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all of them were prominent figures of the AB and antivenereal struggle before the before struggle antivenereal and AB the of figures prominent were them of all

- 45 but also to the continuity in personnel. The Antivenereal Committee Antivenereal The personnel. in continuity the to also but 45 C - - national sexual morals became less and less exclusive. Some more openly more Some exclusive. and less less morals sexual became national 9. Országos Közegészségügyi Tanác Közegészségügyi Országos 9.

- eii bos lk to ok o Fte Kstr svrl y Béla by several Koszter, Father of books two like books, Semitic

. Online. Available: Available: Online. . –

Harc a a nemibetegségek ellen nemibetegségek a a Harc fo oe anti open from e OAB) was formed in June 1945 and its Chairman became Chairman its and 1945 June in formed was OAB) 641

hita you Christian -

294 http://lexikon.katolikus.hu/K/Koszterszitz.html -

- s, MOL s, eiim n anti and Semitism - venerology”, the part on VD propaganda propaganda VD on part the venerology”,

h raiain sil nopse a encompassed still organizations th - Chairs and Ödön Rajka becoming its its becoming Rajka Ödön and Chairs

Budapest: Ál Budapest:

[Struggle against VD] against [Struggle - 46 640

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omns, i not did Communism, n, s ttd the stated, as and, t. Ny.1946. t. that contained the the contained that , accessed accessed ,

643

and CEU eTD Collection 645 644 against was VD” follows: detailed as inwhichprophylaxis Th movie. antivenereal the of airing the being tenth the with Lehner) (Imre life” sexual of “problems and Grúsz) (Frigyes enlightenment sexual Reök), István by (presented ethics sexual about were three first the which seri a holding recommended OAB The support. financial Welfare notreceive byitdid happen, any thePeople's butlater supported initiallyMinistry was it journal own its launch should OAB the effective more propaganda antivenereal life”sexual shallbe emphasized. of ethics the of importance great “the and pedagogues and parents of cooperation the with done abou children inform should world animal the and plants from examples school elementary of classes upper the in 1920s: the of half second the in AB the of that to similar were set objectives the and argumentationused the for enlightenment sexual of question the OAB the of meeting third the At crowds. larger attract to workplaces at mostly country, the around

What are the most important rules of prophylaxis? of most rules important the are What t Dcme meig f h OB t a ee rcmedd ht f that recommended even was it OAB the of meeting December a At Ibid: BoxNo.3. Ibid: Ibid.      

arae s h bs poeto aant eeel ies. seily al mrig ad if and marriage early Especially Disease. Venereal against protection best the is Marriage abstention. healthof effects absolutelyadverse no are There unhea is abstention that idea The abstention. is prophylaxis secure most The Let us remember that all sexual contact outside marriage bears danger! marriagebears outside contact sexual that all usLetremember drunk.when caught are problems Most severely. resistance reduces gr the is alcohol because drunk, when contact sexual have not should One because him, on scar. or scar smallest injury the infect through syphiliscan or injury smallest the sees one if contact sexual have not should One has one will he If with these, contact sexual infection. health of danger The the stop ones. to enough secret not is as women well registered for as examination ones registered VD, spread prostitutes Especially him. be easily will there women, several with contact well is It Mari marriage. inhealth. preserving for important very other also is but each view of point to ethical an form faithful obligation an just not remain is fidelity they if and marry individuals healthy

- known how widespread VD has become. It is natural that if someone has sexual sexual has someone if that natural is It become. has VD widespread how known

e OAB, still in 1945, issued a series of pamphlets entitled “Struggle entitled pamphlets of series a issued 1945, in still OAB, e

rpouto ad n eodr sho elgtnet hud be should enlightenment school secondary in and reproduction t

644

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295

on cm u a a an oi ad the and topic main a as up came young one diseased among them, who will infect will who them, among diseased one es of presentations in January 1946 in 1946 January in presentations of es

645

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CEU eTD Collection 142. 1949): Társulat, ( tükrében tanfolyamok továbbképző szakmai a haladása venerológia 646 especiallyafter ofand 1936 “TheGreatfamily mores rule sexual Retreat”interms policy Stalin's Nichol observer, contemporary A 1920s. the throughout doctors and educators Soviet by promoted was “normalcy” on sexual 1920s, discourses early the of in sexuality multitude a and liberalization temporary a to subsequent before, accurate even anand was 1930s, early the in consolidatio Stalin's after sexuality of talk Union no or little was there Soviet observation: the in issues sexual of discussion of 1949 point: The turning sexuality and Stalinist almost nobody it. was using it, for propaganda no was there as that claimed but 1929 in Ministry Welfare People's the by material VD.” from refuge best the asmarried life pure advise only can “healthpropaganda that concluded anddegradation” bo the for harmful were often) too (if emissions nocturnal even and masturbation promiscuity, that and sex extramarital of dangers knowledge onprophylactics. provi to continued and fidelity, and marriage abstention, recommending on keen messagesPragmatists still after1945.major changeswere inpragmatist shows thattherewere no Phallako like

What Béla Neufeld, Béla Totis and other sexual progressive Marxists described, the lack lack the described, Marxists progressive sexual other and Totis Béla Neufeld, Béla What the about public the informing of importance the discussed 1949 from article Grúsz's chemicals recommending well, as prophylaxis about information included brochure The Frigyes Grúsz, “A nemibetegségek elleni propaga elleni “Anemibetegségek Grúsz, Frigyes s and even mentioned “prophylacticum contra morbos venereos” that had been allowed been had that venereos” morbos contra “prophylacticum mentioned even and s ad eo n icesn proa hygiene personal increasing and Veto and s

646

Grúsz recommended the use of prophylactics like condoms and chemical and condoms like prophylactics of use the recommended Grúsz

dy. He claimed that “for girls pregnancy can often cause social social cause often can pregnancygirls “for that claimed He dy. -

29 nda,” in Ödön Rajka and Ernő Kálmán, Kálmán, Ernő and Rajka in Ödön nda,” 6 -

Budapest: Magyar Orvosi Könyvkiadó Orvosi Könyvkiadó Magyar Budapest: s . iahf cle Saiim and Stalinism called Timasheff S. as –

all in all, however, the above text text above the however, all, in all n of power in 1931 in power of n A dermato A e h same the de -

CEU eTD Collection 648 Sexuali Youth Soviet relations'. 'Unhealthy “BattlingAnn, Livschiz, 2007). Press, University Illinois Northern (DeKalb: 88 2003): Press, University 647 pre health the for found were procedures screening other ways, new well: as ended health of terms in partner marital of choice a for concern the about story related The Law. marriage of story The Stalinism. of as counseling, introduction the after and before knowledge sexual and education sex about found be to is what in perceptible clearly is change the and Hungary the that objective collective higher, a hadindividual tounderstand and accept. serve would desire of limitation and moderation A urges. sexual all before stand to was society in preeminence its and work” of “love the industry, production intensified for demand the world Soviet this In aims. and a background different with albeit Hungary, interwar in reprimanded reformers, sexual they, that morality sexual th of sexuality conservativesLenin. like sexual of ideas the reflected it that and femininity of terms in restrictive and asexual patriarchal, se puritan a for foundations the laid already doctors, (male) Soviet by mostly promoted 1920s, the of propaganda sexual the because retreat, striking a such not values Stalin Retreat.” Great “The of theory the against work that arguments present all policy, sexual and family Soviet of experts Livschiz, Ann and Hoffmann L. David law divorce a to obstacles re the with

ism was in terms of the production of sexual knowledge and in terms of sexual and family and sexual of terms in and knowledge sexual of production the of terms in was ism ty as a Political Problem,” Problem,” Political as a ty With the full Communis full the With the of in” “channeling properand normalization healthya assaw Neufeld and Totis What See for example Hoffmann: 88 examplefor Hoffmann: See L, David Hoffmann, - nrdcin f anti of introduction

shown in Chapter 4, finished in 1952 with the full abolition of the 1941 Marriage 1941 the of abolition full the with 1952 in finished 4, Chapter in shown nw oit a/oa ws n at ricrain f h sm “Christian” same the of reincarnation a fact in was man/woman Soviet new e - 117. Bernstein, Frances, Frances, Bernstein, 117. Stalinist values: the cultural norms of Soviet modernity, 1917 modernity, Soviet norms of cultural the values: Stalinist

648

that had been one of the most liberal in Europe. Frances Bernstein, Frances Europe. in liberal most the of one been had that

Journal of Historical Sociology Historical of Journal

- t takeover in 1948/1949 Stalinist sexual morality dawned upon upon dawned morality sexual Stalinist 1948/1949 in takeover t - a sdm lw, h bnig f brin n administrative and abortion of banning the laws, sodomy gay 89.

The Dictatorship of Sex: lifestyle advice for the Soviet masses Soviet the for lifestyleadvice Sex: of Dictatorship The -

297 -

21 (2008): 397 (2008): 21 647 - 416.

codn t ter views, their to According

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(Ithaca: Cornell (Ithaca:Cornell vention of the the of vention

CEU eTD Collection 652 publicity. entering for muchchance have he did SovietUnion, this of because partly Communist perhaps but, dedicated was and a 1945 after Budapest 651 verywassmall. war thein survival of theirchances so 650 post Haraszti: (István was published book sexeducation newoftype szerelem,házasság barátság, youthorganizati theHungarian 649 this “All silencing conscious as felt Neufeld what to due also partly was however, silence, volc The anymore.(...) 'obsessed' not Iam well. as faded has freshness spiritual my damaged, severely was health my just “Not experiences: personal his to partly attributed industry in working youths screen to effort t contributed mass the that and clear checks it health make words premarital Neufeld's obligatory of termination the with coincides promotion this was 1952 Hea the of Director in to promoted and Institute Health Work National the for worked then Union Trade Doctor's the of periodical the of editor first was and war the after Budapest in lived He years. for active Buchenwald in liberation his after and well as deported war. the before as much as publish to chance a have not did he but remained Neufeld Bergen depo was Schönstein 1943, or 1942 Francein Southern is Nazis bythe killed was Totis heard: be to not time that by were voices main the because assessed be cannot 1949 after to findpublicly materialsyears. available thatrefer tosexuality educationinthese orsex 8 1957. circa until lasted this and 1949 in halt temporary a to came officials, state and fore the into question” “sexual the brought that explosion discursive The it. imagined have would Totis or Neufeld as “repression” of end the in notresult did reproduction andbutthis masses indeed from sexuality, was and detached marriage

- 1945 OAB and this was followed by a liberalization and a renewed “proliferation of the discourse” on sex. on discourse” ofthe renewed“proliferation a and liberalization a by followed was this OAB and 1945 - The open discussion of sex returned only after the 1956 revolution. A 1957 publication for the presenters of of the for presenters publication revolution.A 1957 1956 afterthe only returned ofsex discussion open The reac The Neufeld. Neufeld. ofthe Totis thefor author same istrue The well and Marxist and Jewish wereboth ofthe time progressives sexual all Virtually esn ad me és as de a te ad f h Nzs poal i 1944. in probably Nazis, the of hand the at died also Décsi Imre and Belsen, o making premarital checks irrelevant). The fact that Neufeld became silent can be be can silent became Neufeld that fact The irrelevant). checks premarital making o Vívódó élet Vívódó tion of the Marxist sexual progressives of the 1930s to the Socialism that set in set that Socialism the to 1930s the of progressives sexual Marxist the of tion , (1954): , (Budapest: KISZ Propaganda és Agitációs Központja, 1957)) But already in 1958 a 1958 alreadyBut in 1957)) Központja, és Agitációs KISZ Propaganda (Budapest:

on (KISZ) still reflected the Stalinist morality of the early 1950s ( early1950s morality ofthe the Stalinist reflected still (KISZ) on

lth Examination Institute for Students in Industry (the timing of of timing (the Industry in Students for Institute Examination lth 237.

- book review in in review book

298 front for Christian educators, doctors, pedagogues pedagogues doctors, educators, Christian for front -

A n emi élet kérdései élet emi Korunk his ill health impeded him from being from him impeded health ill his , the writer Lajos Nagy. He remained in in remained He writer Nagy. the , Lajos ) by a former member of the memberofthe former a by )

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My birth, the profession of my father is therefore one negative thing. What What thing. negative one therefore is father my of profession the birth, My decade decade end my Freudism; criticize personally psychoanalysis, about evaluatively positively, wrote I decades for that is f sources on sex would have been unimaginable in the youth magazines of the Horthy era. era. Horthy the of magazines youth the in unimaginable been have would sex on sources f In newspa keyof Communist example The in Lukács György by 1949 from article an as Freudism, I checked thechecked iss I “ György, Lukács, 245. Ibid: 242. Ibid: 655

Szabad Ifjúság Szabad Nők Lapja Nők hs xml sos ht h sex the that shows example This – 653

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299 f complaint, but it seems that my word, my pen is is pen my word, my that seems it but complaint, f Társadalmi Szemle Szemle Társadalmi pers, the youth dailyyouth the pers, -

–

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- CEU eTD Collection 658 Lenin. Lenin, from: V.I. taken (English version January1950). 657 and Bevin) Blum, Franco, concluded with the Greece, (Truman, West the from came that world the in bad the all with out started and daughter her of birth the celebrated which Csohány, Gabriella by 1950 ways various in confirmed was filth” related societies and normalcy tocapitalist demanded a as dem and “pornography of moderation, of collective, the of importance the emphasized which Zetkin, Lapja Nők

International Publishers, 1970.) InternationalPublishers, needs clarity, clarity and again clarity. And so I repeat, no weakening, no waste, no destruction of of destruction no waste, no weakening, no repeat, Self forces. I so And clarity. again and clarity It clarity, ideal. communist needs the from situation, class a from fight to urge strongest the receives It capitalism. sexual by little as Intoxication stimulus. t shame, the forget forget, a not shall and not must It or alcohol. by as exaggeration narcotic of a heroines as intoxication and need doesn’t heroes It class. decadent rising the for It normal individuals. are sex in from Dissoluteness as D’Annunzio. masses, such the conditions, From orgiastic forces. tolerate of cannot increase concentration, demands revolution The The role of women as mothers and as the “producers of a new generation of workers” workers” of generation new a of “producers the as and mothers as women of role The Gabriella Csohány, “Kislányom születésnapjára,” születésnapjára,” “Kislányom Csohány, Gabriella beszélgetésből),” folytatott Zetkinnel Klara a (szemelvények házasságról “Lenina from Budapest in clinics gynecology the of one of Director the Horn, Béla by speech A

mentioned sex only on one occasion and even that was Lenin's discussion with Clara with discussion Lenin's was that even and occasion one on only sex mentioned - control, se control, following:

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–

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300 T

he Emancipation of Women. From the writings of V.I. V.I. writingsof the From Women. of Emancipation he a good example is an amateur poem from April from poem amateur an is example good a – Nők Lapja Nők

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CEU eTD Collection 661 660 659 notable A authors. Soviet e of translations Hungarian predominantly were subject the upon came role.neverpossible secondanda “man”even upas came a as person. and comrade a as me to lot a mean could he that felt I whom about comrade, a know to socie in usefulness general their and (productivity) ethics work their State, the and Party the to loyalty their on based selected are partners marriage where morals” “socialist of talk by accompanied gende of pretense the and propaganda and to similar házassága a of that review, film a from deducted be even can ethos motherhood. women: of calling greatest and noble most the “accomplishing in them assist and life whole their in birth from women follow would est being was (nővédelem) protection” “women that and children and mothers of health the to attention special paid government the and party the that emphasized also 1952 xample is that of the Russian pedagogue, Anton Semenovych Makarenko (the “Pope” of Soviet of “Pope” (the Makarenko Semenovych Anton pedagogue, Russian the of that is xample

ty tenderness and love with help to educate, to needs party developed more the marriage in that shows It done community. work the for good without possible not is marriage happy that us teaches It message. deep and serious (…). Communist the husband, her understand not self a not is wife young the Kis, Katalin 661 The few books that were published after 1949 on sex and morality or at least touched touched least at or morality and sex on 1949 after published were that books few The Néphadsereg ”Postafiók,” ”Postafiók,” magyarfilm),” (új házassága ”Kis Katalin Szovjetunióban” a fejlődése “Az egészségügy Béla. Horn, –

as a woman who in a letter to the editors of of Nők Lapja stated: “two months ago I inalettergotLapja“two ofagoas totheNőkmonths who stated: editors a woman ” In other words, she met someone, who was comrade in the first first the in comrade was who someone, met she words, other In ” Szabad Ifjúság Szabad

[The marriage[The ofKatalin byFélix Kis] Máriássy: Nők Lapja Nők , the official weekly magazine of the Hungarian army shows a picture picture a shows army Hungarian the of magazine weekly official the , the other one whoweaker. is one other the

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2 (15 (15 1950) 2 March

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CEU eTD Collection 665 315 1949): 664 401. Livschiz: 663 662 author towrite about sexuality inpost of education the chil on book Makarenko's Germany East In sexuality. included this and world material the in roots have to thought was psyche the in was that everything so and dominated had theory Hungary. reflex Pavlov's in were they as rejected similarly were Freudians and Sexualwissenschaft As well. as countries Socialist other introduced 1949. inHungary in ed the reducing for well, as recommended excitation for opportunities sports and center the in being work hard young: kno any than marriage homeland the of love to and egoism of go let to him/her urge andcommunity a in live abilityto his child'sfriends, the for out look would parent advice,a “no upon built be should life family as “cynical” too be would sex of biology the about information actual providing that believed he adolescents for even and early) too sex about excited them make would it (as children small for education recommended Makarenko education. sex on was book the of lecture last the pedagogy), sexual

ucation both in the Soviet Union in the end of the 1930s and in the Stalinist morality that was was that morality Stalinist the in and 1930s the of end the in Union Soviet the in both ucation dren was similarly in vogue and sexuality was reduced to the “realm of mystery.” The first first The mystery.” of “realm the to reduced was sexuality and vogue in similarly was dren In fact, this puritanism was not only introduced in Hungary at the time but it extended to extended it but time the at Hungary in introduced only not was puritanism this fact, In Volkmar Sigusch, Geschichte der Sexualwissen der Geschichte VolkmarSigusch, Makarenko, Szemjonovics Anton u sums Livschiz Ann 92. 2008): Campus, (Frankfurt: Sexualwissenschaft, der Geschichte VolkmarSigusch, - 322.

662

[The History of Sexology] in the early postwar years in East Germany Freud Freud Germany East in years postwar early the in Sexology] of History [The

whose selection of pedagogical writings appeared in Hungarian in 1949 and1949 in Hungarian writingsappearedin pedagogical of selection whose wledge about sex. Also, Makarenko recommended a strict schedule for the the schedulefor strict arecommended Makarenko Also, sex. aboutwledge p Makarenko's main message as ”they will figure it out when they get married”. get whenthey it out will figure message as ”they main Makarenko's p

664 high status: in this materialistic psychology it was physiology that that physiology was it psychology materialistic this in status: high . Makarenko's puritanism well represented the attitude towards sex towards attitude the represented well puritanism Makarenko's .

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xistence reduced to one's relationship reducedxistence thecentral with toone's leadership.” lity onto society and had no tolerance for any other ways of discussing the subject. Female subject. the discussing of ways other any for tolerance no had and society onto lity The real watershed thus is the Stalinist takeover, which attempted to completely remove remove completely to attempted which takeover, Stalinist the is thus watershed real The magazine, historical popular the in article an In István Rév, “Nincs nő, nincs vágy, nincs szex,” nincsszex,” vágy, nincs nő, “Nincs Rév, István movie the Rév cites 492. Ibid:

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Sexuality and body belonged to the West, Socialists were Socialists West, the to belonged body and Sexuality

a milieu that in its restrictive attempts surpassed in many in surpassed attempts restrictive its in that milieu a A tanú, A -

303 Rubicon

DVD (Budapest: Mafilm, 1969). Mafilm, DVD(Budapest: s such everything that was feminine could be be could feminine was that everything such s -

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etr, a te ie o cutrtak a counterattack for time the saw century, Interwar Hungary's Christian Hungary's Interwar European other many than road different a on was politics sexual Hungarian Interwar Sauerteig writes for Germany “after the turn of the century the decisive initiatives withre initiatives decisive the the century theof “after turn Germany for writes Sauerteig

(1999): n

262.

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Jew and the prostitute must be in conflict and that the one “opens up” the Other, as they are both seen both are as they Other, “opensthe up” one that the in and conflict must be the Jewand prostitute n rvos hpes hv dat rmrl wt nraie dis normative with primarily dealt have I chapters previous In In ancient ancient In

as “dangers” to the economy, both fiscal and sexual, of the state. (…) For the Jew and the prostitute prostitute the Jewand For (…) state. ofthe sexual, fiscal both and economy, the to as “dangers” From the standpoint of the normative perspective of the European middleclass,it i European ofthe perspective normative the standpoint of the From are seen as negating factors, o factors, seen asnegating are Sander Gilman, “The Jewish Murderer”, in Murderer”, Jewish “The Gilman, Sander - nationalist texts on sex education that I realized that the seemingly a seemingly the Ithat realized educationthat sex on texts nationalist n mdr oaoia ad ieay icus cia rrl ocr wti a within occurs rarely climax discourse literary and oratorical modern and to a distinct Jewish health or sexuality and, based on these, would suggest would these, on based and, sexuality or health Jewish distinct a to - Semitism thatcannotSemitism beseparated from thedissertation's narrative. - miscegenation provisions in Law No. XV of 1941 had deeper had 1941 of XV No. Law in provisions miscegenation utsiders whose sexual images represent all of the dangers felt to be be to felt ofthe all dangers represent images whosesexual utsiders Volkskörper -

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icient and achieve goals with maximum speed and minimum expenditure of expenditure minimum and speed maximum with goals achieve and icient , 72 (2009): 61. 61. (2009): 72 ,

ches upon a long a upon ches Digression is a deliberately uneconomic mode of narrative, which resolutely narrative, modeof uneconomic deliberately is a Digression

Ambulatory Narrative Narrative Ambulatory -

a couple of dozen court cases from 1942 from cases court dozen of couple a -

308

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in order to continue to secure for themselves the money of their ”friend.” ofmoneytheir thethemselves for continue secure to to inorder ones the are joyless bleak, is it beco never will actually They hopeless. and outside, the from carefree seems life their while voluptuaries; wretched of victims the are accomplices wealthy their of pockets the off live who maitresses women, kept The t oial fol logically It societies European in created being Jews towards points texts various in Gilman Sander József Koszterszitz, ”Sátán tőrvetése,” in in tőrvetése,” ”Sátán Koszterszitz, József M Jewish “The Gilman,

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– -

309 and to seek for the boundaries of the “normal” in “normal” the of boundaries the for seek to and - tionship. It was society as a whole invited to to invited whole a as society was It tionship.

–

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(Budapest: Szent István Társulat, Társulat, István Szent (Budapest: rsiue lo a a social a has also prostitute Sátán tőrvetése;

These These

CEU eTD Collection 1 Budapest, 673 having encounters; many their Gilman as and, normality of sexual the beyond one certainly was infected in being and sex extramarital disease venereal acquired have they that fact vague notmake did butthis decision definitionof “indecent” the of qu in court, (in public became simply, (or “indecent” labeled be could they proceeding a such of course the lifein and newspapers) sexual their of details Embarrassing respectability. scrutini to opportunity an gave ambiguity the time same the At initially. especially confusion, certain created this and prostitutes” “registered say not did law The indecent. or decent of category the in either women produce to opportunity further a was defilement race Female decency “femaleand sexuality” “Jewish decency” were inrace constructed cases. defilement interc two the how uncover to endeavor and materials court to refer will Ipages of couple following the In “normality.” to back way a shown be to had and posed men Jewish

estionable bycourt. morality) the theprosecutor or László Josefovits, LászlóJosefovits, In these case studies the indecency of these wome these of indecency the studies case these In a cases, court borderline of number a after established, (Kúria) Court Supreme The and materials education sex in decency female of ideas the discussed already have We good morals, upon mere prompting, is ready to have an intimate encounter, cannot be considered considered be cannot view. of point protection race froma decent encounter, intimate an have to ready is prompting, mere upon morals, good A woman who, without the slightest the without who, woman A 944).

Fajgyalázás: az 1941: 15. t. c. 15. c. t. 15. 15. 1941: az Fajgyalázás: e h bhvo o mn wmn h poe te odr o accepted of borders the probed who women many of behavior the ze

hesitation or resistance that would indicate female shame and and shame female indicate would that resistance or hesitation 673 -

310 - -

ának büntetőbírósági joggyakorlata ának büntetőbírósági

kolde f omlzto ta put that normalization of knowledge a n is underlined in some cases by the the by cases some in underlined is n - making problem free:making problem onnected themes, themes, onnected

(Bethlen:

CEU eTD Collection substituta e.g. rights, related any exercise 677 1944):15 Budapest, 676 675 a was decency Establishing vulnerable. and exposed her left this if even attention, of center the th of indecency ofabortionstrict moralestablishnot. indecency, would did this denouncement butit al had she that argue to tried case same the in attorney defense The decent. as established was conduct her so and well, as them liked she that added but paid who men with occasionally sex had have to admitted woman if decide to her for not was it decent, was she that decide to woman the for not was it If occasions. some on only then even and cases borderline money.” for intercourse I intercourse, have to me asks man any and street the on am I ”whenever whistle” a upon someone with goes just who someone, am I seems ”it claimed, who woman, a like indecent, as themselves define to motivated be would women cases ma in So acquitted. was penalized) be could who actor, only (the man Jewish the established public moral on law 1927 the laws,” “decency the of one on (based which cinema”, the of counter the “at or highway” the “on were encounters the that cases some in mentioned is It imagination. public in long a for has VD shown, repeatedly has ot wo r i ne o poeto. Se ” m kr blgmnstre 110012 BM számú B.M. 151.000/1927 belügyminiszternek kir. m. ”A See: protection.” of 327 (1927): 32 Közlöny Belügyi védelme,” közerkölcsiség a körrendelete: need in are who youth the provide (….) to obliged are police the (…) manner. inopportune will,an in her against acquainted, becoming of aim with the space public the others. violate may of which standards gesture, ethical or move and lewd taste a good make to or expressions filthy or language coarse loud use 674

Side note: women in such court cases were officially referred to as the “injured party” but they could not theyparty” could but as the “injured to werereferred officially cases suchcourt womenin note: Side LászlóJosefovits, K583,MOL Kúria, 112, batch Item69, t h sm tm i breln css h dfne a otn oiae t etbih the establish to motivated often was defense the cases borderline in time same the At was it when because resistance of form a become could indecency voluntary However, For improving moral standards on the street and in public spaces in general it is forbidden: (…) to to (…) forbidden: is it general in spaces public in and street the on standards moral improving For s) were public spacesandcould wheres) werenotsites thus decentbeaddressed. women public e woman and would thus try to push the intimate details of her private life into into life private her of details intimate the push to try thus would and woman e - 17.

Fajg 676

yalázás: az 1941: 15. t. c. 15. c. t. 15. 15. 1941: az yalázás:

most comprehensive protection for the public and the wo the and public the for protection comprehensive most hs saeet wr, oee, ny ovnig o te or in court the for convincing only however, were, statements These ready been penalized for abortion. He probably hoped that given the the given that hoped probably He abortion. for penalized been ready

e private accusation. private e

(…) to address a decent woman (girl or married woman) in a a in woman) married or (girl woman decent a address to (…)

time been a “glue” that connected Jews and prostitutes prostitutes and Jews connected that “glue” a been time -

311 - -

ának büntetőbírósági joggyakorlata ának büntetőbírósági h ws neet either. indecent, was she - 328.

675

man or adolescent adolescent or man or another, who said who another, or go with him to have to him with go 677

(Bethlen: n n cs a case one In

674 ny

CEU eTD Collection 679 http://www.szociologia.hu/dynamic/mszt_k Főiskola, Lelkészképző Szo Magyar a innováció fajgyalázá utcábana Falk a Miksa vacsorái báró Kohn főhercege' 678 moral “her in, gave she pengő, 10 offered he when but refused she First street. the on man only who countryside, the from girl naïve Christian a from taken been have could attorney extramarital r indecen sexual various the into “misconducts” might theengaged woman have in. deep plunge to defense for strategy rational a often was it therefore senten prison years) 5 to (up long potentially a and case a of aspect crucial

in conflict with good morals. good with in conflict is it though even view, of point implementation law a from indecent as termed be cannot attraction on based purely implications, financial no with and man single a with conducted liaison extramarital an study: ”Sztalin case defilement race interesting Lugosi András in found be can case ofthis Documents adulterous, an in was woman Christian the that underlined defense the case another In doctor, his see to happy be withlilies?????? white wouldglove a handher in weddingwhitedress, in a altar who person, class b middle or jurist engineer, decent the is Where this. after good but morality of height the as see might some strangers seen with alcohol drinking and down sitting dance” “solo the after then and financiers cy of thevividlycy woman, of shows: Item 69, batch 183, K583, Kúria, MOL Kúria, K583, 183, batch Item69, As the appeal of a defense attorney in a Budapest case, claiming (amongst others) the the others) (amongst claiming case, Budapest a in attorney defense a of appeal the As In a 1944 Budapest case the court’s dismissal of the indecency claim of the defense defense the of claim indecency the of dismissal court’s the case Budapest 1944 a In elationship, but thecourtelationship, but their dismissed claim as embezzling and voluptuaries wealthy dandies, drunk for tavern a in dancing But

, and behaving in a way that ext that way a in behaving and , Online: ciológiai Társaság éves konferenciája és közgyűlése 2010. november 5 2010. és közgyűlése konferenciája éves Társaság ciológiai ank official son leading a dancer from Moulin Rouge or other taverns to the the to taverns other or Rouge Moulin from dancer a leading son official ank

679

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CEU eTD Collection 680 anti sexual on sources various the by and materials education sex chapter's previous the in exhibited as stereotypes, the sexuality, male Jewish for As reproduction. of acts we relationships such that unlikely is it and case such any found not Ihave and he both However, relationships. lesbian penalized have could theory in this that asserting when right is Lugosi András women. Christian aliens the to become automatically would they that so Jews by fathered be) to desired perhaps were (and be the a wereone Gilman, the Jew and prostitute Sander with seen have we as concern; no of were women indecent of offspring The children. their for and bodies their foroffered State the that protection” “race the receive not regist be just not could result a as indecent as labeled were who normal was what of boundaries confessionals. of series case, Women a through witheverysexualitycourt established were being The society. Hungarian interwar in meant decency what prison sentenceas converted he had woman. intoa decent her him to faithful remained and prostitute a as life her up de the met she once but prostitute secret a being for police the with issues had “exancategorized aswas woman a regardsoccurred when to decency ba that argued defendant.” the of offer financial attractive the and deprivation by shaken resistance Jewish Sexuality

ca these in work at was normalization sexual fact in that us show all cases These Item 69, batch 236, K583, Kúria, MOL Kúria, K583, 236, batch Item69, Jewish female sexuality was not a theme for race race for theme a not was femalesexuality Jewish Volkskörper sed on a single intercourse one could determine indecency. A paradoxical case as case paradoxical A indecency. determine could one intercourse single a on sed

re prosecuted, as the top objective of the provision was inhibiting unwanted unwanted inhibiting was provision the of objective top the as prosecuted, re .

nd the same, they belongedthey same, the nd

313 -

–

defilement as this could only happen to onlyhappen could this as defilement this, however, granted him a 4 month month 4 a him granted however, this,

together and so these children couldchildren these so andtogether

ered as prostitutes but they did they but prostitutes as ered - secret prostitute.” She had - Semit fendant she gave gave she fendant ism in Europe in ism 680

The court The ses as to as ses

CEU eTD Collection 684 683 accepted. was neighbor's, a party”,possibly 682 Sexualität history a Jews: des 681 the of ethics the influenced and child a with her impregnating by way deterministic a in future inf and community natural her from child' a still 'nearly was who woman Jewish happened male affair. inasimilar withaChristian wit associated thus was man Jewish The defendant.” the by infected been well as just could “she that stated “indecency,” her for appeal defense's the upon instance, second of court The prostitutes. many for catering clinic VD a was which utca, can wouldinterrogatebygenitals.” believethatinspectors himhanging by his him man intelligent “no police: the of threats the of because only crime the admitted had he claiming confession, his back take to tried who suspect the reprimanded court the case one In measures. anti in even sexualized were the Jews that indicates which well, as or nature police the by mistreatment about gendarmerie complaining suspects of instances were there brethren.” race their is who suspect, the towards impartial as seen be not could belong they “because suspect, a of tenants Other” secondofHungary.citizens and simultaneouslyrelegated class tobeing Jews stereotypes these reinforce to helped cases court These pornography. producing prostitutes, of clients pimps, being effeminacy, insatiability, syphilis, Henschel), Efron, Gilman, (e.g.

jüdischen Körpers in Mythos und Ritual und Mythos Körpersin jüdischen Sander Gilman, Gilman, Sander Ibid. Ibid. uninterested ”completely one of witnessstatement the K583,MOL Kúria, Instead, 112, batch Item69, In another case it was an aggravating circumstance that the defendant “distracted a now a “distracted defendant the that circumstance aggravating an was it case another In gono with treated was woman the intercourse the after case, Budapest a In Ibid., and Item 69, batch 183, K583, Kúria, MOL Kúria, K583, and 183, batch Item Ibid., 69, The courts were ready to dismiss the witness statements of Jews, like that of three Jewish likethat of ofJews, thewitness statements dismiss Thewere ready courts to

(Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe, 200 Campe, und (Hamburg: Hoffmann

, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001) ; Gerhard Henschel, Henschel, ; Gerhard 2001) Press, University Yale (New , Haven: –

and these these and The Jew's body Jew's The

ee imse i al cases. all in dismissed were

681 , (London: Routledge, 1991); Sander Gilman, ed, ed, Gilman, Sander 1991); (London: Routledge, ,

(Wien: Jüdisches Mseum, 1999); JohnEfron, 1999); Mseum, Jüdisches (Wien: ee led tee ery eul auiy masturbation, maturity, sexual early there: already were 8).

ed to the Jewish religion and so in such cases they they cases such in so and religion Jewish the to ed -

314

683 V, oehn ta wud o have not would that something VD, h

n t cntut es s h “Sexual the as Jews construct to and hs itetet ol b sxa in sexual be could mistreatment This Neidgeschrei: Neidgeschrei: - Semitic law enforcement law Semitic Medicine and the German the German and Medicine Der schejne Jid: das Bild das Bild Jid: Der schejne Antisemitismus und und Antisemitismus 682 684 rrhea in Kun Kun in rrhea

luenced her her luenced In addition, In

CEU eTD Collection statements. luscious reportedly shop confectionery in a employee Jewish a In Sátoraljaújhely Époque.” theBelle from “these are saying and breasts her fondling by 688 687 686 quackery.for convicted been had and interventions” viaillegal 685 public entered It psychologically. impact strong a had example) for Germany in defilement anti other as (just defilement Race Christians. for problems non for criminal not were that deeds for men Jewish of persecution the enabled that clause defilement race the of existence Jew indecent casesreinforced stereotypesand proposal)the Jews. thesexual about the transgression whose men Jewish was it however, clause, defilement race the with reality; of part a or reality reflected fact in documents the cases some in that probable is It predators. sexual potential as to made men Jewish women. Christian propositions refused often were cases such as decency of spheres the into transgressions dangerous prosecute to State the for chance the gave regulation the of aspect n pursuing only for even defilement race for someone convict intercourse,” sexual a for possession his into woman the take life ofthe agg family the threatened he thus and deed criminal his for children several of mother married a used defendant “the saying with penalty harsher the justified court the where case a in example for as us husband Christian a having woman the and affair lifestyle. criminal his with child

ish sexuality and often these cases served as a confirmation of these ideas. It was the the was It ideas. these of confirmation a as served cases these often and sexuality ish The cases indicate that officials implementing the law started out with an advance idea of of idea advance an with out started law the implementing officials that indicate cases The to “attempting for court to taken was man Jewish a where cases of number a were There In a case from the town of Komárom for example a Jewish factory worker approached a married womana married workerapproached factory Jewish examplefor a Komárom of town from case the In a megszerez” maga a számára céljából közösülés „Nemi K583,MOL Kúria, 183, batch Item69, K583,MOL. Kúria, He 236, batch Item69, s were penalized (a Christian man had much less to fear in case of a similar similar a of case in fear to less much had man Christian (a penalized were s rieved party.”

Item 69, batch 236, K583, Kúria, MOL Kúria, K583, 236, batch Item69, 688

Some of these approache these of Some

harassed five women from the store, approaching them physically and makingvarious and physically approaching them store, from the women five harassed - Jewish men or for attempts that would not ra not would that attempts for or men Jewish 686

685 ” On other occasions the case served to reveal an extramarital an reveal to served case the occasions other On ”

was identified as a dental technician, “who maintained himself maintained “who technician, dental a as was identified -

s showed these men as promiscuous and intrusive, and promiscuous as men these showed s 315

ually served as an aggravating circumstance, circumstance, aggravating an as served ually -

Ibid., and Item 69, batch 236, K58 236, batch Item and 69, Ibid., - eii lw i Hnay r race or Hungary in laws Semitic 687 on

that is there was a chance to chance a was there is that - eih eet oe. This women. decent Jewish rely have created legal legal created have rely

3, Kúria, MOL Kúria, 3,

CEU eTD Collection These defilement. race introduced that Law Marriage a in culminated eventually discourse this with “acceptable” the of limits the down pinning in interest keen medical a showed that discourse larger a of frame the of within thereforeoperating was counselingmarriage process normalization The role. eminent an played both health sexual and racial question. into put be thus could so) more even children her of (that belonging racial her and scheme protection (and she “indecent” be to out turned she if but racially, and sexually both normal as classified was she then decent as defined eventually was woman a If revealing. most be to cases borderline found I both. for “normal” s of path a on embarked and confessionals) these (through society in decency sexual of standard a enforce to attempted Jewish, was who and was what a pursue they as belowspecificthat is thestandards ofacceptable type ofpleasure r egoism and materialism in stuck are Jews represents. it sexuality of grade “ Jewish the inseparable: as appear two these defilement race in that forth put would I race, for negativethus no could imagery beassociated with“normal” society. non of life sexual The differences. imagined the at pointing to however, used, be could relationship or long affair any a when cases defilement race extramar (but: many monogamous were there as difference sexual this disprove or confirm could details These proceedings. court the in surface to brought details the s Jewish distinct a of frame the within discourse race” appears as a degenerate, immature group arrested in its development its in arrested group immature degenerate, a as appears race” tried todefine forRace they raceanda sex: casesdual defilement servedas normalization process normalization sexual Foucault's of application McWhorter's Ladelle to Returning

In the preparation of marriage, as exhibited byChristian exhibited as marriage, of preparation the In - Jews or women not having sex with Jews remained unseen by the public and public the by unseen remained Jews with sex having not women or Jews ital) relationship was targeted and penalized. The sexual details of of details sexual The penalized. and targeted was relationship ital) her future offspring) was not anymore under the State's race race State's the under anymore not was offspring) future her -

316 exuality and it reinforced this Sexual Other via Other Sexual this reinforced it and exuality -

eparating the “degenerate” from the from “degenerate” the eparating espectability.

regards to decency and race; and decency to regards

- nationalist sex educatio sex nationalist because

of the lower lower the of - standing

CEU eTD Collection extensive most the “confessionals” directmost and interventions the for nor sexual produced that measure the as logical and a indoctrination as of it decades see of and outcome material education sex interwar abundant the in roots its back trace Horthy the with together rest to laid was that racism exclusionary of instance an digression, a episode, mere a is defilement race biopolitics, m with it contrast a as seen anti interwar an as it be take we If decide. to hard is climax should a as or digression it Hungary century twentieth for Whether years. three after abolished marriage any than sh a sexualityis defilement race on document; counseling confessionals detailed more the us show were cases court rig cusln ad t long its and counseling arriage -

ort - 317 regime. If can, however, become a cli a become however, can, If regime. - lived phenomenon of Hungary's past as it was was it as past Hungary's of phenomenon lived -

- em fet n sit no tt socialist state into shift and effect term malization.

- Semitic measure and measure Semitic max if we if max

CEU eTD Collection most effect, the extent: limited a to functioned only admittedly, instrument, legal a as law The physicians. by performed were checks health and Officers Medical by issued were certificates medicin of preeminence the towards point all a frame in these putting for rules the and marriage and health on discourses various the that seems it Nevertheless, claim. this contradict to seem might dissertation this writing when legislation self and control biological juridico the from away move the normalization: of framework closely been has argued have I as politics Sexual body. individual the of discipline the for just not and whole a as population the reproduction,for via has, it ramifications the of because importanceprimarily and sexuality framework this In framework. biopolitical a in these analyzed and education sex on texts various with them juxtaposed and Horthy the in health marital complexity the grasp to order In “health.” of understanding certain a to and marriage to related issues other various with up linked got it how showed I and era interwar as these treated I attention: my of focus the in were Law Marriage 1941 the of provisions health The counseling. marriage history: Hungarian on research of field neglected hitherto a on primarily st a tell to was project this in attempt original My process. this of course the in learned lessons the enumerate and results the up sum Conclusion After all that was outlined in the four major chapters and in the digression it is time to time is it digression the in and chapters major four the in outlined was that all After a culmination of a long antivenereal discourse and legislative preparatory work in the the in work preparatory legislative and discourse antivenereal long a of culmination a intertwined with medical interventions, which underlines the third element of this of element third the underlines which interventions, medical with intertwined

- control advocated by medicine. The fact that I focused I that fact The medicine. by advocated control - era I examined some of the court material of race defilement cases cases defilement race of material court the of some examined I era ory of marital health in mid in health marital of ory -

318

- t normalization its

vrlwefreet Peaia health Premarital enforcement. law over e - administrative power towards a a towards power administrative - 20 th -

euain s f eminent of is regulation century Hungary, focusing focusing centuryHungary,

of the holistic idea of idea holistic the of

on a piece of of piece a on

CEU eTD Collection State from disappeared represented provisions “exclusionaryWhile Law. thatthese latter the1941Marriage eugenicsregulations biopolitics” of anti from separate as treated be should policy and discourse biopolitcal VD with associated fromexcluded State groups the benefit: health alleged an an to led and sexuality female for mechanismcontrol a as acted decency to approach its and defilement race so and well a well as texts, these In spirit. the and body the for hazard a as “other” sexual the defining medicine, to directly Christian the of practices permanent created that practice exclusionary an was it and biopolitical manner, direct most a in This acts, sexual of normalization the racism.” about also was practice “state called Foucault what sexu of for assistance tool the with a accomplished rather was seems, it defilement, Race sentences). death receive not did and camps concentration to sent not were (they cases these by threatened ef legal the and practice this between different significantly is What months. or weeks of couple a of sentences short received often and acquitted occasionally were trials these in charged men unhea being of connotations thus and misdeeds sexual attributed it and ways intricate in decency female addressed It normality. of boundaries the defining about than prohibition and punishment about less much was prison, in the system ofmedical care. of circulation the into individual the involved rather but fine, a or sentence prison a with health h was concluded, experts fect Nazi race defilement sentences is that the life of Jewish men in Hungary was not seriously seriously not was Hungary in men Jewish of life the that is sentences defilement race Nazi fect hv, oee, rud hogot h dsetto ta mrig cusln a a as counseling marriage that dissertation the throughout argued however, have, I Jewish threatened clause,which defilement race the Even s in race defilement practice, prostitution and VD belonged to this “beyond” as “beyond” this to belonged VD and prostitution practice, defilement race in s - supported reproduction and sexually reproduction andsupported therest from secluded ofsociety. ealth - ainls sx dcto mtras wih once “ae more “race” connected which materials, education sex nationalist

- related and psychological. The law did not punish in case of ill of case in punish not did law The psychological. and related lthy to Jewish Hungarian mentality and physicality. The Jewish Jewish The physicality. and mentality Hungarian Jewish to lthy -

319 - “undesirables.” I pointed to the indoctrination indoctrination the to pointed I “undesirables.” ee plce atr 95 mrig counseling marriage 1945, after policies level -

men potentially with long yearslong potentiallywith men l omlzto t be to normalization al - miscegenation and the the and miscegenation

would be be would

CEU eTD Collection 689 o elements the whether examine to project future interesting an be could it fact, In 1945. after decades for force in remained prevention) and treatment in (both healthcareprovision governme regional or bylocal done administration the and associations health privately of organized input the that idea policy Communist of expectations the with line in was it because 1949 pro the and Johan Béla under 1930s the in healthcare started biopolitical Hungary socialist” in healthcare of “state centralization and nationalization the the that argued have in I framework. generally more and care VD counseling, marriagecounseling again. up setting of possibility the in input expert provide to him asked Council) Women's (National th of one Melly, fact In 1950s. early the than longer was career postwar its that shows which 1973, in Hungary Socialist in counseling marriage to return a is There filtered. be to hat VD where point entry the was this therefore and act reproductive imag expert and public the in linked was Marriage counseling. marriage all as were neither but Youths, Levente the for e.g. introduced, were screenings several era interwar the In strongl health. marital was to connected processes screening mass of concept the Hungary in that significant however, is, It Hungary. postwar in just not societies, many in practice customary a became illness, and ne the in that method a process, a as Screening checks. premarital as annually people many as times three of health the examined 1950s the of rest the in that screenings TB and VD obligatory other with replaced I environment. postwar the in career a made

Even if we disregard this one document by Melly we can trace trace can we Melly by document one this disregard we if Even Semmelweis Medical Archive, Archive, Medical Semmelweis e architects of the 1941 regulation, shows that the Országos Nők Tanácsa Tanácsa Nők Országos the that shows regulation, 1941 the of architects e nts was less valuable than a centrally orchestrated, top orchestrated, centrally a than valuable less was nts w paradigm of Surveillance Medicine re Medicine Surveillance of paradigm w

689

The Papers of József Melly József of Papers The , a document from the late 1950s in the papers of József József of papers the in 1950s late the from document a , - nopsig n to u a mn rsucs as resources many as up took and encompassing -

320 n fact, premarital screenings were after 1952 1952 after were screenings premarital fact, n -

cess continued uninterrupted after 1945 and and 1945 after uninterrupted continued cess .

- defined the boundaries of health health of boundaries the defined a continuity in marriage marriage in continuity a ination with the sexual the with ination - makers in health. The health. in makers - down approach to approach down f this State this f

y - CEU eTD Collection for infection concern VD and sametime includedor less it more the was at adopted the same legislation FranceIn States. United the and France of that with line in put be can path Hungary’s as well)alsoa andsense in racist inanti disease hereditary for tests undergo to had which of recipients (the loans marriage in legislation, par other in appear did Eugenics diseases. hereditary the of any not and it in regulated was TB disease,” “social other the and VD only that surprise a as come not does it Law, Marriage 1941 the in adopted fully not were recommendations their though Even counseling marriage of implementation the in and work preparatory legislative in both involved dermato un and strong a become not the was it measure, coercive antivenereal thelead. elite thattook a as it set introducing were consider seriously centers to counseling started marriage Government voluntary first the 1920s the in when but counseling marriage on focused intensively were 1910s early the in eugenics on debates combin a 20 the social (and framework hygiene eugenics and of century the appeared counseling marriage bothin of decades first the in although that findings main the among is it and development biopolit socialist state a towards and Medicine Surveillance to transformation the in milestone a was it population: the of level baggage”structures, affectseveryda still the “historical political inherited whether measures: biopolitical implements healthcare Hungarian of system post to it made have healthcare to approach Socialist Eugenics, although there were early attempts at its institutionalization during WWI, did WWI, during institutionalization its at attempts early were there although Eugenics, u t te rdmnne f D n h ipeetto o peaia screen premarital of implementation the in VD of predominance the to Due Marriage counseling thus became a method for discovering infectious disease on the the on disease infectious discovering for method a became thus counseling Marriage - venerologists in the Antiveneral Committee had serious leverage and were thus deeply thus were and leverage serious had Committee Antiveneral the in venerologists ation of the two), the latter discourse was responsible for its institutionalization. The institutionalization. its for responsible was discourse latter the two), the of ation ified movement in the course of the Horthy the of course the in movement ified ics in Hungary. This paper has traced the genealogy of this this of genealogy the traced has paper This Hungary. in ics

- miscegenation. -

321 -

y of theexercise life interms of power. -

socialist Hungary and how the current current the how and Hungary socialist - era. At the same time the time same the At era. ts of the 1941 marriage marriage 1941 the of ts p n the and up ing, ing, –

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