DOCSLIB.ORG

Ofgallium(III)Complexeswhichareeitherimpermeabletothe 6 7Ga Samples of Known Activity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

[CANCER RESEARCH 34, 2957—2960,November 1974J Effects ofBuffers and pH on in Vitro Binding of 67Gaby L1210 Leukemic Cells' Jerry D. Glickson, John Webb,2 and Richard A. Gams Diviiion ofHematology, Department ofMedicine, and the Cancer Research and Training Center, University ofAlabama in Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham,Alabama 35294 SUMMARY MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of sodium nitrate and a series of buffers on in Buffer Inhibition. Stock solutions 6 ‘Gacitrate and 67Ga vitro 67Ga binding to L1210 leukemic cells at pH 6.8 ±0.2 nitrate (New England Nuclear, North Billirica, Mass.) and 37° at concentrations of iO@ to l02 M has been containing 2 mCi/ml at noon of the day of delivery were used investigated. The relative ability of these agents to inhibit within 2 weeks of purchase (t½ 78.1 hr). Commercial cellular incorporation of 67Ga is ethylenediaminetetraacetate preparations of the citrate salt contained sodium citrate, 2 > nitrilotriacetic acid >> citrate >>> bicarbonate > mg/nil. The nitrate sample was approximately 0.5 M in nitrate. phosphate, lactate, Tris > morpholinopropane sulfonic acid Dilutions were made in 0.9% NaC1 solution and counted in a (MOPS), N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethane sulfonic Model 1185 automatic well scintillation counter (Nuclear @ acid, nitrate 0. Inhibition probably results from formation Chicago Corp., Des Planes, 111.),that had been calibrated with ofgallium(III)complexeswhichareeitherimpermeabletothe 6 7Ga samples of known activity. Buffers and salts used in this tumor membrane or which compete with intracellular receptor investigation included sodium bicarbonate (J. T. Baker complexes. However, direct interaction of buffers with the cell Chemical Co., Phfflipsburg, N. J.); potassium dihydrogen membrane or with gallium (III) receptors, as well as effects of phosphate (American Chemical Society certified; Fisher buffers on cellular metabolism, have not been excluded. A Scientific Co., Fair Lawn, N. J.); lactic acid (American monotonic decrease in the cellular incorporation of 67Ga Chemical Society reagent; Matheson, Coleman, and Bell, occursbetweenpH6.2and7.8inthepresenceoftheinert Norwood, Ohio); Tris (Fisher Scientific Co.; certified primary buffer, lO2 M morpholinopropane sulfonic acid. standard); morpholinopropane sulfonic acid (MOPS) (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.); HEPES (Sigma); sodium nitrate (Baker; analyzed reagent); tnsodium citrate (Fisher; American INTRODUCTION Chemical Society certified), EDTA disodium salt (Cambridge Chemical Products, Inc., Detroit, Mich.), and NTA (Sigma). Preferential localization of 67Ga in a broad range of solid Except for modifications described below, the in vitro tumors and malignant lymphomas has been employed in the 6 7Ga-binding procedure described in detail elsewhere (8) was clinical detection and early staging of malignant disease by used. L12l0 cells were harvested from the peritoneal cavity of 6 7Ga scintigra@hy (4, 1 1). An understanding of the detailed female C57BL X DBA/2 F1 (hereafter called BD2F1 ) mice 6 mechanism of 7Ga localization in tumor cells may lead to the days after i.p. inoculation of i0@ leukemic cells. The cells were rational development of optimum methods for the detection washed 3 times with 0.9% NaCl solution, and a 4% packed-cell ofmalignantneoplasmsandmayalsorevealsomeunderlyingvolume (2.8 X l0@ cells/ml) suspension was prepared and differences between normal and transformed cells that stored in an ice bath. Samples of the buffer or salt (1 ml) determine their interaction with metal ions. To help attain adjusted to pH 6.8 ±0.2 with HC1 and/or NaOH were these objectives, an in vitro technique for measuring binding of incubated in 12- x 75-mm Falcon 2052 counting tubes (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Oxnard, Calif.) for 1 hr at 6 7 Ga by dispersed cells was recently developed in this 0 . —8 . 6 laboratory (8). Preliminary experiments indicated that a 37 with 2.60 X 10 jimole (1.05 jiCi, 1.5 X 10 cpm) of number of buffers (bicarbonate, phosphate, Tris, barbital, 6 “Ga(delivered in 100 jzl of0.9% NaC1 solution). At specified maleic acid, and citrate) inhibit in vitro uptake of 67Ga by timeintervals,250-jzlaliquotsofcellsuspensionwereaddedto Ll 2 10 leukemic cells. This study examines buffer inhibition duplicate tubes and the incubation was continued. The and pH effects in more detail. The need to study the effects of reaction was quenched by transferring the tubes to an ice bath counterions on the incorporation of 67Ga by isolated tumor and adding 2 ml of iced 0.9% NaCl solution to each tube. The cells is underscored by recent experiments by Konikowski et cells were washed 3 additional times with 0.9% NaCl solution aL (10), who report a significant difference in tumor (at 4°),and the residual radioactivity was determined. localization and clearance of the citrate, lactate, and chloride pH Studies. Cell-binding studies were performed as de-• @ salts of 67Ga as opposed to the DTPA salt. scribed above, with the use of an incubation medium consisting of 1 ml 10 2 M morpholinopropane sulfonic acid in 0.9% NaC1 solution adjusted to pH 6.2, 6.6, 7.0, 7.4, and 7.8. ReceivedMay 13, 1974; accepted July 16, 1974. The cell reaction was quenched after 2 hr of cell incubation. I This research was supported by Grant CA-13148 from the NIH. 2 Present address: Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, P. 0. Box 4, Canberra, Australia 2600. JV―-pentaceticacid; HEPES, N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine N'-2-ethane 3The abbreviations used are: DTPA, diethylenetriamine-N,N,N',N―,sulfonic acid; NTA, nitriotriacetic acid. NOVEMBER 1974 2957 Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 26, 2021. © 1974 American Association for Cancer Research. J. D. G!ickson et a!. 5 60 , , I I 40 . BICARBONATE 20 0 0 z 0 o-o@! 0 -20 20 PHOSPHATE 0 0 0@— —0@0 ° 0 -20 (I) @ w 2 20 LACTATE -J 0 z 0 2-20 I.— x I @2O TRIS ______,__@_____,0 zI 0 I—-20 z . MOPS0 w0 20 @00..-000 TIME (hr) @-2O Chart 1. Time course of uptake of 6‘7Gacitrate and 67Ga nitrate 20 HEPES.0.000 by 7.0 X 106 L1210 leukemic cells,at pH 6.8 ±0.2and 37°.@ 0 RESULTS -20 .0o.. -40 Chart 1 summarized the kinetics of in vitro binding to 20 NITRATE.0 L1210 leukemic cells of 2 commercial preparations of 0 carrier-free 67Ga, i.e., the citrate and nitrate salts. The 67Ga -20 I0 II ?i concentration was 1.93 X 10-i ‘M for both samples. Ap -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 proximate concentrations of citrate and nitrate ions in the in log [ANIoN] @ vitro incubation mixture were 1.6 X 10 M and 1.2 X 10@@ Chart 2. Inhibition of 2-hr in vitro uptake of 67Ga by 7.0 x 106 M, respectively. Zinc, formed by radioactive decay of 67Ga, L1210 leukemic cells incubated with sodium nitrate or variousbuffers @@ was estimated at a level of about 6.65 X 10 M. It has at pH 6.8 ±0.2 and 37°.Each point, average of duplicate previously been demonstrated that zinc at this concentration measurements. The percentage inhibition was (C —C0)/C0 x 100%, does not influence the extent of in vitro 6 7Ga binding by where C is the number of cpm measured for Li 210 cells incubated for L1210 leukemic cells (8). Incubation at 37°was limited to 2 2 hr with the specified buffer and C0 is the number of cpm measured @ hi, during which time the exclusion of the vital dye trypan for a control sample incubated with Ga containing no citrate blue suggests retention of membrane integrity of the L1210 other than that present in the commercial sample. A typical experiment cells (8). During this time interval, the cells responded in an measuring C0 appears in Chart 1.@MOPS, morpholinopropane sulfonic acid. identical manner to the citrate and nitrate salts of 6 7Ga (Chart 1). The inert buffer morpholinopropane sulfonic acid (10 2M) Chart 2 shows inhibition curves for nitrate, HEPES, was used to measure cellular 67Ga uptake between pH 6.2 and morpholinopropane sulfonic acid, Tris, lactate, phosphate, and 7.8 (Chart 4). A monotonic decrease in cellular localization of bicarbonate. Nitrate, HEPES, and morpholinopropane sulfonic the radioisotope is observed with increasing pH of the acid have no effect on in vitro 67Ga binding up to a incubation medium. concentration of 102 M. Tris, lactate, and phosphate inhibit @ slightly at concentrations above 10 M , whereas bicarbonate inhibits somewhat more. Citrate, NTA, and EDTA are much DISCUSSION more potent inhibitors (Chart 3). Since the pH remained at 6.8 ± 0.2 after the 2-hr incubation, the inhibitory effects originate The aqueous chemistry of gallium (III) is complex and not from the specific buffers used in these experiments, rather completely characterized (2, 15). Salts such as the nitrate (18) than from pH changes. The relative order of inhibitory and perchlorate (5, 6) dissociate completely in strongly acidic capacity is EDTA > NTA > > citrate > > > bicarbonate > solution to yield Ga(H2O)6@'3 ions. However, the solubility @ phosphate, lactate, Tris > morpholinopropane sulfonic acid, product of Ga(OH)3 (about 5 X 10 7) (2) indicates that the @ HEPES, nitrate 0. maximum concentration of hydrated gallium (III) in neutral solution is about 5 X 10-i 6M. Consequently, gallium (III) is present in solution in the form of various complexes. The 4 Concentrations of gallium (III) have been calculated from the i@Ci perchiorate salt forms metastable polymers with maximum of 67Ga measured, assuming the radiochemical was carrier free ; 1.05 degrees of polymerization near pH 3 (3, 14). Citrate polymers @iCi(2.60x 108 mmoles) of 67Gawere administered. have also been detected in this laboratory by equilibrium 2958 CANCER RESEARCH VOL.
Recommended publications
  • Genetic Basis for Nitrate Resistance in Desulfovibrio Strains

    Genetic Basis for Nitrate Resistance in Desulfovibrio Strains

    ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 21 April 2014 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00153 Genetic basis for nitrate resistance in Desulfovibrio strains Hannah L. Korte 1,2,SamuelR.Fels2,3, Geoff A. Christensen 1,2,MorganN.Price2,4, Jennifer V. Kuehl 2,4, Grant M. Zane 1,2, Adam M. Deutschbauer 2,4,AdamP.Arkin2,4 and Judy D. Wall 1,2,3* 1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA 2 Ecosystems and Networks Integrated with Genes and Molecular Assemblies, Berkeley, CA, USA 3 Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA 4 Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA Edited by: Nitrate is an inhibitor of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). In petroleum production sites, Hans Karl Carlson, University of amendments of nitrate and nitrite are used to prevent SRB production of sulfide that California, Berkeley, USA causes souring of oil wells. A better understanding of nitrate stress responses in Reviewed by: the model SRB, Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough and Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20, Dimitry Y. Sorokin, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands will strengthen predictions of environmental outcomes of nitrate application. Nitrate Wolfgang Buckel, inhibition of SRB has historically been considered to result from the generation of small Philipps-Universität Marburg, amounts of nitrite, to which SRB are quite sensitive. Here we explored the possibility Germany that nitrate might inhibit SRB by a mechanism other than through nitrite inhibition. *Correspondence: We found that nitrate-stressed D. vulgaris cultures grown in lactate-sulfate conditions Judy D. Wall, Department of Biochemistry, University of eventually grew in the presence of high concentrations of nitrate, and their resistance Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, continued through several subcultures.
  • Sodium Nitrate 2005

    Sodium Nitrate 2005

    CONTENTS 1 Added to the Natural List b) Prof. 0.Van Clamput, UnksWtGent c) 07. T.K. Harts, Univ. of Wbrnia - Davis aer, Nrrt. AgrScuituml 0 W.Vooqt,Werg~ l3emamh cmw Reply to the 2004 IFOAM Evaluation of Natuml Sodium Nitrate 'IFOAM 2004" NORTH AMERICA February 25,2005 Mr. Robert Pooler Agricultural Marketing Specialist USDAIAMS/TM/NOP Room 25 10-So., Ag Stop 0268 P.O. Box 94656 Washington, D.C. 20090-6456 Dear Mr. Pooler: On behalf of SQM North America, I am presenting this petition for the continued usage of non- synthetic Natural Sodium Nitrate in USDA Certified Organic crop production in The United States of America. Our product is necessary for our growers to maintain their economic viability; furthermore, this product is agronomically and environmentally sound and adheres to the principles of organic crop production. Natural Sodium Nitrate is permitted as a source of nitrogen for USDA Certified organic crops grown and used in The United States of America and this petition seeks to continue its usage. We look forward to the continued usage of Natural Sodium Nitrate and appreciate your attention to this petition. If you have any questions, please contact me. Sincerely, Bill McBride Director Sales US. and Canada SQM NORTH AMERICA CORP. 3101 Towercreek Parkway. Suite 450 Atlanta. GA 30330 Td: (1 - 770) 016 9400 Fa: (1 - 770) 016 9454 www.sam.cotq \A United States Agricultural STOP 0268 - Room 40084 Department of Marketing 1400 Independence Avenue, SW. i I Agriculture Service Washington, D.C. 20250-0200 February 9,2005 Bill McBride SQM North America, Corp.
  • A Review of the Patents and Literature on the Manufacture of Potassium Nitrate with Notes on Its Occurrence and Uses

    A Review of the Patents and Literature on the Manufacture of Potassium Nitrate with Notes on Its Occurrence and Uses

    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Miscellaneous Publication No. 192 Washington, D.C. July 1934 A REVIEW OF THE PATENTS AND LITERATURE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF POTASSIUM NITRATE WITH NOTES ON ITS OCCURRENCE AND USES By COLIN W. WHITTAKER. Associate Chemist and FRANK O. LUNDSTROM, Assistant Chemist Division of Fertilizer Technology, Fertilizer Investigationa Bureau of Chemistry and Soils For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. .....-..- Price 5 cents UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Miscellaneous Publication No. 192 Washington, D.C. July 1934 A REVIEW OF THE PATENTS AND LITERATURE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF POTASSIUM NITRATE WITH NOTES ON ITS OCCURRENCE AND USES By COLIN W. WHITTAKER, associate chemist, and FRANK O. LUNDSTROM, assistant chemist, Division of Fertilizer Technology, Fertilizer Investigations, Bureau oj Chemistry and Soils CONTENTS Page Production of potassium nitrate —Contd. Page Processes involving dilute oxides of Introduction } nitrogen 22 Historical sketch 3 Absorption in carbonates, bicarbon- Statistics of the saltpeter industry 4 ates, or hydroxides 22 Potassium nitrate as a plant food 8 Conversion of nitrites to nitrates 23 Occurrence of potassium nitrate 9 Processes involving direct action of nitric Production of potassium nitrate 11 acid or oxides of nitrogen on potassium Saltpeter from the soil 11 compounds 23 In East India 11 Potassium bicarbonate and nitric In other countries 12 acid or ammonium nitrate 23 Chilean high-potash nitrate 13 Potassium hydroxide or carbonate Composting and
  • Toxicological Profile for Nitrate and Nitrite

    Toxicological Profile for Nitrate and Nitrite

    NITRATE AND NITRITE 29 3. HEALTH EFFECTS 3.1 INTRODUCTION The primary purpose of this chapter is to provide public health officials, physicians, toxicologists, and other interested individuals and groups with an overall perspective on the toxicology of nitrate and nitrite. It contains descriptions and evaluations of toxicological studies and epidemiological investigations and provides conclusions, where possible, on the relevance of toxicity and toxicokinetic data to public health. A glossary and list of acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols can be found at the end of this profile. 3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE To help public health professionals and others address the needs of persons living or working near hazardous waste sites, the information in this section is organized first by route of exposure (inhalation, oral, and dermal) and then by health effect (e.g., death, systemic, immunological, neurological, reproductive, developmental, and carcinogenic effects). These data are discussed in terms of three exposure periods: acute (14 days or less), intermediate (15–364 days), and chronic (365 days or more). Levels of significant exposure for each route and duration are presented in tables and illustrated in figures. The points in the figures showing no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) or lowest- observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAELs) reflect the actual doses (levels of exposure) used in the studies. LOAELs have been classified into "less serious" or "serious" effects. "Serious" effects are those that evoke failure in a biological system and can lead to morbidity or mortality (e.g., acute respiratory distress or death). "Less serious" effects are those that are not expected to cause significant dysfunction or death, or those whose significance to the organism is not entirely clear.
  • Chemical Hazard Analysis for Sodium Nitrite in Meat Curing L

    Chemical Hazard Analysis for Sodium Nitrite in Meat Curing L

    CHEMICAL HAZARD ANALYSIS FOR SODIUM NITRITE IN MEAT CURING L. L. Borchert and R. G. Cassens University of Wisconsin July, 1998 Cured meat has specific properties including a pink color and characteristic flavor and texture. Potassium nitrate and sodium nitrite have a long history of use as curing ingredients, and by the close of the 19th century the scientific basis of the process was becoming understood. It was realized, for example, that nitrate must be converted to nitrite in order for the curing process to proceed. Regulations controlling the use of curing agents were established in the USA in 1926 (see USDA, 1925; USDA, 1926), and the same rules are in effect at present, with slight modification. The critical feature of these rules is that a maximum use level of sodium nitrite is defined; but the meat processor may use less. Basically, no more than one-quarter ounce (7.1 g) may be used per 100 pounds (45.4 kg) of meat (resulting in 156 mg/kg or 156 ppm). While nitrate is still permitted, it is, in fact, not used by the industry. The regulations were changed for bacon so that ingoing nitrite is targeted at 120 ppm, and the maximum use of ascorbates (550 ppm) is mandated. The current routine use of ascorbates (ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, erythorbic acid and sodium erythorbate) by the meat processing industry is important not only because it accelerates and improves the curing process but also the use of ascorbates inhibits nitrosation reactions which might result in formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines (Mirvish et al, 1995).
  • Study of Psychrophilic, Mesophilic, and Halophilic Bacteria in Salt and Meat Curing Solutions

    Study of Psychrophilic, Mesophilic, and Halophilic Bacteria in Salt and Meat Curing Solutions

    A STUDY OF PSYCHROPHILIC, ilESOPHILIC, AND HALOPHTLIC BACTERIA IN SALT AND MEAT CURING SOLUTIONS by HAROLD EUGENE TICKNER a B, S,, Kansas State College of Agriculture and Applied Science, 1949 A THESIS - submitted in partial fulfillment of the 1 ' r requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE 1 Department of Bacteriology KANSAS STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE 1950 X Docu- M TABLE OF CONTENTS \^50 T5 INTRODUCTIi. ^» « • 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2 EXPERIMENT I - PREPARATION OF MEDIA FOR PLATE COUNTS . 17 EXPERIMENT II - PLATE COUNTS FOR ENUMERATION OF RALOPHILIC ORGANISMS IN COMMERCIAL SALT SAMPLES 19 EXPERIMENT III - ISOLATION OF PSYCHROPHILIC- AND MESOPHILIC-HALOPHILIC BACTERIA 21 EXPERIMENT IV - PLATE COUNTS OF CURING SOLUTIONS ... 26 EXPERIMENT V - DETERMINATION OF NUMBERS OF PSYCHROPHILIC ORGANISMS IN THE CURING SOLUTIONS ...... 2fi EXPERIMENT VI - TESTING PURE CULTURES OF PSYCHROPHILIC ORGANISMS IN STERILE CURING SOLUTIONS 33 EXPERIMENT VII - PREPARATION OF CURING SOLUTION TO CHECK GROWTH OF PSYCHROPHILIC- AND MESOPHILIC-HALOPHILIC BACTERIA IN A NEW CURING SOLUTION AO EXPERIMENT VIII - DETERMINATION OF NUMBERS OF MESOPHILIC AND MESOPHILIC-HALOPHILIC BACTERIA IN MEAT CURING SOLUTIONS A2 EXPERIMENT IX - DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE CONTENT IN OLD USED CURING SOLUTIONS U EXPERIMENT X - DETERMINATION OF AMOUNT OF PROTEINS IN OLD USED CURING SOLUTIONS 46 EXPERIMENT XI - PREPARATION OF A "SYNTHETIC AGED CURING SOLUTION" EMPLOYED AS A MEDIUM FOR CHECKING GROWTH OF PURE CULTURES OF ORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM SALT AND MEAT CURING SOLUTIONS A3 EXPERIMENT XII - A COMPARISON OF BACTERIA FOUND IN SALT AND MEAT CURING SOLUTIONS 55 EXPERIMENT XIII - ORGANISMS REQUIRING SODIUM CHLORIDE FOR GROWTH 57 DISCUSSION 59 ii CONCLUSIONS 64.
  • The Complete Genome Sequence of Natrinema Sp. J7-2, a Haloarchaeon Capable of Growth on Synthetic Media Without Amino Acid Supplements

    The Complete Genome Sequence of Natrinema Sp. J7-2, a Haloarchaeon Capable of Growth on Synthetic Media Without Amino Acid Supplements

    The Complete Genome Sequence of Natrinema sp. J7-2, a Haloarchaeon Capable of Growth on Synthetic Media without Amino Acid Supplements Jie Feng1., Bin Liu2., Ziqian Zhang1, Yan Ren2, Yang Li2, Fei Gan1, Yuping Huang1, Xiangdong Chen1, Ping Shen1, Lei Wang2,3, Bing Tang1*, Xiao-Feng Tang1* 1 College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China, 2 TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China, 3 The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China Abstract Natrinema sp. J7-2 is an extreme haloarchaeon capable of growing on synthetic media without amino acid supplements. Here we report the complete genome sequence of Natrinema sp. J7-2 which is composed of a 3,697,626-bp chromosome and a 95,989-bp plasmid pJ7-I. This is the first complete genome sequence of a member of the genus Natrinema.We demonstrate that Natrinema sp. J7-2 can use gluconate, glycerol, or acetate as the sole carbon source and that its genome encodes complete metabolic pathways for assimilating these substrates. The biosynthetic pathways for all 20 amino acids have been reconstructed, and we discuss a possible evolutionary relationship between the haloarchaeal arginine synthetic pathway and the bacterial lysine synthetic pathway. The genome harbors the genes for assimilation of ammonium and nitrite, but not nitrate, and has a denitrification pathway to reduce nitrite to N2O. Comparative genomic analysis suggests that most sequenced haloarchaea employ the TrkAH system, rather than the Kdp system, to actively uptake potassium.
  • Pesticides and 738-F-91-103 Environmental Protection Toxic Substances September 1991 Agency (7508W) R.E.D

    Pesticides and 738-F-91-103 Environmental Protection Toxic Substances September 1991 Agency (7508W) R.E.D

    United States Pesticides And 738-F-91-103 Environmental Protection Toxic Substances September 1991 Agency (7508W) R.E.D. FACTS Inorganic Nitrate/Nitrite (Sodium and Potassium Nitrates) Pesticide All pesticides sold or used in the United States must be registered by Reregistration EPA, based on scientific studies showing that they can be used without posing unreasonable risks to people or the environment. Because of advances in scientific knowledge, the law requires that pesticides which were first registered years ago be reregistered to ensure that they meet today's more stringent standards. In evaluating pesticides for reregistration, EPA obtains and reviews a complete set of studies from pesticide producers, showing the human health and environmental effects of each pesticide. The Agency imposes any regulatory controls that are needed to effectively manage each pesticide's risks. EPA then reregisters pesticides that can be used without posing undue hazards to human health or the environment. When a pesticide is eligible for reregistration, EPA announces this and explains why in a Reregistration Eligibility Document, or RED. This fact sheet summarizes the information in the RED for inorganic nitrate/nitrite, or sodium and potassium nitrates. Use Profile Sodium and potassium nitrates are pyrotechnic fumigants used as rodenticides, predacides and insecticides. Each compound is combined with other pesticide active ingredients (sulfur and carbon) and loaded into fumigant gas cartridges, which are designed to be ignited and placed in pest burrows. The ignited cartridge bombs produce toxic gases which are lethal to target rodents, skunks, coyotes and ground-nesting wasps. Both sodium and potassium nitrates are naturally occurring, common chemical compounds.
  • The Effect of Nitrate, Live Yeast Culture Or Their Interaction on Methane Mitigation and Nitrate Reduction in Vitro THESIS Prese

    The Effect of Nitrate, Live Yeast Culture Or Their Interaction on Methane Mitigation and Nitrate Reduction in Vitro THESIS Prese

    The Effect of Nitrate, Live Yeast Culture or their interaction on Methane Mitigation and Nitrate Reduction in vitro THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Caitlyn M. Massie, BS Graduate Program in Animal Sciences The Ohio State University 2015 Master's Examination Committee: Dr. Jeffrey L. Firkins, Advisor Dr. Kelly C. Wrighton Dr. Zhongtang Yu Copyrighted by Caitlyn M. Massie 2015 Abstract Nitrates have been fed to dairy cows for years to decrease methane emissions. In the nitrate assimilatory pathway, bacteria reduce nitrate to nitrite to ammonia. The second step is rate-limiting leading to nitrite accumulation causing methemoglobinemia, which can hinder the adoption of nitrate feeding to compete with methanogens for hydrogen while assimilating the nitrogen from nitrate into microbial protein. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has the potential to anaerobically respire nitrite through its cytochrome c oxidase; it also can stimulate populations of bacteria that express nitrate and nitrite reductases. In the first trial, a 3 x 4 factorial within in vitro tubes included no yeast, an active live yeast culture (S. cerevisiae strain 1026), or autoclaved yeast dosed with nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, or a control to determine if yeast altered the nitrate reduction pathway. Differences were seen at h 0 (P < 0.01) for nitrogen treatments, that correlated with dosed metabolites. For the second project, 4 continuous cultures were used in 5 periods of 10 days. Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial with sodium nitrate (NO3 at 1.5% of diet DM) or urea as an isonitrogenous control and without or with live yeast culture fed at a recommended 0.010 g/d (scaled from cattle to fermenter intakes).
  • Understanding of the Mechanisms of Chemical Incompatibility of Ammonium Nitrate by Molecular Modeling

    Understanding of the Mechanisms of Chemical Incompatibility of Ammonium Nitrate by Molecular Modeling

    Understanding of the mechanisms of chemical incompatibility of ammonium nitrate by molecular modeling Stefania Cagnina Summary The serious potential consequences of the hazards posed by chemical incompatibility, especially in a large-scale industrial environment, provide motivation for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of the reactions involved in these phenomena. In this PhD work, two incompatibilities of ammonium nitrate were studied by molecular modeling. Results, in qualitative agreement with the calorimetric experiments, show the potential of the modern computational approaches to establish a clear link between microscopic (molecular) description and macroscopic effects of incompatibilities. Problem addressed Numerous chemical reactants, whenever placed in contact with other products or materials, tend to lead to undesired chemical incompatibility phenomena. Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3, AN), widely used in the chemical industry as fertilizer component and as an ingredient in explosive mixtures, is known for its long list of incompatibilities (as metals, halides, and organics) [1] and often involved in major accidents (Toulouse, 2001). Indeed, such incompatibilities are known to reduce the runaway temperatures and sometimes increase the reaction enthalpies. In order to prevent the occurrence of those phenomena, which can lead to particularly dangerous situations in an industrial environment, a rapid and accurate identification of the incompatibilities is needed. Until now, experimental studies, Safety Data Sheets (SDSs), chemical compatibility charts and software were the only possible approaches used to study and prevent incompatibilities. Despite their undeniable utility, these methods do not explain exactly how the incompatibility drives the undesired reaction scheme, in terms of thermodynamic data. Therefore, complementary to these approaches, molecular modeling was used in this PhD work to ensure a deeper understanding.
  • Chile's Mining and Chemicals Industries

    Chile's Mining and Chemicals Industries

    Global Outlook Chile’s Mining and Chemicals Industries Luis A. Cisternas With abundant mineral resources, Chile’s Univ. of Antofagasta Edelmira D. Gálvez chemicals industries are dominated by mining, Catholic Univ. of the North with many of its operations among the world’s most productive and important. hile’s chemicals industries consist of 300 companies producer. Chilean mining continues to reach unprecedented and some 400 products, with sales representing 4% levels — not only the mining of copper, but particularly Cof the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP) and of nonmetallic ores. Recent growth has been supported by about 25% of all industrial contributions to the GDP (1). favorable economic policies and incentives for foreign inves- Chile’s major chemical exports include methanol, inorganic tors that were intended to overcome the lack of domestic compounds (nitrates, iodine, lithium products, sodium investment after Chile’s return to democracy in the 1990s. chloride), combustibles (gasoline, diesel, fuel oil), algae Chile’s main metallic and nonmetallic ore deposits are derivatives, and plastic resins (polypropylene, low-density located in the country’s northern regions, which are rich in polyethylene). However, the mining industry — consisting copper, gold, silver, and iron deposits, as well as salt lake of 100 large and medium-sized companies and more than mineral byproducts such as nitrates, boron, iodine, lithium, 1,600 mining operations (2) — dominates Chile’s chemical- and potassium. Chile’s abundance of mineral resources is industry landscape. These companies’ primary products remarkable: Its reserves constitute 6.7% of the world’s gold, include molybdenum, rhenium, iron, lithium, silver, gold, 12.1% of the molybdenum, 13.3% of the silver, 27.7% of the and — most important — copper.
  • Precipitation Reactions 7.3 Precipitation Reactions

    Precipitation Reactions 7.3 Precipitation Reactions

    312 Chapter 7 An Introduction to Chemical Reactions 7.3 Precipitation Reactions The reaction that forms the scale in hot water pipes, eventually leading to major plumbing bills, belongs to a category of reactions called precipitation reactions. So does the reaction of calcium and magnesium ions with soap to create a solid scum in your bathtub and washing machine. Cadmium hydroxide, which is used in rechargeable batteries, is made from the precipitation reaction between water solutions of cadmium acetate and sodium hydroxide. This section describes the changes that occur in precipitation reactions, shows you how to predict when they take place, and shows you how to describe them using chemical equations. Precipitation Reactions OBJECTIVE 9 Precipitation reactions, such as the ones we will see in this section, belong to a general class of reactions called double‑displacement reactions. (Double displacement reactions are also called double‑replacement, double‑exchange, or metathesis reactions.) Double displacement reactions have the following form, signifying that the elements in two reacting compounds change partners. AB + CD → AD + CB Precipitation reactions take place between ionic compounds in solution. For example, in the precipitation reactions that we will see, A and C represent the cationic (or positively charged) portions of the reactants and products, and B and D represent the anionic (or negatively charged) portions of the reactants and products. The cation of the first reactant (A) combines with the anion of the second reactant (D) to form the product AD, and the cation of the second reactant (C) combines with the anion of the first reactant to form the product CB.