DOCSLIB.ORG

Ingested Nitrate and Nitrite

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

INGESTED NITRATE AND NITRITE INGESTED NITRATE AND NITRITE This monograph focuses on ingested nitrate and nitrite ions, for which food and water are the major pathways of human exposure. The nitrate and nitrite salts described in Section 1.1 represent some of the potential anthropogenic sources of these compounds in food and water, and their use is presented in relation to exposure by ingestion; however, it is not the intention of this monograph to evaluate the carcinogenicity of any of the individual salts. The highly water-soluble nitrate and nitrite ions are of interest here and the patterns of occurrence and levels of human exposures to nitrate and nitrite ions are described in Sections 1.3 and 1.4. 1. Exposure Data Nitrate and nitrite are naturally occurring ions that are part of the nitrogen cycle and are ubiquitous in the environment. Both are products of the oxidation of nitrogen (which comprises approximately 78% of the earth’s atmosphere) by microorganisms in plants, soil or water. Nitrate is the more stable form of oxidized nitrogen but can be reduced by microbial action to nitrite, which is moderately chemically reactive. Chemical and biological processes can further reduce nitrite to various compounds or oxidize it to nitrate. Nitrate salts are used widely as inorganic fertilizers, and are also used in explosives, as oxidizing agents in the chemical industry and as food preservatives. Nitrite salts have been also used as food preservatives, especially to cure meats (Environmental Protection Agency, 1987; Health Canada, 1992; Pokorny et al. , 2006). During the second half of the twentieth century, production of nitrogen compounds by humans increased dramatically—intentionally through the use of fertilizers or unintentionally as a by-product of the combustion of fossil fuels. In fact, it has been reported that, since the end of the twentieth century, humans have been adding more nitrogen compounds to the nitrogen cycle than all other sources combined (Fields, 2004). –45– 46 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 94 1.1 Chemical and physical data 1.1.1 Nomenclature, molecular formulae, relative molecular masses and chemical and physical properties From Chapman and Hall/CRC (2006) and Toxnet (2006), unless otherwise indicated Nitrate ion Chem. Abstr. Serv. (CAS) Reg. No. : 14797-55-8 Deleted CAS Reg. Nos : 23746-18-1; 34236-35-6; 73394-83-9 Chem. Abstr. Name : Nitrate IUPAC Systematic Name : Nitrate − − Synonyms : Nitrate (NO 3 ); nitrate(1 −); nitrate ion; nitrate ion (NO 3 ); nitrate ion(1 −); nitrato; nitric acid, ion(1 −) O ONO – NO 3 Relative molecular mass: 62.005 (a) Acid : Conjugated base of the strong acid HNO 3; p Ka = –1.3 (WHO, 2003a) (b) Reactivity : Unreactive (WHO, 2003a) Nitrite ion Chem. Abstr. Serv. Reg. No. : 14797-65-0 Deleted CAS Reg. Nos : 12183-96-9; 114466-53-4 Chem. Abstr. Name : Nitrite IUPAC Systematic Name : Nitrite − − Synonyms : Nitrite (NO 2 ); nitrite(1 −); nitrite anion; nitrite ion; nitrite ion (NO 2 ); nitrite ion(1 −); nitrogen dioxide(1 −); nitrogen dioxide ion(1 −); nitrogen peroxide ion(1 −); nitrous acid, ion(1 −) ONO – NO 2 Relative molecular mass: 45.995 (a) Acid : Conjugated base of the weak acid HNO 2; pKa = 3.4 (WHO, 2003a) (b) Reactivity : Reactive; oxidizes antioxidants, the divalent iron (Fe 2+ ) of haemoglobin to trivalent iron (Fe 3+ ) and primary amines; nitrosates several amines and amides (WHO, 2003a). Ammonium nitrate Chem. Abstr. Serv. Reg . No.: 6484-52-2 INGESTED NITRATE AND NITRITE 47 Deleted CAS Reg. No. : 95255-40-6 Chem. Abstr. Name : Nitric acid, ammonium salt IUPAC Systematic Name : Nitric acid, ammonium salt Synonyms : Ammonium nitrate; ammonium nitrate (NH 4NO 3); Emulite; EXP 200; German saltpeter; Norge salpeter; Norway salpeter; Norwegian salpeter; Plenco 12203; Varioform I; ZhVK O ONO NH4 NH 4NO 3 Relative molecular mass: 80.043 (a) Description : White hygroscopic crystals; exists in five crystalline forms (b) Boiling-point : Decomposes at about 210 °C, mostly into water and nitrous oxide (Merck & Co., 2005) (c) Melting-point : 169.7 °C (Lide, 2005) (d) Density : 1.725 g/cm 3 (e) Solubility : Very soluble in water (118.3 g/100 g at 0 °C; 213 g/100 g at 25 °C; 871 g/100 g at 100 °C) (Lide, 2005); soluble in acetone, ammonia, ethanol (3.8 g/100 g at 20 °C), isopropanol and methanol (17.1 g/100 g at 20 °C); insoluble in diethyl ether (Merck & Co., 2005) (f) pH : 0.1 M solution in water is 5.43. Sodium nitrate Chem. Abstr. Serv. Reg. No. : 7631-99-4 Deleted CAS Reg. No. : 862599-22-2 Chem. Abstr. Name : Nitric acid, sodium salt IUPAC Systematic Name : Nitric acid, sodium salt Synonyms : Chile salpeter; niter; nitric acid sodium salt (1:1); salpeter; soda niter O ONO Na NaNO 3 Relative molecular mass: 84.995 (a) Description : Colourless trigonal (rhombohedral) crystals; undergoes transition to high-temperature polymorph at ~278 °C (b) Boiling-point : 380 °C; decomposes on heating to form sodium nitrite (Weast, 1979). (c) Melting-point : 306 °C (d) Density : 2.26 g/cm 3 (Merck & Co., 2005) 48 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 94 (e) Solubility : Very soluble in water (92 g/100 g at 25 °C; 180 g/100 g at 100 °C); very soluble in ammonia; soluble in ethanol and methanol; very slightly soluble in acetone and glycerol; practically insoluble in dimethyl ether (Weast, 1979) (f) pH : An aqueous solution is neutral (Merck & Co., 2005). Sodium nitrite Chem. Abstr. Serv. Reg. No. : 7632-00-0 Deleted CAS Reg. Nos: 32863-15-3; 56227-20-4; 82497-43-6; 82998-40-1 Chem. Abstr. Name : Nitrous acid, sodium salt IUPAC Systematic Name : Nitrous acid, sodium salt Synonyms : Nitrous acid soda; nitrous acid sodium salt (1:1) ONO Na NaNO 2 Relative molecular mass: 68.985 (a) Description : White to pale yellow, hygroscopic, orthorhombic crystals (Lide, 2005) (b) Boiling-point : > 320 °C (decomposes) (Lide, 2005); undergoes transition to high- temperature orthorhombic polymorph at 158 °C. (c) Melting-point : 271 °C (d) Density : 2.17 g/cm 3 (Merck & Co., 2005) (e) Solubility : Very soluble in water (84.8 g/100 g at 25 °C); very soluble in ammonia; slightly soluble in ethanol (3 g/100 g at 20 °C) (Lide, 2005) and methanol (4.4 g/100 g at 20 °C); sparingly soluble in diethyl ether (0.3 g/100 g at 20 °C) (Weast, 1989) (f) pH : An aqueous solution is alkaline (~9) (Merck & Co., 2005). Potassium nitrate Chem. Abstr. Serv. Reg. No .: 7757-79-1 Deleted CAS Reg. No .: 96193-83-8 Chem. Abstr. Name : Nitric acid, potassium salt IUPAC Systematic Name : Nitric acid, potassium salt Synonyms : Niter; nitre; nitric acid potassium salt (1:1); salpeter O ONO K KNO 3 Relative molecular mass: 101.103 (a) Description : Colourless, orthorhombic crystals INGESTED NITRATE AND NITRITE 49 (b) Boiling-point : 400 °C (decomposes) (Lide, 2005); undergoes orthorhombic to rhombohedral form transition at 128 °C; cooling the rhombohedral form gives a metastable rhombohedral polymorph that exists between 128 °C and 109 °C. (c) Melting-point : 334 °C (d) Density : 2.11 g/cm 3 (Merck & Co., 2005) (e) Solubility : Very soluble in water (13 g/100 g at 0 °C; 38.3 g/100 g at 25 °C; 247 g/100 g at 100 °C); soluble in ammonia; insoluble in diethyl ether and ethanol (Weast, 1989; Lide, 2005) (f) pH : ~7 (Merck & Co., 2005) Potassium nitrite Chem. Abstr. Serv. Reg. No. : 7758-09-0 Chem. Abstr. Name : Nitrous acid, potassium salt IUPAC Systematic Name : Nitrous acid, potassium salt Synonyms : Chile salpeter; niter; nitric acid sodium salt (1:1); salpeter; soda niter ONO K KNO 2 Relative molecular mass: 85.093 (a) Description : Pale yellow, hexagonal crystals; white, hygroscopic crystals (Lide, 2005) (b) Boiling-point : 537 °C (explodes) (Lide, 2005); undergoes transition from rhombohedral to cubic form at 70 °C; disproportionates on heating in the absence of air to form potassium nitrate (KNO 3), potassium oxide (K 2O) and evolving nitrogen. (c) Melting-point : 440 °C (d) Density : 1.915 g/cm 3 (Lide, 2005) (e) Solubility : Very soluble in water (281 g/100 g at 0 °C; 312 g/100 g at 25 °C; 413 g/100 g at 100 °C); very soluble in ammonia; slightly soluble in ethanol (Weast, 1989; Lide, 2005) 1.1.2 Physicochemical properties Concentrations of nitrate and nitrite can be expressed in different units, as either milligrams per litre (mg/L), milligrams of nitrate nitrogen per litre (mg/L nitrate-N) or milligrams of nitrite nitrogen per litre (mg/L nitrite-N). It can also be expressed in terms of moles (or millimoles); the latter simplifies the comparison of nitrate and nitrite with regard to exposure and their relative contributions to N-nitroso compounds. Conversion factors between the different units are given in Table 1.1 (Environmental Protection Agency, 1987; WHO, 2003a). 50 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 94 Table 1.1. Conversion factors between different units – – – – mM mg/L NO 3 mg/L NO 3 -N mg/L NO 2 mg/L NO 2 -N mM 1 62 14 46 14 – mg/L NO 3 0.016 1 0.226 – – – mg/L NO 3 -N 0.0714 4.429 1 – – – mg/L NO 2 0.0217 – – 1 0.304 – mg/L NO 2 -N 0.0714 – – 3.29 1 From Environmental Protection Agency (1987); WHO (2003a) – – – – NO 3 , nitrate; NO 3 -N, nitrate nitrogen; NO 2 , nitrite; NO 2 -N, nitrite nitrogen 1.2 Analysis Spectrometric techniques are used for the determination of nitrate in water. Selected methods for the determination of nitrates and nitrites in various matrices are presented in Table 1.2. A molecular absorption spectrometric method is available for the determination of nitrite in drinking-water, raw water and wastewater (International Standards Organization, 1984b).
Recommended publications
  • Genetic Basis for Nitrate Resistance in Desulfovibrio Strains

    Genetic Basis for Nitrate Resistance in Desulfovibrio Strains

    ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 21 April 2014 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00153 Genetic basis for nitrate resistance in Desulfovibrio strains Hannah L. Korte 1,2,SamuelR.Fels2,3, Geoff A. Christensen 1,2,MorganN.Price2,4, Jennifer V. Kuehl 2,4, Grant M. Zane 1,2, Adam M. Deutschbauer 2,4,AdamP.Arkin2,4 and Judy D. Wall 1,2,3* 1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA 2 Ecosystems and Networks Integrated with Genes and Molecular Assemblies, Berkeley, CA, USA 3 Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA 4 Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA Edited by: Nitrate is an inhibitor of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). In petroleum production sites, Hans Karl Carlson, University of amendments of nitrate and nitrite are used to prevent SRB production of sulfide that California, Berkeley, USA causes souring of oil wells. A better understanding of nitrate stress responses in Reviewed by: the model SRB, Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough and Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20, Dimitry Y. Sorokin, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands will strengthen predictions of environmental outcomes of nitrate application. Nitrate Wolfgang Buckel, inhibition of SRB has historically been considered to result from the generation of small Philipps-Universität Marburg, amounts of nitrite, to which SRB are quite sensitive. Here we explored the possibility Germany that nitrate might inhibit SRB by a mechanism other than through nitrite inhibition. *Correspondence: We found that nitrate-stressed D. vulgaris cultures grown in lactate-sulfate conditions Judy D. Wall, Department of Biochemistry, University of eventually grew in the presence of high concentrations of nitrate, and their resistance Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, continued through several subcultures.
  • Safety Data Sheet

    Safety Data Sheet

    SAFETY DATA SHEET According to JIS Z 7253:2019 Revision Date 14-Jan-2021 Version 1.03 Section 1: PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Product name Potassium Nitrite Product code 165-27322,169-27325 Manufacturer FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation 1-2 Doshomachi 3-Chome Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-8605, Japan Phone: +81-6-6203-3741 Fax: +81-6-6203-5964 Supplier FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation 1-2 Doshomachi 3-Chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-8605, Japan Phone: +81-6-6203-3741 Fax: +81-6-6203-2029 Emergency telephone number +81-6-6203-3741 / +81-3-3270-8571 Recommended uses and For research use only restrictions on use Section 2: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION GHS classification Classification of the substance or mixture Oxidizing solids Category 2 Reproductive Toxicity Category 2 (additional) Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure) Category 1 Category 1 blood Short-term (acute) hazardous to the aquatic environment Category 2 Long-term (chronic) hazardous to the aquatic environment Category 2 Pictograms Signal word Danger Hazard statements H272 - May intensify fire; oxidizer H361 - Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child H362 - May cause harm to breast-fed children H401 - Toxic to aquatic life H411 - Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects H370 - Causes damage to the following organs: blood Precautionary statements-(Prevention) • Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. — No smoking • Keep/Store away from clothing/combustible materials • Obtain special instructions before use • Do not handle until all safety precautions
  • Sodium Nitrate 2005

    Sodium Nitrate 2005

    CONTENTS 1 Added to the Natural List b) Prof. 0.Van Clamput, UnksWtGent c) 07. T.K. Harts, Univ. of Wbrnia - Davis aer, Nrrt. AgrScuituml 0 W.Vooqt,Werg~ l3emamh cmw Reply to the 2004 IFOAM Evaluation of Natuml Sodium Nitrate 'IFOAM 2004" NORTH AMERICA February 25,2005 Mr. Robert Pooler Agricultural Marketing Specialist USDAIAMS/TM/NOP Room 25 10-So., Ag Stop 0268 P.O. Box 94656 Washington, D.C. 20090-6456 Dear Mr. Pooler: On behalf of SQM North America, I am presenting this petition for the continued usage of non- synthetic Natural Sodium Nitrate in USDA Certified Organic crop production in The United States of America. Our product is necessary for our growers to maintain their economic viability; furthermore, this product is agronomically and environmentally sound and adheres to the principles of organic crop production. Natural Sodium Nitrate is permitted as a source of nitrogen for USDA Certified organic crops grown and used in The United States of America and this petition seeks to continue its usage. We look forward to the continued usage of Natural Sodium Nitrate and appreciate your attention to this petition. If you have any questions, please contact me. Sincerely, Bill McBride Director Sales US. and Canada SQM NORTH AMERICA CORP. 3101 Towercreek Parkway. Suite 450 Atlanta. GA 30330 Td: (1 - 770) 016 9400 Fa: (1 - 770) 016 9454 www.sam.cotq \A United States Agricultural STOP 0268 - Room 40084 Department of Marketing 1400 Independence Avenue, SW. i I Agriculture Service Washington, D.C. 20250-0200 February 9,2005 Bill McBride SQM North America, Corp.
  • A Review of the Patents and Literature on the Manufacture of Potassium Nitrate with Notes on Its Occurrence and Uses

    A Review of the Patents and Literature on the Manufacture of Potassium Nitrate with Notes on Its Occurrence and Uses

    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Miscellaneous Publication No. 192 Washington, D.C. July 1934 A REVIEW OF THE PATENTS AND LITERATURE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF POTASSIUM NITRATE WITH NOTES ON ITS OCCURRENCE AND USES By COLIN W. WHITTAKER. Associate Chemist and FRANK O. LUNDSTROM, Assistant Chemist Division of Fertilizer Technology, Fertilizer Investigationa Bureau of Chemistry and Soils For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. .....-..- Price 5 cents UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Miscellaneous Publication No. 192 Washington, D.C. July 1934 A REVIEW OF THE PATENTS AND LITERATURE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF POTASSIUM NITRATE WITH NOTES ON ITS OCCURRENCE AND USES By COLIN W. WHITTAKER, associate chemist, and FRANK O. LUNDSTROM, assistant chemist, Division of Fertilizer Technology, Fertilizer Investigations, Bureau oj Chemistry and Soils CONTENTS Page Production of potassium nitrate —Contd. Page Processes involving dilute oxides of Introduction } nitrogen 22 Historical sketch 3 Absorption in carbonates, bicarbon- Statistics of the saltpeter industry 4 ates, or hydroxides 22 Potassium nitrate as a plant food 8 Conversion of nitrites to nitrates 23 Occurrence of potassium nitrate 9 Processes involving direct action of nitric Production of potassium nitrate 11 acid or oxides of nitrogen on potassium Saltpeter from the soil 11 compounds 23 In East India 11 Potassium bicarbonate and nitric In other countries 12 acid or ammonium nitrate 23 Chilean high-potash nitrate 13 Potassium hydroxide or carbonate Composting and
  • Toxicological Profile for Nitrate and Nitrite

    Toxicological Profile for Nitrate and Nitrite

    NITRATE AND NITRITE 29 3. HEALTH EFFECTS 3.1 INTRODUCTION The primary purpose of this chapter is to provide public health officials, physicians, toxicologists, and other interested individuals and groups with an overall perspective on the toxicology of nitrate and nitrite. It contains descriptions and evaluations of toxicological studies and epidemiological investigations and provides conclusions, where possible, on the relevance of toxicity and toxicokinetic data to public health. A glossary and list of acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols can be found at the end of this profile. 3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE To help public health professionals and others address the needs of persons living or working near hazardous waste sites, the information in this section is organized first by route of exposure (inhalation, oral, and dermal) and then by health effect (e.g., death, systemic, immunological, neurological, reproductive, developmental, and carcinogenic effects). These data are discussed in terms of three exposure periods: acute (14 days or less), intermediate (15–364 days), and chronic (365 days or more). Levels of significant exposure for each route and duration are presented in tables and illustrated in figures. The points in the figures showing no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) or lowest- observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAELs) reflect the actual doses (levels of exposure) used in the studies. LOAELs have been classified into "less serious" or "serious" effects. "Serious" effects are those that evoke failure in a biological system and can lead to morbidity or mortality (e.g., acute respiratory distress or death). "Less serious" effects are those that are not expected to cause significant dysfunction or death, or those whose significance to the organism is not entirely clear.
  • Safety Data Sheet According to 29CFR1910/1200 and GHS Rev

    Safety Data Sheet According to 29CFR1910/1200 and GHS Rev

    Safety Data Sheet according to 29CFR1910/1200 and GHS Rev. 3 Effective date : 02.12.2015 Page 1 of 7 Potassium Nitrite, Reagent SECTION 1 : Identification of the substance/mixture and of the supplier Product name : Potassium Nitrite, Reagent Manufacturer/Supplier Trade name: Manufacturer/Supplier Article number: S25495A Recommended uses of the product and uses restrictions on use: Manufacturer Details: AquaPhoenix Scientific 9 Barnhart Drive, Hanover, PA 17331 Supplier Details: Fisher Science Education 15 Jet View Drive, Rochester, NY 14624 Emergency telephone number: Fisher Science Education Emergency Telephone No.: 800-535-5053 SECTION 2 : Hazards identification Classification of the substance or mixture: Oxidizing Oxidizing solids, category 2 Irritant Acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), category 3 Environmentally Damaging Acute hazards to the aquatic environment, category 1 Chronic hazards to the aquatic environment, category 1 Oxid. Sol 2 AcTox. Oral 3 Aq. AcTox. 1 Aq. ChrTox. 1 Signal word :Danger Hazard statements: May intensify fire; oxidizer Toxic if swallowed Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects Precautionary statements: If medical advice is needed, have product container or label at hand Keep out of reach of children Read label before use Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. No smoking Keep/Store away from clothing/combustible materials Take any precaution to avoid mixing with combustibles Created by Global Safety Management, Inc. -Tel: 1-813-435-5161 - www.gsmsds.com Safety Data Sheet
  • Chemical Hazard Analysis for Sodium Nitrite in Meat Curing L

    Chemical Hazard Analysis for Sodium Nitrite in Meat Curing L

    CHEMICAL HAZARD ANALYSIS FOR SODIUM NITRITE IN MEAT CURING L. L. Borchert and R. G. Cassens University of Wisconsin July, 1998 Cured meat has specific properties including a pink color and characteristic flavor and texture. Potassium nitrate and sodium nitrite have a long history of use as curing ingredients, and by the close of the 19th century the scientific basis of the process was becoming understood. It was realized, for example, that nitrate must be converted to nitrite in order for the curing process to proceed. Regulations controlling the use of curing agents were established in the USA in 1926 (see USDA, 1925; USDA, 1926), and the same rules are in effect at present, with slight modification. The critical feature of these rules is that a maximum use level of sodium nitrite is defined; but the meat processor may use less. Basically, no more than one-quarter ounce (7.1 g) may be used per 100 pounds (45.4 kg) of meat (resulting in 156 mg/kg or 156 ppm). While nitrate is still permitted, it is, in fact, not used by the industry. The regulations were changed for bacon so that ingoing nitrite is targeted at 120 ppm, and the maximum use of ascorbates (550 ppm) is mandated. The current routine use of ascorbates (ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, erythorbic acid and sodium erythorbate) by the meat processing industry is important not only because it accelerates and improves the curing process but also the use of ascorbates inhibits nitrosation reactions which might result in formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines (Mirvish et al, 1995).
  • Study of Psychrophilic, Mesophilic, and Halophilic Bacteria in Salt and Meat Curing Solutions

    Study of Psychrophilic, Mesophilic, and Halophilic Bacteria in Salt and Meat Curing Solutions

    A STUDY OF PSYCHROPHILIC, ilESOPHILIC, AND HALOPHTLIC BACTERIA IN SALT AND MEAT CURING SOLUTIONS by HAROLD EUGENE TICKNER a B, S,, Kansas State College of Agriculture and Applied Science, 1949 A THESIS - submitted in partial fulfillment of the 1 ' r requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE 1 Department of Bacteriology KANSAS STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE 1950 X Docu- M TABLE OF CONTENTS \^50 T5 INTRODUCTIi. ^» « • 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2 EXPERIMENT I - PREPARATION OF MEDIA FOR PLATE COUNTS . 17 EXPERIMENT II - PLATE COUNTS FOR ENUMERATION OF RALOPHILIC ORGANISMS IN COMMERCIAL SALT SAMPLES 19 EXPERIMENT III - ISOLATION OF PSYCHROPHILIC- AND MESOPHILIC-HALOPHILIC BACTERIA 21 EXPERIMENT IV - PLATE COUNTS OF CURING SOLUTIONS ... 26 EXPERIMENT V - DETERMINATION OF NUMBERS OF PSYCHROPHILIC ORGANISMS IN THE CURING SOLUTIONS ...... 2fi EXPERIMENT VI - TESTING PURE CULTURES OF PSYCHROPHILIC ORGANISMS IN STERILE CURING SOLUTIONS 33 EXPERIMENT VII - PREPARATION OF CURING SOLUTION TO CHECK GROWTH OF PSYCHROPHILIC- AND MESOPHILIC-HALOPHILIC BACTERIA IN A NEW CURING SOLUTION AO EXPERIMENT VIII - DETERMINATION OF NUMBERS OF MESOPHILIC AND MESOPHILIC-HALOPHILIC BACTERIA IN MEAT CURING SOLUTIONS A2 EXPERIMENT IX - DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE CONTENT IN OLD USED CURING SOLUTIONS U EXPERIMENT X - DETERMINATION OF AMOUNT OF PROTEINS IN OLD USED CURING SOLUTIONS 46 EXPERIMENT XI - PREPARATION OF A "SYNTHETIC AGED CURING SOLUTION" EMPLOYED AS A MEDIUM FOR CHECKING GROWTH OF PURE CULTURES OF ORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM SALT AND MEAT CURING SOLUTIONS A3 EXPERIMENT XII - A COMPARISON OF BACTERIA FOUND IN SALT AND MEAT CURING SOLUTIONS 55 EXPERIMENT XIII - ORGANISMS REQUIRING SODIUM CHLORIDE FOR GROWTH 57 DISCUSSION 59 ii CONCLUSIONS 64.
  • Toxicological Profile for Nitrate and Nitrite

    Toxicological Profile for Nitrate and Nitrite

    NITRATE AND NITRITE 9 2. RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH 2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO NITRATE AND NITRITE IN THE UNITED STATES Nitrate and nitrite can be organic or inorganic chemicals depending on their chemical structures. This profile pertains to inorganic nitrate and nitrite, specifically the nitrate anion and the nitrite anion. Nitrate and nitrite occur naturally in the environment as part of the nitrogen cycle, and are produced both endogenously and exogenously. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria convert ammonia into nitrite; nitrite- oxidizing bacteria convert nitrite into nitrate in aerobic environments. This two-stage process is known as nitrification. Main sources of ammonia in the environment are decaying organic matter and human and animal wastes. Nitrification, atmospheric fixation, and nitrogen fertilizers contribute to nitrite and nitrate concentrations in the environment. In nature, salts of nitrate and nitrite completely dissociate and these anions typically exist as ionic species. In the environment, nitrite is readily oxidized to nitrate. Nitrate is generally stable in the environment; however, it may be reduced through biotic (living systems; plants, microbes, etc.) processes to nitrite under anerobic conditions. Nitrate and nitrite are ubiquitous in the environment and people are exposed to them primarily through the ingestion of food and drinking water. Significant uptake of nitrate and nitrite occurs in all varieties of plants; internal storage of nitrate (rather than metabolic conversion to ammonium and amino acids) can occur in some plants, especially leafy vegetables such as lettuce and spinach. Vegetables account for about 80% of the nitrate in a typical human diet. Nitrate and nitrite are also produced in the body as part of the natural nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide cycle.
  • SAFETY DATA SHEET 114751-Potassium Nitrite

    SAFETY DATA SHEET 114751-Potassium Nitrite

    SAFETY DATA SHEET (in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2015/830) 114751-Potassium nitrite, FCC Version: 3 Page 1 of 8 Revision date: 24/11/2020 Print date: 09/02/2021 SECTION 1: IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE AND OF THE COMPANY/UNDERTAKING. 1.1 Product identifier. Product Name: Potassium nitrite, FCC Product Code: 114751 Chemical Name: Potassium nitrite FCC Index No: 007-011-00-X CAS No: 7758-09-0 EC No: 231-832-4 Registration No: N/D 1.2 Relevant identified uses of the substance and uses advised against. For manufacturing, processing, laboratory or repacking use only Uses advised against: Uses other than those recommended. 1.3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet. Company: DC FINE CHEMICALS Ltd. Address: Hill Top, 88 City: NW11 6DY London (United Kingdom) Telephone: +44 (20) 7586 6800 Fax: +44 (20) 7504 1701 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.dcfinechemicals.com 1.4 Emergency telephone number: (Only available during office hours; Monday-Friday; 08:00-18:00) SECTION 2: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION. 2.1 Classification of the substance. In accordance with Regulation (EU) No 1272/2008: Acute Tox. 3 : Toxic if swallowed. Aquatic Acute 1 : Very toxic to aquatic life. Ox. Sol. 2 : May intensify fire; oxidiser. 2.2 Label elements. Labelling in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 1272/2008: Pictograms: Signal Word: Danger H statements: H272 May intensify fire; oxidiser. H301 Toxic if swallowed. H400 Very toxic to aquatic life. P statements: P210 Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking. P264 Wash thoroughly after handling.
  • Recommended Methods for the Identification and Analysis Of

    Recommended Methods for the Identification and Analysis Of

    Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26060-0, Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org RECOMMENDED METHODS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF AMPHETAMINE, METHAMPHETAMINE AND THEIR RING-SUBSTITUTED ANALOGUES IN SEIZED MATERIALS (revised and updated) MANUAL FOR USE BY NATIONAL DRUG TESTING LABORATORIES Laboratory and Scientific Section United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Vienna RECOMMENDED METHODS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF AMPHETAMINE, METHAMPHETAMINE AND THEIR RING-SUBSTITUTED ANALOGUES IN SEIZED MATERIALS (revised and updated) MANUAL FOR USE BY NATIONAL DRUG TESTING LABORATORIES UNITED NATIONS New York, 2006 Note Mention of company names and commercial products does not imply the endorse- ment of the United Nations. This publication has not been formally edited. ST/NAR/34 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.06.XI.1 ISBN 92-1-148208-9 Acknowledgements UNODC’s Laboratory and Scientific Section wishes to express its thanks to the experts who participated in the Consultative Meeting on “The Review of Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Amphetamine-type Stimulants (ATS) and Their Ring-substituted Analogues in Seized Material” for their contribution to the contents of this manual. Ms. Rosa Alis Rodríguez, Laboratorio de Drogas y Sanidad de Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain Dr. Hans Bergkvist, SKL—National Laboratory of Forensic Science, Linköping, Sweden Ms. Warank Boonchuay, Division of Narcotics Analysis, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand Dr. Rainer Dahlenburg, Bundeskriminalamt/KT34, Wiesbaden, Germany Mr. Adrian V. Kemmenoe, The Forensic Science Service, Birmingham Laboratory, Birmingham, United Kingdom Dr. Tohru Kishi, National Research Institute of Police Science, Chiba, Japan Dr.
  • Project Note Weston Solutions, Inc

    Project Note Weston Solutions, Inc

    PROJECT NOTE WESTON SOLUTIONS, INC. To: Canadian Radium & Uranium Corp. Site File Date: June 5, 2014 W.O. No.: 20405.012.013.2222.00 From: Denise Breen, Weston Solutions, Inc. Subject: Determination of Significant Lead Concentrations in Sediment Samples References 1. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Technical Guidance for Screening Contaminated Sediments. March 1998. [45 pages] 2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Emergency Response. Establishing an Observed Release – Quick Reference Fact Sheet. Federal Register, Volume 55, No. 241. September 1995. [7 pages] 3. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Division Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances. Atomic Weights of Elements: Review 2000. 2003. [120 pages] WESTON personnel collected six sediment samples (including one environmental duplicate sample) from five locations along the surface water pathway of the Canadian Radium & Uranium Corp. (CRU) site in May 2014. The sediment samples were analyzed for Target Analyte List (TAL) Metals and Stable Lead Isotopes. 1. TAL Lead Interpretation: In order to quantify the significance for Lead, Thallium and Mercury the following was performed: 1. WESTON personnel tabulated all available TAL Metal data from the May 2014 Sediment Sampling event. 2. For each analyte of concern (Lead, Thallium, and Mercury), the highest background concentration was selected and then multiplied by three. This is the criteria to find the significance of site attributable release as per Hazard Ranking System guidelines. 3. One analytical lead result (2222-SD04) of 520 mg/kg (J) was qualified with an unknown bias. In accordance with US EPA document “Using Data to Document an Observed Release and Observed Contamination”, 2222-SD03 lead concentration was adjusted by dividing by the factor value for lead of 1.44 to equal 361 mg/kg.