Vol. 66 No. 2
Bulletin 1992 Géodésique
The
International Geodesist’s Association of Geodesy
Handbook International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
Union Géodésique Le Manuel et Géophysique du Géodésien Internationale
1992
Editor C.C. Tscherning
77
FOREWORD A VANT-PR OPOS
C.C. Tscherning
The Executive Committee of the International Le Comit6 Ex6cutif de rAssociation Internationale Association of Geodesy has decided to publish after de G6od6sie a pris la d6cision de publier apr~s chaque every General Assembly a special issue of Bulletin Assembl6e G6n6rale un num6ro sp6cial du Bulletin G6odesique devoted to a detailed description of the G6od6sique consacr6 h une description d6taill6e de Association. The first "Geodesist's Handbook 1980" l'Association. Le premier "Manuel du Gdoddsien-1980" was published after the Canberra General Assembly in fut publi6 apr~s l'Assembl6e G6n6rale de Canberra en 1979. This is the "Geodesist's Handbook 1992". It aims 1979. Ceci est le "Manuel du Gdoddsien-1992". Le but at providing all the practical informations on the de cette publication est de fournir tousles Association, supplemented with information of renseignements pratiques sur l'Association, et importance for the International scientific cooperation. 6galement toutes les informations concernant la coop6ration scientifique internationale.
The first part refers to the history of the Association La premiere partie traite de l'histoire de and to its present place and activities within the l'Association, de sa place actuelle et de ses activit6s au International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, sein de l'Union G6od6sique et G6ophysique Statutes and By-Laws. As the quadrennial General Internationale, de ses Statuts et de son R6glement Assembly is a very important date in the administrative Int6rieur. L'Assembl6e G6n6rale 6tant une 6tape and scientific life of the Association, the second part of importante dans la vie scientifique et administrative de the book contains the reports of the last General l'Association, la deuxi~me partie comprend les comptes Assembly which was held in Vienna, Austria, August, rendus de la derni6re Assembl6e G6n6rale qui s'est tenue 1991. These reports deal with the activities during the h Vienne (Autriche) en Atilt 1991. Ces comptes rendus preceding four-year period, with the decisions taken se rapportent aux activit6s de la p6riode quadriennale during the Assembly and their administrative and pr6c6dente, ainsi qu'aux d6cisions prises pendant scientific consequences. The third part is mainly l'Assembl6e G6n6rale et aux cons6quences devoted to the review of the basic constituents of the administratives et scientifiques qui en d6coulent. La Association, the Sections, the Commissions, the troisi~me partie est principalement consacr6e h la Special Commissions and the Special Study Groups, pr6sentation des constituants de base de l'Association, namely their structure and program of activities for the les Sections, les Commissions, les Commissions coming period 1991-1995. The important information Sp6ciales et les Groupes Sp6ciaux d'Etudes, notamment on the Geodetic Reference System 1980 is reprinted leur structure et leur programme d'activit6s pour la from the i980-edition of the Handbook and is found in p6riode quadriennale 1991-1995. L'importante note sur the fourth part. Here is also included information on the le Syst~me G6od6sique de R6f6rence 1980 a 6t6 reprise current estimates of important parameters, prepared by de l'6dition 1980 et figure dans la quatri~me partie de the president of Special Study Group 5.100, l'ouvrage. Dans cette partie, on trouve 6galement des Prof. M. Bursa. The fourth part also includes a list of informations sur les estimateurs actuels de certains major international and national data centers and param~tres importants, pr6par6es par le pr6sident du scientific publications series. Groupe Sp6cial d'Etudes 5.100, Prof. M. Bursa. Cette quatfi~me partie contient aussi une liste des principaux 78 Finally, the Handbook contains information for centres de donn6es internationaux et nationaux ainsi que contributors to the Bulletin G6odesique and (maybe des publications scientifiques r6guli~res. most important) a list of addresses. Enfin le Manuel contient des informations n6cessaires aux auteurs d'articles pour le Bulletin The Executive Committee has discussed whether to G6od6sique, et (peut-&re le plus important) une liste include other pratical information such as addresses of d'adresses. geodetic research and educational institutions, or information on regional or national geodetic datums. Le Comit6 Ex6cutif a aussi discut6 de r6ventualit6 Only one source of information was readily available, d'inclure d'autres informations pratiques telles que les namely the addresses of educational institutions. adresses des instituts g6od6siques de recherche et de formation, ou des informations sur les r6f6rences g6od6siques r6gionales ou nationales. Seule une source The Handbook has been compiled by P. Willis at d'information 6tait actuellement disponible, les adresses the Central Bureau of the Association. Here corrections, des instituts g6od6siques de formation. updates, suggestions and proposals for improvements of the Handbook should be sent. It is planned to publish Le Manuel du g6od6sien a 6t6 pr6par6 par P. Willis the most important updates in the Newsletter section of au Bureau Central de rAssociation qui serait heureux de Bulletin G6odesique. recevoir toutes corrections, raises ~ jour, suggestions et propositions afin d'en am61iorer le contenu. I1 est pr6vu de publier les mises ~ jour les plus importantes dans la partie "Newsletter" du Bulletin G6od6sique. 79
HISTORY OF THE
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GEODESY
M. Louis
The 1980 Geodesist's Handbook contains a very detailed note on the "History of the International While an undergraduate he was inspired by a visit to Association of Geodesy" prepared by J.J. Levallois, Witwatersrand University of Dr J. de Graaff Hunter. As Honorary Secretary General. a result he later undertook research on atmospheric refraction, and in 1959 was awarded a Ph D on the basis Then the 1984 Geodesist's Handbook contains brief of these studies. He moved to Australia in 1962 as biographical memoirs of former Presidents and General Senior Lecturer in the University of New South Wales, Secretaries of the Association. For the 1988 Geodesist's and was appointed as Foundation Professor of Handbook the Special Study Group 0.67 (History of Surveying in 1963. Geodesy, Chairman : Ch. Whitten) has prepared similar memoirs for three Presidents of the old Association and also concise bio-reference notes for deceased former Section, Commission and Special Study Group officers as well as other geodesists who have made significant contributions.
In order to provide a continuous information about the history of the Association, the Central Bureau has prepared biographical memoirs of two former Presidents of the Association and one Secretary General who recently ended their terms of office. Similarly bio- reference notes have been prepared for those IAG officers and other geodesists who have deceased after 1987.
I- Past officers of the International Association of Geodesy
1. Presidents ProL Peter Angus-Leppan
Peter Vincent ANGUS-LEPPAN He developed geodesy in the Department, later the School of Surveying, and was largely responsible for President of the International Association of developments which have led to the current Geodesy, (1983-1987). international reputation in geodesy, of both the University and Australia. He supervised numerous Peter Angus-Leppan was born in 1930 in doctoral students, and assisted and encouraged many in Johannesburg, South Africa, and studied surveying at their geodetic research, including the late Ron Mather the University of the Witwatersrand. After practical and other who are active in geodesy today. experience, he lectured at the University of Natal, from 1954 to 1962, in geodesy and astronomy. 80 Peter Angus-Leppan's major contributions in Editorial Board of the journal manuscripta geodaetica, research are in aspects of geodetic refraction, though his and Editor-in-Chief of Bulletin G~od~sique for 12 years. publications and studies are widespread. In 1960 he helped to organize the first Conference of Southern African Surveyors (CONSAS), which continues to be organized at four-year intervals. He was Chairman of the Organizing Committee for the very successful 1979 IUGG General Assembly held in Canberra. Offices held in Australian Academy of Science, include Chairman of the National Committee on Geodesy and Geophysics 1974-1980, and Chairman of the Geodesy Subcommission, 1969-1980.
He travelled widely to represent his School and conducted research at the University of New Brunswick (1966); at the Topocom Research Institute, US Dept. of the Army (1971); under an Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship, at the Geodetic Institute, University of Karlsruhe (1978); and at the Canadian Geodetic Survey, Dept. of Surveys and Mapping, (1981).
In 1983, as Senior Visiting Scientist at the US National Geodetic Survey he undertook studies of Prof. Ivan I. Mueller refraction in geodetic levelling. IAG activities in which he was a moving force are Peter Angus-Leppan has always been a proponent of Project ADOS (African Doppler Survey), Project the widest possible applications of geodesy, and in MERIT and COTES - leading to the establishment of 1985-90 he worked as Project Coordinator in the International Earth Rotation Service, and the implementing the 20-year Land Titling Project, in International GPS Service. He was the first President of Thailand. This included designing systems whereby IAG Commission VIII-CSTG. Honors include Fellows modern techniques of geodesy were applied in of the American Geophysical Union; Alexander von accelerating the issuance of title deeds to the 85% of Humboldt Award: Distinguished Scholar of the Ohio farmers whose tenure of the land was not documented. State University; Corresponding Member of the German Geodetic Commission, Bavarian Academy of Sciences, and of the Austrian National Academy of • Ivan I. MUELLER Sciences, Vienna; Honorary Member, Hungarian Geodetic and Cartographic Association, and of the 1. President of the International Association of Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Geodesy (1987-1991).
Ivan I. Mueller is a Professor and Chairman in the 2. General Secretaries Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, The Ohio State University. • Michel LOUIS.
He was born January 9, 1930, in Budapest, Secrttaire Gtntral de l'Association Internationale de Hungary. He received the Dipl. of Engineering from the Gtodtsie (1975-1991). Technical University of Budapest in 1952. Emigrating to the U.S. in 1957, he earned a PhD in Geodesy from N6 le 21 septembre 1930, Michel Louis est The Ohio State University in 1960. ing6nieur de rEcole Polytechnique (X 51) et ing6nieur gtographique dipltm6 de rEcole Nationale des Sciences His teaching and research career focussed on geodetic G6ographiques. I1 dtbuta sa carri~re h l'Institut astronomy and satellite geodesy during which he was Gtographique National (1956) comme gtodtsien de principal advisor to 25 PhD graduates. His book terrain en participant h des missions d'ttablissement de Spherical and Practical Astronomy As Applied to canevas astronomiques et gtodtsiques en Afrique. D~s Geodesy became a standard text in the English-speaking 1960, il introduit les mesures 61ectro-magnttiques des world. His fifth book Earth Rotation: Theory and distances dans la rtalisation des canevas gtodtsiques. I1 Observation was coauthored with Professor Helmut organisa de 1966 h 1970 les missions fran~aises du Moritz of Graz, Austria. Ivan I. Mueller served as 12~me parall~le en Afrique avec rA.M.S. Associate Editor of the Journal of Geophysical Research and was President of the Geodesy Section of the A partir de 1962, il prit une part tr~s active American Geophysical Union. He was Chairman of the l'utilisation des techniques spatiales h I'IGN (cameras 81 balistiques) pour les liaisons ~ grande distance CONZETT, Rudolf (1922-1987). (rattachement de rarchipel des Agores ~ rEurope, Switzerland, Zurich, ETH jonctions Europe-Afrique du Nord-Afrique de rOuest). Classical geodesy En m~me temps, il dirigea l'unit6 charg6e de [Bulletin G6od6sique, 62-2, 1988]. rapplication des techniques g6od6siques au g6nie civil : implantations de haute pr6cision, contr61es de ponts, CORON, Suzanne (1917-1989). barrages, tunnels, antennes de grande dimension, etc. France, Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe Gravimetry Non seulement il forma les opdrateurs ~ ces Secretary of International Gravimetric Commission techniques nouvelles, mais il enseigna ces parties de la (1971-1975) g6od6sie appliqude ?~ rEcole Nationale des Sciences (Vice-Director of Bureau Gravim6trique International G6ographiques et au Conservatoire National des Arts et (1975-1979) M6tiers. [Bulletin G6od6sique, 64-1, 1990].
LECOLAZET, Robert (1910-1990). France, Strasbourg, Institut de Physique du Globe Physical geodesy, Earth Tides President of Commission on Earth Tides (1963- 1979) [Bulletin G6od6sique, 64-2, 1990].
LI, Qinghai (1910-1986). China, Wuhan Technical University, Surveying and Mapping Mathematical geodesy [Bulletin G6od6sique, 62-4, 1988].
MARSH, James, G. (1939-1991) U.S.A., Goddard Space Flight Center Satellite geodesy [Bulletin G6od6sique, 65-4, 1991].
Ing. G~n. G~og. Michel Louis PESCHEL, Horst (1910-1989). Germany, Dresden, Technische Hochschule Elbve et disciple de J.J. Levallois au Service de la Classical geodesy G6od6sie h I'IGN, il fut aussi son adjoint [Bulletin G6od6sique, 63-4, 1989]. l'Association Internationale de G6od6sie: secr6taire adjoint de 1963 h 1975 et r6dacteur du Bulletin RINNER, Karl (1912-!991). G6od6sique de 1965 ?a 1975. En 1975, il fut 61u Austria, Graz, Technical University Secr6taire G6n6ral de rAIG en remplacement de J.J. Classical and satellite geodesy Levallois. Chairman of SSG on Combination of Terrestrial and Satellite Networks (1967-1975) A rlGN, Michel Louis devint Chef du Service de la President of Section I: Control Surveys (1975- G6od6sie en 1976, puis Directeur de la Production en 1979) 1981, enfin il est Directeur Gdn6ral Adjoint depuis President of Commission on Education (1972-1979) 1983. Third Vice-President of IAG (1987-1991) [Bulletin G6od6sique, 65-4, 1991].
II- Deceased former Section, Commission, SZABO, Bela (1914-1990). Special Study Group officers and other U.S.A., Air Force Geophysics Laboratory geodesists who made significant Gravimetry contributions (in brackets biographical [Bulletin G6od6sique, 64-3 and 4, 1990]. notice published). FLINN, Edward A., (1931-1989). BERGSTRAND, Erik (1905-1987). U.S.A., Washington, NASA Sweden, Geographical Survey Office Seismology, Space Geodesy Electromagnetic distance measurement: geodimeter Chief NASA's Geodynamics Program Velocity of light Secretary General Inter-Union Commission on the [Bulletin G6od6sique, 61-3, 1987]. Lithosphere (1980-1985) [EOS, Transactions-AGU Vol. 71, N ° 18, 1990]. 82
Introduction to the I.A.G. P.V. Angus-Leppan
The International Association of Geodesy is an to the formation of the Mitteleuropi~'ische organisation devoted to the study of scientific problems Gradmessung (literally, the Central European Degree of geodesy, and the promotion of international Measurement). The expansion in the geographical and cooperation in this field. scientific scope of the organization is mirrored in the changes of its title: It is one of seven associations forming the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) 1864 Mitteleurop'~sche Gradmessung (see Figure 1). The Union, along with other 1871 Europ~iische Gradmessung International Unions, is a member of ICSU, the 1889 International Geodetic Association International Council of Scientific Unions. 1920 Geodesy Section, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1946 International Association of Geodesy, IUGG
--~ (GEODESY) The I.A.G., which is the oldest Association in the Union, took a leading role in the establishment of the INTERNATIONAL UNION OF IUGG. The Bureau of the I.A.G. consists of the GEODESY _IASPEI (SEISMOLOGY) President, Secretary General and First Vice-President. & GEOPHYSICS The Executive comprises the Bureau members, the -IAVCEI (VOLCANOLOGY) other Vice-President, the President of the Sections and _IAU the immediate Past President, with other officers of the INT. _IAPSO (PHYSICAL ASTRONOMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY) Association in attendance. The Council, which is the UNION most important deliberative body, consists of the chief INTERNATIONAL _IAMAP (METEOROLOGY) delegates from each of the member countries of the COUNCIL _ IUGS OF SCIENTIFIC Union, with the Executive members in attendance. UNIONS INT. UNION OF GEOLOGICAL _IAGA (GEOMAGNETISM Decisions of the Council, for example amendments to SCIENCES and AERONOMY) the Statutes and By-Laws, must be transmitted to the General Assembly, a body comprising all the (HYDROLOGICAL Etc. _ IAHS SCIENCES) delegates from member countries accredited to the I (A TOTAL OF EIGHTEEN Association, at a particular General Assembly of the I INTERNATIONALUNIONS) Union. Figure 2 shows the relationships between (SEVEN INTERNATIONAL I ASSOCIATIONS) these units. For its scientific activities, the Association is divided into five Sections. The present Sections, Fig. 1 - Structure of the International reaffirmed at the General Assembly in 1991 are : Organizations I Positioning The I.A.G. has a long tradition and can trace its II Advanced Space Technology origins back to the great mathematicians and geodesists lII Determination of the Gravity Field of the early 19th century. In 1862, General Baeyer, IV General Theory and Methodology who had been a pupil and disciple of Bessel, proposed V Geodynamics an international geodetic meeting in Prussia, which led 83
The function of the division into Sections is to designed to cover topics of more specialized interest, bring together scientists with common interests, but it which are ongoing or require medium to long-term is not possible, nor is it desirable, to avoid interests duration, Special Study Groups (SSGs) are overlapping from one Section into another. Each established to cover topical scientific questions with the Section has a President and two or three intention that they should be intensively investigated Secretaries. The activities of each Section are guided and reported on, generally within one or, at most, two by a Section Steering Committee, comprising four-year periods. Each SSG has a Chairman and a the President, Secretaries, Presidents of the maximum of twenty members who are specialists in Commissions within that Section and others who may the topic. be ceopted. The Association participates in the I UGG General Assemblies which are held every four [/'RESIDENT[ years. At each General Assembly the Association is involved in Union interdisciplinary symposia, as well BUREAU I as its own administrative and scientific meetings. PRESIDENT / SECRETARY GENERAL[ Elections of office-bearers are held at General , FIRSTVlCE'PRES" / Assemblies, following a procedure which aims to , ,,, ] , ensure a wide and balanced representation, while at the same time conforming to the principles of participatory /BULI.ETIN ~_j | COUNCIL [ r-1 EXECUTIVE I ~mEFDELEGATES OFI democracy. pEODS Q E It | [ MEMBER COUNTRIES, [ i i ,i i [ In betwen General Assemblies, the Association [ GENERAL ASSEMBLY I / I ,, DELEGATES OF COUNTRIES I usually holds a General Meeting with scientific presentations on several selected topics. As well it organizes numerous symposia, each on a single topic, covering the topic area of more than one SSG or Commission. SSGs and Commissions can arrange [COMISSIONSl workshops in their topic areas. SPECIAL COMMISSIONS The Association publishes a quarterly journal, the Bulletin Geodesique, which contains scientific PECiAL STUDY[. papers and administrative reports on the Association. I GROUPS J The association has turned over the administration of the journal to a commercial publisher, Springer Verlag, while at the same time retaining adequate control. The Fig. 2 . I.A.G. Structure Association publishes the Geodesist's Handbook every four years. This includes details of its activities, More details of the structure of the Association and complete lists of its office-bearers and other relevant the functions of its components are given in the information. The two official languages of the Statutes and By-Laws, printed later in this Handbook. Association are English and French. The Association also has Guidelines setting out its procedure in other activities. Scientists interested in participating in I.A.G. activities are welcome to attend its meetings and The scientific working groups of the Association symposia and to contact presidents of Sections, are the Commissions, Special Commissions Commissions or Special Commissions, or Chairmen and Special Study Groups, each assigned to one of of Special Study Groups covering their special the Sections, or, in a few cases, to the Association. interests. The members of the Association, as of the Commissions are established to cover topics of Union, are those countries which have been admitted as broad, long-term international interest. Every member members. Individual scientists who participate in country is entitled to nominate a representative to a I.A.G. activities are eligible to become Associates of Commission. Special Commissions (SCs) are the Association, while office-bearers and others may be smaller, with a maximum membership of 30, and are elected Fellows. 84
STATUTS ET REGLEMENT INTERIEUR
I- STATUTS H- Administration
I- D~finition et mission de l'Association 5. L'Assembl~e Gdngrale de l'Association est Internationale de Ggod~sie constitu6e par les D616gu6s des Pays Membres, dfiment acc6dit6s par l'Organisme Adh6rent de chaque pays, tel 1. L'Association Internationale de G&d&ie, ci-apr~ que d6fini par les Statuts de l'Union. d6sign6e l'Association, est rune des associations constituant l'Union Gdodgsique et Ggophysique 6. Le Conseil de rAssociation est constitu6 par les lnternationale, ci-apr~s d6sign6e l'Union. D616gu6s, appel6s D616gu6s au Conseil, d6sign6s et dfiment accr6dit6s par les Organismes Adh6rents des 2. L'Association a pour mission : Pays Membres pour les repr6senter ~t chacune des r6unions du Conseil, h raison d'un D616gu6 par Pays a) de promouvoir l'6tude de tousles probl~mes Membre. Chaque membre du Conseil est soit un scientifiques de la g6od6sie et d'encourager la recherche Compagnon, soit un Associ6 de l'Association. g6od6sique; Aucun membre du Bureau de l'Association ne peut b) de prendre toute initiative pour faciliter et ~tre choisi comme D616gu6 au Conseil d'un Pays coordonner la coop6ration internationale dans ce Membre. Le Pr6sident de l'Association pr6side les domaine et de promouvoir les activit6s g6od6siques dans r6unions du Conseil, sans participer aux votes, sauf les pays en d6veloppement; dans le cas d'6galit6 de voix comme pr6cis6 h l'Art. 16 ci-apl~s. c) d'assurer, sur le plan international, la discussion et la publication des r6sultats des 6tudes, 7. La responsabilitg de la direction des affaires de recherches et travaux mentionn6s aux paragraphes a) et rAssociation est d6volue au Conseil de l'Association. b) ci-dessus. Les d6cisions prises par le Conseil sont pr6sent6es l'Assembl6e G6n6rale. Si une majorit6 h rAssembl6e 3. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, l'Association G6n6rale est en d6saccord avec les d6cisions du Conseil, comprend un petit nombre de Sections, chacune d'entre celui-ci doit reconsid6rer sa position et prendre une elles traitant une partie distincte de la g6od6sie. Des d6cision qui devient d6finitive. Commissions, des Commissions Sp6ciales, des Groupes Sp6ciaux d'Etudes peuvent ~tre cr66s selon des 8. Dans l'intervalle des r6unions du Conseil, la formes pr6cis6es dans le R~glement Int6rieur. gestion des affaires de l'Association est d6volue au Bureau et au Comitg Exdcutif dont la composition et 4. Chaque pays adh6rant ~ l~nion (Pays Membre) les attributions respectives sont d6finies ci-apr~s. est admis h se faire repr6senter ~ l'Association par des D616gu6s. 9. Le Bureau de l'Association est constitu6 par le Prdsident, le Premier Vice-Pr&ident et le Secrgtaire 4A. Des scientifiques peuvent devenir Affilids de Gdndral, tous trois 61us par le Conseil. Le r61e du rAssociation, soit en tant que Compagnons, soit en Bureau est d'administrer l'Association conform6ment tant qu'Associgs, selon des rbgles pr6cis6es dans le aux pr6sents Statuts et R~glement Int6rieur et aux R~glement Int6rieur. d6cisions du Conseil et du Comit6 Ex6cutif. 85
est d'ordre financier ou non, et si la proc6dure du vote 10. Le Comitg Exdcutif de l'Association est par correspondance s'applique. constitu6 par le Bureau, le Pr6sident sortant et le second Vice-Pr6sident de l'Association, ainsi que par les 16. Les d6cisions au Conseil sont prises ~ la Pr6sidents des Sections. majorit6 simple, sauf dans les cas sp6cialement mentionn6s dans les pr6sents Statuts. Si, au cours d'un Les Pr6sidents Honoraires et les Secr6taires vote au Conseil, il y a 6galit6 de voix, la d6cision G6n6raux Honomires de rAssociation, les Pr6sidents des appartient au Pr6sident. La majorit6 simple ou la Commissions, les Secr6taires des Sections, les majorit6 des deux-tiers sont d6termin6es par la Secr6taires adjoints de l'Association et le R6dacteur en proportion des votes affirmatifs h la somme de tousles Chef du Bulletin G6od6sique peuvent assister, h titre votes (affirmatifs, n6gatifs, abstentions). Les bulletins consultatif, h toute r6union du Comit6 Ex6cutif de blancs, les bulletins non valables et les votes non l'Association. exprim6s par les d616gu6s pr6sents sont d6compt6s comme abstentions. Le r61e du Comit6 Ex6cutif est de guider les Sections et autres organismes scientifiques de l'Association vers la r6alisation de leurs aspirations IV- G~n6ralit~s scientifiques, en assurant entre eux une coordination efficace et en formulant les r~gles g6n6rales n6cessaires 17. Les propositions formul6es en vue de la au bon d6roulement des travaux scientifiques de modification d'un article des Statuts de l'Association l'Association. doivent parvenir au Secr6taire G6n6ral au moins six mois avant la date fix6e pour la r6union du Conseil au Les membres du Comit6 Ex6cutif participent, h titre cours de laquelle elles seront examin6es. Le Secr6taire consultatif, ~ toutes les d61ib6rations du Conseil. G6n6ral devra faire connakre h tous les Pays Membres, au moins quatre mois avant la date fix6e pour la r6union du Conseil, toutes les propositions revues ~ ce sujet. III- Droit de vote 18. Les Statuts de l'Association ne peuvent ~tre 11. Un D616gu6 au Conseil ne peut 6tre le D616gu6 modifi6s que par un vote du Conseil h la majodt6 des que d'un seul Pays Membre. deux tiers.
Un Pays Membre non repr6sent6 ~ une r6union du Les pr6sents Statuts, ou toute modification Conseil peut voter par correspondance sur toute ult6rieure, prennent effet h la clbture de la r6union du question bien pr6cis6e h rordre du jour d6finitif dislribu6 Conseil h laquelle ils ont 6t6 approuv6s. l'avance aux Pays Membres, pourvu que les d6bats n'aient pas introduit d'importants aspects nouveaux de 19. Dans le cadre des Statuts de l'Association, le cette question, ni modifi6 sa substance, et pourvu que le Conseil a pouvoir d'adopter un R~glement Int6rieur. bulletin de vote consid6r6 soit parvenu au Pr6sident avant l'ouverture du vote. Ce R~glement Int6rieur ne peut ~tre modifi6 que par un vote du Conseil h la majorit6 simple. 12. Pour que les d61ib6rations du Conseil soient valables, la pr6sence effective au Conseil de la moiti6 Ce R~glement Int6rieur, ou toute modification au moins des D616gu6s des Pays Membres repr6sent6s ult6rieure, prend effet h la cl6ture de la r6union du l'Assembl6e G6n6rale de rUnion est n6cessaire. Conseil ~ laquelle il (ou elle) a 6t6 approuv6(e).
13. Pour routes les questions n'ayant aucune 20. En cas de dissolution de l'Association, ses incidence financi6re, le vote au Conseil se fait par Pays avoirs sont c6d6s h 1TInion. Membre, chaque Pays Membre ayant une voix, condition qu'il ait pay6 ses cotisations h l'Union jusqu'?t 21. Sauf au cas o~ les Statuts, ou le R~glement la fin de l'ann6e civile qui pr6c&le le vote. Int6rieur, en d6cideraient autrement, les r6unions de travail seront conduites selon les r~gles: "Robert's 14. Pour toutes les questions financi~res, le vote au Rules of Order". Consei! se fait par Pays Membre, h condition 6galement que le pays consid6r6 ait pay6 ses cotisations h l'Union 22. Les pr6sents Statuts et le R~glement Int6rieur jusqu'~ la fin de l'ann6e civile qui pr6c~de le vote. Le sont 6tablis en Frangais et en Anglais. nombre de voix attribu6es h chaque Pays Membre est alors 6gal au num6ro de la cat6gorie dans laquelle le Leur validit6 ne peut ~tre mise en cause par toute Pays adhere ~ l'Union. erreur de caract~re formel ou accidentel.
15. Avant un vote en Conseil, il revient au Pr6sident de d6cider si la question prise en consid6ration 86 II- REGLEMENT INTERIEUR • th6orie de l'estimation, l'approximation et la repr6sentation du champ de pesanteur. I-Structure de l'Association - Section V : Gdodynamique. 1. Les travaux scientifiques de l'Association • syst~mes de r6f6rence; Internationale de G6od6sie sont r6partis dans les • observation et 6tude des ph6nom~nes variant Sections dont les attributions respectives sont d6cid6es avec le temps: mouvement du p61e, rotation terrestre, par le Conseil sur recommandation du Comit6 Ex6cutif. mar6es terrestres, mouvements r6cents de l'6corce La structure de ces Sections est revue tous les huit ans terrestre, variations de la pesanteur, topographie de la (soit deux p6riodes) par un Comit6, appel6 Comit6 surface marine et niveau moyen des mers; Cassinis, qui pr6sente ses propositions au Comit6 • aspects g6od6siques des projets g6odynamiques Ex6cutif. En raison des relations complexes entre les intemationaux; diff6rentes activit6s de rAssociation, des interactions • dynamique des plan~tes et de la lune; entre les Sections sont n6cessaires. • interpr6tation g6ophysique de la pesanteur et des donn6es s'y rapportant. L'Association comprend actuellement les cinq Sections ci-apr~s: 1A- Chaque Section cr6e en son sein un Comitd Directeur constitu6 par le Pr6sident et les Secr6taires - Section I :D~termination de position. de la Section, les Pr6sidents des Commissions et des • r6seaux horizontaux et verticaux de pr6cision; Commissions Sp6ciales appartenant ~ la Section et par m6thodes spatiales de positionnement; toute personne qui, ayant travaill6 dans la Section, est m6thodes inertielles de positionnement; coopt6e par le Pr6sident de Section• m6thodes cin6matiques de positionnement; astronomie g6od6sique; 2. Des Commissions peuvent &re cr66es pour positionnement en mer; certaines activit6s qui n6cessitent une coop6ration ou r6fraction. une organisation internationale importante, en particulier pour les probl~mes de longue dur6e ou les - Section II : Technologie spatiale avancde. activit6s int6ressant de vastes territoires. • d6veloppement des techniques spatiales en g6od6sie, telles que: techniques radio61ectriques de Chaque Pays Membre de l'Union ale droit de poursuite de satellite, techniques radio- nommer un repr6sentant dans chaque Commission, interf6rom6triques, mesures de distance laser terre- except6 dans celles traitant de zones g6ographiques satellite et terre-lune, altim6trie par satellite, poursuite particuli~res; dans ce dernier cas, seuls les pays de satellite par satellite, gradiom6trie par satellite, membres situ6s dans la zone g6ographique consid6r6e mesures g6od6siques depuis respace; peuvent nommer un repr6sentant dans la Commission• • calculs d'orbites; • r6sultats g6od6siques directement issus de ces Normalement, une Commission fait partie d'une techniques; Section• Chaque Commission peut s'organiser selon les • techniques ggod6siques pour la lune et les exigences qui lui sont propres tout en respectant les plan~tes. Statuts et R~glement Int6rieur de l'Association et en se soumettant h l'approbation du Comit6 Ex6cutif; elle Section III : Ddtermination du champ de peut, par exemple, cr6er des Sous-Commissions pesanteur. r6gionales. • mesures terrestres absolues et relatives de pesanteur; 2A- Des Commissions Sp~ciales peuvent ~tre • variations de pesanteur non li6es aux mar6es; cr66es pour 6tudier des probl~mes scientifiques h long • d6termination du champ ext6rieur de pesanteur terme requ6rant une coop6ration 6troite entre sp6cialistes et du g6oide ~ l'aide de la gravim6trie, de la de diff6rents pays. gradiom6trie, de l'astronomie g6od6sique, des techniques spatiales et inertielles; Normalement, une Commission Sp6ciale fait partie • r6duction et estimation des param~tres du champ d'une Section. de pesanteur. Chaque Commission Sp6ciale peut s'organiser selon - Section IV : Thdorie Gdndrale et Mdthodologie. des exigences qui lui sont propres tout en se conformant • modules math6matiques g6n6raux en g6od6sie; aux Statuts et R~glement Int6rieur de l'Association et • analyse statistique et num6rique; en se soumettant h l'approbation du Comit6 Ex6cutif, • traitement et gestion des donn6es; elle peut, par exemple, cr6er des Sous-Commissions • m6thodes d'optimisation; pour 6tudier des probl~mes sp6cifiques dans son • m6thodes des moindres carr6s; domaine. • th6ories diff6rentielle et int6grale du champ de pesanteur; 87
3. Des Groupes Spdciaux d'Etudes peuvent annonces sont faites pour permettre, pendant une 8tre cr66s pour 6tudier des problSmes scientifiques p6riode d'au moins 48 heures, h d'autres candidatures de particuliers d'6tendue limit6e mais qui requiSrent une se manifester. Celles-ci doivent 8tres pr6sent6es par coop6ration 6troite entre les sp6cialistes de diff6rents 6crit, avoir l'appui d'au moins deux membres du pays. Conseil, et 8tre adress6es, accompagn6es des r6sum6s tels que d6crits ci-dessus, au Secr6taire G6n6ral, Les Normalement, un Groupe Sp6cial d'Etudes fait pattie d616gu6s ont connaissance de ces derni~res candidatures, d'une Section. des r6sum6s, ainsi que des noms des personnes apportant leur soutien. 4. La cr6ation et la dissolution des Commissions, des Commissions Sp6ciales et des Groupes Sp6ciaux Les 61ections ont lieu au scrutin secret. d'Etudes sont d6cid6es par le Comit6 Ex6cutif qui pr6cise 6galement si la Commission, la Commission Une mSme personne ne peut occuper en mSme Sp6ciale ou le Groupe Sp6cial d'Etudes doit 8tre plac6 temps plus d'un des postes suivants : Pr6sident de sous rautorit5 directe de l'Association ou de l'une de ses l'Association, Vice-Pr6sident, Pr6sident de Section et Sections. Pr6sident de Commission ou de Commission Sp6ciale.
La liste des Commissions, des Commissions 7. L'intervalle de temps s6parant les clftures de deux Sp6ciales et des Groupes Sp6ciaux d'Etudes est publi6e Assembl6es G6n6rales Ordinaires successives de duns le Manuel du G6od6sien h l'issue de chaque l'Association est appel6 "pdriode". Assembl6e G6n6rale. 8. Le Prdsident de l'Association est 61u pour une 5. L'Association peut aussi prendre part aux p6riode. I1 n'est pas imm6diatement r661igible h ce activit6s d'organismes scientifiques communs avec poste, mais le Conseil pout le nommer Pr6sident d'autres Associations de l'Union G6od6sique et honoraire. G6ophysique Internationale ou, repr6sentant l'Union, avec d'autres Unions. Ces Organismes sont administr6s 9. Le Premier et le Second Vice-Prdsidents suivant des rSgles sp6cifiques d6coulant des relations sont 61us pour une p6riode et ne sont pas avec les autres groupes, mais ils pr6sentent un rapport imm6diatement r661igibles aux m~mes postes. sur leurs activit6s scientifiques aux Assembl6es G6n6rales de I'Association. 10. (Article supprime').
Le Comit6 Ex6cutif de l'Association d6cide si la 11. Le Secrdtaire Gdngral est 61u initialement participation hun tel organisme commun doit 8tre pour une p6riode. I1 peut 8tre r6-61u pour deux autres plac6e sous la responsabilit6 de rAssociation ou de p6riodes, par p6riodes successives. l'une des Sections, Cette responsabilit6 inclut la d6signation des repr6sentants h ces organismes ainsi que 12. Ces mSmes rSgles (Art. 11) s'appliquent aux la participation h la planification de leurs activit6s Seerdtaires adjoints de 1'Association, ~ l'exception futures. du Secr6taire adjoint 61u selon la proc6dure pr6vue h l'Art. 37A.
II- Elections 13. Les membres du Bureau et du Comit6 des Finances de l'Union ne peuvent occuper les postes de 6. Les 61ections sont faites par le Conseil au cours Pr6sident, Premier Vice-Pr6sident ou Secr6taire G6n6ral de chaque Assembl6e G6n6rale Ordinaire de de l'Association. 1'Association. 14. Si le poste de Pr6sident devient vacant darts Le Pr6sident en exercice, aprSs avoir pris ravis des l'intervalle entre deux Assembl6es G6n6rales Ordinaires, membres du Comit6 Ex6cutif, d6signe un Comit6 de les fonctions en sont assur6es jusqu'h la fin de Nomination compos6 d'un pr6sident et de trois autres rAssembl6e G6n6rale Ordinaire suivante par le Premier membres. Le Comit6 de Nomination, aprSs avoir pris Vice-Pr6sident. De la mSme fagon, les fonctions du t'avis des Organismes Adh6rents des Pays Membres et Premier Vice-Pr6sident reviennent alors au Second Vice- des Officiels de l'Association, propose un candidat pour Pr6sident. chacun des postes soumis h 61ection au Conseil. Les candidats doivent signifier leur acceptation et fournir un Si le poste de Secr6taire G6n6ral devient vacant, le r6sum6 de leur carriSre, en 150 roots maximum, mettant Pr6sident charge imm6diatement le Comit6 Ex6cutif en 6vidence leur fonction actuelle, leurs int6rSts de d'61ire par correspondance un rempla~ant de fa~on h recherche et leurs activit6s en rapport avec assurer la continuit6 de fonctionnement du Bureau l'Association. Les d616gu6s sont tenus inform6s, trSs tSt Central. Cette 61ection n'a d'effet que jusqu'h la fin de au cours de l'Assembl6e G6n6rale, de ces candidatures rAssembl6e G6n6rale Ordinaire suivante. ainsi que des r6sum6s les accompagnant, en outre, des 88 15. Les Presidents des Sections sont 61us pour activitts administratives et les finances de l'Association. une ptriode et ne sont pas immtdiatement r661igibles Ils soumettent chacun des propositions sur les activitts aux m~mes postes. entreprendre au cours de la ptriode ~ venir dans la mesure oh les ressources envisagtes le permettent. 16. Les Secrdtaires des Sections sont 61us pour une p6riode et sont r661igibles pour une autre Ces rapports sont remis aux Dtltguts prtsents ptriode. l'Assemblte Gtntrale avant rouverture de cette Assemblte. Le Prtsident de chaque Commission appartenant une Section devient Secrttaire de cette Section. Le 24. Les r6unions scientifiques ont gtn&alement lieu nombre maximum de Secrttaires dans une Section est par Section, mais rttude de certaines questions peut deux, sauf si le nombre de Commissions dans cette ntcessiter des rtunions communes ~t plusieurs Sections Section dtpasse un, dans ce cas le nombre de Secrttaires ou des symposiums placts sous la responsabilit6 de est 6gal au nombre de Commissions plus un. prtsidents dtsignts par le Comit6 ExtcutiL
17. Si un poste de Prtsident de Section devient Des symposiums communs couvrant des sujets vacant entre deux Assembl6es G6ntrales Ordinaires, le inttressant au moins deux Associations de 1TInion Comit6 Extcutif dtsigne un Prtsident inttrimaire qui peuvent &re organists. tient le poste jusqu'~ la fin de la prochaine Assemblte Gtntrale. 25. A chaque Assemblte G6ntrale, les travaux de chaque Section font robjet d'un rapport prtsent6 par son Dans le cas d'autres vacances, le Comit6 Ex6cutif Prtsident assist6 de ses Secr6taires. De m~me, les peut dtsigner des int6rimaires. travaux de chaque Commission, Commission Sptciale ou Groupe Sp6cial d'Etudes sont prtsent6s par les 18. Les Prdsidents des Commissions et des prtsidents respectifs. Commissions Spdciales sont 61us par le Conseil de l'Association pour une p6riode et peuvent ~tre 26. L'inscription de communications scientifiques immtdiatement rt-61us pour une autre ptriode. rordre du jour des stances de rAssemblte Gtntrale est dtcidte par un Comit6 constitu6 par un membre du 19. Le President d'un Groupe Special Bureau et les Prtsidents des Sections. d'Etudes est nomm6 par le Comit6 Extcutif pour une ptriode seulement. 27. Les communications scientifiques individuelles sont reproduites par leur auteurs. Elles sont distributes 20. Une m~me personne ne peut ~tre h la fois aux D616guts par le Bureau Central avant la stance pr6sident de plus d'un des organismes vists aux Art. 18 laquelle elles doivent ~tre prtsenttes. Elles peuvent ~tre et 19. publites dans le Bulletin G6od6sique sous rtserve d'en satisfaire la politique d'tdition.
III- Assembldes G~n~rales IV- Publication 21. L'Association tient ses propres Assembltes G6ntrales Ordinaires en liaison avec celles de l'Union, 28. Le journal officiel de l'Association est le la m~me date et clans le m~me pays. Bulletin Gtodtsique, ci-apr~s dtsign6 "le Journal". Le Journal est publi6 h intervalles rtguliers, par une 22. Avant chaque Assemblte Gtntrale, le Bureau de socitt6 d'tdition lite par accord ~ rAssociation, ou par rAssociation prtpare un ordre du jour dttaill6. Pour ce tout autre moyen approuv6 par le Comit6 Extcutif. Les qui concerne les travaux scientifiques, l'ordre du jour est termes sont ntgoci6s par le Prtsident et sont ratifits par 6tabli par le Comit6 Ex6cutif. Cet ordre du jour est le Comit6 Ex6cutif. envoy6 aux pays membres et h tousles Officiels de l'Association de fa~on h leur parvenir au moins deux Un (ou plusieurs) Rtdacteur(s) en Chef, dtsign6(s) mois avant la date de rAssemblte. En principe, seules ci-apr~s "le Rtdacteur", est (sont) en charge du Journal. les questions qui figurent h l'ordre du jour sont prises en considtration pendant les sessions; il peut en ~tre Le R6dacteur est conseill6 et assist6 par un Comit6 autrement par un vote acquis h la majorit6 des deux tiers des Rtdacteurs, ci-apr~s d6sign6 "le Comitt". soit en Conseil, soit au Comit6 Extcutif. Le Rtdacteur est responsable du contenu scientifique 23. A chaque Assembl6e Gtntrale, le Prtsident de du Journal. Tousles articles scientifiques sont soumis l'Association prtsente un rapport d6taill6 sur les la proctdure de revue et le Rtdacteur prend la dtcision activitts scientifiques de l'Association pendant la finale d'accepter ou non l'article pour le publier. Le ptriode de sa prtsidence. Le Secrttaire Gtntral prtsente, Rtdacteur informe l'Association des activitts et de r6tat pour la m~me ptriode, un rapport d6taill6 concernant les des optrations concernant le Journal. 89
28A. A chaque Assembl6e G6n6rale, le R6dacteur, c) revolt les rapports du Secr6taire G6n6ral et aprbs consultation et accord du Pr6sident de examine, pour approbation, les d6cisions ou mesures rAssociation, recommande des candidats pour devenir prises par le Bureau et le Comit6 Ex6cutif depuis la membres du nouveau Comit6 appel6 h op6rer pendant la derni~re r6union du Conseil; p6riode suivant rAssembl6e G6n6rale. d) d6signe les trois membres du comit6 ad hoc Pendant cette Assembl6e, le Comit6 en exercice 61it cr66 pour l'examen des finances de l'Association, 6tudie les membres du nouveau Comit6 parmi les candidats ses recommandations et adopte le budget d6finitif; recommand6s. Aprbs son entr6e en fonction, le nouveau Comit6 61it un (ou plusieurs) R6dacteur(s) pour la e) examine les propositions de modification des p6riode h venir. La d6signation du R6dacteur doit ~tre Statuts et du R~glement Int6rieur. approuv6e par le Comit6 Ex6cutif. Le Conseil se r6unit sur convocation du Pr6sident de Le R6dacteur, ainsi que les membres du Comit6, 1'Association. I1 se r6unit normalement pendant les sont 61us pour une p6riode, mais sont susceptibles d'etre Assembl6es G6n6rales Ordinaires. r6-61us pour une p6riode suppldmentaire. 33. Le Comit~ Ex~cutif de l'Association : 28B. Aprbs chaque Assembl6e G6ndrale, il est publi6 un num6ro sp6cial du Bulletin G6od6sique appel6 a) prend les mesures et 6tablit les r~gles le "Manuel du Ggodgsien". Cette publication a n6cessaires h l'accomplissement des missions pour but de fournir des informations d6taill6es sur scientifiques de rAssociation; l'Association, sa structure, ses activitds scientifiques et bien d'autres informations h caract~re technique ou b) comble toute vacance de poste qui pourrait administratif. survenir, entre deux Assemb16es G6n6rales, selon les r~gles des Statuts et du R~glement Int6rieur; 29. A 1'issue de chaque Assembl6e G6n6rale, l'ensemble des rapports pr6sent6s par les Sections, c) cr6e et dissout les Commissions, Commissions et Groupes Sp6ciaux d'Etudes est publi6 Commissions Sp6ciales et Groupes Sp6ciaux d~Etudes; sous le nom de "Travaux de l'Association Internationale de Ggoddsie". Cette publication est d) nomme les Pr6sidents des Groupes Sp6ciaux adress6e gratuitement aux Officiels de l'Association et d%tudes et approuve l'61ection du(des) R6dacteur(s) en aux Organismes Adh6rents des Pays Membres. Chef du Bulletin G6od6sique;
30. L'Association assure 6galement des e) nomme les membres du Comit6 Cassinis; publications spdciales qui pr6sentent les r6f6rences recommand6es en g6od6sie. f) pr6sente des recommandations au Conseil sur les questions de politique g6n6rale de l'Association, 31. A chaque Assembl6e G6n6rale les Pays Membres de l'Union sont invit6s h fournir un certain g) sur recommandation du Bureau, d6signe les nombre d'exemplaires de leur Rapport National sur Compagnons et les Associ6s de l'Association. Les les travaux g6od6siques effectu6s depuis la pr6c6dente anciens Officiels de l'Association, y compris ceux des Assembl6e G6n6rale. Ces Rapports Nationaux, dans la Commissions et des sous-Commissions, ont vocation h mesure oO ils sont disponibles, sont distribu6s comme 6tre nomm6s Compagnons de l'Association et sont les "Travaux de l'Association" par le Bureau Central de invit6s h le devenir. Les personnes 61ues Officiels de l'Association. l'Association ou d6sign6es comme membres des Commissions, Commissions Sp6ciales ou Groupes Sp6ciaux d'Etudes deviennent automatiquement V. Administration Associ6s de rAssociation. Les personnes de Pays Membres qui en font la demande, en mentionnant leurs 32. Le Conseil de l'Association : activit6s pass6es au sein de rAssociation, ou pr6sentant une recommandation de leur Organisme Adh6rent a) examine les questions de politique scientifique national ou celle d'un Officiel ou d'un Compagnon de g6n6rale ou d'administration dans les affaires de l'Association, peuvent ~tre admises h devenir Associ6s l'Association et d6signe, h cet effet, les Comit6s qui, le et sont recommand6es par le Bureau. cas 6ch6ant, peuvent &re jug6s n6cessaires; Le Comit6 Ex6cutif se r6unit sur convocation du b) 61it les membres du Bureau et du Comit6 Pr6sident de l'Association. I1 se r6unit au cours des Ex6cutif, les Secr6taires adjoints de l'Association, les Assembl6es G6n6rales et ses membres participent, h Secr6taires des Sections, les Pr6sidents des titre consultatif, aux r6unions du Conseil. I1 se r6unit Commissions et des Commissions Sp6ciales; 6galement au moins une fois entre deux Assembl6es 90 G6n6rales, un an avant l'Assembl6e G6n6rale pour e) pr6pare les rapports d'activit6 de rAssociation, pr6parer le programme des activit6s scientifiques et le en particulier il pr6sente ~ rAssembl6e G6n6rale le projet d'emploi du temps de cette AssemblOz G6n6rale. rapport sur l'administration et les finances de rAssociation pour la p6riode en cours; Lors d'une r6union du Comit6 Ex6cutif, aucun membre ne peut se faire repr6senter par quiconque, sauf f) accomplit toutes autres t~ches qui lui sont un Pr6sident de Section qui peut ~tre repr6sent6 par un confi6es par le Bureau. Secr6taire de sa Section. Les d61ib6rations du Comit6 Ex6cutif sont d6clarO~s valides si au moins la moiti6 des 37. Pour aider le Secr6taire G6n6ral dans membres sont pr6sents au repr6sent6s. raccomplissement de ses tgches envers rAssociation, celle-ci 6tablit une structure permanente, le Bureau L'ordre du jour de chaque r6union du Comit6 Central, comportant un nombre variable d'employ6s Ex6cutif est pr6par6 par le Bureau et adress6 aux pay6s sur des fonds de l'Association. membres au moins trois mois avant la r6union. Le Secr6taire G6n6ral est 6galement assist6 d'un petit 34. Le Bureau de l'Association : hombre de Secr~taires adjoints, dont l'un deux r6side dans la m~me localit6 que le Secr6taire G6n6ral. Ces a) 6tablit l'ordre du jour des r6unions du Conseil fonctions sont gratuites et ne peuvent donner lieu qu'au et du Comit6 Ex6cutif; remboursement des frais occasionn6s par ces charges.
b) assure radministration de rAssociation. 37A. Un Secr6taire Adjoint suppl6mentaire, d6sign6 "Le Secr~taire de l'Assemblde", peut 6galement ~tre I1 se r6unit normalement avant chaque r6union du nomm6 par le Conseil sur recommandation du pays ofa Comit6 Ex6cutif. se tiendra la prochaine Assembl6e G6n6rale. Si cette proc6dure de nomination n'est pas r6alisable, le Conseil 35. Le President de l'Association : d61~gue cette nomination au Bureau de l'Association.
a) repr6sente rAssociation dans ses relations avec En collaboration avec le Bureau Central, ce les Organismes ou Institutions nationales ou Secr6taire Adjoint est responsable des relations avec les internationales; organisateurs s'occupant de la pr6paration de l'Assembl6e G6n6rale. Ce Secr6taire Adjoint n'est b) convoque et pr6side les Assembl6es G6n6rales nomm6 que pour une seule p6riode. et toutes les r6unions du Conseil, du Comit6 Ex6cutif et du Bureau; VI- Activit~s des Sections, Commissions, c) pr6sente ~ l'Assembl6e G6n6rale le rapport sur Commissions Sp~ciales et Groupes Sp~ciaux les activit6s scientifiques de l'Association pendant la d'Etudes p6riode de sa pr6sidence. 38. Le Prgsident d'une Section a la I1 est membre du Comit6 Ex6cutif de l'Union. En responsabilit6 du d6veloppement des activit6s cas d'indisponibilit6 du Pr6sident, le Premier Vice- scientifiques de sa Section et il repr6sente sa Section au President le remplace. Comit6 Ex6cutif de l'Association. En liaison 6troite avec son Comit6 Directeur, il encourage, guide et 36. Le Secr~taire G~n~ral de l'Association : coordonne les travaux des Commissions, Commissions Sp6ciales et Groupes Sp6ciaux d'Etudes de sa Section, a) assume les fonctions de secr6taire de et, en particulier, rend compte annuellement des l'Assembl6e G6n6rale, du Conseil, du Comit6 Ex6cutif activit6s de sa Section aux officiels de la Section ainsi et du Bureau; il organise leurs r6unions, pr6pare et qu'aux membres du Bureau de rAssociation. diffuse promptement l'ordre du jour et les proc~s- verbaux de toutes ces r6unions; Le Pr6sident d'une Section, ou, h d6faut, l'un de ses Secr6taires, doit assister h chaque symposium b) remplit les fonctions de Directeur du Bureau concernant la Section. Central; Avant chaque Assembl6e G6n6rale, le Pr6sident c) g~re les affaires de l'Association, se charge de d'une Section re~oit les rapports d'activit6 des la correspondance et assure la conservation des archives; Commissions, Commissions Sp6ciales et Groupes Sp6ciaux d'Etudes rattach6s h sa Section et, assist6 du d) distribue toutes les informations concernant Comit6 Directeur, il pr6pare alors le compte rendu des l'Association; activit6s de la Section h pr6senter g l'Assembl6e G6n6rale. I1 re9oit les suggestions pour cr6er de nouveaux Groupes Sp6ciaux d'Etudes et pour continuer 91 ractivit6 de Groupes dtjh existants, selon la proctdure exposte ~ rArt. 43. Apr~s consultation du Comit6 Le Pr6sident de chaque Groupe Sptcial d'Etudes Directeur de la Section, il coordonne ces demandes et 6tablit une br~ve description du travail ~ accomplir et transmet ses recommandations au Comit6 Extcutif. une liste des membres, pour publication dans le Manuel du Gtodtsien apr~s chaque Assemblte Gtntrale. Chaque Comitg Directeur de Section se rtunit au moins une fois durant chaque Assemblte Gtntrale Afin d'assurer la communication et la coopdration au Ordinaire et au moins ~ une autre occasion au cours de sein de chaque Groupe Sptcial d'Etudes, les membres la ptriode entre deux Assembltes Gtntrales. Lors de la sont tenus inform6s, annuellement, des r6sultats rtumon ~ rAssemblte Gtntrale, on au cours de route obtenus et des probl~mes en cours. autre occasion appropri6e, le Comit6 Directeur passe en revue les activitts des Commissions, Commissions 41. Le Prtsident de rAssociation, le Bureau Central Sp6ciales et Groupes Sp6ciaux d'Etudes pendant la et le Pr6sident de la Section concernte regoivent copie pdriode 6coulge, et examine les programmes de celles et des correspondances officielles et des notes aux ceux dont la poursuite de ractivit6 est proposte pour la membres des Commissions, Commissions Sp6ciales et ptriode suivante. Groupes Sptciaux d'Etudes.
Les Secrdtaires de Section assistent le 42. Les rapports d'activit6 de chaque Commission, Prtsident de Section clans ses fonctions. Commission Sptciale et Groupe Sptcial d'Etude doivent ~tre transmis au Prtsident de la Section 39. Le Prdsident d'une Commission a la concernte au moins trois mois avant chaque Assemblte responsabilit6 d'en promouvoir et d'en diriger les Gtntrale. Ces rapports ainsi que les rapports des travaux et d'en recruter les membres, h rexception des Sections sont publi6s dans les "Travaux de repftsentants des Pays Membres, d6signts comme l'Association Internationale de Gdoddsie". indiqu6 5 raft. 2. 43. La ptriode d'activit6 de chaque Groupe Sptcial Le Pr6sident de chaque Commission 6tablit une d'Etudes prend normalement fin h rAssemblte Gtntrale br6ve description du travail ~ accomplir et une liste des ordinaire. Dans le cas exceptionnel o~ une poursuite membres, pour publication dans le Manuel du d'activit6 est jug6e ntcessaire, le Pr6sident du Groupe G6od6sien aprbs chaque Assemblde G6n6rale. Sptcial d'Etudes soumet h son Prtsident de Section trois mois avant rAssemblte Gtntrale une proposition 6crite Afin d'assurer la communication et la coop6ration au bien argumentte, y compris une suggestion pour la sein de chaque Commission, les membres sont tenus dtsignation de son successeur. Le Prtsident de Section inform6s, annuellement, des r6sultats obtenus et des pr6sente alors une recommandation au Comit6 Extcuti£ probl~mes en cours. 44. Les Commissions, Commissions Sp6ciales et 39A. Le Prdsident d'une Commission Groupes Sptciaux d'Etudes non rattachts ~ une Section Spgciale a la responsabilit6 d'en promouvoir et d'en particuli~re sont placts sous la responsabilit6 du diriger les travaux et d'en recruter les membres. Prtsident de rAssociation.
La r6partition gdographique de ces derniers dolt 45. Les Commissions, Commissions Sptciales et refl6ter une bonne coop6ration internationale sar le sujet Groupes Sp6ciaux d'Etudes sont libres d'organiser des d'6mde et leur nombre ne dolt pas exc6der 30. rtunions de travail de leurs membres. S'ils d6sirent organiser des Symposiums scientifiques, ils doivent Le Pr6sident de chaque Commission Sp6ciale 6tablit suivre la proctdure d'approbation des symposiums une br~ve description du travail h accomplir et une liste pr6vue par rAssociation. Les symposiums ne peuvent des membres, pour publication dans le Manuel du ~tre organists que si lear sujet dtborde du cadre d'activit6 G6od6sien apr~s chaque Assemblde G6n6rale. d'une Commission, Commission Sptciale ou d'un Groupe Sptcial d'Etudes. Afin d'assurer la communication et la cooptration au sein de chaque Commission Sptciale, les membres sont tenus informts, annuellement, des rtsultats obtenus et VII- Symposiums des probl~mes en cours. 46. L'Association peut organiser des symposiums 40. Le Prgsident d'un Groupe Spgcial scientifiques pour 6tudier des probl~mes particuliers d'Etudes a la responsabilit6 d'en promouvoir et d'en d'inttr& gtntral. diriger les travaux et d'en recruter les membres. Le Comit6 Extcutif a la responsabilit6 de veiller au La rtpartition gtographique de ces derniers dolt choix judicieux des symposiums, de fagon ~ garantir refl6ter une bonne cooptration internationale sur le sujet une 6quitable repr6sentation par sujet et une bonne d'ttude et leur nombre ne doit pas exc6der 20. 92
r6partition g6ographique et aussi h 6viter des doubles partieUement h la charge de l'Association. Un compte emplois, des recouvrements et une fr6quence injustifi6e. rendu de ces r6unions incluant les discussions en rapport avec la g6od6sie, est pr6par6 par ce repr6sentant, en vue Les symposiums parrain6s par l'Association sont d'une publication, totale ou partielle, dans le Bulletin ouverts ~ tousles scientifiques, selon les r~gles du G6od6sique. Conseil International des Unions Scientifiques. L'Association peut aussi repr6senter rUnion au sein 47. Les propositions de symposiums pour la p6riode de Commissions inter-Unions ou de Comit6s sp6ciaux entre deux Assembl6es G6n6rales Ordinaires sont communs traitant de sujets en rapport avec ses propres normalement soumises par les Organisateurs au 6tudes. Secr6taire G6n6ral, avant l'Assembl6e G6n6rale pr6c6dant cette p6riode. Au cours de cette Assembl6e La d6signation des repr6sentants de rAssociation ou G6n6rale d'autres propositions peuvent ~tre soumises au de rUnion h ces organismes permanents est faite par le Secr6taire G6n6ral, au plus tard deux jours avant la Comit6 Ex6cutif. Ces repr6sentants sont 61us pour une derni~re r6union du Conseil. p6riode et peuvent ~tre r6-61us pour une p6riode suppl6mentaire. Le Conseil, sur recommandation du Comit6 Ex6cutif, d6cide si rAssociation doit parrainer tel ou tel IX- Finances symposium. 52. Les ressources de rAssociation proviennent: Dans des cas trbs exceptionnels, le Comit6 Ex6cutif peut donner son accord h des demandes faites hors des a) des cotisations des pays membres de l'Union d61ais normaux. De telles demandes ne peuvent 6tre dont une partie, d6termin6e par le Conseil de l'Union faites moins de 18 mois avant la date propos6e pour le sur recommandation de son Comit6 des Finances, est symposium. vers6e ~ l'Association par le Tr6sorier de 17dnion;
48. L'Organisateur d'un symposium doit envoyer b) de la vente des publications; une annonce officielle au Bulletin G6od6sique au moins un an ?a l'avance, ou imm6diatement apr~s rapprobation c) de toute autre origine (subventions, dons, par l'Association; la date annonc6e ne doit plus changer int6r~ts, fonds disponibles apr~s un symposium, etc...). ensuite. 53. Le Secr6taire G6n6ral re~oit du Bureau et du 49. Moins de trois mois apr~s le symposium, Conseil de rAssociation, la responsabilit6 de g6rer ces l'Organisateur est tenu de fournir un rapport pour le ressources conform6ment aux Statuts et R~glement Bulletin G6od6sique. Ce rapport doit indiquer si les Int6rieur, ainsi qu'aux d6cisions du Conseil et aux Actes du symposium seront publi6s, et oh, et quand ils recommandations du Comit6 des Finances de rUnion. le seront. Les Actes du symposium, ou au moins une copie de chaque communication pr6sent6e, doivent ~tre Le Secr6taire G6n6ral est seul responsable de la adress6es au Bureau Central de l'Association. ma~trise des op6rations financi~res de rAssociation, cependant un Secr6taire Adjoint re~oit d616gation de 50. Le parrainage d'un symposium par l'Association signature pour chaque compte bancaire ouvert au nom signifie une reconnaissance officielle mais n'implique de l'Association. pas un soutien financier. 54.A chaque Assembl6e G6n6rale Ordinaire de l'Association, le Secr6taire G6n6ral pr6sente la VIII- Coopdration scientifique proposition de budget pour la p6riode h venir et la internationale soumet au Conseil pour approbation.
51. L'Association peut coop6rer a des travaux Le budget, tel qu'approuv6 par le Conseil, est scientifiques de caract~re international ou ex6cut6 par le Secr6taire G6n6ral. interdisciplinaire, elle peut 6galement les entreprendre directement ou en surveiller la r6alisation. En principe, A rAssembl6e G6n6rale ordinaire suivante, le l'Association est repr6sentde aux Congr~s, r6unions Conseil examine si les d6penses ont 6t6 engag6es internationales, Assembl6es G6n6rales, etc.., des conform6ment aux propositions pr6c6demment organismes scientifiques internationaux dont l'activit6 approuv6es. Le Conseil d6signe un Comit6 ad hoc pour est en rapport avec la sienne propre. Le Pr6sident de effectuer cet examen dans le d6tail. l'Association ou son dd16gu6 repr6sente rAssociation ces rdunions. De plus, cette comptabilit6 est v6rifi6e par un comptable agr66 et est ensuite pr6sent~e au Tr6sorier de Les frais de voyage et de s6jour du repr6sentant de l'Union, selon les prescriptions de l'Art. 20 du l'Association peuvent ~tre mis en totalit6 ou R~glement Int6rieur de l'Union. 93
STATUTES AND BY-LAWS
I- Definition and objectives of the II- Administration International Association of Geodesy 5. The General Assembly of the Association shall 1. The International Association of Geodesy, consist of the Delegates of the Member Countries duly hereafter called the Association, is one of the accredited by the corresponding Adhering Bodies, as constituent associations of the International Union of defined in the Statutes of the Union. Geodesy and Geophysics, hereafter called the Union. 6. The Council of the Association shall consist 2. The objectives of the Association are : of the Delegates, known as Council Delegates, designated for meetings of the Council and formally a) to promote the study of all scientific accredited by the Adhering Body of Member Countries problems of geodesy and encourage geodetic research; on the basis of one Delegate for each Member Country. Each Council member shall be an Associate or a b) to promote and coordinate international Fellow of the Association. cooperation in this field, and promote geodetic activities in developing countries; No member of the Bureau of the Association shall serve as a Council Delegate of a country. The President c) to provide, on an international basis, for of the Association shall preside over the Council discussion and publication of the results of the studies, meetings, without vote, except in the case of a tie as researches and works indicated in paragraphs a) and b) provided in article 16 hereafter. above. 7. Responsibility for the direction of the 3. To achieve these objectives, the Association Association affafis shall be vested in the Council of the shall comprise a small number of Sections, each of Association. Decisions of the Council shall be reported which deals with a distinct part of geodesy. to the General Assembly. In the case that the majority of those present at a General Assembly meeting Commissions, Special Commissions and Special disagrees with the decisions of the Council, the Council Study Groups may be formed as provided in the By- shall reconsider the question, and make a decision, Laws. which shall be final.
4. Every country adhering to the Union (Member 8. Between meetings of the Council, the direction Country) may be represented by Delegates to the of the affairs of the Association shall be vested in the Association. Bureau and the Executive Committee, the respective composition and responsabilities of which are defined 4A. Scientists may become Affiliates of the hereafter. Association, either as Fellows or Associates, as provided in the By-Laws. 9. The Bureau of the Association shall consist of the President, the First Vice-President and the Secretary General, all of whom shall be elected by the Council. The duties of the Bureau shall be to administer the affairs of the Association in accordance with these 94 Statutes and By,Laws and with the decisions of the the number of its category of membership as defined by Council and the Executive Committee, the Union.
10. The ExecutiVe Committee shall consist Of 15. Before a vote in a Council meeting, the the Bureau, the immediate ~ast Presidentand the Second President shall decide whether or not the matter under Vice-Presldent Of the Association, and the Presidents of consideration is financial in character and whether the the Sections. procedure of voting by correspondence applies.
The Honorary PreSidents and the Honorary General 16. Decisions of the Council shall be taken by a Secretaries of the Association, the Presidents of simple majority, except as otherwise specified in these CommiSsions, the Secretaries of the Sections, the Statutes. If a tie should occur in a Council vote, the Assistant Secretaries Of the Association and the Chief President shall cast the decisive vote. Simple and two- Editor of the Bulletin Gtodtsique may attend any thirds majorities are determined by the proportion of meeting of the Executive Committee of the affirmative votes to the sum of all Votes(affirmative, Association, with voice but without Vote. negative and abstention). Blank and invalid ballots and votes not cast by delegates present are counted as The duties of the Executive Committee shall be to abstentions. further the scientific objectives Of the Sections and other scientific bodies of the Association through effective coordination and through the formulation of IV- General general policies to guide the scientific work Of the Association. 17. Proposals for a change of any article of the Statutes of the Association must reach the Secretary The members of the Executive Committee shall General at least six months before the announced date of attend meetings of the Council, with voice but without the Council meeting at which it is to be considered. vote. The Secretary General shall notify all Member Countries of any proposed change at least four months before the announced date of the Council meeting. III- Voting 18. The Statutes of the Association may not be 11. A Council Delegate may represent only one modified except by the approval of a two-thirds Member Country. majority of votes cast at a Council meeting.
A Member Country which is not represented at a These Statutes or any further modification of them Council meeting may vote by correspondence on any shall come into force at the close of the Council specific question, provided that the matter has been meeting at which they are approved. clearly defined on the final agenda distributed in advance to the Member Countries and that the discussion 19. The Council shall have the power to adopt By- thereon has not produced any significant new Laws within the framework of the Statutes of the considerations or changed its substance, and provided Association. that the said vote has been received by the President prior to the voting. These By-Laws may not be modified except by a simple majority of votes cast at a Council meeting. 12. In order that the deliberations of the Council shall be valid, the number of the Council Delegates These By-Laws or any further modification of them present must be at least half of the Member Countries shall come into force at the close of the Council represented at the General Assembly of the Union. meeting at which they are approved.
13. On questions not involving matters of finance, 20. In the event of the dissolution of the the voting in Council shall be by Member Countries, Association, its assets shall be ceded to the Union. each Member Country having one vote, provided that its Union subscriptions shall have been paid up to the 21. Conduct of meetings : Except as otherwise end of the calendar year preceding the voting. provided in the Statutes or By-Laws, business meetings shall be conducted according to Robert's Rules of Order. 14. On questions involving finance, the voting in Council shall be by Member Countries, with the same 22. These Statutes and By-Laws of the Association provision that a voting country shall have paid its are set out in French and in English. Union subscriptions up to the end of the calendar year preceding the voting in Council. The number of votes The validity of these rules shall not be vitiated by allotted to each Member Country shall then be equal to any error of a formal or accidental nature. 95
II. BY-LAWS . reference systems; • monitoring and study of time-dependent I- Structure phenomena: polar motion, Earth rotation, Earth tides, recent crustal motions, variations of gravity~ sea surface 1. The scientific work of the International topography and mean sea level; Association of Geodesy is allocated to Sections, the . geodetic aspects of international geodynamic respective responsabilities of which are decided by the projects; Council on recommendation of the Executive • planetary and lunar dynamics; Committee• The structure of these Sections shall be • geophysical interpretation of gravity and related reviewed every eight years (two periods) by a data. committee, called the Cassinis Committee, which shall make proposals to the Executive Committee• Because of the complex interrelations among various activities 1A-Each Section shall set up a Steering of the Association, interactions between the individual Committee consisting of the Section President, the sections are implied. Secretaries, the Presidents of Commissions and Special Commissions within the Section, and such other There are at present five sections which are the persons, who have participated in the work of the following : Section, as are coopted to the Committee, on the recommendation of the Section President. - Section I : Positioning• • high precision horizontal and vertical networks; 2. Commissions may be formed for activities for • satellite and spatial positioning; which close international cooperation or organization is • inertial positioning; necessary, in particular for long term problems or • kinematic positioning; activities relating to large regions• , geodetic astronomy; . marine positioning; Every Member Country of the Union is entitled to • refraction• nominate one representative to each Commission, except those dealing with specific geographical areas; to - Section II : Advanced Space Technology. the latter Commissions, only Member Countries of the . development of space techniques for geodesy, Union in the geographical area in question are entitled such as: satellite radio-tracking techniques, radio- to nominate one representative each. interferometric techniques, satellite and lunar laser ranging, satellite altimetry, satellite-to-satellite A Commission is normally assigned to one tracking, satellite gradiometry, geodetic measurements Section. from space; • orbital computations; Each Commission may be organized according to its . direct results of such techniques; own requirements in compliance with the Statutes and • planetary and lunar geodetic techniques. By-Laws of the Association and subject to approval by the Executive Committee, for instance through the - Section III: Determination of the Gravity Field• formation of regional Sub-Commissions. . absolute and relative terrestrial gravity measurements; . non tidal gravity variations; 2A- Special Commissions may be formed to • determination of the external gravity field and study scientific problems of a long term character which the geoid from gravimetry, gradiometry, geodetic require close cooperation between specialists from astronomy, space and inertial techniques; different countries. • reduction and estimation of gravity field quantifies. A Special Commission is normally assigned to a particular Section• Each Special Commission may be - Section IV : General Theory and Methodology. organized to its own requirements in compliance with • general mathematical models for geodesy; the Statutes and By-Laws of the Association and subject • statistical and numerical analysis; to the approval by the Executive Committee, for • data processing and management; instance through the formation of special Sub- . optimization methods; Commissions to study defined aspects in its field. • least squares methods; • differential and integral theories of the gravity 3. Special Study Groups may be formed to field; study specific scientific problems of limited scope • theory of estimation, approximation and which require close cooperation between specialists representation of the gravity field, from different countries.
- Section V : Geodynamics. 96
A Special Study Group is normally assigned to a particular Section. No person may hold more than one of the following offices at the same time : President of the Association, 4. The setting-up and dissolution of the Vice-President, President of a Section and President of a Commissions, the Special Commissions and the Commission and a Special Commission. Special Study Groups are decided by the Executive Committee which also specifies whether the 7. The time interval between the closures of two Commission, the Special Commission or the Special successive Ordinary General Assemblies of the Study Group is to be placed under the direct authority of Association is called here a period. the Association or of one of its Sections. 8. The President of the Association is elected for The list of Commissions, Special Commissions one period. He may not be immediately re-elected to and Special Study Groups shall be published in the this office, but the Council may appoint him as Geodesist's Handbook after each General Assembly. Honorary President.
5. The Association may also participate in joint 9. The First and Second Vice-Presidents are scientific bodies with other Associations of the elected for one period and may not be immediately re- International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, or, elected to the same office. representing this Union, with other Unions. These bodies shall be administered according to specific rules 10. deleted. proceeding from their relations with other agencies, but they shall report on their scientific work at each General 11. The Secretary General is elected for one Assembly of the Association. period initially. He may be re-elected for two additional single periods. The Executive Committee of the Association shall decide whether the relationship with any such common 12. The same rules as in Art. 11 apply to body is to be placed under the responsibility of the Assistant Secretaries, other than the Assistant Association or of one specific Section. This Secretary appointed under Art. 37A. responsibility includes the appointment of representatives to these common bodies as well as 13. A member of the Bureau or of the Finance participating in the planning of their future activities. Committee of the Union may not occupy the post of President, of First Vice-President or of Secretary General of the Association. H- Elections. 14. Should the position of President become vacant 6. Elections shall take place in the Council during in the interval between two Ordinary General each Ordinary General Assembly of the Association. Assemblies, his duties devolve to the First Vice- President until the closure of the next Ordinary General The President in office, after taking advice from Assembly. In the same way the duties of the First Vice- members of the Executive Committee, shall appoint a President then devolve on the Second Vice-president. Nominating Committee consisting of a Chairman and three other members. The Nominating Committee, after Should the post of Secretary General become vacant, taking advice from the Adhering Bodies of the Member the President shall arrange without delay for the Countries and officers of the Association, shall propose Executive Committee to elect a replacement by a candidate for each position to be filled by election in correspondence so as to ensure the continuity of the the Council. Candidates shall be asked to signify their work of the Central Bureau. This election has effect acceptance of nomination and to prepare a resume, until the closure of the next Ordinary General maximum 150 words, outlining their position, research Assembly. interests and activities relating to the Association. The delegates shall be informed of these nominations and 15. The Presidents of Sections are elected for the resumes, early in the General Assembly, and a one period and may not be immediately re-elected to the notice posted allowing for submission, over a period of same office. at least 48 hours, of further nominations. Such nominations shall be in writing, shall be supported by 16. The Secretaries of Sections are elected for at least two members of the Council, and shall be one period but may be re-elected for one further period. submitted with resumes as described above to the Secretary General. Delegates shall be informed of these The President of each Commission which is in a further nominations and resumes and of their Section shall be a Secretary of that Section. The supporters. maximum number of Secretaries in a Section shall be two, except where the number of Commissions in a Elections shall be by secret ballot. 97
Section is greater than one, the number of Secretaries may require joint meetings of several Sections or shall then equal the number of Commissions plus one. Symposia under chairmen appointed by the Executive Committee. 17. Should the position of President of Section become vacant between two Ordinary General Joint Symposia covering topics interesting two or Assemblies, the Executive Committee shall appoint an more Associations within the Union may be arranged. interim member to take office until the closure of the next General Assembly. 25. At each General Assembly, the work of each Section shall be reported by its President assisted by his Should other vacancies occur, the Executive Secretaries. Similarly, the work of each Commission, Committee may make interim appointments. Special Commission or Special Study Group shall be reported by its President or Chairman. 18. The Presidents of Commissions and Special Commissions are elected by the Council of 26. The inclusion on the agenda of scientific papers the Association for one period and may be immediately for presentation at sessions of the General Assembly is re-elected for one further period. decided by a committee consisting of one member of the Bureau and the Presidents of Sections. 19. The Chairman of a Special Study Group is appointed by the Executive Committee for 27. Individual authors are responsible for the one period only. reproduction of their scientific papers. These papers are distributed to the delegates by the Central Bureau prior 20. A person may be President or Chairman at the to the meeting where they are presented. They may be same time of no more than one of the bodies referred to published in the Bulletin Grodrsique subject to its in Arts. 18 and 19. editorial policy.
III- General Assemblies. IV- Publications.
21. The Association shall hold its own Ordinary 28. The Association's journal is the Bulletin General Assemblies in conjunction with the Ordinary Grodrsique, hereinafter referred to as the Journal. The General Assemblies of the Union, at the same time and journal is published at regular intervals, through an in the same country. agreement between the Association and a publishing company, or by other arrangement approved by the 22. Before any General Assembly, a detailed Executive Committee. The terms of any agreement for agenda is prepared by the Bureau of the Association. As publication of the journal shall be negotiated by the far as the scientific work is concerned, the agenda is President and ratified by the Executive Committee. drawn up by the Executive Committee. This agenda is There shall be one or more Editors-in-Chief for the sent to the member countries and to all the officers of journal, hereinafter referred to as the Editor. The Editor the Association so as to reach them at least two months shall be advised and assisted by a Board of Editors, prior to the Assembly. In principle, only matters on the hereinafter referred to as the Board. agenda may be considered during the sessions, unless a The Editor shall be responsible for the scientific decision to do otherwise is passed by a two-thirds content of the journal. All scientific manuscripts shall majority in the Council or in the Executive be subject to a refereeing process and the Editor shall Committee. make the final decision on whether a manuscript is accepted for publication. The Editor shall keep the 23. At each General Assembly, the President of the Association informed of the activities and status of Association shall present a detailed report on the operations of the journal. scientific work of the Association during his tenure. The Secretary General shall present a detailed report on 28A. At the time of each General Assembly, the the administrative work and on the finances of the Editor shall, in consultation and agreement with the Association for the same period. They both should President of the Association, recommend candidates for submit proposals regarding work to be undertaken membership of the new Board, which is to hold office during the coming period, within the limits of expected for the next period. During the Assembly, the current resources. Board shall elect the members of the new Board from those recommended. After taking office, the new Board These reports are handed to the delegates attending shall elect one, or more, Editors(s) for the next period. the General Assembly before the opening of the The nommation of the Editor(s) shall be approved by Assembly. the Executive Committee.
24. The scientific meetings generally take place Section by Section, but the study of some questions 98 The Editor and the members of the Board, shall each The Council is convened by the President of the hold office for one period, but shall be eligible to be Association. It shall normally meet during the Ordinary elected for one further period. General Assemblies.
28B. After each General Assembly, a special issue 33. The Executive Committee of the of the Bulletin G6od6sique shall be published under the Association shall : name of "Geodesist's Handbook". This issue aims at providing detailed information on the Association, its a) initiate actions and issue guidelines, as required, structure and scientific activities, and other relevant to guide the Association towards the achievement of its technical and administrative information. scientific objectives;
29. After each General Assembly, a collection of the b) fill vacancies occuring between General reports presented by the Sections, Commissions and Assemblies, in accordance with the present Statutes and Special Study Groups shall be published in the By-Laws; "Travaux de l'Association Internationale de Ggodgsie". This publication is supplied free of charge c) set up and dissolve Commissions, Special to the Officers of the Association and to the Adhering Commissions and Special Study Groups; Body of each Member Country. d) appoint Chairmen of Special Study Groups, and 30. The Association also issues special approve the election of the Editor(s) in Chief of the publications which contain information on Bulletin G6od6sique; recommended standards in geodesy. e) appoint members of the Cassinis Committee; 31. At every General Assembly each Member Country of the Union is invited to supply an adequate f) make recommendations to the Council on number of copies of its National Report on geodetic matters of General policy of the Association and on the work done since the previous General Assembly. These implementation of its objectives; National Reports, as far as available, are distributed bY the Central Bureau of the Association in the same g) on the recommendation of the Bureau, appoint manner as the "Travaux de l'Association Internationale Fellows and Associates of the Association. Past officers de G6od6sie". of the Association, including those of the Commissions and sub-Commissions, shall be eligible for appointment as Fellows and shall be invited to V- Administration. become Fellows of the Association. Persons elected as officers of the Association or nominated as members of 32. The Council of the Association shall : Commissions, Special Commissions, or Special Study Groups, shall automatically become Associates of the a) examine questions of general scientific policy or Association. Persons from Member Countries who administration in the business of the Association and apply, indicating previous participation in Association appoint such Committees as may, from time to time, activities, or providing a recommendation from their be deemed necessary for this purpose; national Adhering Body or a recommendation from an officer or a Fellow of the Association, shall be eligible b) elect the members of the Bureau and of the to become Associates, and shall be recommended by the Executive Committee, the Assistant Secretaries of the Bureau. Association, the Secretaries of Sections, the Presidents of Commissions and of Special Commissions; The Executive Committee is convened by the President of the Association, it shall meet at General c) receive reports from the Secretary General and Assemblies and its members shall attend the meetings consider for approval the decisions or actions taken by of the Council, with voice but without vote. It shall the Bureau and the Executive Committee since the last also meet normally at least once betwen General Council meeting; Assemblies, one year ahead of the General Assembly, in order to prepare the scientific agenda and the time- d) appoint the three members of the ad hoc table during the next General Assembly. committee created for examining the finances of the Association, consider its recommendations and adopt At a meeting of the Executive Committee, no the final budget; member may be represented by any other person, except a President of a Section who may be represented by a e) consider proposals for changes in the Statutes Secretary of his Section. In order that the deliberations and By-Laws; of the Executive Committee shall be valid, half at least of its members must be present or represented. 99
The agenda for each meeting of the Executive The Secretary General is also assisted by a small Committee shall be prepared by the Bureau and sent to number of Assistant-Secretaries, one of whom is the members at least three months prior to the meeting. located in the same office as the Secretary General. All these functions are unpaid and only expenses incurred in 34. The Bureau of the Association shall : connection with them are repayable.
a) draw up the agenda of the meetings of the 37A. An additional Assistant Secretary to be known Council and Executive Committee; as the Assembly Secretary may also be appointed by the Council on the recommendation of the Adhering b) ensure the adequate administration of the Body of the country in which the next General Association. It shall normally meet before each meeting Assembly takes place. If this procedure is not feasible of the Executive Committee. then the Council may delegate the appointment to the Bureau. 35. The President of the Association shall : In cooperation with the Central Bureau, this a) be the representative of the Association in its Assistant Secretary has responsibilities for liaison with dealing with National or International Organizations or the organizers working on the preparation of the Institutions; General Assembly. This Assistant Secretary shall be appointed for one period only. b) convene and preside over the General Assembly and over all meetings of the Council, Executive Committee and Bureau; VI- Activities of Sections, Commissions, Special Commissions and Special Study c) submit a report to the General Assembly on the Groups. scientific work of the Association during his tenure; 38. The President of a Section is responsible He is a member of the Executive Committee of the for the scientific development within the area of his Union. In case of his absence, the First Vice-President Section and is the representative of his Section on the shall act. Executive Committee of the Association. Working closely with the Steering Committee he shall 36. The Secretary General shall : encourage, guide and coordinate the work of the Commissions, Special Commissions and Special Study a) serve as secretary of the General Assembly, the Groups within his Section, and in particular keep the Council, the Executive Committee and the Bureau, officers of his Section as well as the Bureau of the arrange for meetings of these bodies, prepare and Association informed of the Section's activities, on an distribute promptly the agenda and the minutes of all annual basis. their meetings; It is desirable that the President of a Section, or else b) be the Director of the Central Bureau; one of the Secretaries of the Section, should attend each of the Symposia related to the Section. c) manage the affairs of the Association, attend to correspondence, preserve the records; Before each General Assembly the President of a Section shall receive the reports of the Commissions, d) circulate all appropriate information related to Special Commissions and Special Study Groups within the Association; his Section and, assisted by the Steering Committee, prepare a report on the activities of the Section to be e) prepare the reports on the Association's presented at the General Assembly. activities, especially report to the General Assembly on the administration and the finance of the Association He shall receive suggestions for new Special Study during the current period; Groups, and suggestions for continuation of existing Special Study Groups under Art. 43, and, after f) perform such other duties as may be assigned to consulting his Section Steering Committee, shall him by the Bureau. coordinate them and transmit his recommendations to the Executive Committee. 37. To assist the Secretary General in the performance of his duties to the Association, the Each Section Steering Committee shall meet Association establishes a permanent agency, the Central at least once during each Ordinary General Assembly Bureau, including a variable number of employees paid and on at least one other occasion during the period. At out of Association funds. the General Assembly meeting, or on some other appropriate occasion, the Steering Committee shall review the activities of Commissions, Special 100 Commissions and Special Study Groups over the past notices to members of Commissions, Special period, and, for those which will be recommended for Commissions and Special Study Groups. continuation, review their programmes for the forthcoming period. 42. The reports of each Commission, Special Commission and Special Study Group should reach the The Section Secretaries assist the Section President of each relevant Section at least three months President in his duties. before each General Assembly. These reports and the reports of the Sections are published in the "Travaux de 39.The President of a Commission is rAssociation Internationale de G6od6sie". responsible for initiating and directing its work and selecting its members, apart from those representatives 43. The period of work of each Special Study Group of Member Countries appointed under Art. 2. normally ends at an Ordinary General Assembly. In the exceptional case that a continuation of the work is The President of each Commission shall issue a deemed necessary, the Special Study Group Chairman brief description of the work to be performed and a list shall submit in writing a well-grounded proposal, of members, to be published in the Geodesist's including a suggestion for his successor, to his Section Handbook after each General Assembly. President, at least three months before the General Assembly. The Section President shall then make a To assist communication and cooperation within recommendation to the Executive Committee. each Commission, members should be informed, on an annual basis, of results achieved and of outstanding 44. Commissions, Special Commissions and problems. Special Study Groups not assigned to one Section shall be under the responsibility of the President of the 39A. The President of a Special Association. Commission is responsible for initiating and directing its work and selecting its members. Special 45. Commissions, Special Commissions and Commission membership should be balanced so as to Special Study Groups are free to hold working meetings reflect international cooperation in the subject and shall of their members. If they wish to arrange scientific be limited to a number not exceeding 30. Symposia, these are subject to the usual approval procedure for Symposia of the Association. Symposia The President of each Special Commission shall should be arranged only if the topic transcends the frame issue a brief description of the work to be performed and of one Commisson, one Special Commission or one a list of members, to be published in the Geodesist's Special Study Group. Handbook after each General Assembly.
To assist communication and cooperation within VII- Symposia. each Special Commission, members should be kept informed, on an annual basis, of results achieved and of 46. The Association may organize scientific outstanding problems. Symposia to study particular questions of wide interest.
40. The Chairman of a Special Study Group The Executive Committee is responsible for a is responsible for initiating and directing its work and balanced selection of Symposia, to ensure a appointing its members. Special Study Group representative coverage of subjects and a good membership should be balanced so as to reflect geographical distribution and to avoid duplication, international cooperation in its subject and shall be overlap and undue frequency. limited to a number not exceeding 20. Symposia sponsored by the Association shall be The Chairman of each Special Study Group shall freely open to all scientists, in accordance with ICSU issue a brief description of the work to be performed and regulations. a list of members, to be published in the Geodesist's Handbook after each General Assembly. 47. Normally applications for Symposia to be held in the period between two Ordinary General Assemblies To assist communication and cooperation within should be submitted by the Host Organization to the each Special Study Group, members should be kept Secretary General before the General Assembly informed, on an annual basis, of results achieved and of preceding that period. During this General Assembly outstanding problems. other applications may be submitted to the Secretary General at least two days before the last meeting of the 41. The President of the Association, the Central Council. Bureau and the President of the relevant Section should receive copies of all official correspondence and of 101
The Council, on recommendation of the Executive Elections of Association or Union geodetic Committee, shall decide whether the Symposium in representatives to those permanent bodies shall be made question will be sponsored by the Association. by the Executive Committee. These representatives shall be elected for one period and may be re-elected for In exceptional cases, the Executive Committee may one further period. approve late applications. Such applications must be submitted at least 18 months before the proposed date IX- Finance. for the Symposium. 52. The funds of the Association derive from : 48. The Symposium Organizer must send an official announcement of the Symposium to the Bulletin a) the contributions of the member countries of G6od6sique at least one year in advance or immediately the Union of which a proportion, determined by the after the approval by the Association; the announced Council of the Union on recommendation of its date of the Symposium must not be changed later. Finance Committee, is paid to the Association by the Treasurer of the Union; 49. Within three months after the Symposium, the Symposium Organizer shall provide a report to be b) the sale of publications; published in the Bulletin G6od6sique. This report should indicate whether, where, and when the c) any other source (including grants, donations, Proceedings will be published. A copy of the interest, funds remaining after a symposium, etc...). Symposium Proceedings, or else one copy of each paper presented at the Symposium, shall be sent to the Central Bureau of the Association. 53. The Secretary General is responsible to the Bureau of the Association and to the Council for 50. Sponsorship by the Association means only managing the funds in accordance with the Statutes and official recognition and does not imply financial By-Laws, with the decisions of the Council and with support. the recommendations of the Finance Committee of the Union.
The Secretary General alone shall be responsible for VIII- International Scientific Cooperation. control of the financial operations of the Association; however for each bank account of the Association, there 51. The Association may undertake directly, shall be one Assistant Secretary who shall also have supervise or cooperate in scientific work of an access to the account. international or interdisciplinary character. As a matter of principle, the Association should be represented at 54. At each Ordinary General Assembly of the Congresses, International Meetings, General Association the budget proposal for the ensuing period Assemblies, etc.., of scientific organizations whose shall be presented by the Secretary General and activities are connected with its own. The President of submitted for approval to the Council. the Association or his designate will be the representative of the Association at these meetings. The budget as approved by the Council shall be implemented by the Secretary General. Travelling and accommodation expenses of the Delegate of the Association may be charged, in whole During the next Ordinary General Assembly, the or in part, to the Association. The Delegate shall Council shall examine all expenditures to ensure that prepare a report of the meeting, including the they were in accordance with the proposals previously discussions relating to geodesy, which may be approved, The Council shall appoint an ad hoc published, in whole or in part, in the Bulletin committee for carrying out this examination in detail. G6od6sique. In addition, these accounts shall be audited by a The Association may also represent the Union in qualified accountant and shall then be reported to the inter-Union Commissions or special joint Committees Treasurer of the Union, as prescribed in Art. 20 of By- dealing with topics that are related to its own studies. Laws of the Union. 102
GUY BOMFORD PRIZE, LEVALLOIS MEDAL
Rules For The Award Of The Guy Bomford Prize Nominations must be accompanied by:
Purpose: the Guy Bomford Prize is awarded by the - The full name, address, age, academic and/or International Association of Geodesy for outstanding professional qualifications and position of the candidates contribution to Geodesy. It was established by the and the name of the National Committee making the British National Committee for Geodesy and nomination. Geophysics to mark the contributions to geodesy of Brigadier G. Bomford, formerly of the University of -An outline of the reasons for the nomination Oxford and a Past President of the International including a general summary of the career and scientific Association of Geodesy. It has been inaugurated by the achievement of the candidate. I.A.G. in 1975. The Prize is normally awarded at intervals of four years on the occasion of the General -A review of the recent achievements of the Assembly of the I.A.G. held concurrently with the candidates which would merit the award, including General Assembly of the International Union of references to key papers, published, alone or jointly, Geodesy and Geophysics. The following rules for the during the preceding four-year period. award of the Guy Bomford Prize may be altered by the I.A.G. Executive if a majority of its voting members - A curriculum vitae, publication list, and copies of sees a necessity to do so. up to two key papers which are considered to justify candidature. Eligibility: The Guy Bomford Prize is awarded to a young scientist or to a team of young scientists for - The name and address of two referees who could be outstanding theoretical or applied contributions to consulted. geodetic studies, particularly in the four year period preceding the General Assembly at which the award is Selection procedure: A screening committee made. Scientists who are under 40 years of age on will be appointed consisting of the presidents of the December, 31, of the year preceding the Assembly at I.A.G. Sections and two other members to be appointed which the award is made, are eligible for the award. by the I.A.G. Bureau. Based on the material submitted by the National Committees, each member of the Nominations: Nominations will be invited by the screening committee will rank the nominations and I.A.G. Bureau from all National Committees of send a short list of three to the I.A.G. Bureau. The I.U.G.G. member countries at least one year ahead of decision among the three top ranking candidates will be the General Assembly. Each committee can make one communicated to all National Committees, and the nomination which has not necessarily to be from its successfull candidate(s). The Prize may be withheld if, own country. The deadline for nominations will in the opinion of the I.A.G. Bureau, there is no normally be six months before the next General sufficiently qualified candidate. Assembly and will be explicitly started in the letter of invitation. 103 Presentation of award: The Prize shall be The Medal is normally awarded at four year presented to the successfull candidate at the opening intervals, on the occassi0n of the General Assemblies Plenary Session of the I.A.G. Assembly. He or she of the International Association of Geodesy and shall be invited to deliver a lecture during the course of international Union of Geodesy and Geophysics; but the the I.A.G. Assembly. award may be omitted if it is considered that there is no candidature of sufficient merit, and an additional award may be made at any time if justified by exceptional Levallois Medal circumstances.
The Levallois Medal was established by the A nomination for the award shall be made by an ad International Association of Geodesy in 1979 to honour hoc committee consisting of the Honorary Presidents Jean-Jacques Levall0is, and to recognize his and must be confirmed by the I.A,G. Executive outstanding contribution to the LA.G., particularly his Committee. The ad hoc committee shall prepare a l~g service as Secretary General, 1960-1975. citation, suitable for publication, setting out the grounds for the proposed award before the General The award of the Medal will be made in recognition Assembly. of distinguished service to the Association, and/or to the science of geodesy in general. 104
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
International Association of Geodesy XX th IUGG General Assembly Vienna, August, 1991
by Ivan I. Mueller
I- Introduction because without communication we will become senile fast because things are changing fast. Most of the It is my pleasure to use this opportunity to report on internal changes are aimed at improving the accomplishments of IAG during the last communications and are pending the approval of the quadrennium and also provide a few suggestions for the Council: future. With your permission I will be relatively brief on the accomplishments since most probably they will The establishment of Fellows and Associates of the also be reported on by the Secretary General, and spend IAG serves the purpose of encouraging two-way more time on the future, but first I would like to express communication between current officers and those a special welcome to representatives of our sister individuals who have had an earlier role in the life of the organizations: Mr. Juha Talvitie, President, International association. We hope that these informal types of Federation of Surveyors; Professor Kennert Torlegard, "memberships" will make the IAG a permanent home President, International Society of Photogrammetry and for all geodesists involved in international activities. Remote Sensing; and Professor Fred Christ of the International Cartographic Association. The inclusion of the presidents of most of the permanent Commissions in the Executive Committee I also would like to give special greetings to the (at the expense of electing fewer Section secretaries) is IAG Past Presidents present: Dr. Charles Whitten (1960- another way of improving communication. In the past, 63), Professor T.J. Kukkamaki (1975-79), Professor the Commissions, where a great deal of work between Helmut Moritz (1979-83), and Dr. Peter Angus-Leppan General Assemblies takes place, had great difficulty in (1983-87), as well as to this year's IAG award winners: influencing in a timely fashion the work of the Professor Paul Melchior, Levallois Medal recipient, and Executive Committee. Dr. Shuhei Okubo, winner of the Bomford Prize. The new Special Commissions (six are proposed) Please also remember colleagues who are no longer will be organizations situated between our Special Study with us: Rudolf Conzett, Suzanne Coron, Edward Flinn, Groups, having a lifetime of only four years, and the Robert Lecolazet, ShingHai Li, James Marsh, Horst permanent Commissions, which provide continuity for Peschel, Georg Strasser, Bela Szabo, among others. project-type activities. Long-term investigations are planned within these Special Commissions.
II- Internal accomplishments Changes in the election rules should make the procedure not only more democratic but also will enable The main internal accomplishments which will us to reach out for the best available candidates for all affect the future of the Association are primarily IAG offices. organizational in nature and are the result of deliberations of our Cassinis Committee. As you know, Restricting the membership of the Council to IAG the function of the Cassinis Committee is to provide Associates or Fellows in the future will make the continuous review of the structure of the organization. It Council's work more meaningful and responsive to IAG is through these continuous reviews that we try to needs due to the fact that all Council members who are prevent senility from setting in in our 125-year-old appointed by the National Committees will have had association. Review alone of course is not sufficient previous involvement in IAG activities. 105
symposia. The first one was held in San Jose, Costa Rica, on the occasion of the 14th General Assembly of III- External accomplishments the PAIGH, February, 1990; the second one will take place during this General Assembly. 1. Publications All in all, we have ten representatives in other On the external side a number of significant events international organizations. are to be reported. Among these probably the most significant, from the point of view of its long lasting effect, are the agreements between IAG and Springer 3. New Initiatives Verlag making Springer in practice the official publisher of IAG and therefore of international geodesy. These New and forthcoming initiatives include placing agreements call for the publication of the Bulletin more emphasis on education which will be looked upon Gdoddsique from this year on, as well as the as a joint activity with IUSM a steering group is to coordination of articles between the BG and manuscripta meet during this General Assembly to set up plans for geodaetica, also published by Springer, through a single an IUSM Working Group on the subject in which IAG editorial structure. It is hoped this arrangement will will take an active role. The first meeting on education provide a much greater visibility of a unified organized by the new Working Group will be during the international geodetic community to the outside world. 1992 ISPRS Congress in Washington, D.C.
Springer has also been designated as the publisher of During the past year the IAG Executive Committee the proceedings of all IAG-organized symposia. This formed a planning group which worked hard to prepare a effort has already resulted in some 12 volumes either proposal for the establishment of an International published or in production. GPS Service for Geodynamics (IGS). The report of the planning group which will be presented during this Assembly calls for a test campaign during 1992. 2. Cooperation with Other International Some 200 organizations expressed interest in Organizations participation in this campaign which, it is hoped, will lead to an international service during the next few years. I am happy to report that after years of negotiations The IGS activities will be coordinated by our CSTG finally IAG is in a position to join the International Commission. Union of Surveys and Mapping. The negotiations primarily resulted in satisfactory Another significant initiative is our proposed modifications of the original IUSM statutes. We are Special Commission on Geodesy in looking forward to close cooperation with the societies Engineering. We hope that this new group, together which are members of IUSM--namely, FIG with FIG, will provide a forum for those colleagues who (International Federation of Surveyors), ISPRS are involved in the engineering aspects of geodesy. (International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing), ICA (International Cartographic Initiatives discussed but without tangible results, and Association)--to foster the influence of geodesists in the which need to be jump started include external mapping sciences. fundraising for the IAG, possibly through our new "membership," and effective IAG participation in ICSU With the International Astronomical Union programs such as the International Geosphere-Biosphere we have established the International Earth Rotation Programme: A Study of Global Change. Service which started its activities on January 1, 1988, following ten years of experimentation through the This General Assembly is to culminate four years of MERIT Campaign. In addition, we set up a number of scientific activities during which IAG sponsored 25 joint working groups such as the one on fundamental symposia on specialized topics and a General Meeting in constants to assure better communication. Edinburgh which in 1989 celebrated our 125th anniversary. During this Assembly we will have three With the International Hydrographic Office symposia, three joint Section meetings, and five we are establishing a working group on the Geodetic individual Section meetings with a total of over 400 Aspects of the Law of the Sea (GALOS), and with presentations. These numbers alone indicate that geodesy IAPSO, a group on various aspects of mean sea level is active and in good health. determination
I should emphasize also the recent memorandum of IV- IAG's new role in the future (?) understanding with the Pan-American Institute of Geography and History (PAIGH) to encourage IAG's main business is facilitating scientific cooperation with our colleagues in Latin America. This communications among active geodesists; meetings and agreement already resulted in two jointly organized publications are its main products, and IAG is very good 106 at producing both. However, paraphrasing recent for turning the Union around, and perhaps the last comments of Don Anderson, past president of the chance, For the first time in decades, the Union will be American Geophysical Union, this is not enough selecting a new President and a new Secretary General at anymore. Geodesists must communicate their results and the same time. The right team in the top three slots their concerns to the general public and to decision ~esident, Secretary General, and Vice President), if makers. The public relations, public information, and provided adequate financial and staff support, could educational aspects of IAG are becoming increasingly initiate a program that would reinvigorate IUGG. The important. These are essential to the health and survival team approach is emphasized because the apparent Slide of our science. Our officers and "new" Fellows and of the Union can no longer be turned around by Associates must be involved in guiding public policy individuals acting alone. In the alternative, the unique and extending public awareness. We must continue to functions that IUGG serves will disappear, much to the increase the visibility of geodesy, defined broadly in all short- and long-term detriment of geophysics. its aspects, that is, its geophysical, mapping and engineering aspects. Quoting Don Anderson, What are these unique functions, those that are unquestionably served best by IUGG? IUGG provides a Our science is a global science and we must neutral forum in which scientists from all countries can cooperate with other earth and planetary organizations meet on an equal footing, a forum in which science regardless of their location. Earth scientists have a interests are at the fore and national interests and responsibility to their planet that goes beyond political concerns very much in the background. That communicating interesting results to each other. We forum is also an interdisciplinary one that covers a very cannot completely understand what we are doing to our wide range of the earth and space sciences, The challenge planet or what it might do to us if we let national to IUGG is to maintain this forum and to do the things political boundaries limit the breadth of our inquiries. that can uniquely be done in, and based on it, To maintain the forum the IUGG will need to : In other words, we must learn how to be active and how to shape science policy nationally as well as • set up mechanisms for reaching national internationally instead of reacting to it. This, by the committees as well as individual scientists throughout way, is of great importance not just in geodesy but in the world, Make this a two-way street so that important all of the Earth sciences, which fact brings me to the information in geophysics from every corner of the IUGG. world filters to every other comer.
. eliminate divisiveness among the associations V- Suggestions for the IUGG and foster a cooperative atmosphere, Encourage more interassociation activity. Several IUGG associations, and their programs, are not attracting enough attention among top maturing • assure continuing communication among the scientists in the younger generation. The critical roles participants. Four- and two-year meetings and quarterly that the Union formerly played in providing the main publications are not sufficient to command attention, international forum for geodesy and geophysics no much less to serve the needs of science in today's fast longer seem quite so important. Its original functions paced environment. are also being eroded by an increasing number of ICSU committees and other international bodies. The Union • assure that meetings of the Union are attractive seems to be on a slide from which it can only recover if to leading scientists and accessible to those with limited it can recapture the interest and imagination of all the means. world's geophysical scientists. Its unique role in the developing world seems to be unaffected yet, but will • strengthen areas that can provide a basis for soon slide for financial and other reasons, more interdisciplinary communication and which are essential to advancing understanding of the Earth The Union is also weakened by the lack of system. interaction among its constituent Associations, Both the Union and the Associations bear responsibility for this failure. The associations tend to treat IUGG General 1. Suggested Actions Assemblies as simultaneous association meetings rather than as unique opportunities for interdisciplinary The leadership of the Union should form a team programs. The Union administration, for its part, has which is committed to change and growth and must be not adequately involved the Associations in planning and eager to work for it. management. The result is a lack of sense of responsibility among the Associations for the Union and The Executive Committee and Bureau should meld its objectives. in the decision-making process so that the Associations can feel ownership of the Union. For now this can be This year, 1991, provides a window of opportunity done within the Statutes simply by having the two 107 always meet together. For the future, one body is been reasonably successful; however, COSPAR has probably all that is necessary. The current situation grown to divisive proportions and it appears that IGBP where the presidents of the associations meet only once will do the same. Reorganization at the ICSU level is with each other and the Bureau between the assemblies called for. to lead the Union is unacceptable. This leads to a lack of When the Associations pull together the Union will communication both between the associations and the begin to gain credits. Then it will again become a more Bureau to the detriment of all Union roles and functions. important and interesting place for all .geophysicists. It is critical that this process begin immediately and that in The central administration should have access to the next four years several Union activities with the more financial support. The "team," i,e., the President, potential for being highly visible and successful should the Vice President, and especially the Secretary General be picked out and nurtured by the staff of the should travel widely and have funds to establish the kind Associations and the central office of the Union. of staff support and communication that is essential, The necessary funds should be raised both internally and externally. To maintain momentum between the VI- Concluding remarks meetings of committees and commissions, staff work is necessary. Volunteers can carry an activity only so far. Let me close with the story of a professor who is The team will need staff support, and for the long term invited to give an after dinner speech and has taken the provision should be made to assure that ideas and plans opportunity to speak at great length about a topic which are followed up on rapidly. Efforts should be made to interested almost no one but himself. As this professor hold large and small meetings where those in the less droned on into the night showing no mercy toward his developed world can attend and those from the developed audience, a restless gentleman in the back of the room country will attend. Programs must be designed to serve who had had far too much of both the speech and the the full spectrum of attendees. Opportunities to talk wine staggered forward waving an empty wine bottle as about international programs, standards, and techniques a club. He walked up to the podium and took a swing at should always be made. the speaker's head, but instead struck the head of an honored guest sitting next to the podium. The guest Establish an ongoing communication system that crashed to the floor and the shocked speaker looked down retains visibility for IUGG while taking advantages of and asked, "Are you hurt?" The unsteady voice of the new technology and existing networks of individual honoree came back just barely audible for all to hear, scientists such as regional and national societies. Assure "Hit me again! I can still hear him." that the Union's message regularly reaches scientists in every country with significant geophysics activity. So with this "hint" I thank you for your patience. And thank all of you who contributed to these successful The Union and those concerned with geophysics four years: Special Study Group members; Commission should undertake a campaign to refocus around science members; BG authors and reviewers; presidents of and to reduce the distraction of ICSU committees that Special Study Groups and of Commissions, bureaus and are problem or geographically oriented, and therefore centers; Section secretaries; Section presidents; BG require enormous new bureaucracies to pull them Editor-in-Chief and IAG assistant secretaries; the together, Inter-Union groups working through existing Bureau-- Secretary General, Vice Presidents; the administrations can do the same job more effectively Council; contributors not listed above. without sapping strength from the science. SCOR and Have a successful and interesting meeting and a good SCAR, because of their strong inter-Union focus, have time in this great city! 108
XX/~me Assembl6e G6n6rale de I'AIG Rapport du Secretaire G6n6ral
Michel Louis
Le Secr6taire G6n6ral de rAssociation Internationale a) Les r6flexions men6es par des groupes ad hoc de G6od6sie a l'honneur de pr6senter ~ la XXSme cr66s au cours de la r6union de mars 1988 sur : Assembl6e G6n6rale le rapport d'activit6 de l'Association qu'il a 6tabli pour la p6riode 6coul6e - l'am61ioration du fonctionnement de l'Union et depuis la XX~me Assembl6e G6n6rale. de ses Associations en vue d'une meilleure participation des jeunes g6od6siens et g6ophysiciens; Conform6ment aux Statuts et RSglement Int6rieur le rapport du Secr6taire G6n6ral traite des activit6s - les r~gles pr6cises n6cessaires h l'organisation et administratives et des finances de l'Association, le au suivi des r6unions scientifiques organis6es par I'AIG. rapport du Pr6sident pr6sentant les activit6s Ces r~gles adopt6es par le Comit6 Ex6cutif ont 6t6 scientifiques. publi6es dans le BG Vol. 63 N°3 et elles s'appliquent aux symposiums organis6s par rAIG qui sont intEgr6s dans la s6rie "symposiums de I'AIG", avec un num6ro I-Activit~s administratives de l'Association d'ordre officiel, et dont les communications pr6sent6es sont publi6es par Springer Verlag, selon un accord Ces activit6s ont 6t6 marqu6es, au cours de la p6riode pass6 avec rAIG; qui s'ach~ve, par les r6unions du Bureau et du Comit6 Ex6cutif ofa ont 6t6 prises les d6cisions qui engagent la - la plaquette AIG, dont la mise au point et la politique de rAssociation, par les travaux du Comit6 sortie ont 6t6 quelque peu retard6es, et qui est Cassinis, et par les publications qui diffusent maintenant disponible; l'information aussi bien scientifique qu'administrative. - la "lettre d'information" (Newsletter) sur les activit6s de I'AIG, pr6par6e par le Bureau Central et 1. R~unions du Comit~ Ex~cutif syst6matiquement publi6e dans chaque Bulletin G6od6sique; Au cours de cette p6riode, le Comit6 Ex6cutif a tenu deux r6unions, ~ Paris, en mars 1988 et en mars 1990, - la possibilit6 de cr6er un fonds AIG permettant et le Comit6, r6duit au Bureau et aux Pr6sidents de de subventionner les activit6s g6od6siques dans les pays Section, s'est 6galement r6uni h Paris en mars 1991. en d6veloppement, d'aider les jeunes g6od6siens, et de Ces r6unions ont 6t6 pr6c&16es de r6unions du Bureau. financer de nouvelles publications. Les diff6rentes approches pour r6aliser ce fonds n'ont pas encore abouti, Les comptes rendus d6taill6s des deux premieres le prochain Comit6 Ex6cutif devra poursuivre ces r6unions ont 6t6 publi6s dans le Bulletin G6od6sique, 6tudes. Vol. 62, N°4 et Vol. 64, N°2. Une large partie des travaux de ces r6unions a 6t6 consacr6e ~ la pr6paration b) Les relations suivies avec les soci6t6s-soeurs : de la R6union G6n6rale (General Meeting) h Edimbourg, F6d6ration Internationale des G6om~tres (FIG), aofit 1989, et de la pr6sente Assembl6e G6n6mle. Association Internationale de Cartographie (ACI) et Soci6t6 Internationale de Photogramm6trie et de Parmi les autres principaux points trait6s on peut T616d6tection (SIPT). Ces trois associations se sont citer : r6cemment regroup6es en une union (Union Internationale des Lev6s et de la Cartographie), non 109 membre du Conseil International des Unions • la cr6ation d'un Comit6 Directeur dans chaque Scientifiques, mais cependant fort int6ressante pour Section pour mieux impliquer les diff6rents I'AIG. Aussi apr~s avoir demand6 et obtenu quelques responsables des Commissions et des Groupes Sp6ciaux modifications des Statuts de cette nouvelle Union, le d'Etude de la Section dans la conduite des affaires de Comit6 Ex6cutif a d6cid6 de pr6senter la candidature de cette Section; I'AIG. D~s que la r6ponse de cette Union sera connue, le Conseil de rAIG sera appel6 h ratifier cette adh6sion, . la tenue r6guli~re de R6unions G6n6rales entre qui permettra de renforcer les liens avec les g6ombtres, les Assembl6es g6n6rales de rUGGI; photogramm~tres et cartographes et d'accro~tre rinfluence de rAIG clans ce milieu; . les affiliations individuelles ~ l'Association par la cr6ation de deux cat6gories d'affili6s, les c) La nouvelle politique 6ditoriale de I'AIG : voir "compagnons" : ceux qui ont servi en kant qu'officiels "Publications" ci-apr~s; de rAssociation et continuent ~ s'int6resser ~ ses activit6s, les "associ6s" : ceux qui participent d) Le rapport du Comit6 Cassinis : voir (2) ci- actuellement ~ la vie active de rAssociation comme apr~s. membre des Commissions, Groupes Sp6ciaux d'Etudes,
2. Travaux du Comitg Cassinis • les publications : Bulletin G6od6sique, communications pr6sent6es aux symposiums (ce sujet Le R~glement Int6rieur de I'AIG pr6voit que la est d6velopp6 ci-apr~s). structure des Sections de rAIG soit revue tousles huit arts (deux p6riodes) par un Comit6, appel6 Comit6 • un certain nombre d'autres modifications de Cassinis, qui soumet ses porpositions au Comit6 d6tail, de simples raises ~ jour ou des am61iorations de Ex6cutif. Le Comit6 Cassinis cr66 h la derniOre texte. Assembl6e G6n6rale, compos6 de P.V. Angus-Leppan (Pr6sident) et de M. Bursa, R. Rummel, Les recommandations d6taill6es du Comit6 Cassinis C.C. Tscherning, G. Veis et A.M. Wassef, a regu pour ont 6t6 publi6es dans le Bulletin G6od6sique Vol.64, mission de revoir non seulement la structure des N~2. Sections mais aussi l'ensemble Statuts et R~glement Int6rieur en vue d'am61iorer le fonctionnement de toute l'Association. 3. Publications
Le rapport des travaux du Comit6 Cassinis a 6t6 3.1. Bulletin G6od6sique - Aprbs d'assez pr6sent6 au Comit6 Ex6cutif en mars 1990. I1 a 6t6 longues n6gociations men6es par le Bureau (notamment adopt6 apr~s quelques amendements, et le nouveau texte le Pr6sident) et la soci6t6 allemande d'6dition Springer des Statuts et du R~glement Intdrieur a 6t6 diffus6 aux Verlag, un accord a 6t6 mis au point pour la publication Comit6s nationaux et est maintenant soumis au du Bulletin G6od6sique par cette soci6t6 h compter du Conseil pour approbation. Conform6ment aux Statuts let janvier 1991. Cette soci6t6 publie 6galement actuels, les modifications prendront effet 5 la fin de la Manuscripta Geodaetica. rdunion du Conseil ~ laquelle ils auront 6t6 adopt6s. Le Comit6 Ex6cutif, an cours de sa r6union de Les principales propositions faites par le Comit6 mars 1990, a approuv6 cet accord, ainsi que l'accord Cassinis et approuv6es par le Comit6 Ex6cutif tripartite entre le Comit6 de rOdaction de manuscripta concernent : geodaetica, I'AIG et Springer Verlag (ces documents sont publi6s dans le BG 64-2). Le Comit6 a aussi . la possibilit6 de cr6er des Commissions insist6 sur la n6cessit6 de maintenir au Bulletin sp~ciales, interm6diaires entre Commissions et G6od6sique son r61e de publication officielle de rAIG Groupes Sp6ciaux d'Etudes; c'est une structure moins avec un bon niveau scientifique. lourde qu'une Commission, mais traitant cependant des sujets exigeant une longue dur6e et une bonne Les conditions d'abonnement different quelque collaboration internationale; pen de celles en vigueur avant 1991, elles ont 6t6 diffus6es ~ la fin de l'annde 1990 par Springer Verlag • des am61iorations h rorganisation des 61ections aupr~s de qui ont peut toujours les obtenir, le Bureau au Consefl pour rendre le processus plus visible et Central de rAIG peut aussi fournir les informations permettre aux D616gu6s qui le d6sirent de s'exprimer utiles. avant la s6anee des 61ections (cette dernibre est pr6vue, au cours de cette Assembl6e G6n6rale, le 15 aofit en Cette expdrience sera jug6e aux r6sultats dans soir6e); quelques ann6es, elle soulagera sfirement les finances de rAIG sans accro~tre les charges pour les abonn6s. 110 La liste de ces r6unions plac6es sous le patronage 3.2• Manuel du G6od6sien de rAIG est publi6e/l l'Appendix A. Elle montre la vari6t6 des th~mes abord6s et l'effort fait pour une Le prochain Manuel du G6od6sien sera publi6 par r6partition g6ographique convenable des lieux de Springer Verlag en 1992 h la place d'un num6ro du r6unions. Bulletin G6od6sique. Cette publication est maintenant tr~s appr6ci6e des g6od6siens et de bon nombre de non- 4.2. R6union G6n6rale g6od6siens, mais elle doit ~tre diffus6e le plus t6t possible apr~s l'Assembl6e G6n6rale pour garder cet Une telle r6union, la premiere apr~s ceUe de int6r~t. Les renseignements demand6s aux futurs Tokyo en 1982, s'est tenue h Edimbourg en aofit 1989. responsables des Sections, Commissions, Groupes Ce fut comme h Tokyo un r6el succ~s, la participation Sp6ciaux d'Etudes ainsi qu'aux Comit6s Nationaux active des g6od6siens a 6t6 remarquable. Compte tenu de devront donc parvenir au Bureau Central de ces pr6c6dents succ~s et de la recommandation du l'Association h des dates et sous des formes qui seront Comit6 Cassinis il est vraisemblable qu'une troisi~me pr6cis6es par la R6daction, d~s la fin de cette Assembl6e R6union G6n6rale aura lieu en 1993 : deux invitations G6n6rale. officielles ont 6t6 reques, La d6cision d6finitive sera prise au cours de cette Assembl6e G6n6rale. 3.3. Travaux de l'Association Internationale de G~od~sie II- Finances Le volume des Travaux, contenant les rapports quadriennaux des Sections, Commissions, Groupes Le rapport financier quadriennal est pr6sent6 dans le Sp6ciaux d'Etudes, Bureaux et autres Services tableau r6sum6 de l'Appendix B. I1 appelle les permanents, continuera h ~tre publi6 par le Bureau commentaires suivants : Central de I'AIG. Ces rapports doivent parvenir au Bureau Central au plus t6t (la date limite est d6jh 1. Recettes d6pass6e), sous une forme directement reproductible par photographie (les instructions n6cessaires ont 6t6 • Le niveau de la subvention annuelle de I~GGI, donn6es dans le B.G. Vol.64 N°3 et 4) pour une en US Dollars, a augment6 de 2 % au cours de la publication du Volume 29 d~s le d6but de 1992. p6riode. C'est peu compte tenu de la baisse r6guli~re du taux du Dollar par rapport aux monnaies europ6ennes - 3.4• Publication des communications Franc suisse et Franc fran~ais - pendant la m6me pr6sent6es aux Symposiums p6riode. Cependant des subventions suppl6mentaires de I'UGGI ont 6t6 obtenues pour certains symposiums, Le Bureau Central de I'AIG a publi6 au d6but de pour l'Assembl6e G6n6rale de Vancouver et pour la l'ann6e 1988 les communications pr6sent6es aux R6union G6n6rale d'Edimbourg, en augmentation par symposiums de I'AIG h la XIX~me Assembl6e rapport /t la pr6c6dente p6riode. En revanche les G6n6rale. D6sormais cette publication sera assur6e par subventions de I'ICSU ont 6t6 moindres, malgr6 des Springer Verlag pour les symposiums qui seront demandes toujours aussi importantes. d6clar6s "symposiums de rAIG". C'est de cette mani~re que les symposiums organis6s au cours de la R6union • La vente des publications a notablement G6n6rale h Edimburg ont d6j~ 6t6 publi6s (symposiums augment6, en raison des ajustements des tarifs 101 h 105). Depuis, 3 autres symposiums (106, 107 et d'abonnement au Bulletin G6od6sique et aussi de la 108, voir Appendix A) ont 6t6 inclus dans cette s6rie et vente des publications diverses (symposiums AIG de sont en cours de publication, il en sera de m6me des 3 Vancouver, Manuel du G6od6sien, Travaux) plus symposiums organis6s par I'AIG au cours de cette importantes que pr6c6demment, Assembl6e G6n6rale. Cette solution permet d'assurer une pr6sentation homog~ne pour ces publications, une • Les recettes diverses concernent surtout les publication rapide et une bonne diffusion. Pour les gains sur les variations de taux de change (chute du symposiums et ateliers de travail patronn6s mais non Dollar). organis6s par rAIG, les organisateurs sont libres de choisir l'6diteur de la publication. II leur est seulement 2. D~penses demand6 de publier au plus t6t apr~s le symposium et d'en informer le Bureau Central. • Les d6penses de personnel ont repris leur ascension en raison de taxes sur les salaires en nette augmentation en France, ces derni~res ann6es. 4. Rdunions scientifiques . L'augmentation importante du cofit des 4.1. Symposiums et ateliers de travail publications a la m6me explication que celle des recettes: plus de publications produites, mais aussi hausse des tarifs d'6dition et d'exp6dition. 111
• Duns le domaine des aides aux participations Le laur6at du Prix Bomford 1991 a 6t6 d6sign6 par le aux Assembl6es G6n6rales et symposiums, I'AIG a fait Bureau de I'AIG, apr~s avis d'un comit6 constitu6 par un gros effort, soutenu par rUGGI, mais encore bien les Prdsidents des Sections. I1 s'agit du Dr, Shuhei insuffisant au regard des demandes venant des jeunes Okubo, un prix de 500 US Dollars lui sera remis au g6od6siens et des repr6sentants des pays en cours de cette Assembl6e Gdn6rale. d6veloppement. De m6me le soutien aux services permanents et aux projets est notoirement insuffisant. En raison de la r6organisation des relations entre la Notre Comit6 Ex6cutif cherche depuis de nombreuses Royal Society avec les organismes d6pendant de ann6es les moyens d'accroitre les recettes pour satisfaire rICSU, le sous-comit6 britannique n'intervient plus les besoins et mieux implanter les activit6s de rAIG clans la d6signation du candidat. Les r~gles d'attribution darts ces pays en d6veloppement. Cette recherche n'a pas du Prix sont donc modifides pour tenir compte de ce abouti, elle doit ~tre poursuivie... retrait.
° L'exercice est donc d6ficitaire de pr6s de 30 000 Par ailleurs, ta proc6dure interne h rAIG de jugement US Dollars, si bien que la disponibilit6 au 31.12.1990 des candidats doit 8tre revue, des propositions seront a atteint un niveau beaucoup trop bus. Des mesures faites au cours de cette Assembl6e G6n6rale. sont prises d~s 1991 pour redresser la situation par des diminutions de d6penses en ce qm concerne I1 m'est maintenant n6cessaire de conclure, d'autant l'Administration (grfice au soutien de I'IGN) et les plus que ceci est le dernier rapport de Secr6taire G6n6ral Publications (mise en oeuvre de la nouvelle politique que je pr6sente h rAssembl6e G6n6rale. Pendant cette d'6dition). Les propositions de budget pour la p6riode longue p6riode il m'a 6t6 tr~s agr6able de travailler en venir figurent ~ l'Appendix C. parfaite harmonie avec quatre Pr6sidents et avec tousles membres des Comit6s Ex6cutifs qui se sont succ6d6s. Qu'ils en soient tous remerci6s, nous avons tous III - Prix Bornford ensemble oeuvr6 de notre mieux pour le succ~s de rAIG avec une foi in6branlable dans nos actions. Je vous Les comptes concernant ce Prix ne sont pas inclus remercie aussi, toutes et tous, chers coll~gues et amis, dans le tableau de rAppendix B. Ils sont les suivants : votre pr6sence ~ nos diff6rentes r6unions, vos fr&luentes correspondances adress6es au Bureau Central, ont 6t6 un a) R6serves au 1.1.1987 1 874.19 US $ soutien permanent pour notre mission d'officiels de Int6r&s pour la p6riode 87-90 511.50 I'AIG. Que tous ces soutiens se reportent sur nos successeurs pour le plus grand succ~s de I'AIG. Total 2 385.69
b) Remise du prix Bomford 1987 550.00 R6serves au 31.12.1990 1 835.69
Total 2 385.69 112
XX th IAG General Assembly Report of the Secretary General
Michel Louis
The Secretary General of the International Association a) Investigations by ad hoc groups during the of Geodesy is pleased to submit to the XXth General March 1988 meeting on : Assembly his report on the activities of the Association for the period between the XIXth and the XXth General - improvements on the functioning of the Union Assemblies. and its Associations for a better participation of geodesists and geophysicists, mainly the young ones; In accordance with the Statutes and By-Laws, the Secretary General reports on the administrative and precise rules which are necessary for the financial affairs, the President reporting on the scientific organization and follow-up of scientific meetings, work of the Association. especially Symposia organized by the IAG. These new rules adopted by the Executive Committee were published in B.G. Vol. 63 n°3, and they now apply to I- Administrative activities of the those Symposia organized by the IAG, integrated in the Association series of IAG Symposia, with official numbering, and proceedings published by Springer Verlag according to an During the past period the main features of the agreement passed with IAG; administrative activities were: (i) meetings of the Bureau and Executive Committee where decisions were taken on - IAG flier, which is now available, after a rather future actions of the Association, (ii) Cassinis long delay for realisation and issue; Committee's work, and (iii) publication of scientific and administrative information. - "Newsletter" on IAG activities, edited by the Central Bureau and regularly published in the Bulletin G6od6sique; 1. Meeting of the Executive Committee - possibility to create an IAG-Fund to support During this period the Executive Committee met geodetic activities in developing countries, new twice, in Paris, in March 1988 and March 1990, and the publications, and also to give financial assistance to Committee, reduced to the Bureau and the Presidents of young geodesists for their participation in IAG activities. Section, also met in Paris in March 1991. All those Different ways were explored, but none gave a positive meetings were prepared by meetings of the Bureau. result; the next Executive Committee should continue with this work. The detailed reports of the first two meetings were published in Bulletin G6od6sique, Vol. 62 n°4 and Vol. b) Continuing relations with sister-societies : 64 n°2. Large parts of those meetings were devoted to the F6d6ration Internationale des G6om~tres (FIG), preparation of the General Meeting, Edinburgh, August International Cartographic Association (ICA), and 1989, and of the present General Assembly. International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS). These societies have created together a Among other items dealt with during the meetings we specific union (International Union for Surveys and can mention : Mapping: IUSM), not affiliated to the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), but nevertheless of 113 great interest for IAG. After discussion on some the organization of General Meetings of the amendments of the Statutes of this new Union the IAG Association between the ordinary General Assemblies of Executive Committee agreed on the IAG application for the IUGG; candidature. After acceptance by the IUSM the IAG Council will have to ratify this adhesion, which aims to . individual affiliations to the Association through reinforce our links with surveyors, photogrammetrists the creation of two categories of affiliates : (i) Fellows, and cartographers and increase geodetic influence in those who have served as officers during at least one period and societies; are still involved in IAG activities, (ii) Associates, who are presently participating in IAG activities as c) New editorial policy of IAG (see "Publications" members of Commissions, Study Groups, etc.; hereafter); • publications of Bulletin Grodrsique, Proceedings d) Report by Cassinis Committee (see item 2 of Symposia (see Publications, hereafter). hereafter). Other minor modifications in the Statutes and By- Laws are only updates or improvements in the text. 2. Cassinis Committee's work The detailed recommendations made by the Cassinis According to the By-Laws, the structure of the Committee were published in B.G. Vol. 64 n°2. Sections in IAG shall be reviewed every eight years by a Committee, called the Cassinis Committee, which shall make proposals to the Executive Committee. This 3. Publications Cassinis Committee, appointed during the last General Assembly and consisting of P.V. Angus-Leppan 3.1. Bulletin Grodrsique - After a rather long (chairman) and M. Bursa, R. Rummel, C.C. Tscherning, negotiation between the Bureau and the German G. Veis and A.M. Wassef, was also charged with the publishing company, Springer Verlag, an agreement was review of the Statutes and By-Laws for an improvement reached for the publication of the Bulletin Grodrsique by in the functioning of the entire Association. Springer Verlag, from 1991, January 1st. This company also publishes manuscripta geodaetica. The Cassinis Committee reported on its works to the Executive Committee in March 1990. After some This Agreement, as well as the Memorandum of amendments the report was adopted and the new version Understanding between the editorial board of manuscripta of the Statutes and By-Laws was circulated to National geodaetica, the IAG and Springer Verlag were approved Committees, and it is now submitted to the Council for by the Executive Committee, March 1990. (These approval. According to the Statutes, the modifications documents were published in B.G. Vol. 64 n°2, along shall come into force at the close of the Council meeting with a note of the Chief Editor of the B.G. on this new at which they are adopted. editorial policy, and notes for contributors). The Executive Committee strongly insisted on the necessity The main proposals made by the Cassinis Committee of keeping the Bulletin Grodrsique as the official journal and approved by the Executive Committee concern : of the IAG, with high-standard quality papers.
the possibility to create Special Conditions of subscription slightly different from the Commissions (the Cassinis Committee recommended previous ones were announced by Springer Verlag by the the name General Study Groups), it will be a end of 1990, they can still be obtained from Springer structure intermediate between a Commission and a Verlag or from the Central Bureau. It is hoped thai this Special Study Group, less heavy to handle than a new editorial policy will be successful and will help the Commission, but however dealing with long term IAG Central Bureau to save money. problems for which close international cooperation is necessary; 3.2. Geodesist's Handbook -The next Geodesist's Handbook will be published by Springer improvements to the organization of the Verlag in 1992 in place of one regular issue of the elections in Council in order to make the procedure Bulletin Grod4sique. This publication is now well clearer and to allow Council Delegates to express their appreciated by geodesists and non-geodesists, but it must proposals before the election session (for this General be available early after the General Assembly to keep its Assembly the elections will take place on August 15th, interest. Information requested from the future officers in evening); charge of Sections, Commissions, Study Groups and from National Committees should be sent to the Central • the setting up of a Steering Committee in each Bureau, following rules which will be issued by the Section for a better implication of the various officers Editor at this General Assembly. within the Section in the Section's activities; 114 3.3 Travaux de l'Association II- Finance Internationale de G~od~sie The financial report for the period 1987-1990 is Volumes of the Travaux will continue to be presented in Appendix B. The following comments may published by the Central Bureau of IAG. They contain be added: the quadrennial reports concerning the activities of Sections, Commissions, Special Study Groups, Bureaus, 1. Receipts and other Permanent Services, with the relevant bibliography. These reports are due to reach the Central During the period, the IUGG allocation, Bureau as soon as possible in photo-direct reproducible including grants for General Assemblies and Symposia, form (necessary instructions were given in B.G. 64-3 and has increased by a small percentage (3.5), as compared to 64-4) for rapid publication in 1992 of Vol. 29. the preceding period. Nevertheless, due to the decreasing exchange rate of the U.S Dollar, those allocations can be 3.4. Publication of Symposia Proceedings considered as stable• Moreover the grants from ICSU were less, in spite of many important and well-funded In 1988 the Proceedings of lAG Symposia at the demands. XIXth General Assembly were published by the Central Bureau. According to the new editing policy the • Sales of Publications have increased considerably Proceedings of IAG Symposia are now published by due to readjustments of rates of subscription to the Springer Verlag. This new procedure was already used for Bulletin G6od6sique and to a higher demand of various the publication of Symposia organized at the General publications, such as lAG-Symposia at Vancouver, Meeting in Edinburgh (Symposia 101 to 105). Since Geodesist's Handbook and Travaux. then, 3 other Symposia (106, 107, 108 : see Appendix A) were included into this series of lAG Symposia and . Miscellaneous receipts mainly concern gains on are now being published by Springer Verlag, the 3 IAG change (decrease of the U.S Dollar). Symposia organized during this General Assembly will also be treated in the same way. This solution guarantees 2. Expenditures an homogeneous presentation of these lAG publications, a fast publication and an adequate distribution. For the • Personnel-expenditures have grown because of other Symposia and Workshops which are only the increase of salary taxes in France during these last sponsored by the IAG the organizers are free to choose years. their own publishing agency. They are however requested to have the proceedings published early after the . Higher costs for Publications are due to the larger Symposium and to inform the Central Bureau. number of publications produced, and also to increased printing and mailing costs, and finally the balance of Publications : Receipts-Expenditures is still negative• 4. Scientific meetings • During this period the IAG made a great effort to 4.1. Symposia and Workshop - The list of provide support for participation in the General these meetings sponsored by the IAG is given in Assembly and General Meeting, and to Symposia, IUGG Appendix A. One can note the large variety of topics also contributed. Nevertheless these financial supports are treated and the effort towards a good geographical still under the level of demands which come from young distribution. I must insist again on the necessity to scientists and geodesists from developing countries. receive from the organizers information in due time on Furthermore, IAG cannot support permanent services, announcement, report and publication of proceedings. nor international projects, as it should do. The Executive Committee has tried for several years to find ways and 4.2. General Meeting - Such a meeting was means to satisfy these needs and also to promote lAG held in Edinburgh, August 1989, it was the second activities in developing countries. Though presently General Meeting of IAG after the first one in Tokyo, unsuccessful, this search should continue. May 1982. As in Tokyo, the meeting in Edinburgh was a real success with a very active participation of • Thus the financial result for the period shows a geodesists from all continents. Taking into account these deficit of about 30 000 US $, so that the reserves, cash first successes and the recommendation of the Cassinis and investments, have reached an alarming low level. Committee, the Executive Committee considers that a Measures for improving this situation have already been third General Meeting should be organized in 1993. Two taken in 1991 : decrease of expenses concerning official invitations have been received : the final decision Administration (thanks to IGN's support) and will be taken during this General Assembly. Publications (according to the new editorial policy). The budget proposal for the next period is presented in Appendix C. 115
I/I- Bomford Prize the British Sub-committee cannot intervene any more in the procedure for the designation of the Prize winner. The The accounts concerning the Bomford Prize are not rules of the Bomford Prize will be modified accordingly. included in Appendix B. These are : Furthermore, the review process of the candidates a) Reserves on 1.1.1987 1 874,19 US $ should be improved, and proposals will be made during Interests for the period 87-90 511.50 the General Assembly.
Total 2 385.69 Now it is time to conclude. This is the last report b) Bomford Prize 1987 550.00 that I am pleased to present you as Secretary General of Reserves on 31.12.1990 1 835.69 the Association. During this long four-term period, I was very fortunate to work in calm harmony with four Total 2 385.69 Presidents and all the members of the successive Executive Committees. I sincerely thank all of them, all together we have done our best for the success of the Dr. Shuhei Okubo was declared the winner of the Association, with a resolute belief in our actions. I also Bomford Prize 1991 by the IAG Bureau, on the thank you, dear friends and colleagues, who, through recommendation of a review committee consisting of the your attendance at our various meetings, and through Presidents of Section. A cheque of 500 US $ will be your frequent request addressed to the Central Bureau, presented to him during this session, have permanently supported our efforts m accomplishing our duty as IAG officers. We have been informed that due to the reorganization of links between the Royal Society and the ICSU family, I kindly ask you to carry your support to our successors for even greater successes of the IAG. 116 Appendix A Las Cruces, N. Mex., USA, 13-17 March
Symposia and Workshops sponsored by the IAG Ron Mather Symposium on Four- Dimensional Geodesy Y¢0r 1988 Sydney, Australia, 28-31 March • International GPS - Workshop Darmstadt Report in B.G. 63-3 1988 Proceedings : Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences Springer Verlag Darmstadt, F.R. Germany, 10-13 April Report in B.G. 62-4 Proceedings : E. Groten and R. Strauss, Editors • Second Hotine.Marussi Symposium on Mathematical Geodesy
International Symposium on Pisa, Italy, 5-8 June Instrumentation, Theory and Analysis for Report in B.G. 64-2 Integrated Geodesy Proceedings : F. Sanso, Editor
Sopron, Hungary, 16-20 May Report in B.G. 63-1 Xlth International Symposium on Earth Proceedings : Geodetical and Geophysical Research Tides Institute, Sopron Helsinki, Finland, 31 July-5 August Report in B.G. 64-1 International Summer School of Proceedings : I. Kakkuri, Editor Theoretical Geodesy on Theory of Satellite published by E. Schweitzerbart'sche Geodesy and Gravity Field Determination Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart
Assisi, Italy, 23 May-3 June Report in B.G. 62-4 IAG General Meeting, consisting of : Proceedings : Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences Springer-Verlag .Ceremony on the 125th Anniversary of the First International Geodetic Conference .Symposium 101 : Global and Regional Sixth International Symposium on Geodynamics Geodesy and Physics of the Earth .Symposium 102 : GPS and other Radio Tracking Techniques Potsdam, Germany, 22-27 August .Symposium 103 : Gravity, Gradiometry and Report in B.G. 62-4 Gravimetry Proceedings : VerOffentlichungen des .Symposium 104 : Sea Surface Topography, the Zentralinstituts ftir Physik der Erde, Geoid and Vertical Datums Potsdam .Symposium 105 : Earth Rotation and Coordinate reference frames
Chapman Conference on Progress in the held at Edinburgh, Scotland, 3-12 August Determination of the Earth's Gravity Field Report in B.G. 63-4 Proceedings (5 volumes) : I.!. Mueller, series Fort-Lauderdale, F1, USA, 13-16 September Editor Report in B.G. 63-3 published by Springer Proceedings: Report n%97 of the Department of Verlag Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University, Colombus International Workshop on GPS and Inertial Survey Systems
year 1989 : Lagos, Nigeria, 11-15 September Report in B.G. 64-3 Fifth International Geodetic Symposium Proceedings : R.O. Coker, Editor on Satellite Positioning 117
International Symposium "Geodesy and Report in B.G. 65-1 Seismology : Deformation and Prognosis" Proceedings : H. Pelzer and A. Witte, Editor published by Diimmler Verlag Erevan, USSR, 2-6 October Report in B.G. 64-2 Proceedings : in Technophysics (Amsterdam) International Symposium on Marine Positioning, INSMAP'90
Miami, USA, 15-19 October Report in B.G. 65-1 . 8th International Symposium on Geodetic Proceedings : M. Kumar and G.A. Maul, Editors Computation published by PIP Publishing 11415 Woodglen Drive, Wuhan, China, 8-11 May Rockville, MD 20852 - USA Report in B.G. 64-3 Proceedings : Prof. Ning Jinshen, Editor Wuhan Technical University Third Symposium on Recent Crustal Movements in Africa
Quatriome Symposium sur la Ggodgsie en Aswan, Egypt, 8-15 December Afrique Report in B.G. 65-2 Proceedings : P. Vyskocil, ICRCM, Editor Tunis, Tunisie, 21-27 Mai to be published in the Journal of Compte rendu dans B.G. 64-4 Geodynamics Rapport des travaux (version fran~aise) et Proceedings (English version) : publi6 par roffice de la Topographie et de la Cartographie, Tunis Year 1991 :
• International Symposium on Application . First Meeting of the International Geoid of Geodesy to Engineering (lAG Symposium Commission (IAG Symposium n°106) n °108)
Milano, Italy, 11-13 June Stuttgart, Germany, 13-17 May Report in B.G. 64-3 (This Symposium was previously scheduled in Proceedings : published by Springer Verlag in the September 1990) series of IAG Symposia Report in B.G. 65-3 Proceedings : Prof. K. Linkwitz, Editor to be published by Springer Verlag • 13th Meeting of the International Gravity in the series of IAG Symposia Commission
Toulouse, France, 10-14 September Report in B.G. 65-1 Proceedings : B.G.I. Bulletin d'Information n°67, 68
International Symposium on Kinematic Systems in Geodesy, Surveying and Remote Sensing (lAG Symposium n°107)
Banff, Canada, 10-13 September Report in B.G. 65-3 Proceedings : published by Springer Verlag in the series of IAG Symposia
Workshop on Precise Vertical Positioning
Hanover, Germany, 8-12 October 118
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An Audit Committee • the General Assembly met on August 12 and 22. was nominated by the Council for carrying out detailed examination of the accounts, and the following report The participants to the Executive Committee was unanimously adopted by the Council • meetings were the President, the First Vice-President, the immediate past President, the Secretary General and "Report of the Audit Committee of the Council of Assistant Secretaries of the Association, the Presidents the I.A.G." and Secretaries of the Sections, the Editor-in-Chief of the Bulletin G6od6sique and Profs. H. Moritz and T.J. At the first session on Monday, August 12 1991, Kukkamaki, as Honorary Presidents of the Association. the Council elected the following Committee to audit The newly elected members of the Executive the accounts of the Association from 1987 to 1990: Committee were invited to take part in the meeting of August 20. B. G. HARSSON A. MAINVILLE At the meetings of the Council the following 33 U. VAN TWEMBEKE (chairman) Countries were represented : Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, The Audit committee met twice• Finland, France, F.R. Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Luxembourg, Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, 1. The Audit Committee performed the Poland, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, following: Turkey, United Kingdom, United States of America, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe. 11. Compared the I.U.G.G. Financial Guide examples to the yearly and quadrennial reports of the Some other countries (Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, I.A.G. Greece, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Tha'lland, Venezuela) were 12. Browsed the daily and monthly reports, the also represented at the General Assembly meetings. amounts could not be verified against the original bills and receipts since they were not available in Vienna. During these meetings topics concerning the activities and administrative affairs of the Association 13. Made sample numerical checks on various were treated, decisions or conclusions were drawn as documents. follows• 14. Made queries which were clarified by Mr. Louis, Secretary General. 121 2. The Audit Committe makes the Committee (P.V. Angus-Leppan, chairman, M. Bursa, following comments: R. Rummel, C. Tscherning) which presented its list of candidates at the first meeting of the Council on 21. The accounts are neatly given in details, Monday August 12. For some positions other unfortunately they are difficult to follow because of the candidates were presented by members (at least two) of different currencies involved. the Council. The elections took place in the Council on Thursday August 15 and Wednesday August 21; they 22. The balance between total receipts and gave the following results : expenditure is negative for the period 1987 - 1990, the deficit is 29.263,82 US $. Taken into account the President : W. TORGE (F.R. Germany) surplus of 18.639,64 US $, for the period 1983-1986, Ist Vice President : K.P. SCHWARZ (Canada) there has been an over-expenditure of 47.903, 46 US $ 2nd Vice President : J.Y. CHEN (China) which has been justified by the Secretary General, Secretary General : C. BOUCHER (France) Assistant Secretary : P. WILLIS (France) 23. Since the estimate of the I.U.G.G. allocation Section 1 - President : M. PRILEPIN (U.S.S.R.) for the period 1991-1994 is the same as the precedent Secretaries : F. BRUNNER (Australia) one, it is recommended that the allocation in the future : K. PODER (Denmark) increases, at least follows the inflation. Section 2 - President : C. REIGBER (F.R. Germany) 24. At the end of the period 1987 to 1990 the Secretaries : R. RUMMEL working capital of the I.A.G. is 15.852,47 US $. (the Netherlands) : B. SCHUTZ (U.S.A.) 25. The I.A.G. should be grateful to the Institut Section 3 - President : H.G. WENZEL Geographigue National of France for providing the (F.R. Germany) accommodation for I.A.G. Bureau. Secretaries : R. FORSBERG (Denmark) : I. MARSON (Italy) : H. SUNKEL (Austria) 3. Recommendation Section 4 - President : F. SANSO (Italy) Secretaries : P. HOLOTA The Audit Committee recommends the Council of (Czechoslovakia) the I.A.G. to accept the financial report for the period : P. TEUNISSEN 1987- 1990 as presented in the appendix B of the (The Netherlands) report of the Secretary General. Section 5 - President : J. DICKEY (U.S.A.) Secretaries : M. FEISSEL (France) : H. HSU (China) 2- New Statutes and By Laws - Report by : T. TANAKA (Japan) the Cassinis Committee Bulletin Gtodtsique chief Editors : C. TSCHERNING New Statutes and By Laws were elaborated by the (Denmark) Cassinis Committee (P.V. Angus-Leppan, M. Bursa, : P. VANICEK (Canada) R. Rummel, C. Tscherning, G. Veis and Honorary President : 1,1. MUELLER (U.S.A.) A.M. Wassef), then presented to the Executive Honorary Secretary General : M. LOUIS (France) Committee for approval, in March 1990. After some amendments the new texts were circulated to National Commissions (Presidents) : Committees in April 1991 and then submitted here to the Council for final decision. They were adopted with ~I - (in Sec. 3) : I. MARSON (Italy) two minor amendments proposed by the Bureau and V - (in Sec. 5) : H. HSU (China) concerning : (i) the appointment of Fellows, and (ii) the VII - (in Sec.5) : T. TANAKA (Japan) election of the Editor of the Bulletin Gtodtsique. VIII - (in Sec. 2, with COSPAR) : B. SCHUTZ (U,S.A.) These new Statutes and By Laws came into force at IX - R. LANGLEY (Canada) the close of the Council meeting at which they were X - (in Sec. 1) : K. PODER (Denmark) approved, and as a consequence the new rules XI - M. CHARFI (Tunisia) concerning elections immediately applied for the XII - (in Sec. 3) : H. SUNKEL (Austria) elections which took place during this General Assembly. Special Commissions (Presidents_). : SC1 - Mathematical and Physical Foundations of 3 - Elections Geodesy (in Sec. 4) : E. GRAFAREND (F.R. Germany) The elections were prepared by the Nominating SC2 - History of Geodesy : J. WEIGHTMAN (U.K.) 122 SC3 Fundamental Constants (in Sec. 5) : M. This last Special Commission was placed in BURSA (Czechoslovakia) Section II rather than in Section V, though dealing with SC4 - Applications of Geodesy to Engineering (in geodynamical problems, because it emphasizes the Sec. 1): K. LINKWITZ (F.R. Germany) technological aspects, particulary the use of new space SC5 - Marine Positioning (in Sec. 1) : M. KUMAR techniques. The name of this Special Commission is (U.S.A.) temporary and a final designation will be made at the SC6 -"Wegener Project" (in Sec. 2) : P. WILSON Executive Committee meeting in March 1992 after (F.R. Germany) consultation with the President of the SC. 4 . Review of Commissions, Special (*) these previous Special Study Groups really study Commissions and Special Study Groups problems of a long term character, they automatically belong to the category "special commissions". 4.1 Commissions No new Commission was created, but one 4.3 - Special Study Groups Commission, Commission VI - International Geodetic Bibliography -, was dissolved and a small group (C. As special Study Groups are created to study specific Tscherning, chairman, C. Boucher, B. Kolaczek and W. scientific problems of limited scope many of them Torge) will seek proposals on how to solve the should be terminated at each General Assembly and bibliographic problem with the assistance of the others have to be created. After long discussions in the existing bibliographic data centers, and especially of Executive Committee, in particular concerning the IfAG/Frankfurt am Main which has recently taken over future activities of Section V, the following decisions the activities of the Dresden Center. A report should be were taken : presented at the next Executive Committee meeting, March 1992. Section I : The other Commissions will continue with new a) termination of : Presidents (except in Commission V where Prof. Hsu was re-elected for one period). Nevertheless more SSG 1.73 : Integrated geodesy attention was given to Commission XI - Geodesy in 1.77 :Utilization of inertial techniques for Africa - in which the activity was not as strong as it geodesy and surveying should be. It was recommended that this Commission 1.79 : Optical interferometry and short range create more active sub-commissions in common with distance measurement the other Commissions of the I.A.G. By this way a 1.101 : Sea-floor positioning better cooperation could be developed between 1.103 : Rapid precise levelling geodesists from Africa and from other countries. 1.104 : Static and geodynamic positioning with G.P.S. Commission IX - Education in Geodesy - was encouraged to continue its collaboration with the sister b) continuation of : societies in I.U.S.M., and to also develop links with the other associations in IUGG. SSG 1.105 : Kinematic global positioning system - chairman : H. Landau (F.R. Germany) 4.2 Special Commissions - According to c) creation of: the new By-Laws Special Commissions may be formed to study scientific problems of a long term character SSG 1.125 :Positioning with inertial systems- which require close cooperation between specialists chairman: J.M. RiJeger (Australia) from different countries. The Executive Committee thus 1.126 :Permanent GPS arrays-chairman: Y. decided to create the 6 following Special Commissions Bock (U.S.A.) 1.127 :Error propagation in GPS networks: chairman: P.A. Cross (U.K.) SC 1 : Mathematical and Physical Foundations of 1.128 : Wet propagation delay - chairman: G. Geodesy (in Section IV) Elgered (Sweden) SC 2 : History of Geodesy (*) SC 3 : Fundamental Constants (*) (in Section V) Section II SC 4 : Applications of Geodesy to Engineering (in Section I) a) termination of : SC 5 : Marine Positioning (in Section I) SC 6 : "Wegener Project" (in Section II) SSG 2.54 : Radio-tracking techniques 2.106 : Determination of orbits to cm accuracy 123 2,108 :Evaluation of new concepts of satellite SSG 4.91: : Local gravity field approximation systems for position determinations 4.92 : Global gravity field approximation 4.93 : Wave propagation in refractive media b) continuation of : 4.115 :Mathematical analysis of geodetic boundary value problem SSG 2.107 : Gravity field determination by satellite 4.116 :Kinematic and dynamic modelling in gravity-gradiometry - chairman : E. geodesy Schrama (the Netherlands) 4.117 :Optimization of modern positioning 2.109 : Application of space VLBI in the field techniques of astrometry and geodynarnics 4.118 : Inverse geodetic problems chairman : J. Adam (Hungary) 4.119 : Relativistic effects in geodesy 4.120 : Non-linear adjustment c) creation of : b) creation of: SSG 2.129 :Precise orbit determination software validation - chairman : K. Wakker (the SSG4.138 :Modelling and quality control for Netherlands) precise integrated navigation - chairman 2,130 :Non-gravitational force modelling : A. Kleusberg (Canada) effects on satellite orbits - chairman : 4,139 :The role of terrain in gravity field J. Ries (U.S.A.) modelling - chairman : A. Geiger 2.131 : Spaceborne G,P.S./GLONASS (Switzerland) Chairman: T. Yunck (U.S,A.) 4.140 :Tomography of the atmosphere by 2.132 : Time - varying gravitational effects on geodetic measurements - chairman : T. satellite orbits - chairman : C. Shum Spoelstra (the Netherlands) (U.S.A.) 4.141 : Integrated inverse gravity modelling - 2.151 :Altimetry optimal processing for chairman: R. Barzaghi (Italy) geodesy, geophysics and oceanography - 4.142 :Orbital dynamics and the geodetic chairman : W. Bosch (F.R. Germany) boundary value problem - chairman : B. Heck (F.R. Germany) Section III Section v a) termination of all existing study groups, i.e : a) dissolution of all existing study groups, i.e. : SSG 3.110 : Local gravity variations 3.111 :Terrestrial and airborne gravity SSG 5.98 : Atmospheric excitation of the Earth's gradiometry rotation 3.112 :Gravimetric tests of the Newtonian 5.99 : Tidal friction and the Earth's rotation gravity law 5.100 :Parameters of common relevance of 3.113 :Spectral gravity field modelling astronomy, geodesy and geodynamics methods (transformed into Special Commission SC3) b) creation of : 5.121 : Causes and mechanisms of the post- glacial uplift SSG 3.133 :Techniques of precise gravimetry - 5.122 : Geodynamic effects of global gravity chairman: M. Becker (F.R. Germany) field variations 3.134 :Airborne gravimetry - chairman: G. 5.123 : Definition and realization of terrestrial Hein (F.R.Germany) reference systems 3,135 : Optimization of spectral gravity field 5.124 :Transmission of stress and geodynamic modelling methods - chairman : M. implications Sideris (Canada) 3.136 :High resolution geoid modelling and b) creation of : evaluation - chairman : H. Denker (F.R. Germany) SSG 5.143 : Rapid Earth orientation variations 3.137 : Combined use of gravimetry and stress- (common with I.A.U.) - chairman : J.O. strain measurement techniques Dickey (U.S.A.) chairman : S. Takemoto (Japan) 5.144 : Dynamic effects in Earth rotation theory - chairman: S. Molodensky (U.S.S.R.) Section 5.145 : Long-term variations in Earth rotation - chairman : P. Brosche (F.R. Germany) a) dissolution of all existing study groups, i.e. : 5.146 : Processing of optical polar motion data in view of plumb line variations - 124 chairman : P. Pgquet (Belgium) • I.G.S. : I.I.Mueller 5.147 : Studies of the Baltic Sea - chairman : • I.U.S.M. : I.I. Mueller and W. Torge J. Kakkuri (Finland) • I.C.L. (Lithosphere) : P. Wilson 5.148 :Global variations of the Earth • Joint group with IAU on Standards : D. McCarthy chairman : B. Chao (U.S.A.) • C.O.S.P.A.R. Working group (IAU-IAG) on 5.149 :Studies of vertical datums (with "Cartographic coordinates and rotational elements I.A.P.S.O.) - chairman : E. Groten of the Planets and Satellites" : M. Bursa• (F.R. Germany) 5.150 : Density distribution within the lithosphere - chairman : H.G. Kahle 6- Awards (Switzerland) 6.1 - The Bomford Prize 1991 was awarded It was also decided to set up a working group under to Dr. Shuhei Okubo, Research Associate at the the chairmanship of the President of Section V to Earthquake Research Institute of the University of elaborate proposals for a better contribution to Global Tokyo, for his outstanding contribution to geodesy, and Change (with the other I.U.G.G. - associations). particularly his recent works on theoretical formulation of gravity and potential changes associated with seismic activity and on its application to various geophysical Several other proposals for new Special Study phenomena• The Prize was handed over to him by the Groups are still under question, the Executive President of the Association during the opening Committee will take a final decision at its meeting in ceremony, and Dr. S. Okubo gave a short lecture March 1992. summarizing his research work during the closing session• 4.4 . International Bureaus, Services and Centers 6.2 - The Levallois Medal was awarded to Prof. P. Melchior in recognition of distinguished All these existing bodies were accepted for service to the Association and to the science of geodesy continuation, in general. The President of the Association remitted the medal to Prof. Melchior during the opening a) affiliated to FAGS : ceremony• • Bureau Gravim6trique International (B.G.I.) director : G. Balmino (France) 7. Resolutions • International Centre of Earth Tides (I.C.E.T.) director : P. Melchior (Belgium) 7.1 - Resolutions presented by the • International Earth Rotation Service (I.E.R.S.) International Association of Geodesy and president : K. Yokoyama (Japan) - director of the endorsed by the International Union of Central Bureau : M. Feissel (France) Geodesy and Geophysics. • Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (P.S.M•S.L.) director : Ph. Woodworth (U.K.) Four resolutions proposed by I.A.G. were accepted by I.U.G.G. : b) others : • Resolution I.U.G.G. N ° 2 for the definitions of • International Center for Recent Crustal the Conventional Terrestrial Reference System Movements - director : P. Vyskocil (C.T.R.S.) with reference to the I.A.U. Geocentric (Czechoslovakia) Reference System adopted at the XXIst I.A.U. General Assembly, Buenos Ayres, 1991; 5 - lAG Representatives to other • Resolution I.U.G.G. N ° 3 for a better Organizations determination of rapid variations in Earth rotation and their implication for geodynamics; The following representatives were appointed by the Executive Committee : • Resolution I.U.G.G. N ° 4 for the implementation of ARISTOTELES space mission due to improve the • Cartographic Office of the United Nations : K. determination of Earth's gravity and magnetic fields Poder with important implications for Earth system studies; • C.O.D,A.T.A. : C. Tscherning • F.A.G.S. : O.B. Andersen • Resolution I.U.G.G. N ° 5 for the study of an • P.A.I.G.H. : W. Torge International G.P.S. Geodynamics Service (I.G.S.) • I.E.R.S. : K. Yokoyama during the next four year period, with one or more 125 international campaigns to test and evaluate the b) Editors-in-Chief : C. Tscherning, P. Vanicek. concept. 7.2 - Other I.U.G.G. resolutions also of interest for LA,G. : 8.2 - I.A.G. Symposia Proceedings Editorship . Resolution N ° 6 for the development of knowledge needed to reduce the disastrous effects of As decided earlier, most of the I.A.G. Symposia extreme natural events, within the frame of the Proceedings are now published by Springer Verlag "International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction under the responsibility of the convenors of Symposia. (I.D.N.D.R)"; But due to some recent difficulties in communication between those convenors and Springer it was decided to . Resolution N ° 8 for a better geographical continue with a series - editor acting as coordinator on distribution of geophysical stations to optimize data behalf of the I.A.G.I.I. Mueller accepted to be this gathering on a global basis by ground - and space - editor. based measurements. 9- Scientific matters 7.3 I.A.G. resolutions 9.1 GALOS • Resolution N ° 1 for the use of the International Terrestrial Reference System (I.T.R.S.) currently An ad hoc group on "Geodetic Aspects of the Law implemented by the International Earth Rotation of the Sea (GALOS)" was established in 1989 to Service (I.E.R.S.); "formulate recommendations concerning geodetic aspects of international maritime boundary delimitation • Resolution N ° 2 for a precise geoid determination within the framework of the law of the Sea Convention using high-resolution gravimetric and terrain data 1982, and to write a report describing the various available; possible scenarios admissible under the Convention from the point of view of geodesy". This report was . Resolution N ° 3 for the continuation of presented to the Executive Committee by P. Vanicek, observations at existing L.L.R. stations and the chairman of the group. The group has been very active, establishment of new stations; holding meetings and cooperating with the working group on "Technical Aspects of the law of the Sea • Resolution N ° 4 for the establishment of a (TALOS)" of the International Hydrographic Polish-Tunisian geodynamic station in Tunisia and for Organization. An international GALOS Conference will the support to other similar stations in Africa. be held next year in Bali, Indonesia• The Executive Committee decided to reconstruct this 8- Publications ad hoc group as a working group attached to the E.C., with the aim of creating a common working group with 8.1 BG/mg the International Hydrographic Organization and the Federation Internationale des G6om~tres. This subject According to the Journal Publishing Agreement will be on the agenda of the next E.C. meeting in between the lAG and Springer Verlag, the March 1992. Memorandum of Understanding between the Editorial Board of manuscripta geodaetica, the I.A.G. and Springer Verlag, and I.A.G. By-Laws art. 28 A, a new 9.2 - International GPS Geodynamics Board of Editors for BG/mg was elected during this Service (I.G.S.) Assembly• The nomination of two Editors in Chief by this new Board was then approved by the Executive After the call for participation to I.G.S• Campaign Committee. by the ad hoc Planning Committee (I.I. Mueller, chairman), 110 answers were received. Detailed a) BG/mg Board of Editors : discussions took place in Symposium G2 during this General Assembly, a steering Committee was set up • continuing : F. Barlier, P. Cross, J. Dickey, and the 1992 test campaign was approved. A resolution P. Holota, H. Montag, J. Ning, L. Sj6berg, prepared by the IAG was endorsed by the I.U.G.G. (see P. Teunissen, C. Tscherning, P. Vanicek, item 7.1 above)• • new : D. Arabelos, Y. Bock, B. Heck, G. Hein, C. Jekeli, D. Milbert, S. Okubo, W. Prescott, A. 9.3 - Global Change Stolz (or C. Rizos). A meeting was convened by E. Groten on "Global 126 Change activities", with participation of IAG Organizing Committee. representatives and some concerned colleagues from the other associations. It was unanimously recognized that 11.2 - Other I.A.G. - sponsored scientific I.A.G. has an important role to play in this project and meetings for the period 1992-1994 that many geodesists are individually participating in Global Change programs and activities. The consensus The Executive Committee gave its sponsorship to of the participants was that I.A.G. itself should play a the following meetings : role in the Global Change Program. A working group under the chairmanship of the President of Section V 1 - Sixth International Symposium on Satellite was set up to elaborate proposals for this contribution Positioning of I.A.G. to Global Change. 17 - 20 March 1992 - Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A 2 - Symposium on Refraction of Transatmospheric 9.4 COSPAR World Space Congress Signals in Geodesy sponsorship 19 - 22 May 1992 The Hague, the Netherlands The Executive Committe agreed to give the I.A.G.- sponsorship to three Symposia organized during the 3 -I.A.U./I.A.G. Symposium on Development of COSPAR-World Space Congress in Washington D.C., Astrometry and its Impact on Astrophysics and 31 August- 5 September 1992 : Geodynamics 14 - 19 September 1992 - Shanghai, China - Symposium B7-M : The orientation of the planet Earth as observed by modern space techniques; 4 - 7th International Symposium on Geodesy and Figure of the Earth (I.A.G. N ° : 112) -Symposium B9-M : Contribution of altimetric 5 - 10 October 1992 - Potsdam, Germany satellites to solid earth and ocean sciences; 5 - 8th International Symposium on Recent Crustal -Symposium P1-M : Dynamics of satellites and Movements probes, 6 - 11 December 1993 - Kobe, Japan The nomination of I.A.G.-representatives in the 6 - COSPAR/I.A.G. Symposia scientific organizing Committee was also approved. 31 Aug. - 5 Sept. 1992 - Washington DC, U.S.A. B.7-M : The Orientation of the Planet Earth as 10 - I.U.S.M. membership observed by Modem Space Techniques B.9-M : Contribution of Altimetric Satellites to The application of I.A.G. to become a member of Solid Earth and Ocean Science. the International Union for Surveys and Mapping P.1-M : Dynamics of Satellites and Probes (I.U.S.M.) has been approved by their Council. The I.A.G. Council has then ratified this adhesion to the 7 - Geodetic Aspects of the Law of the Sea (Workshop) Union, and the nomination of I.I. Mueller and W. May 1992 - Bali, Indonesia Torge as I.A.G. representatives in I.U.S.M. Executive Board was reconfirmed. Prof. K. Torleqard, Vice- 8 - International Summer School of Theoretical President of I.U.S.M. and President of I.S.P.R.S., Geodesy Prof. J. Talvitie, President of F.I.G. and Prof. E. "Satellite Altimetry in Geodesy and Oceanography" Christ, Vice-President of I.C.A., attended the opening 25 May - 6 June 1992 - Trieste, Italy ceremonies of this General Assembly. Prof. Torlegard, on behalf of I.U,S.M., delivered a short address at the 9 - First Continental Workshop on the Geoid in Europe I.A.G. opening ceremony. 11 - 14 May 1992 -Prague, Czechoslovakia 10 - International Conference "Cartography - Geodesy" 11- Future scientific meetings (with PAIGH) 24 Nov. - 3 Dec. 1992 - Maracaibo, Venezuela 11.I General Meeting 1993 11 Regional Symposium on Recent Crustal The Secretary General first received invitations from Movements in Europe two national committees : Poland and China. But 1992 or 1993 - Budapest, Hungary Poland withdrew its invitation, then the Executive Committee and the Council warm fully accepted to hold 12 - Regional Symposium on Recent Crustal the next General Meeting of I.A.G., in Beijing, August Movements in Africa 8-15, 1993, Prof. J.Y. Chen being the chairman of the December 1994 - Kenya 127 13 - 3rd Orlov Conference : "The Study of the Earth as Springer-Verlag in the series of I.A.G.-Symposia, Planet by methods of Astronomy, Geophysics and Convenors are urgently requested to contact the Geodesy" Secretary General and/or I.I. Mueller, series editor. 21 - 26 september 1992 - Odessa, U.S.S.R. 14 International Workshop : "GPS in the 11.3 Next I.U.G.G. General Assembly Geosciences" 8 - 10 June 1992, Khania - Greece On invitation of the U.S. National Committee for Geodesy and Geophysics the next I.U.G.G. General 15 - Workshop on Geodetic Applications in Crustal Assembly will take place, in 1995, on the campus of Movements and Deformation Studies the University of Colorado in Boulder, probably in September 1993 - Lagos, Nigeria July. This list is provisional, other Symposia or workshops may be added, should their organizers send 12 - Next meeting of the I.A.G. Executive applications to the Central Bureau at least 18 months Committee before the proposed date for the meeting. This meeting will take place in March 1992, in It was also recommended that Proceedings of Columbus, Ohio, just before or just after the Sixth Symposia organized by I.A.G. should be published by Intemational Symposium on Satellite Positioning. 128 IUGG Resolutions adopted at the XX th IUGG General Assembly in Vienna and related to Geodesy RESOLUTION N°2 RESOLUTION N°3 The International Union of Geodesy The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics and Geophysics considering the need to define a Conventional recognizing the importance of determination of Terrestrial Reference System (CTRS) which would be rapid variations in Earth rotation and their implication unambiguous at the millimetre level at the Earth's for geodynamics, and the resulting need to measure surface and that this level of accuracy must take account variations in Earth orientation with an accuracy of at of relativity and of Earth deformation, and least 0.1 milli-arc second and at a high temporal resolution, better than daily, noting the resolutions on Reference Systems adopted by the XXIst General Assembly of the noting the resolution of the XXIst International International Astronomical Union (IAU) at Buenos Astronomical Union (IAU) General Assembly at Aires, 1991, Buenos Aires, 1991, on this subject, and endorses the Reference System as defined by the considering the plans of the International GPS IAU at their XXIst General Assembly at Buenos Aires, Geodynamic Service (IGS) to realize a first intensive 1991, and campaign in summer 1992, and the need for auxiliary data from geophysical, oceanographic and atmospheric recommends the following definitions of the sources for the interpretation of high resolution CTRS : measurements of Earth rotation variations, 1) CTRS to be defined from a geocentric non- recommends • rotating system by a spatial rotation leading to a quasi-Cartesian system, 1) that a joint IUGG/IAU Working Group be 2) the geocentric non-rotating system to be established to pursue the goal of the identical to the Geocentric Reference System determination of rapid variations in Earth (GRS) as defined in the IAU resolutions, rotation, and 3) the coordinate-time of the CTRS as well as 2) that a major campaign for high time resolution the GRS to be the Geocentric Coordinate Time measurement of Earth rotation by space (TCG), techniques, be coordinated with the International 4) the origin of the system to be geocentre of the Earth Rotation Service (IERS), be held during the Earth's masses including oceans and atmosphere, planned IGS campaign and that the best possible and auxiliary data be obtained during that period. 5) the system to have no global residual rotation with respect to horizontal motions at the Earth's surface. RESOLUTION N°4 The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 129 recalling Resolution n°4 of the XIXth General RESOLUTION N°6 Assembly, Vancouver, 1987, on the urgent need for an improved determination of the global gravity field of The International Union of Geodesy the Earth, and Resolution n°5 of the International and Geophysics Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) at the XIXth IUGG General Assembly concerning recognizing that the United Nations have created satellite measurements of the geomagnetic field at both the "International Decade for Natural Disaster low and high altitudes and of long duration, and Reduction" for the 1990s, that the International Council of Scientific Unions is working to promote and noting that ESA and NASA have joint plans to coordinate the activites of the Unions in this effort, and develop a dedicated mission (ARISTOTELES) for the that terrible human suffering and economic disruption improved determination of the Earth's gravity and are caused each year by phenomena, the study of which magnetic fields with important implications for Earth is within the scope of IUGG, system studies, recommends that scientists associated with IUGG recommends the implementation of this mission, join in the endeavor to develop the additional knowledge the objectives of which promise to meet the needed to reduce the disastrous effects of extreme natural expectations of the above-mentioned Resolutions. events, and that the Member Countries of IUGG enthousiastically and vigorously support the research needed to meet this great human need. RESOLUTION N°5 The International Union of Geodesy RESOLUTION N°8 and Geophysics The International Union of Geodesy recognizing that the use of the Global and Geophysics Positioning System (GPS) for Geodesy and Geophysics is rapidly increasing and that this system will play a recognizing that global geophysical and geodetic major role over the next decades in global and regional studies are urgently needed to better understand many studies of the Earth and its evolution, and aspects of global change, noting that its fully scientific potential can only be noting that with recent technological advances, the realized with international cooperation and coordination collection and analysis of digital geodetic and to deploy and operate a global tracking network with geophysical data is now possible on a global scale, and data analysis and effective dissemination of data, considering the economies of scale and scientific recommends that the concept of an International benefits can be derived from optimally located ground GPS Geodynamic Service (IGS) be explored over the and seabed measurements, including their integration next four years, that as a first step one or more with space-based observations, campaigns be conducted to test and evaluate the concept, that all Member Countries participate to the urges that relevant organizations, agencies and best of their ability, and that this activity be coordinated Member Countries should review the geographical as closely as possible with comparable global distribution of those geophysical stations under their deployments by other member associations, as well as control which make continuous earth and space those by other organizations, and observations, and should jointly locate as many of these stations as is practical, so that data gathering on a requests that existing global geodetic systems such global basis by ground-and space-based measurements as Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and be optimized. Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) be used to carry out intensive observing campaigns in conjunction with the proposed IGS work. 130 Vceux de I'UGGI adopt s la xx me Assembl e G n rale h Vienne et concernant la G od sie VCEU N°2 VO~U N°3 L 'Union G~od~sique et G~ophysique L 'Union G~od~sique et G~ophysique lnternationale, Internationale, considdrant la n6cessit6 de d6finir un Syst~me de reconnaissant l'importance de la d6termination R6f6rence Terrestre Conventionnel (SRTC) non des variations rapides de la rotation de la Terre et de ambigu au niveau millim6trique ~ la surface de la Terre, leurs implications g6odynamiques, et la n6cessit6 qui et que ce niveau d'exactitude n6cessite la prise en en r6sulte de mesurer les variations d'orientation de la compte de la relativit6 et des d6formations de la Terre, Terre avec une exactitude sup&ieure au dix-milli~me de seconde d'arc, et ceci avec une haute r6solution notant les r6solutions sur les Syst~mes de temporelle, sup6rieure au jour, R6f6rences adopt6es par la XXIbme Assembl6e G6n6rale de rUAI (Union Astronomique Internationale) h Buenos notant la r6solution adopt6e par la XXI~me Aires, 1991, Assembl6e G6n6rale de rUAI (Union Astronomique Intemationale) ~ Buenos Aires, 1991, concernant ce adopte le systbme de r6f6rence tel qu'il a 6t6 d6fini sujet, et par rUAI lors de sa XXI6me Assembl6e G6n6rale Buenos Aires, 1991, et considdrant les projets du Service International GPS (Global Positioning System) pour la soutient la d6finition suivante du SRTC: G6odynamique (SIG) d'entreprendre une premiere campagne intensive pendant 1'6t6 1992, et le besoin de 1) le SRTC sera d6fini par une rotation spatiale donn6es auxiliaires d'origine g6ophysique, d'un systbme g6ocentrique non tournant, oc6anogmphique et atmosph6rique, pour l'interpr6tation aboutissant ainsi ~ un syst~me quasi cart6sien; des mesures haute r6solution des variations de la 2) le systbme g6ocentrique non tournant sera rotation terrestre, identique au Syst~me de R6f6rence G6ocentrique (SRG) d6fini dans les r6solutions de I'UAI; recommande 3) le temps-coordonn6e du SRTC aussi bien que du SRG sera le temps-coordonn6e g6ocentrique 1 ) qu'un Groupe de Travail UGGIAJAI soit 6tabli afin de poursuivre un objectif d'une (TCG); 4) rorigine du syst~me sera le centre des masses d6termination des variations rapides de la de la Terre, y compris les oc6ans et ratmosph~re; rotation de la Terre; 5) le syst~me n'aura pas de rotation globale 2) qu'une importante s6rie de mesures h haute r6siduelle par rapport aux mouvements r6solution temporelle de la rotation de la Terre par techniques spatiales soit entreprise avec la horizontaux ~ la surface terrestre. coordination de rlERS (International Earth Rotation Service) pendant la campagne pr6vue par le SIG, et que les donn6es auxiliaires les meilleures possibles soient enregistr6es durant cette p6riode. 131 VO~U N°4 intensives conjointement ~ l'activit6 propos6e par le SIG. L 'Union Ggodgsique et Ggophysique Internationale, V47EU N°6 rappelant la r6solution n°4 de la XIX~me Assemb16e G6n6rale de Vancouver, 1987, concernant le L 'Union Gdod~sique et G~ophysique besoin urgent d'am61iorer la d6termination du champ de Internationale, gravit6 global de la Terre, ainsi que la r6solution n°5 de l'Association Internationale de G6omagn6tisme et reconnaissant que les Nations Unies ont d'A6ronomie (AIGA) adopt6e lors de la XIX~me d6clar6 la d6cennie 1990 "d6cennie intemationale Assembl6e G6n6rale de rUGGI concernant les mesures pour la r6duction des d6sastres naturels", que le par satellite du champ g6omagn6tique h basse et haute Conseil International des Unions Scientifiques altitudes et sur une longue p6riode, et travaille h promouvoir et coordonner les activit6s des Unions dans le cadre de cet effort, et notant que I'ASE et la NASA ont un projet que de terribles souffrances humaines et des commun de mission (ARISTOTELES), consacr6 perturbations 6conomiques sont chaque ann6e l'am61ioration de la d6termination des champs caus6es par des ph6nom~nes dont l'6tude est du gravitationnel et magn6tique de la Terre, avec des domaine de I'UGGI, retomb6es importantes pour l'6tude du systbme terrestre, recommande que les chercheurs associ6s ~t I~GGI contribuent aux efforts visant h accrotVe recommande la r6alisation de cette mission, dont les connaissances n6cessaires h la r6duction des les objectifs promettent d'atteindre les souhaits des effets des 6v6nements naturels d6sastreux, et que r6solutions pr6cit6es. les Pays Membres de I'UGGI soutiennent avec enthousiasme et vigueur la recherche requise pour satisfaire cet important besoin de mieux- VO~U N°5 ~tre pour rhumanit6. L 'Union Gdod~sique et G~ophysique Internationale~ V£EU N°8 reconnaissant que l'utilisation du Global L 'Union G~od~sique et G~ophysique Positioning System (GPS) en g6od6sie et en lnternationaIe, g6odynamique se d6veloppe rapidement et que ce syst~me va jouer un r61e majeur dans les prochaines reconnaissant la n6cessit6 urgente de r6aliser des d6cennies pour les 6tudes globales et r6gionales de la 6tudes g6ophysiques et g6od6siques ~ r6chelle du globe Terre et de son 6volution, afin de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement du syst~me g6osph~re-biosphOre, notant que ses potentialit6s scientifiques ne notantque de r6cents progr~s techniques pourront 6tre pleinement r6alis6es que par une permettent maintenant d'acqu6rir et d'analyser des coop6ration et une coordination internationales en vue donn6es g6od6siques et g6ophysiques sous forme d'installer et de faire fonctionner un r6seau global de num6rique ~ r6chelle du globe, et poursuite, ainsi que pour assurer le traitement des donn6es et leur diffusion effective, consid~rant qu'il est possible de faire des 6conomies d'6chelle et d'obtenir des avantages recommande que le projet d'un Service scientifiques grace h des mesures r6alis6es en des International GPS pour la G6odynamique (SIG) soit endroits choisis au mieux, h terre comme au fond des 6tudi6 pendant les quatre prochaines ann6es, que, dans reefs, et ~ leur coordination avec des observations un premier temps, une ou plusieurs campagnes soient spafiales, r6alis6es pour 6valuer les qualit6s de ce projet et que les Pays Membres y participent dans la mesure de leurs demande instamment que les organisations et possibilit6s, que ces travaux soient coordonn6s aussi agences comp6tentes, ainsi que les Pays Membres, 6troitement que possible avec des activit6s semblables, examinent la r6partition g6ographique des stations r6alis6es par d'autres associations ou organisations, et g6ophysiques qui r6alisent, sous leur contr6Ie, des observations terrestres et spatiales combin6es, et demande que les systbmes existants de gdod6sie qu'elles coop6rent pour en placer un aussi grand nombre globale, tels que rinterf6rom6trie ~ longue base (VLBI) que possible en des endroits qui permettent d'opfimiser et la t616m6trie par laser sur satellite (SLR), soient la collecte des donn6es sur l'ensemble de la Terre au utilis6s pour r6aliser des campagnes d'observations moyen de mesures terrestres et spatiales bien r6parties. 132 IAG Resolutions adopted at the XX th IUGG General Assembly in Vienna RESOLUTION N°I RESOLUTION N°2 The International Association of The International Association of Geodesy, ~Geodesy considering the IUGG Resolution on considering the urgent need of high-precision Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (CTRS), geoid determination in combination with GPS and noting positioning and for new continental reference systems. 1) that the International Earth Rotation Service recommends that national agencies make (IERS) is currently implementing such a system available their high-resolution gravimetric and terrain under the name of the International Terrestrial data for precise geoid determination by the appropriate Reference System (ITRS) from VLBI, SLR, IAG centres or commissions. LLR and now GPS data, and 2) that the ITRS is within one metre of WGS 84, RESOLUTION N°3 recommends : The International Association of Geodesy 1) that groups making highly accurate geodetic, geodynamic or oceanographic analysis should considering the importance of uninterrupted long- either use the ITRS directly or carefully tie their term Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) data series for own systems to it, astronomy, geodesy and physics, in order to study the 2) that IERS standards should contain all Earth-Moon system and testing General Relativity, and necessary documentation to assist this task, noting recent attempts to establish new LLR stations. 3) that for mapping, navigation or digital databases where sub-metre accuracy is not recommends the continuation of observations at required, WGS 84 may be used in the place of existing LLR stations and the establishment of new ITRS, stations which would improve the global distribution of 4) that for high accuracy in continental areas, a observatories. system moving with a rigid plate may be used to eliminate unnecessary velocities provided it coincides exactly with the ITRS at a specific RESOLUTION N°4 epoch (e.g. the ETRS 89 system selected by the EUREF subcommission). The International Association of Geodesy considering : 1) that the African tectonic plate is of great interest for geodynamic research, 133 2) that there is so far too little involvement of 2) that advantage should be taken of current Africa in global techniques to monitor these international projects which impinge on Africa, phenomena, and 3) that member countries should consider giving 3) that the Polish/Tunisian proposal to install a the necessary support to sustain this station as geodynamic station in Tunisia makes a well as other high accuracy tracking ones, substantial contribution to this research, coming from similar proposals. recommends : 1) that Tunisia and Poland should continue with their efforts to establish this station, 134 Vceux de I'AIG adopt s la XX Assembl e G n rale h Vienne VO~U N°I VCEU N~2 L 'Association Internationale de L 'Association Internationale de G~od~sie, G~od~sie consid~rant le v~eu de I'UGGI sur le Syst~me de consid~rant le besoin urgent de la d6termination R6f6rence Terreslxe Conventionel (SRTC), et notant d'un g6o'fde de tr~s grande pr6cision en combinaison avec le positionnement par GPS et pour les nouveaux 1) que le Service International de la Rotation syst~mes de r6f6rence continentaux, Terrestre (IERS) met actuellement en place un tel syst~me, du nom de Syst~me de R6f6rence recommande que les organismes nationaux rendent Terrestre International (ITRS) h partir des disponibles leurs donn6es gravim6triques de haute donn6es VLBI, SLR, LLR et maintenant GPS, r6solution et leurs donn6es de terrain pour la et d6termination d'un g6oide de pr6cision par les centres ou 2) que I'ITRS est diff6rent de moins d'un m~tre les commissions de I'AIG appropri6s. du WGS 84, recommande : VO~U N°3 1) que les groupes effectuant des calculs de haute L 'Association Internationale de pr6cision dans des buts g6od6siques, G~od~sie g6odynamiques ou oc6anographiques, soit utilisent I'ITRS directement, soit rattachent consid~rant l'importance de s6ries temporelles soigneusement leurs propres syst~mes ~t rlTRS, ininterrompues de donn6es de Laser Lune (LLR) sur de 2) que les standards IERS contiennent toute longues p6riodes pour l'astronomie, la g6od6sie et la rinformation n6cessaire pour les aider dans cette physique, en vue d'6tudier le syst~me Terre-Lune et de fftche, v6rifier la Relativit6 G6n6rale, et notant des tentatives 3) que pour la cartographie, la navigation ou les r6centes d'implantation de nouvelles stations Laser- bases de donn6es num6riques, ofa une exactitude Lune. subm6trique n'est pas requise, le WGS 84 puisse ~tre utilis6 h la place de I'ITRS, recommande la continuation des observations pour 4) que pour des applications de haute pr6cision les stations Laser-Lune existantes et la r6alisation de pour une 6chelle continentale, un syst~me se nouvelles stations qui am61ioreraient la r6partition d6pla~ant avec la plaque rigide peut ~tre utilis6 mondiale des observatoires. pour 61iminer des vitesses non n6cessaires pourvu qu'il coincide exactement avec I'ITRS une 6poque sp6cifique (e.g. le syst~me ETRS 89 s61ectionn6 par la sous-commission EUREF). 135 V~T~U N°4 recommande : L'Association Internationale de 1) que la Tunisie et la Pologne continuent leurs Ggod~sie, efforts pour 6tablir cette station, 2) que l'on saisisse la chance de projets considdrant : internationaux pour impliquer l'Afrique, 3) que les nations membres doivent consid6rer de 1) que la plaque tectonique Africaine poss~de un donner le soutien n6cessaire pour faire grand int6r~t pour la recherche g6odynamique, fonctionner cette station aussi bien que d'autres 2) qu'il existe actuellement trop peu stations de poursuite de grande exactitude, d'implication de rAfrique dans les techniques provenant de propositions semblables. globales pour surveiller ces ph6nom~nes, et 3) que la proposition Polonaise/Tunisienne d'implanter une station g6odynamique en Tunisie apporte une contribution substantielle h cette recherche, 136 STRUCTURE of the INTERNATIONAL UNION OF GEODESY AND GEOPHYSICS for the PERIOD 1991-1995 1. BUREAU President :Prof. H. Moritz (Austria) International Association of Meteorology Vice President :Dr. P.J. Wyllie (USA) and Atmospheric Physics Secretary General :Dr. G. Balmino (France) President : Prof. B.J. Hoskins (UK) Treasurer :Dr. S. Gregersen (Denmark) Secretary General : Prof. M. Knhn (Austria) Members :Prof. Y. Duzheng (China) : Prof. G. Mc Bean (Canada) International Association of Hydrological :Prof. A.S. Monin (Russia) Sciences Assistant Treasurer : Dr. F. Madsen (Denmark) President : Dr. U. Shamir (Israel) Secretary General : Mr H. J. Colenbrander (The Netherlands) 2. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE International Association of Physical Sciences of the Ocean - The Bureau President :Dr. R. D. Muench (USA) Secretary General : Dr R.E. Stevenson (USA) - The Past President of the Union : Prof. V.I. Keilis Borok (Russia) (The Secretary Generals of the Associations may atend - The Presidents of Associations: any meeting of the Executive Committee of the Union in an advisory capacity). International Association of Geodesy President : Prof. W. Torge (Germany) Secretary General :Dr C. Boucher (France) - The Editor of the Chronicle International Association of Seismology and : Prof. P. Melchior (Belgium) Physics of the Earth's Interior President : Prof. A.V. Nikolaev (Russia) Secretary General : Dr E.R. Engdahl (USA) 3. FINANCE COMMITTEE President : Prof. J.O. Cardus (Spain) International Association of Volcanology Secretary : Prof. J. Somogyi (Hungary) and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior Members : Prof. A.A. Ashour (Hungary) President : Prof. P. Gasparini (Italy) Dr. A.F. Spilhaus (USA) Secretary General : Prof. R.W. Johnson Prof. M.J. Hamlin (UK) (Australia.) International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy President :Prof. D.J. Williams (USA) Secretary General : Dr. M. Gadsden (UK) 137 STRUCTURE of the INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GEODESY for the PERIOD 1991-1995 1 BUREAU Secretaries :M. Feissel (France) President : W. Torge (Germany) (Commission V) : H. Hsu (China) First Vice President : K.-P. Schwarz (Canada) (Commission VII) : T, Tanaka (Japan) Secretary General : C. Boucher (France) 3. OTHER OFFICERS Second Vice President: J.Y. Chen (China) : Editors in Chief of the Bulletin G6od6sique : attending any meeting of the Bureau on invitation of C.C. Tscherning the President. (Denmark) P. Vanicek (Canada) 2. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE - The Bureau and the Second Vice President Assistant Secretaries of the Association : - The Past President: I.I. Mueller (U.S.A.) P. Willis (France) - The Presidents of Sections: J.O. Dickey (U.S.A.) * Section I: Positioning Honorary Presidents: President :M. Prilepin (U.S.S.R.) C. Whitten (U.S.A.) Secretaries :F.K. Brunner (Australia) G. Bomford (U.K.) (Commission X) : K. Poder (Denmark) Y. Boulanger (U.S.S.R.) T.J. Kukkam~iki (Finland) Section II: Advanced Space Technology H. Moritz (Austria) President :C. Reigber (Germany) P.-V. Angus-Leppan Secretaries : R. Rummel (The (Australia) Netherlands) I.I. Mueller (U.S.A.) (Commission VIII) :B. Schutz (U.S.A.) Honorary Secretaries General: Section III: Determination of the Gravity J.-J. Levallois (France) Field M. Louis (France) President :H.G. Wenzel (Germany) Secretaries :R. Forsberg (Denmark) (The Secretaries of the Sections and the Other Officers (Commission III) : I. Marson (Italy) may attend any meeting of the Executive Committee of (Commission XII) :H. Siinkel (Austria) the Association in an advisory capacity). Section IV: General Theory and Methodology President :F. Sans6 (Italy) * : Correspondant for the Boulder General Assembly Secretaries : P. Holota (Czechoslovakia) P.J.G. Teunissen (The Netherlands) Section V: Geodynamics President :J.O. Dickey (U.S.A.) 138 International Association of Geodesy SSG 2.131-Spaceborne GPS/GLONASS: Sections, Commissions, Special T. Yunck (U.S.A,) Commissions, Special Study Groups SSG 2.132-Time-Varying Gravitational Effects on Satellite Orbits: C. Shum (U.S.A.) Section I: Positioning SSG 2.151-Altimetry: Optimal Processing for President :M. Prilepin (U.S.S.R.) Geodesy, Geophysics and Oceanography: Secretaries : F. Brunner (Australia) W. Bosch (Germany) (Commission X) : K. Poder (Denmark) Commission of Section I: Section IIl: Determination of the Commission X : Continental Networks Gravity Field President :K. Poder (Denmark) President : H.G. Wenzel (Germany) Secretaries :R. Forsberg (Denmark) Special Commissions of Section I: (Commission III) :I. Marson (Italy) SC4: Aplications of Geodesy to Engineering (Commission XII) :H. Siinkel (Austria) President :K. Linkwitz (Germany) SC5: Marine Positioning Commissions of Section Ill President : M. Kumar (U.S.A.) Commission III: International Gravity Commission President :I. Marson (Italy) Special Study Groups of Section I Commission XII: International Geoid Comrfiission SSG 1.105-Kinematic Global Positioning System President :H. Siinkel (Austria) H. Landau (Germany) SSG 1,125-Positioning with Inertial Systems: Special Study Groups of Section III J.M. Rueger (Australia) SSG 3.133-Techniques of Precise Gravimetry: SSG 1.126-Permanent GPS Arrays: M. Becker (Germany) Y. Bock (U.S.A.) SSG 3.134-Airbome Gravimetry: SSG 1.127-Error Propagation in GPS Networks: G. Hein (Germany) L.W. Baran (Poland) SSG 3.135-Optimization of Spectral Gravity Field SSG 1.128-Wet Propagation Delay: Modelling Methods: G. Elgered (Sweden) M. Sideris (Canada) SSG 3.136-High Resolution Geoid Modelling and Evaluation: Section II: Advanced Space H. Denker (Germany) Technology SSG 3.137-Combined Use of Gravimetry and President :C. Reigber (Germany) Stress-Strain Measurement Techniques: Secretaries : R. Rummel S. Takemoto (Japan) (The Netherlands) (Commission VIII) :B. Schutz (U.S.A.) International Service in Section III: International Gravimetric Bureau (BGI) Commission of Section II: Director : G. Balmino (France) Commission VIII: International Coordination of Space Techniques for Geodesy and Geodynamics (CSTG) Section IV: General Theory and President :B. Schutz (U.S.A.) Methodology President : F. Sans6 (Italy) Special Commission of Section II Secretaries : P. Holota SC6: "Wegener Project" (Czechoslovakia) President : P. Wilson (Germany) P.J.G. Teunissen (The Netherlands) Special Study Groups of Section II SSG 2.107-Gravity Field Determination by Satellite Special Commission of Section IV Gravity-Gradiometry: SCI: Mathematical and Physical Foundations of E. Schrama (The Geodesy Netherlands) President : E.W. Grafarend SSG 2.109-Applications of Space VLBI in the Field (Germany) of Astrometry and Geodynamics: J. Ad/am (Hungary) Special Study Groups of Section IV SSG 2.130-Non-Gravitational Force Modelling SSG 4.138-Modelling and Quality Control for Effects on Satellite Orbits: Precise Integrated Navigation: J. Ries (U.S.A.) A. Kleusberg (Canada) 139 SSG 4.139-The Role of Terrain in Gravity Field J. Kakkuri (Finland) Modelling: SSG 5.148-Global Geodynamic Variations: A. Geiger (Switzerland) B. Chao (U.S.A.) SSG 4.140-Tomography of the Atmosphere by SSG 5.149-Studies on Vertical Datums (with Geodetic Measurements: IAPSO): T. Spoelstra (The E. Groten (Germany) Netherlands) SSG5.150-Density Distribution within the SSG 4.141-Integrated Inverse Gravity Modelling: Lithosphere: R. Barzaghi (Italy) H.G. Kahle (Switzerland) SSG 4.142-Applications of the Boundary Value SSG5.152-Geodetic Research Toward the Problem Techniques to Space and Airborne Gravity Reduction of Natural Hazards: Field: S. Okubo (Japan) B. Heck (Germany) Inte_rnatiqnai Services in Section V: ...... International Centre of Earth Tides (affiliated to Section V: Geodynamics FAGS) (ICET) President :J.O. Dickey (U.S.A.) Director: P. Melchior (Belgium) Secretaries :M. Feissel (France) International Centre for Recent Crustal Movements (Commission V) : H. Hsu (China) (ICRCM) (Commission VII) : T. Tanaka (japan) Director: P. Vyskocil (Czechoslovakia) Commissions of Section V International Earth Rotation Service (affiliated to Commission V: Earth tides FAGS) (IERS) President :H. Hsu (China) Chairman of the Directing Board: Commission VII: Recent Crustal Movements K. Yokoyama (Japan) President :T. Tanaka (Japan) Director of the Central Bureau: M. Feissel (France) Special Commission of Section V Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (affiliated to SC3: Fundamental constants FAGS) (PSMSL) President : M. Bursa Director: P.L. Woodworth (U.K.) (Czechoslovakia) BIPM Time Section: Director: C. Thomas (France) Special Study Groups of Section V SSG 5.143-Rapid Earth Orientation Variations (common with IAU): Out of Section Commissions and J.O. Dickey (U.S.A.) Special Commissions SSG 5.144-Dynamic Effects in Earth Rotation Theory: Out of Section Commissions S. Molodensky (Russia) Commission IX: Education SSG5.t45-Long-term Variations in Earth President :R. Langley (Canada) Rotation: Commission XI: Geodesy in Africa P. Brosche (Germany) President :M. Charfi (Tunisia) SSG 5.146-Processing of Optical Polar Motion Data in View of Plumb Line Variations: Out of Section Special Commission P. P~quet (Belgium) SC2: History of Geodesy SSG 5,147-Studies of the Baltic Sea: President : J. Weightman (U.K.) 140 SECTION I POSITIONING DETERMINATION DE POSITION President : M. Prilepin (Russia) Secretaries : F.K. Brunner (Australia) (Commission X) : K. Poder (Denmark) I- Program of activities Special Commission SC5 : Marine Positioning Chairman: M. Kumar (USA) Through items of symposia and workshops, tasks of Commission and special study groups, adopting Special Study Groups relevant resolutions, the section will try : SSG 1.105 : GPS Kinematic positioning methods -to coordinate the international projects of and applications establishment the global and regional networks bearing Chairman: H. Landau (Germany) in mind the versatility of their utilization. -to carry out the comparative assessment of SSG 1.125 : Positioning with inertial systems different measuring systems (space and terrestrial), to Chairman: J.M. RiJegger (Australia) find properly place to them in positioning and promote the modernization, SSG 1.126 : Permanent GPS arrays Chairman: Y. Bock (USA) - to improve the technology of field measurements and processing the data, especially the elimination of SSG 1.127 : Error propagation in GPS Networks the systematic errors, Chairman: L.W. Baran (Poland) -to constantly work the long-term stability of SSG 1.128 : Wet propagation delay fundamental and first order sites of geodetic networks, Chairman: G. Elgered (Sweden) -to encourage the improvements of geodetic education in the field of geology and geophysics. Commission X II- Structure Continental Networks Section I consists of the following bodies : R~seaux Continentaux Commission President : K. Poder (Denmark) Secretary : C. Schwarz (USA) Commission X : Continental Networks President: K. Poder (Denmark) I- Task Special Commissions To promote scientific and practical activities for the Special Commission SC4 : Applications of Geodesy establishment and maintenance of continental networks to Engineering for geodetic science and for public applications. Chairman: K. Linkwitz (Germany) 141 II- Plan of Work M.M. Ibrahim (Egypt) M. Le Pape (France) - by the continental commissions work for using J. Kakkuri (Finland) available coordinates derived from VLBI, SLR, and E. Orafarend (Germany) LLR observations to produce fundamental continental A. Czobor (Hungary) networks on a global, geocentric datum, V.K. Nagar On~) B.S. Rajal On~) - support the establishment of such fundamental J. Rais (Indonesia) network, which can be integrated into a global network, S. Area (Italy) J. Segawa 0apan) - cooperate with the work realized by IGS. F.W.O. Aduol (Kenya) Choe Jae Pok (Korea) J. Majali (Jordan) III- Structure B. Engen (Norway) B.G. Reit (Sweden) Commission X E. Gubler (Switzerland) M. Charfi (Tunisia) President : K. Poder (Denmark) M. Rezgui (Tunisia) Secretary : C. Schwarz (USA) T. Ayan (Turkey) F. Brouwer (The Netherlands) Sub-Commissions V. Ashkenazi (United Kingdom) European Triangulation (EUREF) Special Commission SC4 President : E. Gubler (Switzerland) on Secretary : H. Hornik (Germany) Applications of Geodesy to Engineering European Levelling (U.E.L~V.) President : K. Linkwitz (Germany) President : O. Returner (Denmark) Present rapid developments in engineering, Secretary : F. Brouwer (The Netherlands) microelectronics and the computersciences are of great impact upon geodesy and have created the need for North America intensive research within the context of applying geodesy to engineering. The proposed working program President : M. Pinch (Canada) reflects actual problems in this field. Their solution Secretary : R. Steeves (Canada) would not only promote geodesy as a whole but also contribution to interdisciplinary approaches. South America Five fields of interest are regarded to be challenging President : E. Pallefii (Argentina) and rewarding: South-East Asia & The Pacific 1) Theory of local networks, reference frames and datum: integration of classical and President : C. Veenstra (Australia) modern techniques, i.e. trilateration, levelling, GPS and Secretary : J. Rais (Indonesia) inertial methods: presenting their results in a local uniform frame of reference. West Asia Comments and context. President : R. Majali (Jordan) Increasing accuracies in prefabrication, modern methods of construction and project management on VI- Members site have lead to the consequence, that objects of construction on contemporary sites are of equal E. Palleja (Argentina) complexity in geometry and prerequisites of accuracy as U. van Twembeke (Belgium) complicated objects in mechanical engineering. CAD is M. Pinch (Canada) being introduced in architecture and civil engineering; in Y. Zhang (China) its realization the engineering object is tackled N.L. Marakenko (cis) simultaneously at many different spots on site and in J. Kostelecky (Czechoslovakia) prefabrication factories (concrete-and steelparts, fassades, O. Remmer (Denmark) timberworks, special parts, etc), Furthermore, the 142 advent of masonry-construction-and other robots will object under construction, under monitoring, or under create a demand for on-line and realtime monitoring observation. The geometrical status information with high reliability and mm-accuracies. includes the potential to perform all subconsequent further relevant analyses, i.e. determination of surfaces, In postconstruction control and maintenance, speedy volumes, absolute and relative position in space, and integrated measurements of high accuracy are deviations from predesigned geometrical or other employed to detect critical deformations or to navigate parameters. In navigation model, such systems will repair-and adjusting machinery. provide real time correction parameters for the monitored object. Basis and framework for realizations and controls are very precise local geodetic nets established today by classical methods of positioning and levelling combined 4) Data acquisition and processing, using and with GPS, gravimetry and inertial methods, all relating transforming modern concepts of the computer and to different reference frames. These have to be unified information sciences. and then transformed into the cartesian 3D-space in which engineers and architects design and execute their Comments and context. works. Objects planned and designed by civil engineers and architects have to be converted from their geometrical 2) Realtime observations, monitoring and description in plans to a digital description by navigation, including processing of the feed-back coordinates and geometrical parameters. This digital emanating from the monitoring objects. description has to include the geometrical prerequisites, parameters and plans issued by the group of other Comments and context. engineering professionals: Specialists of construction, installation, interior design, the ensemble of which will Often combined with the determination and yield the digital model of the object to be constructed. monitoring of rigid body motion in space, this field This has to be loaded into a data bank providing finds applications in: arbitrary relational cross references. - monitoring of slow moving construction During realization of the object on site, this digital machinery of road surfaces, earth-grading, etc. model and its data bank are the basis for a permanent - monitoring of masonry robots, real-time comparison of given and actual geometrical -monitoring of excavation machinery for parameters and for the monitoring of construction channels and pipes, machinery and robots, taking into account also the - monitoring of tunnel excavation machinery, always present possibility of gross errors in - monitoring of subterranean pipe-pressings, measurements. - monitoring of rail adjusting machines, etc. The data bank has to allow permanent updating in Characteristic for this type of application is the agreement with all changes of plans and designs made necessity to determine coordinates and other parameters during execution. of actual position and compare them in real time with predetermined positions including the potential to correct and to navigate. Classical and non-conventional 5) Promotion and integration of non- methods may be applied, and very often the use of conventional ("exotic") measurement preinformation about the trajectories and the dynamic techniques including tests, calibrations and properties of the monitored objects are know and have comparisons. to be fed into the mathematical model describing the whole process. Comments and context. In permanently installed geometrical controlsystems 3) System developments combining classical and used in dams, tunnels, synchrotons, atomic reactors, non-conventional methods for applications in etc. non-conventional measurement techniques - often engineering using multisensor approaches. introducted by mechanical engineers or physicists - have to be combined with and incorporated into geodetic Comments and context. measurement techniques so that integrated systems evolve. The different measurement components have to be integrated into site monitoring systems. In combination with adequate software and incorporated into the 6) Members fabrication process, such systems will give at any time full information about the geometrical status of the K. Linkwitz (Germany) President 143 J.M. Riieger (Australia) e. To promote exchange of the results of the H. Kahmen (Austria) international research studies. G. Milev (Bulgaria) A. Chrzanowski (Canada) III- Organizations K.-P. Schwarz (Canada) B. Teskey (Canada) President : H. Haggren (Finland) M. Kumar (USA) L. Grfindig (Germany) N. Korittke (Germany) Executive Board H.-J. MOnicke (Germany) H. Pelzer (Germany) Vice-Presidents : H. Nakamura (Japan) P.J. Fell (USA) T. Oshima (Japan) G. Seeber (Europe) B.N, Yambaer (Russia) J. Rais (Asia) M. Mayoud (Switzerland) S. Mogilny (The Ukraine) Secretary : V. Ashkenazi (United Kingdom) M. Lockwood (USA) Z.F, Biac (USA) T. Greening (USA) Advisor : R. Ruland (USA) F. Spiess (USA) R. Wilkins (USA) H. Henneberg (Venezuela) Members : R.T. Todorovic (Yugoslavia) J. Morton (USA) H. Fujimoto (Japan) H. Dragert (Canada) Special Commission SC5 S. Drummond (USA) H. Henneberg (Venezuela) Marine Positioning (ISCOMAP) 6.3. Special Sub-Commissions (SSC) President : M. Kumar (USA) SSC #1 - Seaflor Positioning (SEAPOST) Chairman : G. Seeber (Germany) SSC #2 - Seaflor Spreading I. Purpose Chairmen : N. Saxena (USA) W. Normark (USA) The ISCOMAP purpose is to promote SSC #3 - Geodetic Aspect of The Law of The comprehensive research related the positioning in the Sea (GALOS) marine environment utilizing common scientific Chairman : P. Vanicek ((Canada) investigations through international cooperation, to SSC #4 - Height Systems and Bathymetry foster inter-disciplinary dialogue and exchange of ideas, Chairman : N. Pavlis (USA) to encourage new instrumentation and techniques, and SSC #5 - Surface Positioning to established applications. Chairman : G. Hein (Germany) SSC #6 - Geoid and Mean Sea Level Chairman : G.A. Maul (USA) II- Tasks~objectives 6.4. Working Groups a. To define the main problem areas whose solutions require international and inter-disciplinary WG #1 - Instrumentation/Measurement cooperation for scientific investigations. Techniques Chairman : H. Fujimoto (Japan) b. To develop, recommend, and coordinate WG #2 - Acoustic Methods international and inter-disciplinary programs for Chairman : A. Zielinski (Poland) promotion of scientific and research investigations in WG #3 - Estimation Techniques new areas and other disciplines. Chairman : P.J. Fell (USA) WG #4 - Marine Positioning Applications c. To promote coordination, free exchange, and Chairman : T.S. Murty sharing of results to avoid overlaps and duplications. d. To promote participation by the developing IV- List of Members countries. C. Rizos (Australia) 144 D. Wells (Canada) Performance analysis of algorithms and the dependance A.M. Wassef (Canada) between convergence time and satellite geometry, G. Carrera (Canada) baseline length, dynamic environment and dual- V.P. Glumov (CIS) frequency capabilities. Comparisons with standard W. Lechner (Germany) datasets already available (our group can provide H. Schenke (Germany) different datasets sampled in buoys, ships and aircrafts). A. Vafidis (Greece) S.P. Mertikas (Greece) 2. Research into the real-time implementation of # 1 V.K. Nagar (India) in various configurations. Data and data rate required. S. Mira (Indonesia) Investigation of data link formats like RTCM SC104, T. Furuta (Japan) RINEX or future developments. Integrity issues. Field U. Zuments (Latvia) testing and evaluation. J. Hannah (New Zeland) D.M. Fubara (Nigeria) 3. Effect of various Selective Availabilty levels on A. Ezequiel (Portugal) #1 and #2 as a function of monitor-remote distance. L. SjOberg (Sweden) Impact of using multiple monitor stations. W.A. van Gein (The Netherlands) A.M. Ben Hadj Salem (Tunisia) 4. Determination of attitude and heading with GPS J. Weightman (United Kingdom) antenna arrays. Comparison of different algorithms. J. Beavan (USA) Analysis of multipath and platform bending effects. M. Bevis (USA) W. Brogdon (USA) 5. Wide area differential GPS concepts. J. Brozena (USA) Development of special algorithms suited for C.E. Carmichael (USA) WADGPS with respect to atmospheric, clock and W. Liu (USA) orbital modelling. Data link formats (type and rate of M. Mc Intyre (USA) data, transfer channels). Simulation and field testing. A. Meyer (USA) B. Minster (USA) III- Members C.N.K. Mooers (USA) G.F. Purcell (USA) H. Landau (Germany) Chairman J.P. Reilly (USA) J.C. Blankenburg (Norway) C. Rocken (USA) E. Cannon (Canada) M. Sarafin (USA) P. Cross (United Kingdom) S. Tucker (USA) C. de Jong (Japan) P. Vogt (USA) H.J. Euler (Germany) C. Walker (USA) A.G. Evans (USA) L. Young (USA) T. Fukushima (Japan) J. Zund (USA) R. Hatch (USA) P. Kielland (Canada) A. Kleusberg (Canada) Special Study Group 1.105 G. Lachapelle (Canada) M. Lang-Varga (Ungary) GPS Kinematic Positioning Methods M. Le Gouic (France) and Applications M. Lufeng (China) G. Mader (USA) Chairman : H. Landau (Germany) S. Mira (Indonesia) B. Remondi (USA) Ch. Rizos (Australia) I. Main Objectives G. Seeber (Germany) The task of SSG 1.105 is the development of techniques and algorithms for high-precision kinematic Special Study Group 1.125 GPS positioning in differential mode. Real-time positioning with GPS and its applications in geodesy Positioning with Inertial Systems will be investigated. Chairman : J. M. Kiieger (Australia) II- Program of Activities I. Study Areas 1. Assessment of OTF (on-the-fly) ambiguity resolution algorithms. The possible combination of 1. Testing and introduction of new inertial methods to improve performance and reliability. technology. 145 2. Testing and introduction of cheaper inertial 2. Temporal vs. spatial resolution of continuous technology. monitoring with GPS; 3. Practical aspects of the integration of GPS and 3. Systematic errors that effect continuous inertial equipment. monitoring (e.g., instrumental, orbital, atmospheric); 4. Inertial equipment for attitude and trajectory 4. Algorithms and models for real-time processing. determination; non-conventional inertial positioning. III. Membership II- List of members Y. Bock (U.S.A.) Chairman J.M. Rtieger (Australia) Chairman B.C. Ambrosius (The Netherlands) J. M. Becker (Sweden) B. Betti (Italy) G. Boedecker (Germany) M. Crespi (Italy) W, Caspary (Germany) D. Delikaraoglou (Canada) R. Forsberg (Denmark) H. Dragert (Canada) E. Groten (Germany) B. Engen (Norway) W. Heger (Germany) K. Ferguson (U.S.A) G.W. Hein (Germany) W. Gunner (Switzerland) H, Heister (Germany) R. King (U.S.A) J.R. Huddle (USA) U.J. Lindqwister (U.S.A) E.T. Knickmeyer (Germany) C-C. Liu (Taiwan) M. Lidberg (Sweden) P. Morgan (Australia) H-J M6nicke (Germany) E.C. Pavlis (U.S.A.) O.S, Salychev (Russia) S.S.O. Puntodewo (Indonesia) K.P Schwarz (Canada) S. Shimada (Japan) Y.S. Zhang (China) H. Tsuji (Japan) V. Velikov (Russia) Special Study Group 1.126 Permanent GPS Arrays Special Study Group 1.127 President : Y. Bock (U.S.A.) Error Propagation in GPS Networks Chairman : L.W. Baran (Poland) I. Main Objective There are a growing number of permanent GPS I- Terms of Reference arrays being established for continuous monitoring of deformation with apertures up to several hundred The main purpose of SSG 1.127 will be intensive kilometers. For example, permanent arrays are in research on the accuracy analysis of GPS networks. operation in central Japan, and in California to monitor This will comprise very large networks (national crustal deformation and the earthquake cycle. Permanent networks) tied to the existing Reference Frames (e.g. arrays are also being established to support various EUREF) as well as the local networks established for types of ongoing GPS operations (e.g., navigation, engineering purposes. rapid static surveys). The primary objective of this group is to study a variety of technical and scientific The main goal of future reasearch will be the aspects of permanently and continuously operating identification and determination of the influence of the GPS arrays. error in GPS observations, the impact of different methods of modelling of the ionospheric and tropospheric effects and the inner geometry of a network II. Program of Activities on the accuracy and precision of GPS positioning. The SSG will investigate the following issues: II- Program of Activities 1. Technical requirements for establishing a permanent station (instrumentation, monumentation, The following areas are selected for intensive communications, power); investigation : 146 1. Statistical analysis of GPS data and error - Acquire and survey data on temporal (seconds to modelling. years) and spatial (meters to hundreds of kilometers) variations in atmospheric water vapor. Analyze these 2. The impact of error modelling on the result of data, e.gi, by searching for and characterize possible site GPS network adjustments. and seasonal dependences. 3. The application of different estimation - Develop and evaluate models for variations in the techniques for the processing of GPS data and the wet delay. Study the appropriate definitions for the influence of the selection of the particular method on separation of the wet delay and the remaining (',dry" or the results of GPS network adjustment. "hydrostatic") atmospheric delay. Determine the interaction between these delay types. Models and 4. Error propagation in the case of GPS network model parameters may be based on findings from the densification and extension. above objectives and/or use geodetic data to estimate the propagation delays. llI- Membership J.W. Baran (Poland), Chairman II- Program of activities P. Cross (United Kingdom) R. Jaeger (Germany) - Distribute information (reports, papers, etc) L. Kub~ckov[l (Czechoslovakia) within the SSG, A. Leick (USA) F. Madsen (Denmark) - Hold SSG meetings at appropriate conferences and P. Morgan (Australia) symposia. S. Oszczak (Poland) M. Rothacher (Switzerland) B. Schaffrin (USA) G. Shanurov (Russia) III- Members T. Tanaka (Japan) M. Unguendoli (Italy) G. Elgered (Sweden) Chairman A. Wassef (Canada) F.K. Brunner (Australia) W. Welsch (Germany) B. Bfirki (Switzerland) J.L, Davis (USA) A.H. Dodson (United Kingdom) T.A. Herring (USA) Special Study Group 1.128 M. Ishiguro (Japan) S.J. Keihm (USA) Wet Propagation Delay C.E. Kuehn (USA) R.B. Langley (Canada) Chairman : G. EIgered (Sweden) R. Peter (Switzerland) A. Rius (Spain) A.A. Stotskii (Russia) I- Main objectives D.M. Tralli (USA) R.N. Treuhaft (USA) - Improve the accuracy of measurement techniques S.J. Walter (USA) for estimation of the propagation delay due to Ed.R. Westwater (USA) atmospheric water vapor. Evaluate instrumentation that C. Zhao (China) can be used during geodetic campaigns for a direct correction of the wet delay and/or for calibration of other equipment. 147 SECTION II ADVANCED SPACE TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGIE SPATIALE A VANCEE President : Ch. Reigber (Germany) Secretaries : R. Rummel (The Netherlands) (Commission VIII) : B. Schutz (USA) I- Objectives SSG 2.109 : Application of Space VLBI in the Field of Astrometry and Geodynamics Section II, Advanced Space Technology, is engaged Chairman : J. Adam (Hungary) in new Space techniques for geodesy and geodynamics such as microwave tracking techniques, satellite and SSG 2.130 : Non-Gravitational Force Modelling lunar laser ranging, satellite altimetry, satellite Effects on Satellite Orbits gradiometry, satellite to satellite tracking and any other Chairman : J.C. Ries (USA) geodetic measurement techniques from space. SSG 2.131 : Spaceborne GPS/GLONASS The activities in the section include : Chairman : T. Yunk (USA) 1. Evaluation of the results from space techniques SSG 2.132 : Time-Varying Gravitational Effects on for application to geodesy and geodynamics. Satellite Orbits Chairman : C.K. Shum (USA) 2. Development of high precision orbit determination. SSG 2.151 : Altimetry : Optimal Processing for Geodesy, Geophysics and Oceanography 3. Simulation and evaluation of new satellite Chairman : W. Bosch (Germany) systems for geodesy and geodynamics. 4. Development of lunar and planetary geodetic - Commission VIII techniques. International Coordination of Space 5. Initiation and coordination of multi-national Techniques for Geodesy and observing projects and scientific investigation programs Geodynamics with advanced space technology, President : B, Schutz (USA) II- Structure The section includes Commission VIII I. Objectives "International Coordination of Space techniques for Geodesy and Geodynamics" (President : B.E. Schutz, The Commission on International Coordination of USA) and the Special Commission SC6 "Wegener Space Techniques for Geodesy and Geodynamics project" (President : P. Wilson, Germany) and the (CSTG) was established during the XVII th General seven Special Study Groups : Assembly of the IUGG in Canberra in 1979. It is Commission VIII of Section II in the International SSG 2.107: Gravity Field Determination by Satellite Association of Geodesy and Subcommission B.2 in Gravity-Gradiometry COSPAR. The charter of the Commission is the Chairman : E. Schrama (The Netherlands) following: 148 "Develop links between various groups engaged in - Subcommission Site Issues, established in 1989 : the field of space geodesy and geodynamics by various Chairman : J. Bosworth techniques, coordinate work of these groups, elaborate and propose projects implying international The REGIN Project, formerly a CSTG Project, has cooperation, follow their progress and report on their now evolved into a Special Commission in Section 2. advancement and results." A new Project, the International GPS Service (IGS) Campaign, scheduled for mid-1992 has been established The role of the CSTG is to facilitate the activities under CSTG, chaired by G. Beutler. of national and international groups through the collection and dissemination of information within the groups and the member countries mainly through II- Membership correspondence and also through international or regional meetings and to help in setting up coordinated Executive Committee : multi-national observing projects and scientific investigation programs. B. E. Schutz (U.S.A.) President Ch. Reigber (Germany) CSTG operates through an Executive Committee A. G. Stolz (Australia) and a broad-based Steering Committee, as well as Ya. Yatskiv (Ukraine) through the National Representatives in carrying out the Commission objectives stated in the charter. In Steering Committee addition, a number of Projects and Subcommissions have been created to coordinate activities in the field of F. Barlier (France) space geodesy and geodynamics which could benefit G. Beutler (Switzerland) from the coordinating role of the Commission. Each J. Bosworth (U.S.A.) Project and Subcommission has its own organizational M. Campos (Brasil) structure and most issue their own informational J. Degnan (U.S.A.) bulletins or newsletters. Projects generally consist of B. Engen (Norway) highly focused activities over a limited period of time, D. Fubara (Nigeria) whereas Subcommissions cover long-term programs, A. Finkelstein (Russia) often with programmatic implications. J. Hannah (New Zealand) S. Hieber (France) It is the Commission plan to promote space E. Kausel (Chile) geodesy in areas of the world in which there have been G. Mader (U.S.A.) few space geodetic measurements and to encourage the W. Melbourne (U.S.A.) continued conduct of comparisons between space H. Montag (Germany) geodetic techniques. The Commission will also J. Ning (China) encourage the development of new techniques and F. Nouel (France) application areas. J. Rais (Indonesia) R. Rummel (The Netherlands) As in the past, the CSTG will encourage A. Sengoku (Japan) dissemination of information between the various J. Slater (U.S.A.) groups engaged in space geodesy and geodynamics S. Tatevian (Russia) through the publication of the CSTG Bulletin. Current P. Willis (France) plans call for a version to be published in multiple P. Wilson (Germany) languages, including English and Spanish which have T. Yoshino (Japan) been used in the past. These bulletins will provide S. Ye (China) reports on current results and future plans for S. Zerbini (Italy) applications of space techniques to geodesy and J. Zielinski (Poland) geodynamics. The goals of the CSTG are fostered by the various Representatives by Country (this list is believed to be Subcommissions: incomplete): - Subcommission International Radio Interferometric Surveying (IRIS), established in 1983 : P. P~quet (Belgium) Chairman: T. Yoshino M. Bursa (Czechoslovakia) -Subcommission Satellite Laser Ranging, J. Hu (China) established in 1986: M.T. Prilepin (CIS) Chairman : J. Degnan F. Madsen (Denmark) -Subcommission Global Positioning System, M. Tawedros (Egypt) established in 1987: F. Barlier (France) Chairman : G. Mader I. Fejes (Hungary) 149 B. Rajal (India) B. Okumu (Kenya) - the determination of improved geoidal information Kim Cha Un (Korea) for the plate boundary and Fennoscandian regions, W. Gurtner (Switzerland) B. Ronnang (Sweden) -estimation of the relative magnitudes of the R. M. Rezgui (Tunisia) different factors contributing to height and sea- O. Gurkan (Turkey) level variations and the relationship of change in A. Sinclair (United Kingdom) sea level to global change. T. Clark (U,S.A.) Each of these objectives will draw upon the analysis of SLR, VLBI, GPS and (high precision absolute and Special Commission SC6 relative) gravity data. "WEGENER Project" Geodetic Investigations Related II- Program of Activities to the Kinematics and Dynamics The currently scheduled activities comprise both of the field measurements and analysis. These include: African, Arabian and Eurasian Plates 1. continuation of SLR measurements at the Chairman : P. Wilson (USA) permanent sites and at temporary sites in Italy, Greece, Turkey and the Commonwealth of Independent States; I- Main Objectives 2. VLBI measurements between the permanent installations across Europe as well as observations at a Three main objectives have been defined. They are : number of temporary sites in Northern and Western Europe, in Iceland and in North Africa using the MVIII 1. The investigation of deformations along the mobile VLBI system; Afro-Arabian/Eurasian plate boundary which includes : 3. extensive GPS observations across the - the determination of the relative plate motions in Mediterranean and the Black Sea regions including the framework of 3-D global plate motions, Bulgaria and Rumania; GPS measurements in Fennoscandia and in the Commonwealth of Independent - the estimation of the extent of the deformation States; the establishment and operation of a number of zones directly associated with the plate boundaries, permanent GPS tracking stations across Europe, the Mediterranean and in the Commonwealth of Independent -the assessment of the relative magnitudes of States; GPS measurements to connect tide gauges horizontal and vertical change and the variation of across the Mediterranean, the Black Sea and in Northern the deformations occurring across the boundary Europe; zones; 4. measurements of absolute and/or relative gravity 2, the investigation of post-glacial rebound in at selected fiducial stations, in the vicinity of tide Fennoscandia, which includes : gauges across Europe and in North Africa and along selected profiles where the gradient of height change is -estimation of the extent of the rebound especially pronounced; phenomena in the Fennoscandian region, 5. development and exploitation of models and - determination of the rate of vertical deformation analytical techniques to facilitate the estimation of time and the variation of rate as a function of distance variant three-dimensional positional change and the from the centres of rebound, time variant components of the gravity field; - analysis of the geodetic results to constrain the 6. inter-disciplinary interpretation of the results viscosity of the mantle and the models describing achieved. deformation of the lithosphere in response to loading; III- Membership 3. the investigation of height variation and changes of sea level, which includes : The formal membership of this Special Commission represents an international cross-section of - contributions to the establishment of a common interest in the WEGENER activities. However, in view global height datum, of the strong regional character of WEGENER and the 150 project oriented interests of this group, the prime membership must be reserved for those who have actively committed funding and effort to the II- Membership achievement of the goals which have been established by the WEGENER Consortium. Nominations from E. Schrama (The Netherlands) other interested areas will be welcomed. Chairman G. Balmino (France) P. Wilson (Germany) Chairman S. Bettadpur (U.S.A.) H. Siinkel (Austria) F. Bocchio (Italy) G. Milev (Bulgaria) B. Heck (Germany) S.K. Tatevian (CIS) K.H. Ilk (Germany) P. Vyskocil (Czechoslovakia) E. Livieratos (Greece) F. Barlier (France) F. Migliaccio (Italy) H. Seeger (Germany) R.S. Nerem (U.S.A.) Ch. Reigber (Germany) E.C. Pavlis (U.S.A.) G. Veis (Greece) R.H. Rapp (U.S.A.) J. Somogyi (Hungary) J.W. Robbins (U.S.A.) A. Shapira (Israel) D. Rossikopoulos (Greece) G. Bianco (Italy) F. Sans6 (Italy) S. Zerbini (Italy) C.C. Tscherning (Denmark) D.B. Sari (Morocco) M. Vermeer (Denmark) K.F. Wakker (The Netherlands) P. Visser (The Netherlands) B. Engen (Norway) T. Yunck (USA) J.B. Zielinski (Poland) J.P. Osorio (Portugal) I. Kumkova (Russia) Special Study Group 2.109 A. Rius (Spain) B.O. R6nnang (Sweden) "Application of Space VLBI in the H.G. Kahle (Switzerland) Field of Astrometry and Geodynamics" W. Gurtuer (Switzerland) O. Ergunay (Turkey) Chairman: J.Adfim (Hungary) Y.S. Yatskiv (Ukraine) P. Cross (United Kingdom) M.R. Pearlman (USA) I. Terms of Reference J.A. Scheid (USA) There are projects to place one or more radio telescopes in space for VLBI purposes planned or Special Study Group 2.107 proposed by several space agencies. Currently two dedicated space VLBI projects are in preparation. One in Gravity Field Determination Russia called RADIOASTRON which is an approved by Satellite Gravity-Gradiometry and funded mission. It will be launched in 1994. The second one is a Japanese orbiting VLBI mission called Chairman : J.O. Schrama (The VSOP also approved and funded. The expected launch Netherlands) date is 1995. The QUASAT mission, and later its successor, IVS, were not approved by ESA. It is likely that a second generation space VLBI mission will be I- Terms of reference proposed towards the end of the decade. The special study group shall concentrate on : Although potential new applications of space VLBI in the field of astrometry, geodesy and geodynamics - development and discussion of new and existing have been recognized, little effort has been made to concepts for global and regional recovery of gravity explore these applications in detail, so far. field parameters from satellite gradiometry, An important application of space VLBI in - feasibility studies of proposed satellite gravity astrometry would be to measure proper motions of gradiometer missions, extragalactic H20 maser sources and with statistical or orbital parallax methods directly determine distances of - investigations in spaceborne GPS to complement extragalactic objects up to 20 Mpc. This could lead to satellite gravity gradiometer solutions, an independent estimate of the Hubble constant. - theoretical aspects related to satellite gradiometry. 151 In the field of geodesy and geodynamics, space N. Zarraoa (Spain) VLBI may be useful to improve the determination of the Earth's gravity field and in the unification and connection of reference frames inherent in the space Corresponding members VLBI technique. More accurate orbit reconstruction is essential of the potential of space VLBI in these fields Z. Altamimi (France) is to be realised. The space VLBI missions offer and V. Altunin (Russia) will provide new types of satellite observables (VLBI J. Campbell (Germany) time delay, delay rate and differential VLBI tracking A. Dermanis (Greece) data) with high accuracy for these potential H. Hirabayashi (Japan) applications. LI. Mueller (USA) J. Popelar (Canada) Considering the complexity of the problem and the B. Schaffrin (USA) international character of the subject, these studies H, Schuh (Germany) should be carried out in broad international T. Szeto (Canada) collaboration. Ya.S. Yatskiv (The Ukraine) T. Yoshino (Japan) II. Program of Activities Special Study Group 2.130 The activities of this SSG should include: Non-Gravitational Force Modelling coordination of astrometric, geodetic and Effects on Satellite Orbits geodynamic research in the field of space VLBI, Chairman : J. Ries (USA) - investigation of the accuracy requirements and optimal conditions for the measurements, I- Terms of Reference - identification of the scope and the limits of applications, Non-gravitational forces on satellites tend to have a stochastic and uncertain nature, and to some degree, - advise to the respective science teams on potential they may never be fully modelled when determining astrometric, geodetic and geodynamic experiments and precision orbits. Atmospheric drag and terrestrial observing programs, radiation pressure have significant random variation, while solar radiation pressure and thermal imbalances - development of software and test computations, depend on the complex interaction of the surface properties and satellite geometry. Nevertheless, - organization of meetings and workshops at times improvements in the models for these effects are appropriate for the members. essential now that considerable progress has been made in the gravitational models. The objective of this study group will be to understand the effects of the various III- Membership non-gravitational forces on satellite orbits, categorize those effects which are significant, develop more J. AdSm (Hungary) Chairman accurate models where possible, and where model V.A. Alexeev (Russia) improvements are likely to be difficult to obtain, N, Barrel (USA) develop estimation strategies to compensate for the F.J.J. Brouwer (The Netherlands) modelling deficiencies. U. Cannon (Canada) N. Capitaine (France) J.M. Dow (Germany) II- Program of Activities I. Fejes (Hungary) E.W. Grafarend (Germany) 1. Continue the efforts to improve the atmospheric T. Herring (USA) density models and investigate estimation techniques N. Kawaguchi (Japan) which reduce the effects of drag model errors on M. Kulkarni (India/USA) satellites such as ERS-1 and Starlette. E.C. Pavlis (USA) D. Priou (France) 2. Investigate improvements to the models for Z. Qian (China) direct solar pressure effects on satellites with simple as B.O. R0nnang (Sweden) well as complex shapes. R.T. Schilizzi (The Netherlands) Y. Takahashi (Japan) 152 3. Refine models for the effects of reflected light - Security aspects of the use of and emitted heat from the Earth on satellite orbits. GPS/GLONASS. 4. With the increased orbit accuracy requirements 2. To facilitate communication and promote for satellites such as GPS and Topex/Poseidon, the cooperation within the worldwide community of current effects of temperature imbalances (thermal thrusts) and prospective users of spacebome GPS/GLONASS. cannot be ignored, and the development of models for these effects should be continued. 3. To bring to the attention of a broader user community the diverse and powerful applications of 5. Continue to investigate the along-track spaceborne GPS/GLONASS, promote its wider use, acceleration of the Lageos satellite. Determination of and realize the economies of coordinated efforts. the Lageos spin axis orientation will be an essential part of these studies. Effects observed on Lageos may also be important for the Etalon satellites. II- Program of Activities SSG 2.131 will hold formal meetings twice per III- Membership year, typically once in the U.S. (for example, around the time of the fall AGU in San Francisco) and once J. Ries (USA) Chairman overseas. Less formal discussions and get-togethers G. Alfonso (Brazil) may be convened at other well-attended meetings, as F. Barlier (France) appropriate. Group members will select topics of B. Bertolli (Italy) special interest and lead discussions of those topics at N. Borderies (USA) each meeting. The list of topics and the membership of J. Feltens (Germany) the group will evolve as new issues are raised and new H. Fliegel (USA) activities begun. The initial list of topics will include: E. Gaposchkin (USA) A. Hedin (USA) -System Status: Current operational status and F. Herrero (USA) performance of GPS and GLONASS T. Killeen (USA) H. Klinkrad (Germany) - Flight receivers: What are the basic functional A. Marshall (USA) and performance requirements for different applications? P. Moore (United Kingdom) What flight qualified receivers are currently available? A. Nobili (Italy) What are their capabilities? What are their costs? Are G.W. Rosborough (USA) new receiver developments needed to meet current D. Rubincam (USA) mission objectives? Is it possible to develop a low- R. Scharroo (The Netherlands) cost (<$1M) flight receiver for use on multiple V. Slabinski (USA) missions? Is it feasible to combine GPS and GLONASS in a moderate-cost flight receiver? Are current antenna designs adequate? Special Study Group 2.131 -Missions: What are the current missions Spaceborne GPS/GLONASS (existing, planned, proposed) that expect to use GPS/GLONASS? What are their objectives and Chairman : Thomas P. Yunck (USA) requirements for flight receiver performance and ground tracking of GPS/GLONASS satellites? Can we identify general classes of mission that can be served I- Objectives efficiently by a single receiver design? Can a single ground network support all missions? 1. To identify and explore the relevant issues, track the progress, and help to advance the state of the art, in - POD: What are the various techniques by which such areas as: GPS/GLONASS can be used for POD? What are the requirements (e.g., data types, visibility, number of satellites) of each technique and expected performance? - GPS/GLONASS flight receiver development, design, requirements, and performance. Is POD accuracy of 1 cm a realistic goal for supporting -Precise orbit determination (POD) with ocean altimetry in the year 2000? What are the GPS/GLONASS. limiting errors? Is there a role for GPS-based attitude - Long wavelength gravity model improvement determination on space platforms? with spaceborne GPS/GLONASS. -The role of spaceborne GPS/GLONASS in - Gravity: What is the current state of the art of monitoring global change. Earth gravity modeling? In what ways can spaceborne GPS/GLONASS help to improve current gravity 153 models? What are the most suitable orbits? What Special Study Group 2.132 other instruments can complement GPS/GLONASS for gravity recovery? What algorithms and solution strate- Advanced Space Technology: gies are available and how do they compare? What are Time-Varying Gravitational Effects the limiting errors? on Satellite Orbits - Global Change: What is the potential role of GPS/GLONASS atmospheric occultation measurement President : C. Shum (USA) in monitoring global climatic change? Does atmospheric temperature monitoring (and the high data I. Terms of Reference rates required) impose significant new demands on flight receivers and ground networks? How can The temporal changes in the Earth's gravity field are spaceborne GPS/GLONASS enhance the performance the result of interaction of the solid Earth with its of ground-based observation of global change? atmosphere, oceans, cryosphere and ground water circulation, and with celestial bodies, primarily the Sun - Security: What are the security issues connected and the Moon, and the result of post-glacial rebound in with using GPS and GLONASS? Can all mission the Earth's mantle due to deglaciation since the last ice requirements be met in the presence of GPS selective age. These time-varying changes in the gravity field availability and anti-spoofing without adopting produce significant effect on orbits of Earth-orbiting classified equipment or operations? Does GLONASS artificial satellites. The time scales of these variations offer an open alternative to GPS? How is GPS security vary from 12 hours to 18.6 years and to geological time policy changing with world politics? Can we have a scale. Among these variations, the causes and voice in influencing that policy? consequences of temporal changes in the gravity field due to geophysical and meteorological phenomena are - Ongoing Missions: What lessons are being not well understood. Using satellite tracking data, learned from current orbital missions carrying GPS altimeter measurements, VLBI data, tide gauge data and receavers, including the Extreme Ultra-Violet Explorer, the associated meteorological observations, the existing TOPEX,ff~OSEIDON, and Landsat? models will be intercompared with "in situ" measurements and geophysical predictions as a step An important objective of this study group is to towards achieving the goal of refinement of these facilitate communication among the worldwide models. community of prospective spaceborne GPS/GLONASS users, with the hope that through our common interests II. Program of Activities and joint efforts we can hasten progress and reduce costs. There will therefore be no fixed agenda. Rather, The primary objectives include the improvement we will focus our attention on the issues of most and accuracy assessment of available models which pressing concern and shift our emphasis as compute perturbations due to the following time- developments warrant. varying gravitational effects on satellite orbits: -Earth, ocean and atmospheric tides (time scales III- Membership from 12 hours to 18.6 years). T.P. Yunck (USA) Chairman - Meteorological and geophysical mass B.C. Ambrosius (The Netherlands) redistribution (atmosphere, ground water circulation, J.M. Dow (Germany) ice/snow melting and accumulation, earthquakes, etc.), I. Fejes (Hungary) time scales varying from episodic, sub-diurnal, C. Goad (USA) seasonal, interannual to decadal. C. Jekeli (USA) K.M. Larson (USA) -Post-glacial rebound and phenomena associated S.M. Lichten (USA) with present-day melting and accumulation of polar and E.C. Pavlis (USA) continental glaciers (geological time scales, secular). Ch. Reigber (Germany) E.J.O. Schrama (The Netherlands) The following measurements will be used: B,E. Schutz (USA) T.N, Upadhyay (USA) - Satellite laser ranging, DORIS, PRARE and GPS P. Wilson (Germany) satellite-to-satellite tracking data and radar altimeter data P. Willis (France) collected from historic and future geodetic and Y. Yatskiv (Ukraine) oceanographic satellites, including Lageos-1, -2 and -3, Starlette, Ajisai, Etalon-1 and -2, Geosat (ERM and GM), TOPEX/POSEIDON, ERS-1 and -2, Stella, Spot-2 and -3, Geosat-Followon, and GP-B. 154 administration, algorithms, and knowledge about - VLBI measurements. signals and errors of all phenomena affecting the measurement scenario. The possibility to estimate the - Hourly averaged tide gauge data over the global deviations between geoid and sea surface is (due to its ocean and covering a long time span, relation to ocean circulation and a global geodetic height datum) one of the most dedicated problems to be -Meteorological data such as WMO, NMC, addressed jointly by experts from both, geodesy and ECMWF air pressure and ground water circulation data; oceanography. In addition, use of altimetry over land sea level data from TOGA, PSMSL, and the U.S. and ice are to be adressed. Navy; and snow accumulation/melting data from NOAA, etc. II- Program of activities III- Membership - Specify requirements or recommendations for structure, archival and administration of multi-mission C. Shum (USA) Chairman altimeter data (dual frequency, different sampling) in S. Casotto (Italy) view for applications in different disciplines. A. Cazenave (France) B. Chao (USA) (Re)investigate errors of the altimetric M. Cheng (USA) measurement scenario and determine statistical S.R. Dickman (USA) information about signal, noise, and correlations. R. Dietrich (Germany) R.J. Eanes (USA) -Investigate separability of Earth geapotential C. Huang (China) (geoid) and quasi-stationary sea surface (altimetry used J. Klokocnik (Czechoslovakia) in combination with surface gravity, tracking data, and C. Le Provost (France) ocean climatology) to estimate sea surface topography. J.X. Mitrovica (USA) P. Moore (United Kingdom) -Analyze methods to monitor and represent sea R.S, Nerem (USA) surface variability (altimetric and its combination or W.R. Peltier (Canada) correlation with ocean dynamics). Ch. Reigber (Germany) J. Wahr (USA) - Investigate methods to overcome datum problems K. Wakker (The Netherlands) due to geographically correlated errors, the differential C. Yoder (USA) (relative) nature of crossover-and colinear analysis, and W. Zahel (Germany) dynamic heights from oceanography. Corresponding Members: Study techniques for altimetry application over land and the mapping of ice topography. D. Cartwright (United Kingdom) B. Douglas (USA) III- List of Members E.M. Gaposchkin (USA) R. Ray (USA) W. Bosch (Germany) chairman D-N. Yuan (USA) D. Arabelos (Greece) A. Brenner (U.S.A.) M. Brovelli (Italy) Special Study Group 2.151 . W. Cudlip (United Kingdom) S. Ekholm (Denmark) Altimetry: Optimal Processing for Th. Engelis (Greece) Geodesy, Geophysics and W. Fuerst (Austria) Oceanography Y. Fukuda 0apan) R. Haagmans (The Netherland) Chairman : W. Bosch S. Hoary (France) P. Knudsen (Denmark) I. Terms of Reference R.S. Nerem (U,S.A.) J. Noreus (Sweden) With its fast, precise and global monitoring of the Ch. Rizos (Australia) sea surface, altimetry has already provided emphasizing P. Samuel fNorway) results for Earth sciences. Altimeters are core E.J.O. Schrama (The Netherland) instruments for ongoing and future Earth observation C.K. Shum (U.S.A.) missions. Considering applications in different D. Stammer (Germany) disciplines and a multi-mission altimetry, the V. Zlotnicki (U.S.A.) processing is to be optimized in terms of data 155 SECTION III DETERMINATION OF THE GRAVITY FIELD DETERMINATION DU CHAMP DE PESANTEUR President : H-G, Wenzel (Germany) Secretaries : R. Forsberg (Denmark) (Commission tlI): I. Marson (Italy) (CommiSsion XII) : H. Sfinkel (Austria) I- Terms of Reference II- Structure According to the By-Laws of the IAG, Section IiI is Section III is composed of two Commissions and responsible for : five Special Study Groups : -absolute and relative terrestrial gravity measurements; - gravity networks and control stations; Commissions - non-tidal gravity variations; - determination of the external gravity field and the Commission IiI : International Gravity Commission geoid from gravimetry, gradiometry, satellite altimetry, President : I Marson (Italy) geodetic astronomy, space and inertial techniques; and -reduction and estimation of gravity field Commission XII : International Geoid Commission quantities. President : H. Stinkel (Austria) Special Study Groups The earth's gravity field contains significant information for different fields of applications, such as SSG 3.133 : Techniques of Precise Gravimetry geodesy, geophysics and navigation. The determination Chairman : M. Becker (Germany) of the gravity field is based on various types of measurements distributed both in space and time. The SSG 3.134 : AirboneGravimetry quantities measured are the gravity potential and its first Chairman : G.W. Hein (Germany) and second order derivatives, or linear combinations of these quantities. They are provided by techniques such SSG 3.135 : Optimization of Spectral Gravimetric as levelling, satellite altimetry, gravimetry, Techniques gradiometry, geodetic astronomy, and space and inertial Chairman : M.G. Sideris (Canada) techniques. The measurements are the basis for modelling of the external gravity field and the geoid, SSG 3.136 : High Resolution Geoid Modelling and using various mathematical techniques for the reduction, Evaluation prediction and combination of the data. The estimation, Chairman : H. Denker approximation and representation of the gravity field and the geoid are strongly required with high precision in SSG 3.137 : Combined Use Of Gravimetry and global, regional and local scales. As the measurement Stress-S train Measurement accuracy in both absolute and relative gravimetry on Techniques land is in the order of 10 -9 g, the study of non-tidal Chairman : S. Takemoto (Japan) gravity changes becomes increasing important for geodynamic studies. 156 Commission III (b) To recommend and coordinate international International Gravity Commission programmes for scientific investigation in gravity and Commission Gravim~,trique related matters which call for concerted action by its Internationale members and intereslexl organizations; President : I. Marson (Italy) (e) To make recommendations to international Vice-President : G. Boedecker (Germany) organizations in matters which relate to the J. M~ikinen (Finland) Commission's programme; Secretaries : N. Courtier (Canada) E. Klingele (Switzerland) (d) To promote and make recommendations for the exchange of gravity data and the publication and dissemination of results of scientific investigations; 1. Program of Activities (e) To make recommendations to strenghten 1.1. The International Gravity Commission (IGC) education and training programmes in gravity and its promotes scientific investigations of the gravity field of technology; the Earth, its relationship to the form and processes of the Earth's interior and exterior and its variations with (f) To assist developing countries in gravity-related time. It does so through the concerted actions of its research and technology development; members to acquire homogeneous gravity anomaly coverage of the Earth. It regulates the operation of the (g) To promote scientific investigation of gravity Bureau Gravimetric Inernational (BGI), the operational on behalf of the international community, taking into agency of the IGC, established to promote the free account special interests and rights of countries exchange of gravity data among the member countries concerning scientific research in the zones under their for the benefit of not only geodesists but also jurisdiction. geophysicists and geologists. In carrying all its functions, the IGC shall bear in 1.2. The commission shall seek to collaborate mind the special needs and interests of developing with all international and national organizations countries. concerned with the work of the IGC, particularly for the benefit of the developing countries. 3. Cooperation 1.3. The Commission will encourage and promote special campaigns to develop and compare gravity The IGC shall give due attention to supporting the instrumentation, techniques of operation and procedures objectives of the international organizations with which for the adjustment of the results of surveys. it collaborates and which may request the IGC to act, as appropriate, as the medium, for discharging certain of 1.4. The Commission will review its functions their responsibilities in matters relating to gravity from time to time to ensure that its activities are investigations. The IGC may also request these commensurate with the needs of the geodetic organizations to take its requirements into account in community. planning and executing their own programmes. 1.5. The Commission will organize at least one meeting of a global nature in the four-year period 4. Organization between the IUGG/IAG Assemblies. In addition, it would encourage regional meetings or workshops 4.1. The Assembly of the IGC shall be its dedicated to a specific problem where appropriate. principal organ and, without prejudice to the previsions of paragraph 3 of this Article, shall make all decisions 2. Functions necessary to fulfill the functions of the IGC. The functions of the IGC shall be : 4.2. In accordance with the By-Laws of the IAG, the President of the Commission is appointed by the (a) To find solutions to problems requiring Council of the IAG. Every four years, the Assembly international cooperation in gravity research and review shall elect two Vice-Presidents and a Secretary at its the results of such investigations; ordinary session. They, along with the President, shall 157 constitute the Executive Board. The President may appoint a second Secretary to assist with the operation 6.4. Funds so allocated shall be expended by a of the Commission. Secretary of the Commission who will be accountable in this matter to the Central Bureau of the IAG. 4.3, The Executive Board shall exercise the responsibilities delegated to it by the Assembly and act on its behalf in the implementation of decisions of the 7. Sub-Commissions Assembly. 7.1. The Commission is divided into the 4.4. The Executive Board shall review the fowolling Sub-Commissions : effectiveness of the operating structure of the Commission and make recommendations to the Sub-Commission Coordinator Assembly on structural or other changes necessary. North Pacific Region I. Nakagawa (Japan) North America R. Moose (USA) 5. Working Procedures Western Europe D. Ruess (Austria) 5.1, The Assembly shall be convened in ordinary 7.2. The terms of reference for the Sub- session every four years. Extraordinary sessions may be Commissions are : convened at the discretion of the Executive Board or at the request of at least five National Committees. (a) To act as a regional centre for maintaining a catalogue of information of the International Gravity 5.2. Each Country belonging to the IAG and Standardization Network (IGNS71), the International represented at the Assembly shall have one vote, but Absolute Gravity Base Station Network (IAGBN) and may accompany its representative to sessions of the other gravity base stations in the area, including marine Assembly with alternates and advisers as it deems gravity bases, and to facilitate the supply of this necessary. information to the BGI. 5.3. The IGC either through its Assembly of by (b) To coordinate the maintenance, revision and Executive action subject to the approval of the extension of the network of international gravity base Assembly may create, for the examination and stations in the region. execution of specific projects, working groups or other subsidiary bodies composed of experts interested in such (c) To collaborate with, and where necessary to projects. coordinate assistance to, countries in the area wishing to set up and maintain national gravity reference networks. 6. Financial Support (d) To assist the BGI in obtaining a good regional coverage of surface gravity data in the area. 6.1. The programmes endorsed and coordinated by the IGC and recommended to its Members Countries for (e) To undertake, in consultion with the President their concerted action shall be carried out with the aid of of the IGC, other activities as required in the pursuit of the resources of participating member Countries, in the objectives of the Commission. accordance with the obligations that each Country is willing to assume. (f) To act as a regional agency of the IGC. 6.2. The expenditures of the IGC shall be financed 7.3. The coordinators are requested to organize the from funds appropriated for this purpose by the IAG or Bureau of each Sub-Commission as appropriate, based other organizations of the IUGG. on regional support by parent agencies. 6.3. Contributions to the Commission from 7.4. Membership of each Sub-Commission is outside the structure of the IUGG may be accepted and envisaged to comprise : established as trust in accordance with the financial regulations of the IAG. Such funds will be allocated to (a) Representatives of member Countries of the programmes of the Commission in accordance with any IUGG in the area concerned, as provided in the IAG special whishes of the donor or decisions of the Rules for Commissions. Assembly or the Executive Board. 158 (b) Representatives of countries in the area who are instrumental effects and non-tidal gravity variations not members of the IUGG, to be appointed in with time. consultation with representatives of Member Countries. 9. Working Groups 7.5. Communication and Reporting The Commission has established four Working (a) The Sub-Commission shall communicate to its Groups in order to perform a specific task and to assist members by circular letters, with information copies to the BGI: the President of the IGC, the Director of the BGI, the President of the IAG, the President of Section IiI, and WG1 - Data Processing Presidents of eventual other Commissions of the IAG interested. Chairman: R.K. McConnell (Canada) (b) The Sub-Commission shall report to the Members: G. Balmino (France) President of the IGC as required. M. Sarrailh (France) C.C. Tscherning (Denmark) H.-G Wenzel (Germany) 8. Work to be Performed WG2 - World Gravity Standards 8.1. Bureau Gravim6trique International Chairman: G. Boedecker (Germany) The Commission supports the continuing operation of the BGI with the emphasis on expanding its gravity Members: J.E. Failer (USA) data base to include national areas for which no data H. Hanada (Japan) have been released and to improve coverage on land and I. Marson (Italy) on the oceans. R.K McConnell (Canada) G. Peter (USA) 8.2. Absolute Gravity Measurements WG5 - Monitoring of Non-Tidal Gravity (a) Intercomparisons of transportable absolute Variations gravity meters at locations to be determined and in conjunction with the observations of the IAGBN, in Chairman: C. Poitevin (Belgium) order to investigate systematic errors. Members: D. Crossley (Canada) (b) Further development of the IAGBN. B. Ducarme (Belgium) J.E. Failer (U.S.A.) (c) Collection of new absolute gravity T. Higashi (Japan) measurements, regional and local network connections J. Hinderer (France) and adjustments. H.T. Hsu (China) J. Mfikinen (Finland) 8.3. International Gravity Standardization I. Marson (Italy) Net 1971 B. Richter (Germany) A. Sakuma (France) Improvements and extensions where necessary, new T. Sato (Japan) regional adjustments where necessary, comparison with P. Steinhauser (Austria) absolute gravity measurements. T. Tsubokawa (Japan) R. Warburton (USA) 8.4. Marine Gravity Data H.-G. Wenzel (Germany) W. Ztirn (Germany) Connection of harbour sites to existing gravity base station networks, comparisons with satellite altimetry. WG6 - Intercomparison of Absolute Gravimeters 8.5. Gravity Variation with Time Chairman: I. Marson (Italy) Coordination of absolue gravity measurements at superconducting gravimeter sites in order to study Members: G. Cerutti (Italy) 159 N. Courtier (Canada) -execution of geoid determinations through C. Elstner (Germany) computer centers financed nationally or by international J,E. Failer (U.S.A.) organizations, Y.G. Guo (China) H. Ishii (Japan) -execution of computational tasks of regional A. Kiviniemi (Finland) character, G. Peter (USA) D. Ruess (Austria) - evaluation and exchange of tested software, A. Sakuma (France) W. Torge (Germany) - organization of vertical positioning campaigns for geoid control, I0. National Representatives of the - organization of contacts to oceanographers in need Commission of geoid data, C. Poitevin (Belgium) - organization of expert meetings. H. Hsu (China) P.P Medvedev (CIS) L. Kub~ckovh (Czechoslovakia) II- Program of Activities R. Forsberg (Denmark) S. Riad (Egypt) 1. The Commission will identify centers having Y. Albouy (France) data needed for geoid determinations. Such centers G, Csapo (Hungary) include the Bureau Gravimttrique International (gravity B.C. Roy (India) data), IGMI (vertical deflection data), The Ohio State C. Morelli (Italy) University (Earth gravity field models). Others centers H.N. Nyapola (Kenya) collecting related data such as satellite altimeter data Rin Ryong Un (Korea) topographic data, station positions, etc. will also be L.A. Hailer (Sweden) identified. E. Klingel6 (Switzerland) I. Zid (Tunisia) 2. The commission will make available selected E. Ayhan (Turkey) software for geoid computations. G. Hipkin (United Kingdom) 3. The commission will help coordinate geoid computations by active communication with countries Commission XII and groups involved with such work. Internation Geoid Commission 4. The Commission will prepare a newsletter at Commission Internationale du Gdorde six-month intervals which will be sent to all active country representatives and interested parties. President : H. Siinkel (Austria) 5. The Commission will organize at least meeting of a global nature in the four-year period between the I- Main Objectives IUGG/IAG Assemblies. In addition, it would encourage regional meetings where appropriate. The International Geoid Commission is considered the primary activity center of the IAG for information 6. The Commission will provide information to related to the determination of the geoid for geodetic, groups and disciplines needing geoid data. geophysical and oceanographic purposes. The following tasks should be accomplished : III- National representatives - data collection, H. Stinkel (AusVia) President N. Lopez (Argentina) - coordination of computational efforts (merging of W. Kearsley (Australia) geoids), C. Poitevin (Belgium) D. Blitzkow 03razil) 160 J.A Zelaya (Bolivia) A. Mainville (Canada) II- Program of Activities P.P. Medvedev (CIS) K. Colic (Croatia) The proposed program of activities is as follows : Z. Martinec (Czechoslovakia) M. Pick (Czechoslovakia) 1- Studies of instrumental error sources in Gravity H.T. Hsu (China) Meters and Feedback Systems. C.C. Tscheming (Denmark) 2-Calibration techniques of Gravimeters and S.R. Archiniegas-Ortega (Ecuador) Feedback Systems. M.S. Hanafy (Egypt) 3- Techniques for Data-logging and storing. H. Duquenne (France) 4- Improvement of stochastic and functional model M. Vermeer (Finland) of the adjustment. H.G. Wenzel (Germany) 5-Environmental effects on gravity and gravity D. Arabelos (Greece) meter. J. Adhrn (Hungary) 6- Detection and modeling of gravity changes by B.S. Rajal (India) repeated campaigns. J. Supomo (Indonesia) 7- Organization of technical meetings on items 1-6 E. Mogilowski (Israel) and, in case of interest among the members, joint F. Sans6 (Italy) inslrumental intercomparisons. Y. Ganeko (Japan) N. Yahya-Sagarat (Jordan) A.S. Lwangasi (Kenya) III List of Members Chan peng Yue (Malaysia) I. Reilly (New Zealand) M. Becker (Germany) Chairman D. Solheim (Norway) G. Csapo (Hungary) C. Ezeigbo (Nigeria) H. Dragert (Canada) A. Lyszkowicz (Poland) C. Elstner (Germany) M.R. Lisboa (Portugal) R. Hipkin (United Kingdom) R.B. Feir (Philippines) A. Kopaev (Russia) P. Medvedev (Russia) J. Liard (Canada) B. Btirki (Switzerland) J. Makinen (Finland) L. SjOberg (Sweden) I. Marson (Italy) J. Saburi (Tanzania) B. Meurers (Austria) C.Wichiencharoen (Thailand) S. Nakai (Japan) G.L. Strang van Hees (The Netherlands) S. Okubo (Japan) J. Zid (Tunisia) B. Richter (Germany) E. Ayhan (Turkey) R. Rrder (Germany) A. Dobson (United Kingdom) J. Tresl (Czechoslovakia) D.G. Milbert (USA) M. Van Rymbecke (Belgium) P. Varga (Hungary) H.-G Wenzel (Germany) Special Study Group 3.133. Techniques of Precise Gravimetry Special Study Group 3.134 Chairman: M. Becker (Germany) Airborne Gravimetry Chairman: G. W. Hein (Germany) I- Terms of Reference The objectives of this SSG are the study and the I- Main Objectives improvement of techniques used in precise relative gravimetry in view of the application to the The task of SSG 3.134 is the development of measurement of gravity field and gravity field techniques and the design of software and hardware for variations. airborne scalar as well as vector gravimetry using new technology both on the disturbing acceleration 161 determination side (e.g. use of observations to the Special Study Group 3.135 Global Positioning System) as well as with respect to the gravity sensor (e.g. strapdown Intertial Navigation Optimization of Spectral System). Gravimetric Techniques Chairman: M.G. Sideris (Canada) II- Program of Activities The following topics are selected for intensive I- Program of Activities investigation : 1. Use of three-dimensional spectral techniques for 1. Disturbing acceleration determination (GPS and computing terrain effects and Molodensky series terms other sensors, analysis techniques, design and testing of on the surface of the earth and on level surfaces. lowpass filters). 2. Fast algorithms for processing and analyzing 2. Gravity data analysis (transfer function of airborne gravity and gradiometry data. accelerometers, consideration of gyro data, questions of pick-up and discretization of raw data, filtering). 3. Use of spectral methods for gridding and computing geoids from irregular data. Study of the 3. Hardware design (air-and shipborne gravity aliasing and gridding errors. meters, inertial navigation systems with both local level and strapdown technology, navigation sensors). 4. Further study of spectral formulas for Molodensky's problem and optimization of the classical 4. Airbone vector gravimetry (development of formulas, including proper propagation of errors GPS/INS integration for gravity recovery, additional (frequency-domain collocation). sensors, simulation studies). 5. Application of spectral techniques to the solution 5. Airborne gravity flight test (results of pratical of inverse gravimetric problems. investigations and experiments). 6. Optimization of the spherical FFT method for computing deflections, unduIations, and terrain effects. III- List of Members 7. Use of the fast Hartley transform (FHT) as an G.W. Hein (Germany) Chairman alternative to the FFT. D. Arabelos (Greece) R.E. Bell (USA) G. Boedecker (Germany) II- List of Members J. Brozena (USA) O. Colombo (USA) Members R. Forsberg (Denmark) J. Fritsch (Germany) M.G. Sideris (Canada) Chairman A. Geiger (Switzerland) E. Ayhan (Turkey) E. Groten (Germany) R. Barzaghi (Italy) W. Gumert (USA) G. Boedecker (Germany) K, I-Iehl (Germany) H. Denker (Germany) J.R. Huddle (USA) R. Forsberg (Denmark) C. Jekeli (USA) J.C. Harrison (U.S.A.) A. Kleusberg (Canada) K. Hehl (Germany) E, Knickmeyer (Germany) R. Hipkin (U.K.) K.P. Schwarz (Canada) K.H. Ilk (Germany) M. Vermeer (Denmark) N. Ktihtreiber (Austria) Z. Li (China) A. Mesko (Hungary) D. Milbert (U.S.A.) G. Papp (Hungary) L.E. SjOberg (Sweden) 162 G. Strang Van Hees (The Netherlands) upward/downward continuation of gravity field data, G.C. Tsuei (Waiwan) impact of new measurement techniques as airborne I.N. Tziavos (Greece) gravimetry or gradiometry), Y.M. Wang (U.S.A.) R. Weber (Austria) -Use of geophysical information for local and regional geoid computations and geophysical interpretation of these models. Corresponding Members J. Adam (Hungary) II- Membership D. Arabelos (Greece) C. Boucher (France) H. Denker (Germany) Chairman M. Doufexopoulou (Greece) A.J. Anderson (U.S.A.) R.J. Fury (U.S.A.) D. Arabelos (Greece) A. Geiger (Swi~erland) El Ayhan (Turkey) X. Li (China) T. Basic (Croatia) Y. Li (Canada) E. de Min (The Netherlands) D. Nagy (CanaOa) R. Forsberg (Denmark) R. Rapp (U.S.A) Y. Ganeko (Japan) F. Sans6 (Italy) A. Geiger (Switzerland) H.G. Wenzel (Germany) B. Heck (Germany) J. Ihde (Germany) A.H.W. Kearsley (Australia) Special Study Group 3.136 A. Kenyeres (Hungary) A. Mainville (Canada) High Resolution Geoid D.G. Milbert (U.S.A.) Modelling and Evaluation D. Sguerso (Italy) M.G. Sideris (Canada) Chairman : H. Denker (Germany) D. Solheim (Norway) H. Stinkel (Austria) M. Vermeer (Denmark) I- Program of Activities Y.M. Wang (U.S.A.) - Investigation of different geoid prediction methods and data reduction techniques (effect of approximations Special Study Group 3.137 in the theory, computational efficiency, error propagation, heterogeneous data handling). Combined Use of Gravimetry and Stress-Strain Measurement Techniques -Pratical implementation and numerical test of different methods (handing of wavelength gravity model Chairman: S. Takemoto (Japan) errors, use of topographic information, comparison with GPS/levelling and altimetric/oceanographic data at local I. Program of Activities and regional scale). The aim of this Group is to study specific scientific -Development of efficient techniques for the problems related to combined use of gravimetry and combination of heterogeneous gravity field data sets, stress-strain measurement techniques for investigating e.g. gravity + GPS/levelling, gravity + vertical geodynamic phenomena and physical properties of the deflections, gravity + altimetric/oceanographic data Earth's interior. The proposed program of activities is as (brute force methods, spectral methods, fast collocation, follows : etc.). 1. Investigation of the effect of underground water - Merging of regionally derived gravity field data flows on gravity and stress-strain measurements. sets (mean gravity anomalies, local geoids, etc.). 2. Estimation of load Green's function and Love's -Gravity field data on non-level surfaces numbers by employing superconducting gravity meters (Molodensky's problem, terrain reduction techniques, and laser strainmeters. 163 compile them and store them in a computerized data 3. Geodynamic investigation by means of combined base in order to redistribute them on request to a large use of gravimeters, tiltmeters and strainmeters. variety of users for scientific purposes. The data consist of: gravimeter observations (mainly location - three 4. Monitoring temporal geoid undulations and stress coordinates, gravity value, corrections, anomalies...), accumulations in tectonic active regions. mean free air gravity values, gravity maps, reference station descriptions, publications dealing with the 5. Development of gravity and stress-strain Earth's gravity. BGI also has at its disposal through one measurement systems based on new ideas and of this host agencies: satellite altimetry derived geoid techniques. heights, presently from the Geos 3, Seasat and Geosat missions; spherical harmonic coefficients of current 6. Organization of technical meetings on the items global geopotential models; mean topographic heights. 1-5. These data are sometimes used internally for data validation and geophysical analysis. II- Membership BGI has been developing various algorithms and S. Takemoto (Japan) Chairman software for data validation and analysis, as well as its M. Araneda-Cabiera (Chile) own data management system. A large number of T.F. Baker (U,K.) services are offered to the users (see below). M. Becket (Germany) B. Ducarme (Belgium) All kinds of gravity data can be sent to BGI, with or D.M.J. Fubara (Nigeria) without restrictions of redistribution to be specified by Y. Fukuda (Japan) the contributors, sometimes in the form of a protocol of J.M. Goodkind (U,S.A) usage. J. Hinderer (Canada) J. Kiiiirifiinen (Finland) 2. Structure and Membership A.V. Kopaev (Russia) J. Levine (U.S.A) -BGI is one of the offices of the Federation of R.H. Li (Chine) Astronomical and Geophysical Data Analysis Services M. Mena (Mexico) (FAGS). It may also be considered as an executive K.-S. Osypov (Russia) office of the International Gravity Commission. B.-C. Roy (India) H.-G. Schemeck (Sweden) -It has a Directing Board composed of the J. Tresl (Czechoslovakia) following members : P.-R. Wood (New Zealand) J. Zschau (Germany) Voting members : Corresponding Members I. Marson (Italy) IGC president J. Mfikinen (Finland) IGC vice-president H. Drewes (Germany) G. Balmino (France) BGI director A.P. Iakolev (Russia) H.G. Wenzel (Germany) Section III president H. Spetzler (U.S.A.) J.E. Faller (U.S.A.) elected T. Tsubokawa (Japan) C.C. Tscheming (Denmark) elected E. Groten (Germany) elected P.P. Medvedev (Russia) elected - International Gravimetric Bureau Bureau Gravim~trique International Non-voting members : (B.G.I.) K. McConnell (Canada) WG 1 chairman G. Boedecker (Germany) WG 2 chairman Director : G. Balmino (France) Ch. Poitevin (Belgium) WG 5 chairman N. Courtier (Canada) Secretary 1. Objectives and Terms of Reference Ex-officio members : The main task of BGI is to collect, on a worldwide H. SfJnkel (Austria) Geoid.Com.president basis, all gravity measurements and pertinent J. Kovalevsky (France) FAGS representative informations about the gravity field of the Earth, to 164 The central office is located in Toulouse, France, in T. Sato (Japan) the premises of the Observatoire Midi-Pyr6ndes, of A. Sakuma (France) which it is one of the services• The other supporting P. Steinhauser (Austria) organizations are : the Centre National d'Etudes R. Warburton (USA) Spatiales, the Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et H.-G. Wenzel (Germany) Mini~res, the Institut G6ographique National, the H. Xu (China) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (via the W. Zarn (Germany) Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers). There exists a covenant between these agencies to guarantee their WG6 - Intercomparison of Absolute support to BGI. Gravimeters The address of the office is : Chairman : I. Marson (Italy) Members : E. Groten (Germany) Bureau Gravim6trique International D.E. Ajakaiye (Nigeria) 18, Avenue Edouard Belin A. Aksoy (Turkey) 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France M. Becker (Germany) Phone: (33) 6133 2980 Yu.D. Boulanger (Russia) Telex: 530776FO H. Dragert (Canada) Fax: (33) 6125 3098 C. Elstner (Germany) Telemail (OMNET): G. BALMINO L.A. Hailer (Norway) Nasamail: G. BALMINO B.G. Hipkin (United Kingdom) Bitnet : BALMINO@FRCICT81 T.M. Hunt (New Zealand) C.S. Joshi (India) Four Working Groups are presently helping BGI in A. Kiviniemi (Finland) different tasks : R. Klees (Germany) A. Lambert (Canada) WG1 - Data Processing S. Okubo (Japan) B. Richter (Germany) Chairman : R.K. McConnell (Canada) R. R6der (Germany) Members : C.C. Tscherning (Denmark) H.B. yon Luetzow (USA) H.-G. Wenzel (Germany) G. Balmino (France) 3. The BGI Bulletin d'Information M. Sarrailh (France) The office issues a Bulletin d'Information twice a WG2 - World Gravity Standards year (generally in June and December). Chairman : G. Boedecker (Germany) It contains: Members : Yu. D. Boulanger (Russia) J.E. Failer (USA) • general information in the field of the Bureau H. Hanada (Japan) itself, about new available data sets, I. Marson (Italy) R.K. McConnell (Canada) • contributing papers in gravimetry, G. Peter (USA) • communications at meetings dealing with WG5 - Monitoring of Non-Tidal Gravity gravimetry (e.g. IGC meeting)• Variations Every four years, an issue (which may be an Chairman : C. Poitevin (Belgium) additional one) contains the National Reports of Members : D. Crossley (Canada) Activities in Gravimetry. B. Ducarme (Belgium) J.E. Failer (U.S.A.) The full catalogue of the holdings is issued every J. Hinderer (France) two years. T. Higashi (Japan) J. Mfikinen (Finland) The Bulletin is sent free of charge to individuals, I. Marson (Italy) institutions which currently provide informations, data B. Richter (Germany) 165 to the Bureau. In other cases, information and subscription prices can be obtained on request. Other services include : - data screening, There exists 70 issues and about 330 subscribers as - provision of gravity base station inforrnations, of mid-1992. - data evaluation and gridding, - computation of mean values, - contouring, 4. Providing Data to BGI - supply of, or information on existing maps (catalogue available). Essential quantities and information for gravity data submission are : The costs of the services have been established in view of the categories of users-mostly contributors of (a) Position of the site : measurements and scientists, and also considering the - latitude, longitude (to the best possible accuracy), large amount of our host organizations. - elevation or depth : . for land data : elevation of the site (on the The charging policy is explained in detail in the physical surface of the Earth) Bulletin d'Information. . for water stations : water depth. Some of the services may be provided free of charge (b) Measured (observed) gravity, corrected to upon request, to data contributors, individuals working eliminate the periodic gravitational effects of the Sun in universities, such as students, and generally to any and the Moon, and the instrumental drift. person who can contribute to our activites on a data or documentation exchange basis. (c) Reference (base) station(s) used. For each reference station (a site occupied in the survey where a 6. Program of Activities for the Next Four previously determined gravity value is available and years used to help establish datum and scale for the survey), give name, reference station number (if known), brief - Continue publication of the Bulletin description of location of site, and the reference gravity d'Information. value used for that station. Give the datum of the reference value; example : IGSN71 -Continue data collection, archiving and distribution: emphasis will be on those countries which Give supplementary elevation data for measurements have not, or seldom, contributed to the BGI data bank. made on towers, on upper floor of buildings, inside of First priority is then given on careful data evaluation; mines or tunnels, atop glacial ice. When applicable, an interactive graphic software developed for that specify whether gravity value applied to actual purpose in 1989 is to be used on land data. Another measurement site or it has been reduced to the Earth's software is to be written for marine data, the core of it physical surface (surface topography or water surface). being the crossover differences minimization over Also give depth of actual measurement site below the different legs and cruises. water surface for underwater measurements. -Assist IGC in setting up the International For marine gravity stations, gravity value should be Absolute Gravity Base Station Network (IAGBN), and corrected to eliminate effects of ship motion, or this assist in the intercomparisons of instruments. effect should be provided and clearly explained. - Establish simple procedures for the collection and Additional informations are optional, but welcome. archiving of absolute measurements. - Link with the Commission for the Geoid in data 5. Services preparation in view of geoid computations and evaluations to be performed by the International Service The most frequent service BGI can provide is data for the Geoid. retrieval over a limited area. Data are sent on tapes or diskettes or printouts. Data coverage plots may also be -Assist in promoting satellites techniques to provided, usually over 20 ° x 20 ° areas. Cases of massive improve our global knowledge of the Earth's gravity data retrieval requests may be considered; they are field: satellite-to-satellite tracking, satellite gradiometry, studied and may be processed in a specific way. etc... 166 SECTION IV GENERAL THEORY AND METHODOLOGY THEORIE GENERALE ET METHODOLOGIE President : F. Sansb (Italy) Secretaries : P. Holota (Czechoslovakia) P. Teunissen (The Netherlands) I. Report SSG 4.140 : Tomography of the Atmosphere by As stated in the by-laws, Section IV has primarily a Geodetic Measurements methodological character, as such there is no particular Chairman : T. Spoelstra (The item in Geodesy which is peculiar of this Section but Netherlands) rather all items are shared in one way or another with other Sections, with the accent of the research pointing SSG 4.141 : Integrated Inverse Gravity Modelling towards the systematic mathematical treatment of Chairman : R. Barzaghi (Italy) geodetic questions. SSG 4.142 : Application of the Boundary Value The Section IV Steering Committee, following the Problem Techniques to Space and preparatory work done by the former president Airborne Gravity Field Observations K.P. Schwarz, has decided to adopt ~ completely new Chairman : B. Heck (Germany) organization, by establishing a novel structure in the core of the Section, i.e, the "Special Commission on Mathematical and Physical Foundations of Geodesy". Special Commission By this Special Commission (even this brand new on name was born in the framework of Section IV) we Mathematical and Physical Foundations meant to collect real specialists on the mathematical of Geodesy treatment of various geodetic problems, e.g. the SC1 geodetic B.V.P., and put them to work on the assessment of difficult questions, open ever since many Chairman : E.W. Grafarend (Stuttgart/Germany) 4-years periods. Obiectives : In this concept the new S.S,G.'s are on the contrary in duty to treat a much smaller range of problems, -to encourage and promote research on the focussing on some very specific open questions to be foundations of geodesy in any way possible solved as a rule in one 4-years period; collective -to publish, at least once every four years, numerical experiments in the framework of S.S.G.'s are comprehensive reviews of specific areas of active encouraged, when possible. research in a form suitable for use in teaching as well as a research reference II Structure - to actively promote interaction with other sciences - to closely cooperate with the special study groups :Modelling and Quality Control for SSG 4.138 in Section IV Precise Integrated Navigation Chairman : A. Kleusberg (Canada) Subcommissions : SSG 4.139 : The Role of Terrain in Gravity Field Subcommission "statistics" Modelling Chairman : B. Schafffin (USA) Chairman : A. Geiger (Switzerland) 167 Subcommissions "Numerical and 2. Nonlinear Models Approximation Methods" Chairman : R. Klees (Germany) - differential geometric aspects of nonlinear least- squares adjustment Subcommission " Boundary Value Problems" -analysis of iterative algorithms for nonlinear Chairman : F. Sacerdote (Italy) equation systems and the statistical interpretation of preconditioning (including efficient algorithms Subcommission "Differential Geometry" for variance component estimation) Chairman : L Zund (USA) - appropriate test statistics with their approximate distribution Subeommission "Theory of Orbits -information based-methods (e.g. maximum and Dynamics of Systems" entropy) Chairman : A, Drozyner (Poland) 3- Space.time Processes and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) -Suboptimal filtering and smoothing of randoms Balmino, G. (France) states in Dynamic Models (including real-time Dermanis, A. (Greece) algorithms and applications to self-similar/self- Demianov G.V. (Russia) affine processes) Drozyner, A. (Poland) -Kriging methods for (global) processes on the Heck, B. (Germany) sphere and the problem of ergodicity (e.g. the Holota, P, (CSFR) "intrinsic property") Hofmann-Wellenhof, B. (Austria) -hypothesis testing for space-time processes ilk, K.-H. (Germany) (including autoregressive schemes, moving Jekeli, C. (USA) averages, etc.) Keller, W. (Germany) - error analysis and quality control for Geographical Klees, R. (Germany) Informauon Systems (including neural network Marchenko, A.M. (Russia) theory and aspects of stochastic geometry) Moritz, H: (Austria) Otero, J. (Spain) 4- Stochastic Boundary Value Problems Petrovskaya, M. (Russia) (BVP) Rummel, R. (The Netherlands) Sacerdote, F. (Italy) - boundary values contaminated by random errors Sans6, F. (Italy) and the overdetermined BVP (including distortion Schaffrin, B. (USA) analysis of error fields) Schwarz, K.-P. (Canada) -stochastic differential equations (including S~Jnkel, H. (Austria) martingale theory and stability analysis for Teunissen, P. (The Netherlands) evolutionary systems) Tscherning, C.C. (Denmark) - BVPs on stochastic boundaries Zund, J. (USA) -continuous geodetic networks involving a "weak datum" Subcommission 1 "Statistics" Additional Members : Chairman : B. Schaffrin J.A.R. Blais (Canada) K.R. Koch (Germany) Research program L. Kubfickovfi (CSFR) K. Kubik (Australia) 1-Linear Models (of type Gauss-Markov etc.) Subcommission 2 -nonlinear and biased estimation/prediction (e.g. "Numerical and Approximation Methods" least lP-norm adjustment) -robust and resistent estimation techniques (e.g. Chairman : R° Klees iteratively reweighted least-squares adjustment) -influential analysis versus outlier search Research Program (including aspects of optimal design) -use of stochastic prior information (including 1- Interpolation and approximation methods for two- Bayesian methods, "inverse estimation", etc.) dimensionally distributed, unequally spaced data sets of arbitrary size, working as fully automatically as 168 possible and being able to solve two quite different Additional Members : problems: Firstly, the calculation of gridded data points, because data on a grid are the starting point for all fast W. Freeden (Germany) numerical techniques and, secondly, the analytical R. Forsberg (Denmark) representation for such gridded data sets, often M. Vermeer (Denmark) disregarded in the past but very important to reduce the numerical expenditure in view of modern numerical techniques, e.g. for the solution of boundary value Subcommission 3 problems using finite element or boundary element "Boundary Value Problems" methods. High speed and less storage requirements are very important criteria, too. Hereby we should mainly Chairman : F. Sacerdote concentrate on local methods because only local methods have the capability to handle "arbitrarily" large Research Program data sets and to minimize the numerical expenditure. Especially for global problems we should focus our 1-References to the general mathematical theory of attention on approximation/interpolation functions Boundary Value Problems living on the surfaces in [R 3, e.g. spheres, and not in some two-dimentional parameter domains. 2- Refinements in classical geodetic BVPs : 2- Investigation in the use of multigrid-methods in - role of topography Geodesy, e.g. for the solution of large linear systems - effect of non-linearities often arising in modern numerical techniques. - interior BVPs 3-Development of fast and precise numerical 3- From discrete to continuum : integration procedures for surface and volume integrals in three-dimensional euclidean space concentrating on - non-uniform distribution of data those types of singularities often arising in Physical - treatment of measurement errors and Satellite Geodesy, e.g. weakly, strongly and hyper- - boundary and out-of-boundary data singular integrals with a singularity of type r -o, ~> 1, - unified treatment of uniquely determined and over determined BVPs where r denotes the euclidean distance in IF(3. Here we should also think about the degree of precision and the 4- Stocchastic boundary values and stochastic boundary numerical stability of such formulae. 5- Representations of approximate solutions 4- Investigation or, if necessary, development of fast methods for the solution of linear systems not Additional Members : necessarily symmetric and sparse but mainly non- symmetric and dense, whereby both direct and indirect Z. Shu (China) methods should be included. Additionally, we should focus our attention on trends in the development of sparse techniques on vector pipeline machines. Subcommission 4 "Differential Geometry" 5- We should continue our work on the use of modern numerical techniques for the solution of different Chairman : J. Zund boundary value problems which are based on a rigorous theory without doubtful reductions, e.g. boundary Research program element methods and finite element methods. Also the use of boundary element methods for inhomogeneous The topic "differential geometry" includes a broad partial differential equations should be investigated. spectrum of subjects involving both differential Both local and global solutions should be considered. geometry in the traditional sense, and also relativistic geodesy with regard to the former, an obvious task is to 6- Examintion of alternative representation methods determine to what extent differential geodesy in the for the Earth's gravitational field especially with respect sense of Marussi and Hotine provides an adequate, or to modern satellite techniques (low altitude satellites). complete, theory suitable for theoretical geodesy. It also In particular, we should pay attention to fast speed and includes topological aspects of the gravity field; critical numerical stability. Examples are spherical and points on equipotential surface, e.g. the geoid; the ellipsoidal harmonics, mass points, single layer, double gravity space approach to plumblines/orthogonal layers and multiple layers. trajectories/Jacobi fields of equipotential surfaces; the general analytical fields of equipotential surfaces; and geometric problems in the theory of non-linear adjustment. 169 -determination of the relative motion from the Relative to the latter, the Subcommission will spaceborne observations continue the work of the SSG 4.119 organized by -evolution and probabilistic considerations for the E,W. Grafarend at the Vancouver General Assembly. multi-satellite systems Topics include application to satellite orbits; GPS positioning, VLBI measurements in space; the general 4- Dynamics of Systems relativistic gravity field of the Earth; the relativistic definition of the Earth mass center; the gin* value; the Activity in this field will cover both theoretical and minimal coupling of gravltatien and electromagnetism; numerical studies of dynamical systems that arise in the solution of the Einstein-Maxwell equations in the fields of astrodynamics and celestial mechanics, but that vicinity of the Earth; computation of the path of an are strictly connected to the foundation of Geodesy. electromagnetic signal transmitted by a satellite and Special emphasis will be placed on the interaction of received on the Earth taking into account the properties orbital and rotational dynamics of rigid (and visco- of the atmosphere refraction and the curvature of space- elastic) bodies, with applications to artificial and natural time; and geodetic applications of the leg calcus in a systems. pseudo-Riemannian curved space-time. Additional Members : Additional Members : Emelianov (CIS) B. Mashhoon (USA) J. Ad,4m (Hungary) T. Damour (France) K. Aksnes (Norway) Subcommission 5 "Theory of Orbits and Dynamics of Systems" Special Study Group 4.138 Chairman : A. Drozyner Modelling and Quality Control for Research Program Precise Integrated Navigation 1- Satellite of Orbit Theory Chairman : A. Kleusberg (Canada) - parameterization of satellite orbits - higher orders of analytical perturbation theories of I- Terms of Reference satellite motion for different sets of orbital parameters The main objective of the study group is to increase -numerical perturbation theory in the full force the understanding of modelling and quality control in field Precise Integrated Navigation Systems. Of primary -verification of theoretical considerations by interest is the development of related processing numerical integration (for analytical theories) and methodologies for systems integrating the Global by comparison with observations (for numerical Positioning System with Inertial Navigation Systems. methods) - asymptotic artificial satellite orbits II- Activities 2-Modelling of non-Gravitational Forces on -Define the requirements for Quality Control in Satellite Orbits Precise Integrated Navigation. -theory of global description of the so-called - Define modelling and estimation issues related to "unmodelled effects" in the satellite motion Precise Integrated Navigation. - analytical treatment of the Poyinting-Robertson and Yarkovsky-Schach effects, Lorentz and -Develop processing strategies and algorithms Coulomb forces, interaction of an artificial incorporating Quality Control. satellite with plasma and dust in the Space -theoretical investigations of drag and lift - Provide a test data set with sufficiently accurate parameters description "ground truth". - Assess the performance of software based on 3-Theory of Multi-Satellite Motion different approaches and algorithms using the test data set. - investigation of subsatellite's relative motion with respect to mother satellite 170 iii- Membership Corresponding members : A. Kleusberg (Canada) Chairman I. Colomina (Spain) O.L. Colombo (USA) P. Cross (United Kingdom) G. Hein (Germany) IAG Special Study Group 4.140 E. Knickmeyer (Germany) H.J. Krijnen (USA) Tomography of the Atmosphere P.J.V. Rapatz (USA) by Geodetic Measurements C. Rizos (Australia) R. Santerre (Canada) Chairman : T. Spoelstra (The Netherland) B. Schaffrin (USA) P. Teunissen (The Netherlands) M. Wei (Canada) I- Terms of Reference Recently, several tomographic techniques for Special study Group 4.139 ionospheric electron density imaging have been proposed. Most of the techniques reconstruct a vertical The Role of Terrain in Gravity Field slice image of electron density using total electron Modelling content data. The data are measured between a low orbit beacon satellite and fixed receivers located along the Chairman : A. Geiger (Switzerland) projected orbital path of the satellite. By using such techniques it many be possible to image ionospheric electron density in a vertical plane several times per I- Program of activities day. 1-Systematize the effects of topography on Since geodetic measurements suffer significantly different measurement types of the gravity field (eg. g from atmospheric effects such as signal delay and refraction, the application of tomographic methods in for gravitymeters, e for zenith camera, M for geodesy provide information of the vertical structure of gradiometry, Geoid etc.) the atmosphere (troposphere and ionosphere) which is of fundamental importance for improved understanding 2-Systematize the evaluation algorithms for of the propagation medium. This improved knowledge treatment of topographic effects (Integral solutions, may be used for the development of better correction FFT, spherical devel, surface integrals etc.) techniques and calibration models and the use of geodetic data for purely ionospheric research. 3- Improved modeling of topographic effects by introducing additional information (e.g. density The scope of the SSG is to coordinate and distribution, input from geophysical inversions etc.) stimulate this research within the geodetic community. 4-Qualify the different topographic models and algorithms in view of their applications (e.g. cm-Geoid, II- Program of Activities airborne gravimetry, local/global gravity field) The activities of the SSG may include : II- List of Members 1- Definition of the instrumental characteristics for optimum use of the tomographic technique: e.g. A. Geiger (Switzerland) Chairman minimum/optimum/maximum distance between fixed D. Arabelos (United Kingdom) receivers depending on the satellite system. R. Barzaghi (Italy) B. Benciolini (Italy) 2- Extension of the method to the usage of satellite H. Denker (Germany) systems different from the Navy Navigation Satellite R. Forsberg (Denmark) System, NNSS (which may no longer exist after a few R.G Hipkin (United Kingdom) years from now): i.e. by using satellite-ground and A.H.W Kearsley (Australia) satellite-satellite-signal links. Zhang Ke Fei (China) M. Sideris (Canada) 3- Extension of the method to measurements of the I.Z. Tziavos (United Kingdom) troposphere. J. Z~ivoti (Hungary) 4-Integration of results from tomography in calibration techniques. 171 - Possible combination of gravity and magnetic data 5- Development of new correction techniques. to improve the modelling. - Numerical algorithms to solve unstable systems. 6-Integration of results from tomography in - Tests on synthetic and real data sets. geodetic programs as e.g. study of inverse problems. 2. Inversion of combined data 7- Integration of geodetic methods in topography: e.g. estimation techniques for tomography. - Inversion of gravity and seismic data. Stepwise procedure: seismic interpretation to support gravity The SSG plans to produce a report covering the modelling. One step procedure: combination of gravity described topics. and seismic data in an unified scheme. Numerical tests. - Inversion of magnetic and seismic data following stepwise and unified procedures as for gravity. III- Membership - Combination of gravity data, magnetic data and seismic signals. T. Spoelstra (The Netherlands) Chairman L. Bfinyai (Hungary) F.K. Brunner (Australia) llI- Membership P.A. Cross (United Kingdom) U. Gehlich (Germany) R. Barzaghi (Italy) Chairman Y. Georgiadou (Canada) D. Arabelos (Greece) V,E. Kunitsyn (Russia) M. Demartin (Italy) T. Parm (Finland) M. Doufexopoulou (Greece) E.C. Pavlis (USA) W. Fuerst (Austria) T.D. Raymund (USA) A. Geiger (Switzerland) A.I. Terekhov (Russia) P. Knudsen (Denmark) P. Teunissen (The Netherlands) V. Lajos (Hungary) L. Wanninger (Germany) A. Marchenko (The Ukraine) R. Warnant (Belgium) M. Sideris (Canada) J. Xin-Xiang (Germany) G. Strykowski (Denmark) S. Tinti (Italy) G. Toth (Hungary) Special Study Group 4.141 I, Tziavos (Greece) Integrated Inverse Gravity Modelling Associate members Chairman : R. Barzaghi (Italy) K-H. Ilk (Germany) A. Rauhut (Canada) K. Rautz (Austria) I- Main objectives The task of SSG 4.141 is to define both theoretical Special Study Group 4.142 and numerical procedures to combine heterogeneous data, measured at the earth surface, to estimate the earth Application of density distribution and relevant geophysical structure Boundary Value Problem Techniques (Moho discontinuity, buried masses such as the Ivrea to Space and Airborne Gravity Field body an so on). The problem will be tackled on a local Observations scale, that is in areas with some degrees of size. The input data to be considered in the inversion procedure Chairman : B. Heck (Germany) are the gravity field, the magnetic field and seismic signals. I- Program of Activities II- Program of activities 1. Investigation of different existing approaches into over-determined Geodetic Boundary Value problems I. Inversion of potential fields using : - Further research on the non uniqueness problem in a) space methods such as satellite gradiometry, the inversion of gravity and magnetic data. satellite-to-satellite tracking and altimetry; -Connection between depth of the source and spectral properties of the related potential. 172 b) airborne methods such as scalar gravimetry, II- Membership and gravity gradiometry. B. Heck (Germany) Chairman Comparison of analytical and numerical properties, M. Belikov (Russia) space and frequency domain representations. R. Hipkin (united Kingdom) P. Holota (Czechoslovakia) 2. Implementation and numerical tests of different W. Keller (Germany) solution strategies in the over-determined GBVP A.M. Marchenko (Russia) (promotion of algorithms). M. Migliaccio (Italy) M. Petrovskaya (Russia) 3. Extention of numerical studies based on : K-P. Schwarz (Canada) L. Sjfberg (Sweden) a) a simulated global set of satellite data (global N. Sneeuw (The Netherlands) and regional solutions of the over-determined D. Sonnabend (USA) GBVP including continuous space and terrestrial P.J.G. Teunissen (The Netherlands) data); C.C. Tscherning (Denmark) I.N. Tziavos (Greece) b) simulated and actual airborne data sets. M. Vermeer (Finland/Denmark) Li Zuofa (China) 4. Inverstigation of special problems in the context of this numerical evaluation, e.g. effects of gaps in the Corresponding Members : boundary and of out-of-boundary data, mixed data on different subsets of the boundary surface, aliasing O. Colombo (USA) problems in spherical harmonic analysis, etc. K.H. Ilk (Germany) C. Jekeli (USA) 5. Upward and downward continuation problems in H. Stinkel (Austria) the context of BVP techniques, e.g. reduction of spatially distributed (clustered) data to a single closed surface, downward continuation from satellite level to the earth's surface, stability/stabilization of kernels related to downward continuation. 6. Combination of airborne and satellite data. 173 SECTION V GEODYNAMICS GEODYNAMIQUE President : J.O Dickey (USA) Secretaries : M. Feissel (France) H.Hsu (China) T. Tanaka (Japan) I- Terms of Reference II- Structure According to the new By-Laws of the I.A.G. The following Commissions, International Centres approved by the council of the Association during the and Special Study Groups are assigned to Section V : XVIIIth General Assembly, Hamburg, August 1983, the Section V "Geodynamics" deals whith the following Commissions topics : Commission V : Earth Tides - reference systems, President : H.T. Hsu (China) -monitoring and study of time-dependent phenomena, such as polar motion, Earth rotation, Earth Commission VII : Recent Crustal Movements tides, recent crustal movements, variations of gravity, President : T. Tanaka (Japan) seasurface topography including mean-sea level, -geodetic aspects of international geodynamic projects, such as ttle Lithosphere project, Special Commission - geophysical interpretation of gravity and related data. Special Commission SC3 : Fundamental constants President : M. Bursa (Czechoslovakia) The objectives of the Section V are : a) to promote the study of all scientific problems Special Study Groups mentioned above and to encourage the research in these fields; SSG 5.143 Rapid Earth Rotation Variations Chairman : J.O Dickey (USA), (Joint b) to promote and coordinate international with IAU) cooperation in this field; SSG 5.144 : Dynamic Effects in Earth Rotation c) to provide, on an international basis, for Chairman : S. Molodensky (Russia) discussion and exchange of the results of the studies, research and works indicated in paragraphs a) and b) SSG 5.145 Long-term Variations in Earth above; Rotation Chairman : P. Brosche (Germany) d) to involve as many active geodesists as possible in the program of the Section V and to make them SSG 5.146 Processing of Optical Polar Motion enthusiastic supporters; Dam in View of Plumb Line Variations e) to promote the cooperation with other Chairman : P.Paquet (Belgium) international organizations working in the field of geodynamics. SSG 5.147 : Studies of the Baltic Sea Chairman : J. Kakkuri (Finland) 174 SSG 5.148 Global Geodynamic Variations -to establish Earth Tidal models for various Chairman :B. Chao (USA) precision observation corrections; SSG 5.149 Studies on Vertical Datums (with -to strengthen interpretation and studies of Earth IAPSO) Tidal observation results and to relate Earth Tidal Chairman : E. Groten (Germany) studies to interdisciplinary fields, particularly in geophysics, seismology, astrometry ang geodesy. SSG 5.150 Density Distribution within the Lithosphere The Commission will continue to support the Chairman : H.G Kahle (Switzerland) activies of International Centre for Earth Tide (ICET) in collecting and analysing the results of Earth Tidal SSG 5.152 : Geodetic Research Toward the measurements, publishing the accumulated results and Reduction of Natural Hazards. establishing the data base for Earth tides. Chairman : S.Okubo (Japan) The 12 th International Symposium on Earth Tides will be held in China in summer 1993, with Prof. Hsu International Services Hou Tse as convenor. In the meantime, the working reporting to Section V groups of the Commission plan to hold scientific meetings once between 1992 and 1994. International Centre Earth Tides (affiliated to FAGS) Director : P. Melchior (Belgium) II- Membership International Centre of Recent Crustal Movements Director : P. Vyskocil (Czechoslovakia) President : H.T Hsu (China) Vice-President : T. Baker (United Kingdom) International Earth Rotation Service (affiliated with Secretary : P. Melchior (Belgium) FAGS) Honorary Member : J.T. Kuo (U.S.A) President : K. Yokoyama (Japan) Director of the Central Bureau : M. Feissel (France) National representatives Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (affiliated with FAGS) K. Bretreger (Australia) Director : P.L. "~¢oodworth (united Kingdom) H. Lichetenegger (Austria) B. Ducarme (Belgium) Time Section, Bureau International des Poids et E. Ratton 03razil) Mesures. A. Venedikov (Bulgaria) Director : C.Thomas (France) D. Bower (Canada) S.M Molodenski (CIS) Z. Simon (Czechoslovakia) - Commission V N. Andersen (Denmark) A.A. Tealeb O~gypO Earth Tides J. Hinderer (France) Mar&s Terrestres J. Kaari~iinen (Finland) M. Bonatz (Germany) President : H.T. Hsu (China) H.-J. Dittfeld (Germany) Vice-President : T. Baker (United Kingdom) J. Zschau (Germany) Secretary : P. Melchior (Belgium) P. Varga (Hungary) M. Zadro (Italy) C.S Joshi ,a.ndia) I. Program of activities B.C. Roy (India) R.W Matindas (Indonesia) The goal of the Commission is to promote the S. Okubo (Japan) Cooperation in Advancing Earth Tides and its related M.K. Gachari (Kenya) studies, especially : J. Flick (Luxemburg) T. Chojnicki (Poland) - to promote establishment of Earth Tidal stations A.V.C Simoes Da Silva (Portugal) in regions where Earth Tidal stations are still few; and B. Pertsev (Russia) to develop the modern space techniques for the D. Zugravescu (Rumania) determination of tide parameters. R.W. Green (South Africa) H.G Scherneck (Sweden) R. Vieira Diaz (Spain) 175 R. Unchaiya (Thailand) S. Hekimogh (Turkey) The results from local, regional and global scale T. Baker (U.K) researchs in recent crustal movements will be presented, J. Wahr (U.S.A.) discussed at the 8th International Symposium in Kobe (1993), the General Meeting at Beijing (1993), and at the Regional Symposia in Budapest (1992) and in - Working Group I : Theoretical tidal model Kenya (1994)i Chairman : V. Dehant (Belgium) -Working Group II : High Precision tidal data III- The internal organization processing Chairman : G. Jentzsch (Germany) Bureau : -Working Group III: Tidal measurements and President : T. Tanaka (Japan) Geodynamic research. Vice-President : P. Vanicek (Canada) Chairman : R. Vieira (Spain) Vice-President : H.G. Kahle (Switzerland) Secretary : W. Augath (Germany) - Working Group IV : Calibration of gravimeters Chairman : B. Richter (Germany) Members of Bureau : : Yu.D. Boulanger (C.I.S) (Past-pr.) : C.A Whitten (U.S.A) - Commission VII : P. Vyskocil (Czechoslovakia) Recent Crustal Movement Members of Executive Committee : Mouvements recents de l'~corce terrestre Chairman of Sub-Commissions : Europe : W. Augath (Germany) President : T. Tanaka (Japan) Nordic : A. Kiviniemi (Finland) North America : R.A. Snay (USA) Secretary :W. Augath (Germany) Central and South America : H. Henneberg (Venezuela) West Pacific : P. Wood (New Zealand) South Asia : B.S Rajal (India) I- Objectives Africa : A.W Wassef (Egypt) To promote the study of recent crustal movements. Operational Agency : To promote and coordinate international cooperation International Center on Recent Crustal Movements in research of recent crustal movements. (ICRCM), 250 66 Zdiby, 98, County, Praha-Vychod (Czechoslovakia) To support to compile the data and to publish the results of the international studies. IV- The list of members II- Program of activities National Representatives 1. Investigation of recent crustal movements from the global view point of geodynamics by combining N. HOgged (Austria) conventional and space techniques. R. Coleman (Australia) A. Introcasso (Argentina) 2. Continuous improvement of methods for B. Ducanne (Belgium) monitoring recent crustal movements in various scales E. Smets (Belgium) as well as data processing and analysis to develop J. Argollo (Bolivia) modeling the dynamical process and to understand the G. Carrera (Canada) mechanism of their driving forces. R-H. Li (China) Yu.D. Boulanger (CIS) 3. Further improvement of cooperation with CSTG P. Vyskocil (Czechoslovakia) and geophysical study groups in order to promote the N. Anderson (Denmark) above activities. L.M Asfaw (Ethiopia) H. Sildvee (Estonia) 4. Initiation of a cooperation with oceanic science A.A Tealeb (Egypt) research groups in order to understand the crustal A. Kiviniemi (Finland) movements under the ocean bottom. J.-C. Ruegg (France) 176 M. Kasser (France) important in the fields of astronomy, geodesy, and W. Augath (Germany) geodynamics. G. Lorenz (Germany) R.G. Carrera (Guatemala) -To reconcile this information into a uniform, I. Jo6 (Hungary) compatible set. B. Gudmundssen (Iceland) B.S. Rajal (India) - To recommend to the XXIst General Assembly B.C. Roy (India) (1995) of the I.A.G. the publication of a set of most J. Kahar (Indonesia) up-to-date representative values. M. Caputo (Italy) J. Abla (Ivory Coast) - To consider the status of the GRS 1980, and if H. Ishii (Japan) any changes in this reference system, to give N. Inoue (Japan) recommendation to the XXIst I.A.G. General O.H. Dhaimat (Jordan) Assembly. J.D Obel (Kenya) Ri Yong Hwan (Korea) II- Membership J.A. Flick (Luxembourg) J.A Labokoson (Madagascar) M. Bursa (Czechoslovakia) President K. Hang Peng (Malaysia) H. Moritz (Australia) A. Vatrican (Monaco) M.I Yurkina (CIS) O. Fadahunsi (Nigeria) C.C. Yscherning (Denmark) J. Danielsson (Norway) C. Boucher (France) Nasratullah (Pakistan) M. Feissel (France) M.C Manansala (Philippines) G. Petit (France) M. Victor (Portugal) J. Kovalevsky (France) T. Wyrzykowski (Poland) P. Brosche (Germany) C.S. Calota (Rumania) E.W. Grafarend (Germany) D.P.M Rousseau (South Africa) E. Groten (Germany) A. Barbadillo (Spain) B. Eitschberger (Germany) A.R Ahmar (Syria) T. Fukushima (Japan) M. Ekman (Sweden) H. Kinoshita (Japan) E. Gubler (Switzerland) K.I. Yokoyama (Japan) S. John (Tanzania) R.O. Vincente (portugal) S. Sanguanruang (Thailand) M.I. Yurkina (Russia) F.J.J Brouwer (The Netherlands) L.P. Pellinen (Russia) M. Charfi (Tunisia) K.F. Wakker (The Netherlands) J. Zaiem (Tunisia) Y. Yatskiv (The Ukraine) A. Aksoy (Turkey) A.H. Cook (United Kingdom) P. Cross (United Kingdom) A.T. Sinclair (United Kingdom) S.R Holdahl (USA) M.E. Davies (USA) J.B Minster (USA) J.O Dickey (USA) H. G. Henneberg (Venezuela) R.J. Eanes (USA) K. Colic (Yugoslavia) D. Mc Carthy (USA) E.C Pavlis (USA) B.H Chovitz (USA) Special Commission SC3 R.HRapp (USA) Fundamental Constants (SCFC) Special Study Group 5.143 President : M. Bursa (Czechoslovakia) Rapid Earth Orientation Variations Chairman : J.O. Dickey (USA) I- Objectives -To collect the system of the primary geodetic I- Objectives parameters defining the geodetic reference system (GRS). Observe and understand the interactions of the atmosphere and ocean with the rotational dynamics of -To review the most current information on the the Earth, particulary their contributions, as well as values of physical quantities which are fundamentally 177 those of seismotectonics, to the excitation of Earth I- Objectives rotation variations over time scales of hours to months. The construction of more exact theories of hydrodynamic effects including effects of the real liquid II- Program of Activities core model, effects of the inner rigid core effects of the core, mantle topography and effects of the oceans on the - Interface with the IERS in the determination of rotation of the Earth. rapid variations in Earth rotation by the space geodetic techniques, especially during the intensive IGS The comparison of the predictions of new theories compaign planned for the summer of 1992. with the measurements. - Advocate for the best possible auxiliary data from The investigations of the Earth's inner structure on geophysical, oceanographic and atmospheric sources. the ground of new astronometric data. -Advocate for improvements in measurement II- Membership techniques (including geodetic, atmospheric, oceanographic and geophysical). S. Molodensky (Russia) Chairman I. Ballani (Germany) - Encourage cooperative multidisciplinary studies; Z. Bergen (USA) provide a forum dot discussion. V. Bykova (CIS) J.A. Carton (USA) V. Dehant (Belgium) II- Membership S. Djakonov (Russia) Z. Gergen (USA) J.O. Dickey (USA) Chairman E. Groten (Germany) P. Brosche (Germany) H. Jochmann (Germany) A. Brzezinski (Poland) T. Sasao (Japan) B. Chao (USA) J. Wahr (USA) T. Clark (USA) J. Zurkis (CIS) S. Dickman (USA) M. Eubanks (USA) M. Feissel (France) Special Study Group 5.145 R. Gross (USA) T. Herring (USA) Long term variations in Earth Rotation R. Hide (united Kingdom) B. Kolaczek (Poland) Chairman : P. Brosche (Germany) R. Langley (Canada) S. Manabe (Japan) D. Mc Carthy (USA) I- Objectives W. Melbourne (USA) J. Miller (USA) It is our aim to improve the measurement and Z. Ming (China) understanding of all processes which influence the I. Naito (Japan) rotation of the Earth and the angular momentum budget P, Pfiquet (Belgium) of the Earth-Moon-System on long timescales. J. Ray (USA) D. Robertson (USA) II- Program of activities R. Rosen (USA) D. Salstein (USA) 1. Developing and evaluating increasingly realistic B. Shutz (USA) ocean tide models, including the interactions with the N, Sidorenkov (Russia) solid Earth; C. Veillet (France) C. Wilson (USA) 2. Studying the various mechanisms for producing K. Yokoyama (Japan) changes in the moments of inertia; 3. Utilizing the increased documentation of Special Study Group 5.144 historical astronomical observations; Dynamic Effect in Earth Rotation 4. Examining the implications for tidal friction of Theory new or refined knowledge of the past configurations and reconstructions of the continents. Chairman : S. Molodensky (Russia) 178 5. Encouraging cooperative work with I- Task sedimentologists and palaeontologists to evaluate the significance of diurnal and tidal rythms in the -Unification of vertical datums and their time sedimentary and fossil records. variability for the countries around the Baltic Sea. III- List of members - Contrubution to determination of the gravity field and geoid in the Baltic Sea. P. Brosche (Germany) Chairman K. Bretterbauer (Austria) -Determination of the mean sea level and sea M. Bursa (Czechoslovakia) surface topography of the Baltic Sea. C. Liu (China) C. Denis (Belgium) - Study of the effect of the sea floor topography. J.O. Dickey (USA) S.R. Dickman (USA) - Monitoring the postglacial rebound of the Earth's H. Greiner-Mai (Germany) crust, especially in the sea area. H. Jochmann (Germany) J. Kostelecky (Czechoslovakia) - Remeasurements of the Baltic Ring for horizontal C.A. Richardson (united Kingdom) deformation study. H.-G. Schemeck (Sweden) H. Schuh (Germany) II- Members A.G. Smith (United Kingdom) J. Sfindermann (Germany) J. Kakkuri (Finland) Chairman P. Varga (Hungary) J.B Zielinski (Poland) Secretary G.E. Williams (Australia) I. Balodis (Latvia) J. Davis (USA) R. Dietrich (Germany) Special Study Group 5.146 M. Ekman (Sweden) B. Engen (Norway) Processing of optical polar motion data A.M. Finkelstein (Russia) in view of plumb line variations E. Grafarend (Germany) E. Groten (Germany) Chairman : P. P,~quet (Belgium) T. Parm (Finland) M. Poutanen (Finland) B. R6nn~ng (Sweden) I- Program of activities B. Schutz (USA) H. Seeger (Germany) - Choice of operational stations located in seismic L.E. SjOberg (Sweden) areas as well as those in areas known for their low M. Vermeer (Finland) seismic activity. E. Zaharchenko (Latvia) - Inventory of usable past observation series. The members of Denmark, Estonia and Lithuania will be announced later. - Processing of the past and current data, partly by two different groups. Special Study Group 5.148 - Interpretation. "Global Geodynamic Variations" II- Membership Chairman : B.F Chao (USA) P. Pfiquet (Belgium) Chairman F. Chollet (France) I. Objectives B. Kolaczek (poland) Li Zheng-Xin (China) 1. To identify, raise awareness of, discuss, and C.C. Tscherning (Denmark) study the outstanding scientific problems in global geodynamics and geopotentials and their variations on Special Study Group 5.147 all time scales, so that it will lead to better theoretical understanding as well as tangible and pratical solutions Studies of the Baltic Sea to these problems. Chairman : J. Kakkuri (Finland) 179 2. To determine and make recommendations for regional studies should be the base for further global possible directions for future research in the subject investigations. Summarizing, the following principal matter. topics should be investigated. 3. To make the above known to the general geophysical community. II- Goals II- Activities 1. Definition of Vertical Datums in view of high precision applications in geodesy and geodynamics. Regular formal and informal correspondences among members. Open discussion sessions at opportune time 2. Implementation techniques for local, regional and during international meetings. A symposium/workshop global Vertical Datums. at the I.A.G General Meeting in Beijing, China, Aug. 6-13, 1993. Reports to be published in open literature 3. Application of geopotential techniques to unify and to IUGG, and if feasible, a final publication of Vertical Datums. collective papers in special issue or monograph form. 4. Elaborating techniques and methods for unifying III- Members local and regional (national) Vertical Datums. B.F. Chao (USA), Chairman 5. Elaboration of techniques to clearly define and A. Anderson (USA) identify MSL and LMSL changes with time. K. Bretterbauer (Austria) M. Bursa (Czechoslovakia) 6. Combination of tide gauge, altimetric, GPS, B. Heck (Germany) VLBI and physical geodesy methods to verify MSL and R. Hide (United Kingdom) LMSL variations. J. Hinderer (France) R. Li (China) L. Mansinha (Canada) III- Membership D. McAdoo (USA) I. Naito (Japan) E. Groten (Germany) Chairman C.K. Shum (USA) I. Balodis (Latvia) L. Sj6berg (Sweden) C. Boucher (France) J. Trtsl (Czechoslovakia) W.E. Carter (USA) J. Wahr (USA) B. Engen (Norway) C. Yoder (USA) A. Finkelstein (Russia) Dong Hongwen (China) H. Henneberg (Venezuela) Special Study Group 5.149 J. Kakkuri (Finland) G.W. Lennon (Austalia) Studies on Vertical Datums G.L. Merry (South Africa) (with IAPSO) D.G. Milbert (USA) D.T. Pugh (United Kingdom) Chairman : E. Groten (Germany) R.H Rapp (USA) H.-W. Schenke (Germany) I- Program of Activities P. Vincent (France) P.L. Woodworth (United Kingdom) It is the aim the SSG to consider the use of J.B. Zielinski (Poland) presently existing information on the gravity field and the geoid (geopotential) as welt as altimeter (Topex- Poseidon, ERS-1 and ERS-2), tide gauge, GPS and Special Study Group 5.150 similar other data in establishing Vertical references and Datums in combined approaches, to investigate Mean Density distribution within the Sea Level information as a base of Zero Elevation Lithosphere information in geodetic systems, to evaluate accuracy and trend functions in order to take into account Chairman • Hans-Gert Kahle (Switzerland) temporal changes of Mean Sea Level (MSL). Associated geodynamic considerations including loading effects have to be carefully studied. Those parts of the I- Objectives Sea where more or less optimal information is available, such as the Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, The objective for this SSG is to investigate the may serve as a local test fields. In general, local and possibilities of utilizing gravity field data and 180 geophysical information such as, for instance, seismic geodetic information on earthquake, volcanic eruption, reflection, refraction, tomography and heat flow data for and land slide. improving models of the density distribution within the sedimentary layers, the crystalline basement and the lithosphere including the lithosphere/asthenosphere II- Planned activities boundary. Emphasis is also placed on laboratory experimental work which provides velocity/density - Improving theory, which predicts changes of the relationships for various mineralogical constitution geodetic observables : baseline change, elevation under different temperature and pressure conditions. change, gravity change, strain and tilts changes and so on. Knowledge of the density distribution forms the basis geodynamic interpretation (rheological models, - Devoloping systems to make geodetic flexural rigidity) and it has also become important for observations possible around places hardly accessible on high resolution geoid determination, especially in foot or by car. We will make a feasibility study of air- mountain belt regions. borne precise gravimetry, balloon-borne geomagnetism, and so on with the aid of GPS; we will test whether the It is therefore, considered to cooperate closely with observational accuracy meets the requirement for the SSG 4-139 and SSG 4-141. assessment of natural hazards. II- Program of activities - Developing techniques to detect hidden seismic faults, premonitory signals of volcanic eruption/land Discussion and up-dating of current density models slide from geodetic data. and their implications on gravity field modelling. Geoid determination and geodynamic interpretation; organize workshops and splinter meetings. Compilation of a III- Membership density report. S. Okubo (Japan) Chairman III- Members J.M Brozena (USA) D. Blitzkow (Brazil) H.G Kahle (Switzerland) Chairman G. Hein (Germany) D. Chung (USA) Y. Honkura (Japan) K. Colic (Croatia) J. Kahar (Indonesia) Czamecki (Poland) R-H. Li (China) D Dyrelius (Sweden) P. Pfiquet (Belgium) W. Girdler (United Kingdom) G. Hein (Germany) R.G. Hipkin (UK) -International Centre of Earth Tides G.R. Johnson (USA) Centre International des Mar(es Terrestres J. Kakkuri (Finland) I. Marson (Italy) Director : P. Melchior (Belgium) S. Okubo (Japan) V.M. Vyskocil (CSFR) Location : Observatoire Royal de Belgique Y.S. Yatskiv (The Ukraine) Avenue Circulaire 3 1180 Bruxelles, Belgium Corresponding member Directing Board: H.H. Ts6 (China) Chairman H. Fujimoto (Japan) M. Bonatz (Germany) J.T. Kuo (USA) J. Picha (Czechoslovakia) Special Study Group 5.152 Geodetic Research Toward the Activities Reduction of Natural Hazards The tasks ascribed to ICET as a FAGS Centre are Chairman : S. Okubo (Japan) basically : 1. To collect all available measurements of earth I- Objectives tides (which is its task as World Data Centre C). Providing theoretical, observational, and 2. To evaluate these data by convenient methods of instrumental background for optimal retrieval of analysis in order to reduce the very large amount of 181 measurements to a limited number of parameters which 3. To evaluate the informations and distribute term should contain all the desired and needed geophysical in the form of catalogues, maps, or other means of information. illustration, 3. To compare these parameters with any other 4. To compare the available data with other geophysical information, in particular oceanic cotidal geological and geophysical information, in particular maps, earth rotation parameters, etc. the struture of the Earth's crust and discontinuities within lithosphere, with special emphasis to the 4. To compare the data from different instruments seismicity, and differents stations distributed all over the world, evaluate their precision from the point of view of 5. To encourage the projects aimed at monitoring internal errors as well as external errors. recent crustal movements, by means of consultations, trainings and scientific stays in the ICRCM, with 5. To help to solve the basic problem of special regard to the developing countries, calibrations and to organize reference stations or build reference calibration devices. 6. To continue the edition of the ICRCM Bulletin, containing the necessary information on the CRCM and 6. To fulfil gaps in informations or data as far as ICRCM activities as well as scientific possible, in particular by assisting the Developing communications, data catalogues etc. Countries in organizing observations. 7. To build a Data Bank allowing instantaneous and -International Earth Rotation Service easy comparison of earth tide parameters with different Service International de la Rotation earth models and different oceanic cotidal maps. Terrestre 8. To ensure a broad dissemination of the results Chairman of the Directing Board : and informations to all interested laboratories or K. Yokoyama individual scientists and in paricular a transfer of technology towards the Developing Countries. The International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) 9, To continue the edition of the Bulletin was established in 1987 by IAU and IUGG and it started d'Information. operation on 1988 january 1. It replaces the International Polar Motion Service (IPMS) - International Center on Recent and the Earth Rotation Section of the Bureau Crustal Movements International de l'Heure (BIH); the activities of Centre International des mouvements BIH on time are continued at the Bureau r~cents de l'~corce terrestre International des poids et Mesures (BIPM). IERS cooperates with BIPM on its activities Director : P. Vyskocil (Czechoslovakia) concerning the UTC time scale. It also cooperates with the SSG'S relevant to the IERS activities. IERS is a Directing Board: T. Tanaka (Japan) Chairman member of the Federation of Astronomical and W. Augath (Germany) Vice-Chair. Geophysical Data Analysis Services (FAGS). E. Gubler (Switzerland) M.T. Prilepin ~Russia) B.E Schutz (USA) I. Functions A.M. Wassef (Canada) A. Cisternas (France) repr.IASPEI IERS should provide the information necessary to define a Conventional Terrestrial Reference System and a Conventional Celestial Reference System and relate Activities them as well as their frames to each other and to other reference systems used in the determination of the earth- Its tasks are basically : orientation parameters. 1. To collect, store and distribute available IERS is responsible for : informations on recent crustal movements, - defining and maintaining a conventional terrestrial reference system based on observing stations that use 2. To collect, store and distribute the basic the high-precision techniques in space geodesy; bibliographical data on recent crustal movements of - defining and maintaining a conventional celestial tectonic and non tectonic origin, reference system based on extragalactic radio sources, and relating it to other celestrial reference systems; 182 -determining the earth orientation parameters Central Bureau : connecting these systems, the terrestrial and celestial Observatoire de Paris, coordinates of the pole and the universal time; 61, avenue de rObservatoire - organizing operational activities for observation 75014 Paris, France and data analysis, collecting and archiving appropriate data and results, and disseminating the results to meet Terrestrial Frame Section : the need of users. Institut Gtographique National B.P 68 Initially, it relies on three observing techniques : 94160 Saint Mandt, France Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR), and Satellite Laser Ranging Celestial Frame Section : (SLR), but now Global Positioning System (GPS) is Observatoire de Paris working as the fourth technique. 61, avenue de l'Observatoire 75014 Paris, France II- Organization Sub-Bureau for Rapid Service and IERS consists of a Coordinating Center and other Predictions : technical centers for each of the four observing National Earth Orientation Service (NEOS) techniques, and a Central Bureau with associated Sub- U.S Naval Observatory Bureaux. It is supported by many other organizations Washington DC 20392-5100, USA that contribute to the tasks of observation and data processing. Sub-Bureau for Atmospheric Angular Momentum : The coordinating Centers are responsible for Climate Analysis Center developing and organizing the activities in each NOAA/National Weather Service technique to meet the objectives of the service. The 5200 Auth Road-Room 805 Central Bureau combines the various types of data Washington DC, 20233, USA collected by the service, and disseminates to the user community the appropriate information on earth- The Directing Board exercices general control over orientation and the terrestrial and celestial reference the activities of the services, including modifications to systems. In 1992, it includes two sub-bureaux: one is the organization and participation that would the Sub-Bureau for Rapid Service and Predictions and appropriate to maintain efficiency and reliability, while the other for Atmospheric Angular Momentum. The taking full advantage of the advances in technology and Central Bureau decides and disseminates the in theory. It is advised by a group of Corresponding announcements of leap seconds in UTC and values of Members, who are kept informed of the activity of the DUT1 to be transmitted with time signals. Directing Board and are encouraged to submit comments and suggestions. The principal centers are : The Members of the Board, in 1992, are • VLBI Coordinating Center : National Geodetic Survey K. Yokoyama International Union of Gravity, Astronomy and Satellite Branch Geodesy and Geophysics U.S Department of Commerce Ya. Yatskiv International Astronomical Rockville, MD 20852, USA Union O.B Andersen Federation of Astronomical LLR Coordinating Center : and Geophysical Data Centre d'Etude et de Recherches Analysis Services. Gtodynamiques et Astronomiques, W.E Carter VLBI Coordinating Center Avenue Nicolas Copenic C. Veillet LLR Coordinating Center 06130 Grasse, France B.E Schutz SLR Coordinating Center W.G. Melbourne GPS Coordinating Center SLR Coordinating Center : M. Feissel Central Bureau. Center for Space Research The University of Texas at Austin The secretary of the Board is provided by the Central Austin, TX 78712-1085, USA Bureau. GPS Coordinating Center : III-Activities and services Jet Propulsion Laboratory MS 238-540 The observing stations for VLBI, LLR, SLR, and 4800 Oak Grove Drive GPS are organized in independent networks, managed Pasadena, CA 91109, USA 183 by network centers. In 1992, the following networks The Sub-Bureau for Rapid Service and Predictions are functioning : operated by the US National Earth Orientation Service (NEOS) witch is a joint venture of USNO and NGS VLBI : Four programs are continuing routine combines the results on earth-rotation received from the observing campaigns. The International Radio network centers to form and advanced weekly solution, Interferometric Surveying (IRIS : about 20 fixed it also makes predictions of future values. stations included) project coordinated by NGS operates three networks : IRIS-A ( Trans-Atlantic, since 1980) Sub-Bureau for Atmospheric Angular Momentum is and IRIS-P (Trans-Pacific, since 1987), IRIS-S hosted by NMC (USA) and benefits from a cooperation (Southern Hemisphere, since 1986). The crustal with the Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. Dynamics Project (CDP : about 30 fixed stations and (USA). Currently, there are four participating centers about 40 mobile site included) of NASA has been contributing to the Sub-Bureau. It serves as a focal operating the Deep Space Network (DNS : 3 station point for the collection of atmospheric measurements. network) since 1978. Six analysis centers are in The data is made available within the IERS and to the operation. users community. Research is performed in order to assess the accuracy and completeness of the series LLR : A network composed of three stations is derived by the participating meteorological centers. producing LLR data : McDonald (Texas), Haleakala (Hawaii), and CERGA (Grasse). Most of the values came from CERGA, as it the only station completely IV-Data management and archiving devoted to lunar observation. Four analysis centers are in operation. The observational results from optical astrometry received by IPMS and BIH until 1987 are archived SLR : LAGEOS is the primary laser ranging target respectively at the National Astronomical Observatory, in support of IERS. A network of nearly 50 stations Mizusawa, Japan and the Paris Observatory. Earth- participated in the program, totaling approximately rotation results of IPMS are archived at the National 5000 passes per year. Eight analysis centers are Astronomical Observatory, Mizusawa; a copy is contributing with global analysis to IERS. archived at the IERS Central Bureau. The BIH results are archived at the Paris Observatory. GPS : A network with about 130 stations carried out first the observing compaign in 1991.20 analysis The observational results of VLBI, LLR and SLR centers and 13 processing centers are in operation. are archived at several centers, subject to the agreement of the relevant Coordinating Centers. The results on The Coordinating Centers are responsible for earth rotation and reference frames are archived at the organizing observations, objects to be observed, network and analysis centers which obtained them, as schedules, preprocessing of observational results, etc. well as at the Central Bureau. and for the selection of models and procedures to be used in the analysis of observations. V. Publications The network centers analyze the observational data in operational mode (weekly and monthly) and transmit - Weekly Bulletin A earth-rotation results to the Central Bureau. Analysis Earth-rotation parameters (x, y, UT1, celestial pole centers perform scientific processing of the observations offsets) : combined and individual series. Rapid service to derive results on the reference frames and on the and prediction. First issue covering observation dates in earth-rotation and associated parameters; they contribute the last week in 1987 ( rapid service distributed on 1988 results typically every year to the Central Bureau. January 7). The Central Bureau is a joint effort of the Paris - Monthly Bulletin B Observatory, the Institut Gtographique National and the Earth-rotation parameters (x, y, celestial pole offsets) : Bureau des Longitudes. It makes a final monthly combined solutions and indivudual series of EOP determination of the earth-rotation parameters. From the (continuing BIH Circular D, pages 3 to 7, and BIH results of the analysis centers, it also performs a Circular B/C) and information on UTC and time scale. simultaneous ajustement of the conventional celestial and terrestrial systems and of corresponding earth- - Annual Report of IERS orientation determinations (polar motion, universal Earth-rotation parameters, Terrestrial and Celestial time, procession/nutation). In consultation with Reference Systems: combined solutions and individual BIPM; the Central Bureau decides and disseminates the results of EOP. announcements of leap seconds in UTC and values of DUT1 to be transmissed with time signals. - Special Bulletin C Announcement of the leap seconds in UTC. 184 OUT OF SECTION - Commission IX deliberations as well as from suggestions made by the members of the commission. Education in Geodesy Enseignement de la G~odesie II- Membership President: R.B. Langley (Canada) R.B. Langley (Canada) President S. Kahlouche (Algeria) C. Rizos (Australia) I- Program of Activities U. van Twembeke (Belgium) R. Santerre (Canada) In his presidential address at the XXth IUGG E.J. Krakiwsky (Canada) General Assembly in Vienna, Prof. Mueller announced J. Ning (China) several new IAG initiatives for the forthcoming Y.M. Neiman (CIS) quadrennium. One of these is a renewed emphasi s on Z. Nadenik (Czechoslovakia) education. With the continued fractionation of the C.C. Tscherning (Denmark) surveying and mapping community, it is important, A. Shaker (Egypt) now more than ever before that the other disciplines in H. Duquenne (France) the community recognize and understand the important B.U. Witte (Germany) role played by geodesists. This recognition will be A. Detrekoi (Hungary) fostered, in part, through the IAG's membership in the C.B. Jhaldiyal (India) International Union of Surveys and Mapping (IUSM). D.K. Macoco (Kenya) The IUSM has established a working group on L. Sj6berg (Sweden) education which has two broad objectives: (i) to H. Dupraz (Switzerland) continue to strengthen the respective educational M. Serbet~i (Turkey) activities of the member societies of IUSM and (ii) to P.J. Dare (United Kingdom) integrate these activities, along with the new scientific B. Schaffrin (USA) and technological developments in the acquisition, analysis, and management of spatially-related data. A - Commission XI first step in this inter-society activity will be the holding of an IUSM Education Session at the XVIIth Geodesy in Africa Congress of the International Society for Geodesy en Afrique Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing in Washington, D.C. in August 1992. The objective of this meeting President: M. Charfi (Tunisia) will be to perform a synthesis of the educational needs of the sister societies of IUSM and to prepare a joint document on education in the surveying and mapping I-Objectives of the Commissions sciences. In preparation for this meeting, an IAG position paper on geodetic education will be drafted. 1. To make an inventory of the statuts of The activities of Commission IX will evolve from the geodetic work in Africa and to update and maintain such position paper and the IUSM working group an inventory; 185 2. To stimulate and sustain interest of survey C.B. Jhaldiyal (India) organizations in Africa in Geodetic work with a view to F.W.O. Aduol (Kenya) organizing geodetic control and gravity networks for J.D. Obel (Kenya) scientific and cartographic purposes; A. Taker (Libya) A. Ben Yahia (Morroco) 3. To encourage education in geodesy and to C. Ezeigbo (Nigeria) advise on curriculum development in geodetic sciences F.A. Fajamirokun (Nigeria) in Africa; D.M. Fubara (Nigeria) H. Eslin (Soudan) 4. To establish and maintain data banks with a H. van Gysen (South Africa) view to making geodetic information in Africa available R. Wannacott (South Africa) nationally and internationally; M. Rezgui (Tunisia) M. Kumar (U.S.A.) 5. To organize meetings, seminars, symposia F. Lugoe (Zimbabwe) and training courses in order to promote the objectives F. Podmore (Zimbabwe) of the Commission; 6. To prepare a budget for each approved project for submission to IAG in order to secure enough Special Commission SC2 funds for timely implementation; History of Geodesy 7. To foster international cooperation in Histoire de la G~od~sie geodetic projects and to coordinate bilateral and multilateral aids in geodetic projects in Africa; President : J. Weightmann (United Kingdom) 8. To encourage African scientists to cooperate in the various study groups and commissions of the I- Introduction I.A.G. and attend the various meetings arranged by the Association; An attempt will be made to build on the solid fundation laid by SSG 0.67, using the greater human 9. To establish contacts between African resources now available in terms of numbers. Although geodesists and geodesists from countries outside Africa; most will be done by correspondence, we will seek to use opportunities of mid-term IAG events to meet 10. To maintain close collaboration and either all together or by region, if individual time and cooperation with the U.N./Economic Commission for travel funds permit. Africa, U.N. Cartographic Section and other U.N. and African Agencies on geodetic matters. II- Bureau II- Plan of work President : M. Charfi (Tunisia) It is proposed to focus on people and organizations; Past Presidents : R.O. Coker (Nigeria) instruments and techniques; projects; sources of J. Abla (Ivory Coast) geodetic data, information and bibliographies. Possible 1st Vice-President : M.W.L. Chodota (Kenya) topics would include: 2nd Vice-president : W.Van. Gysen (South Africa) a) Special Study Groups 3nd Vice-President : K. Tayou (Ivory Coast) Secretary : L. Tikdirine (Morroco) Since the 1951 Brussels assembly, 150 such groups Assistant Secretary : M. Rezgui (Tunisia) have been set up with a further 7 under consideration. It is proposed to list each in numerical order with names, Working group : Integrated Geodetic Network for dates and a short statement of what it has achieved. Africa b) Commissions Chairman : M.W.L. Chodota (Kenya) As Special Study groups; but there are fewer of them, their "life" is in general much longer and Members : involves more officers, and their aims and achievements K. Bouchibi (Algeria) are less clearcut. A. Tealeb (Egypt) A.M. Wassef (Egypt) c) IAG Fellows C. Boucher (France) M. Sarrailh (France) 186 The list of fellows already published to be cross- III- Members referenced to the SSG list, and augmented with organisation details and a short statment of areas of J. Weightamnn (United Kingdom) President expertise and interest. This archive of geodetic potential P. Angus Leppan (Australia) would be available for anyone requiring to contact an P. Vanicek (Canada) acknowledged expert on a particular topic - and for S-L. Gao (China) necrological purposes in due course. M.J. Yurkina (CIS) E. Kejiso (Denmark) J. Kakkuri (Finland) d) Biographic/Historic Memoirs J-J. Levallois (France) G. Kirschmer (Germany) Short (half-page) notes on selected people, G. Szadeczky-Kardoss (Hungary) instxuments, techniques or projects. M.K. Szacherska (Poland) M. Ekman (Sweden) P.K. Clark Ma (United Kingdom) e) Sources and Bibliographies D.G. King-Hele (United Kingdom) J.R. Smith Arics (United Kingdom) "Yellow Pages" giving places, names etc. from B.H. Chovitz (USA) which various types of geodetic data and information I. Fischer (USA) may be obtained. F. Podmore (Zimbabwe) C.A. Whitten (USA) J. Zund (USA) 187 GEODETIC REFERENCE SYSTEM 1980 by H. Moritz 1- Definition • angular velocity of the Earth : co = 7292 115 x 10-11 tad s -1, The Geodetic Reference System 1980 has been adopted at the XVII General Assembly of the IUGG in Canberra, December 1979, by means of the b) that the same computational formulas, adopted following : at the XV General Assembly of IUGG in Moscow 1971 and published by IAG, be used as for Geodetic "RESOLUTION N ° 7 Reference System 1967, and The International Union of Geodesy and c) that the minor axis of the reference ellipsoid, Geophysics, defined above, be parallel to the direction defined by the Conventional International Origin, and that the primary recognizing that the Geodetic Reference System meridian be parallel to the zero meridian of the BIH 1967 adopted at the XIV General Assembly of IUGG, adopted longitudes". Lucerne, 1967, no longer represents the size, shape, and gravity field of the Earth to an accuracy adequate for For the background of this resolution see the report many geodetic, geophysical, astronomical and of IAG Special Study Group 5.39 (Moritz, 1979, hydrographic applications and sec.2). Also relevant is the following IAG resolution : considering that more appropriate values are now available, "RESOLUTION N ° 1 recommends The International Association of Geodesy, a) that the Geodetic Reference System 1967 be recognizing that the IUGG, at its XVII General replaced by a new Geodetic Reference System Assembly, has introduced a new Geodetic Reference 1980, also based on the theory of the geocentric System 1980, equipotential ellipsoid, defined by the following conventional constants : recommends that this system be used as an official reference for geodetic work, and . equatorial radius of the Earth : a = 6378 137 m, encourages computations of the gravity field both on the Earth's surface and in outer space based on this • geocentric gravitational constant of the Earth system". (including the atmosphere) : GM = 3986 005 x 108 m 3 s -2, 2- The Equipotential Ellipsoid • dynamical form factor of the Earth, excluding the permanent tidal deformation : According to the first resolution, the Geodetic J2 = 108 263 x 10-8, Reference System 1980 is based on the theory of the equipotential ellipsoid• This theory has already been the 188 basis of the Geodetic Reference System 1967; we shall mass of the earth, including the atmosphere; as a summarize (partly quoting literally) some principal visualization, one might, for instance, imagine the facts from the relevant publication (IAG, 1971, Publ. atmosphere to be condensed as a surface layer on the Sptc. n ° 3). ellipsoid. The normal gravity field at the earth's surface and in space can thus be computed without any need for An equipotential ellipsoid or level ellipsoid is an considering the variation of atmospheric density. ellipsoid that is defined to be an equipotential surface. If an ellipsoid of revolution (semimajor axis a, If atmospheric effects must be considered, this can semiminor axis b) is given, then it can be made an be done by applying corrections to the measured values equipotential surface of gravity; for this purpose, a table of corrections will be given later (sec.5). U = U0 = const. of a certain potential function U, called normal 3- Computational Formulas potential. This function U is uniquely determined by means of the ellipsoidal surface (semiaxes a, b), the An equipotential ellipsoid of revolution is enclosed mass M and the angular velocity co, according determined by four constants. The IUGG has chosen the to a theorem of Stokes-Poincar6, quite independently of following ones : the internal density distribution. Instead of the four constants a, b, M and m, any Other system of four a equatorial radius, independent parameters may be used as defining GM geocentric gravitational constant, constants. J2 dynamical form factor, co angular velocity. The theory of the equipotential ellipsoid was first given by Pizzeti in 1894; it was further elaborated by The equatorial radius a is the semimajor axis of the Somigliana in 1929. This theory had already served meridian ellipse; the semiminor axis will be denoted as a base for the International Gravity Formula adopted by b. The geocentric gravitational constant GM is the at the General Assembly in Stockholm in 1930. product of the Newtonian gravitational constant, G, and the total mass of the earth, M. The constant J2 is given Normal gravity 7 = grad U at the surface of the by : ellipsoid is given by the closed formula of C-A Somilgiana, J2- Ma2 , aye cos 2 ~ + b~/p sin 2 qb where C and A are the principal moments of inertia 7 = .~a2 cos2 qb + b 2 sin 2 dp of the level ellipsoid (C ... polar, A... equatorial moment of inertia). where the constants 7e and 7p denote normal gravity at the equator and at the poles, and • denotes geographical We shall also use the first excentricity e, defined latitude. by: The equipotential ellipsoid furnishes a simple, e 2 _ a 2 . b 2 consistent and uniform reference system for all purposes a 2 , of geodesy: the ellipsoid as a reference surface for geometric use, and a normal gravity field at the earth's and the second excentricity e', defined by : surface and in space, defined in terms of closed formulas, as a reference for gravimetry and satellite a 2 _ b 2 geodesy. e,2 _ -b~ The standard theory of the equipotential ellipsoid Closed computational formulas are given in sec.3 of regards the normal gravitational potential as a harmonic (IAG, 1971, Pub.Sp6c. n ° 3); we shall here reproduce function outside the ellipsoid, which implies the this section practically unchanged. absence of an atmosphere. (The consideration of the atmosphere in the reference system would require an ad- The derivation of these formulas is found in the hoc modification of the theory, whereby it would lose book (Heiskanen and Moritz, 1967) sections 2-7 to its clarity and simplicity.) 2-10. Reference to this book is by page number and number of equation. Thus, in the same way as in the Geodetic Reference System 1967, the computation are based on the theory of the equipotential ellipsoid without an atmosphere. The reference ellipsoid is defined to enclose the whole 189 Computation of e 2 The arc of meridian from equator to pole (meridian quadrant) is given by : The fundamental derived constant is the square of the first excentricity, e 2, as defined above. I2/2 dq~ Q = c (l+e,2 cos 2 q5)3/2 From p. 73, equations (2-90) and (2-92'), we find : where qb is the geographical latitude. This integral can e2( 2me'~ be evaluated by a series expansion : J2= 7 1-15 qo/ Q=-c~ (13 e'2+~e45 ,4_ 2__~e175 ,6+~e11025 ,8"~) This equation can be written as : e_._____~2me' 2 Various mean radii of ellipsoid are defined by the e 2=3J2+ 15qo following formulas : with • arithmetic mean : 03 2 a 2 b R1 a+a+b (3) m --- - 3 -a 1- ; GM (p. 69, eq. (2-70)) and with be' = ae it becomes : radius of sphere of the same surface : 4 0)2 a 3 e 3 (Ig/2 c°s* d*) 1/2 e 2 = 3J2 + 15 GM 2 q0 R 2 = c (l+e,2 cos 2 (i))2 This is the basic equation which relates e 2 to the =c(1 2 26 100 7034 ) data a, GM, J2 and o3. It is to be solved iteratively for - ~e'2+ ~-~e '4- 1---~e '6 + ~e '8 ; e 2, taking into account • radius of sphere of the same volume : 2qo = ( 1 + 3 arctane'-e_ R3 = ~a2 b. 4(-1) n+l n e,2n+l = • (2n+l)(2n+3i n=l Physical Constants with The reference ellipsoid is a surface of constant e' e (second excentricity) normal potential, U = U0. This constant U0, the ~] 1 e 2 normal potential of the reference ellipsoid, is given by : GM 1 2 (p. 66, eq. (2-58); p. 72, second equation from top). U0 = --E-- arctan e' + ~ o3 a 2 Geometric Constants Now the other geometric constants of the reference - 1 + (-1)n 2--~+ ~ m / ellipsoid can be computed by the well-known formulas: n=l b = a ~1 - e 2 (semiminor axis), (p. 67, eq. (2-61)). a-b The normal gravitational potential V (gravity f =-- (flattening), a potential U minus potential of centrifugal force) can be developed into a series of zonal spherical harmonics : E = ~a 2 - b 2 (linear excentricity), a 2 V =GM 1 - J2n (a)2n P2n (cos qb) 9 c = ff (polar radius of curvature). r n=l 190 where r (radius vector) and • (polar distance) are 1 + k sin 2 • spherical coordinates. The coefficient J2 is a defining Y =%~l.e 2sin 20 constant; the other coefficients are expressed in terms of J2 by : with JZn =(-1) n+l(2n+ 1)(2n+ 3) 1 - n + 5n J2 k = bTp -1 aye (p.73, eqs. (2-92) and (2-92')). is more convenient. Normal gravity at the equator, %, and normal The conventional abbreviated series expansion is : gravity at the poles, Tp, are given by the expressions : 1 7 = Te (1 + f* sin2 • - ~- f4 s in2 0) GM ( m e'_q'0~ "Ye:-~--- l-m- 6 q0 J with GMfl m e' q'0"~ f4 = f2 + ~ fm 7P=--~-~ + 3-q0 ) (p.77, eqs. (2-115) and 2-116)). with More generally, the above closed formula for 1 q0'= 3 (i + e,-~) (1 - ~arctan e') -1 normal gravity may be expanded into the series and T =~/e 1 + a2nsin 2n20 6o2 a 2 b n=l m --- I / GM where (19.69, eqs. (2-73) and (2-74); p.68, eq. (2-67)). a 2 = ~1 e2 + k, a6 = l~e6 + 34k, 8 e The constant : 3 1 2 35 ~8 5 f, = Tp - 7e (gravity flattening) a4=~e4 + ~e k, a8 = 128 ~" + e 6 k, Te is also needed. The average value of gravity over the ellipsoid is A check is provided by the closed form of -- fg/2 Tcos(l) dO ~g/2 cosOdO Clairaut's theorem for the equipotential ellipsoid : T = (1-e 2sin 20) 2: (1-e 2sin 20) 2 f + f* =~(°2b 1 + e' q'o'~ =1+~ le2 +-~k1 +3---~59 e4 + 5e2 k+ Te 2q0 ) 2371 e6 259 4 270229 e8 + 9623 6, (p. 69; eq. (2-75)). + 1-ffi~ + 1--0~-6e k+ 181440~ 45--ff~e K. The Gravity Formula 4. Numerical values Somiglinana's closed formula for normal gravity is The following derived constants are accurate to the number of decimal places given. In case of doubt or in ate cos 2 • + b~tp s!n 2 those cases where a higher accuracy is required, these 7 .~a2 cos2 • + b2 sin2 quantities are to be computed from the defining constants by means of the closed formulas given in the For numerical computations, the form preceding section. 191 T = Te (1 + 0.005 279 0414 sin 2 ~5 Defining Constants (exact) + 0.000 023 2718 sin 4 + 0.000 000 1262 sin 6 a = 6378 137 m semimajor axis + 0,000 000 0007 sin 8 do) ; GM = 3 986 005 x 108 m 3 s 2 geocentric gravitatio- nal constant it has a relative error of 10-10, corresponding J2 = 108 263 x 10 -8 dynamic form factor to 10 -3 gm s -2 = 10 -4 mgal. ¢o = 7 292 115 x 10 -11 rad s -1 angular velocity The conventional series Derived Geometric Constants Y = Te (1 + f* sin2 q~ - 1 f4 s in2 2 q~) b = 6 356 752.3141 m semiminor axis E = 521 854.0097 m linear excentricity = 9.780 327 (1 + 0.005 3024 sin 2 c = 6 399 593.6259 m polar radius of curvature - 0.000 0058 sin 2 2 ~b) m s -2 e 2 = 0.006 694 380 022 90 first excentricity (e) e '2 = 0.006 739 496 775 48 secondexcentricity (e) has only an accuracy of 1 #m s'2= 0.1 regal. f =0.003 352 810 681 18 flattening It can, however, be used for converting gravity f-1 = 298.257 222 101 reciprocal flattening anomalies from the International Gravity Formula Q = 10 001 965.7293 m meridian quadrant (1930) to the Gravity Formula 1980 : R1 = 6 371 00817714 m mean radius Rl=(2a+b)/3 71980 "71930 = (- 16.3 + 13.7 sin 2 q5) regal, R2 = 6 371 007.1810 m radius of sphere of same surface where the main part comes from a change of the R3 = 6 371 000.7900 m radius of sphere of same Postdam reference value by - 14 mgal; see also (IAG, volume 1971, Publ. Sp6c. n ° 3, p.74). For the conversion from the Gravity Formula 1967 Derived Physical Constants to the Gravity Formula 1980, a more accurate formula, corresponding to the precise expansion given above, is : U0 = 6 263 686.0850 x 10 m 2 s -2 normal potential at ellipsoid 71980 - T1967 = (0.8316 + 0.0782 sin 2 J4 = -0.000 002 370 912 22 ] - 0.0007 sin4 alp) regal, J6 = 0.000 000 006 083 47 [ spherical-harmonic J8 = -0.000 000 000 014 27 [coefficents Since former gravity values are expressed in the m = 0.003 449 786 003 08 m = m2 a 2 b/GM units "gaP' and "regal"; we have, in the conversion Te = 9.780 326 7715 ms -2 normal gravity at formulas, used the unit 1 regal = 10 "5 m s "2. equator yp = 9.832 186 3685 ms -2 normal gravity at pole Mean values of normal gravity are : f* = 0.005 302 440 112 f. = (Yp - 7e) Te y = 9.797 644 656 m s -2 average over ellipsoid, k = 0.001 931 851 353 k = (bTp- ate) ate 745 = 9.806 199 203 m s -2 7 at latitude • = 45 °. Gravity Formula 1980 The numerical values given in this section have been computed independently by Mr. Chung-Yung Normal gravity may be computed by means of the Chen, using series developments up to f5, and by closed formula" Dr. Hans Siinkel, using the formulas presented in sec. 3. 1 + k sin 2 T =Te~]l e 2 sin 2alp 5. Atmospheric Effects with the values of Te, k, and e 2 shown above. The table given here is reproduced from (IAG, 1971, Publ. Sp6c. n ° 3, p.72). It shows atmospheric gravity The series expansion, given at the end of sec. 3, correction 8g as a function of elevation h above sea becomes : level. The values 8g are to be added to measured gravity. The effect of this reduction is to remove, by 192 computation, the atmosphere outside the Earth by The orientation of the system is specified in the shifting it vertically into the interior of the geoid. following way. The rotation axis of the reference ellipsoid is to have the direction of the Conventional Atmospheric Gravity Corrections 5g International Origin for the Polar Motion (CIO), and (to be added to measured gravity) the zero meridian as defined by the Bureau International de l'Heure (BIH) is used. h 5g h Gg [km] [mgal] [kin] [mgal] To this definition there corresponds a rectangular coordinate system XYZ whose origin is the geocenter, 0 0.87 10 0.23 whose Z-axis is the rotation axis of the reference 0.5 0.82 11 0.20 ellipsoid, defined by the direction of CIO, and whose 1.0 0.77 12 0.17 X-axis passes through the zero meridian according to 1.5 0.73 13 0.14 the BIH. 2.0 0.68 14 0.12 2.5 0.64 15 0.10 3.0 0.60 16 0.09 REFERENCES 3.5 0.57 17 0.08 4.0 0.53 18 0.06 W.A. HEISKANEN, and H. MORITZ (1967) : 4.5 0.50 19 0.05 Physical Geodesy. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco. 5.0 0.47 20 0.05 International Association of Geodesy (1971) : Geodetic 5.5 0.44 22 0.03 Reference System 1967. Publi. Sp6c. n ° 3 du Bulletin 6.0 0.41 24 0.02 G6od6sique, Paris. 6.5 0.38 26 0.02 7.0 0.36 28 0.01 H. MORITZ (1979) : Report of Special Study Group 7.5 0.33 30 0.01 N ° 539 of I.A.G., Fundamental Geodetic Constants, 8.0 0.31 32 0.01 presented at XVII General Assembly og I.U.G.G., 8.5 0.29 34 0.00 Canberra. 9.0 0.27 37 0.00 9.5 0.25 40 0.00 6-Origin and Orientation of the Reference Editor's Note : System Additional useful constants can be obtained from : "United States Naval Observatory, Circular N ° 167, IUGG Resolution n ° 7, quoted at the begining of December 27, 1983, Project MERIT Standards", with this paper, specifies that the Geodetic Reference System updates of December 1985. 1980 be geocentric, that is, that its origin be the center of mass of the earth. Thus, the center of the eliipsoid coincides with the geocenter. 193 Parameters of Common Relevance of Astronomy, Geodesy, and Geodynamics by M. Bursa (Czechoslovakia) former president of SSG 5-100 The aims of SSG 5-100 : - IAU Working Group on Reference System, Sub- -To review the most current information on the group on Astronomical Constants; values of physical quantities which are fundamentally Chairman: T. Fukushima (Japan), important in the fields of astronomy, geodesy, and geodynamics. - IAU/IAG/COSPAR Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of -To reconcile this information into a uniform, the Planets and Satellites; compatible set. Chairman: M.E. Davies (USA). - To recommend to the XXth General Assembly the The data used in the report were based on publication of a set of most up-to-date representative information supplied by the SSG 5-100 members and values. other scientists involved in the topic. - To consider the status of the Geodetic Reference It is particularly emphasized the these values are System 1980, and if there should be any changes in this current estimates; whereas for reference purposes reference system, to give recommendations to the the Geodetic Reference System 1980, as adopted by the I.A.G. General Assembly. I.U.G.G., at the XVIIth General Assembly, should be used. Members : Five classes of parameters are considered: defining, primary, derived, additional and long-term varying. M. Bursa (Czechoslovakia) Chairman Only parameters needed for recent studies, particularly A.H. Cook (United Kingdom) in geodynamics have been included. M.E. Davies (USA) J.O. Dickey (USA) The only defining constant is the velocity of light, B.H. Chovitz (USA) being used to define the meter, its value being exact. H. Kinoshita (Japan) That is why it cannot be placed in the same class of R. Kolenkiewicz (USA) constants as G etc. J.G. Marsh (USA) D. Nagy (Canada) During the period covered, a lively discussion took L.P. Pellinen (USSR) place on the four primary geodetic parameters defining R.H. Rapp (USA) the geodetic reference system (GRS), (Kinoshita 1990, E. Ratton (Brazil) 1991). In addition to the SSG 5-100 members many D.E. Smith (USA) consultants involved in the topic participated in the discussion and contributed valuably to the problem. The discussion should be continuing during the next period This study group is to cooperate closely with 1991-1995 to make the final decision to be submitted international organizations and institutions in which to the XXIth I.A.G. General Assembly in 1995. related problems are studied. During the period covered (1987-1991) these have been especially : 194 I. Current (1991) representative values of Table 1 the parameters of common relevance of astronomy, geodesy, and geodynamies co Years [10 -11 rad s -1] 1. Defining constant 1978 7 292 114.903 1.1. Velocity of light in vacuum 1979 4.925 1980 4.952 c = 299 792 458 m s-1 1981 4.964 1982 4.964 This value is the same as in the SI and IERS 1983 4.954 standards. It is the value defining the length of 1 meter 1984 5.019 in terms of the SI second. It is adopted by definition and 1985 5.025 that is why, no uncertainty is stated. SI units are to be 1986 5.043 used throughout and consequently. 1987 5.032 1988 5.036 1989 5.018 2. Primary parameters 1990 4.983 2.1. Newtonian gravitational constant G = (6.672 59 + 0.00030) x 10-11 m 3 s -2 kg-1 2.2.3. Second-degree zonal geopotential (Stokes) parameter (tide free, conventional, not normalized) References : Report of CODATA (1986) IERS Standards (1989) a) J2 = (1082.6269 + 0.0006) x 10 -6 Sir A.H. Cook (1991) It is the GEM-T2 value, epoch 1990, scaled for 2.2. Primary parameters defining the geodetic a= 6 378 136 m reference system (GRS) Reference : B. Chovitz (1991) 2.2.1. Geocentric gravitational constant (the mass of the Earth's atmosphere included) To be consistent with the I.A.G. General Assembly GM = (398 600.441 + 0.001) x 109 m3 s-2 Resolution 16, 1983 (Hambourg), the indirect tidal effect on J2 should be included; then (if the Love References : J.C. Ries et al. (1989) number K2 = 0.9) T. Fukushima (1991) b) J2 = (1082.6362 + 0.0006) x 10 -6 It is the rounded value. The change of approximately 7 x 10 -10 in relative value, i.e. Reference : J.G. Marsh et al. (1989) = 0.0003 x 109 m3 s-2 in absolute value, is to be J.G. Marsh et al. (1990) expected as the result of a change of the unit of time R.H. Rapp et al. (1990) prepared by the IAU in order to have a unit of time and of length (Guinot, 1990). That is why, the rounded 2.2.4. Equatorial radius of the Reference Ellipsoid value is given. (mean equatorial radius of the Earth) 2.2.2. Mean angular velocity of the Earth's a = (6 378 136.3 + 0.5) m rotation IERS standard is 6 378 136 m. co= 7 292 115 x 10-11 rad s -1 Reference : R.H. Rapp et al. (1990) It is the actual mean value (see Table 1 and IERS R.H. Rapp (1987) (BIH) Annual Report). Because of the variability of Proposed T/P Standard, K.H. Wakker co the next figure depends on the averaging time and (1990) should be derived from the data given in the IERS Annual Report (Guinot 1990, 1991). 3. Derived parameters (computed from primary parameters GM, co, J2, a) 3.1. The geopotential value on the geoid 195 Wo = (62 636 858 + 5) m 2 s -2 a, f, fl, ~1 - ~axial a, f - rotational 3.2, Geopotential scale factor 4,1,2. Longitude of major axis of equatorial ellipse GM Ro = ~0 = (6 363 672.3 _+ 0.5) m ~1 = -( 14.95° + 0.05°) 3.3. Mean equatorial gravity 1 4,2. Parameter H = [C - ~ (A + B)]/C in the ge = (978 032.74 + 0.08) x 10 -5 m s -2 precession constant 3,4, The Earth's polar flattening H = 0.003 273 9567 + 2 x 10 -9 a) tide free References : H. Kinoshita and J. Souchay (1990) J.G. Williams et al. (1991) 1 f= 298.258 _+ 0.001 4.3. Moments of inertia (tide free) b) zero frequency indirect tide included (K2 = 0.3) C-A = J2 + 2J2,2 = (1086.258 _+ .002) x 10 -6 Ma 2 1 f= 298.257 + 0.001 C-B = J2 - 2J2,2 = (1078.996 _+ .002) x 10 -6 Ma 2 3,5. Factor of potential of centrifugal force B-A co2 a 3 = 4J2, 2 = (7.262 + .006) x 10 -6 q - GM - (3461.390 + 0.002) x 10 -6 Ma 2 Ma 2 GMa2 = (2.4301 _+ .0001) x 1038 kg m 2 4. Additional figure and some other parameters C-A = (2.6397 _+ .0005) x 1035 kg m 2 4.1. Triaxiality parameters C-B = (2.6221 + .0005) x 1035 kg m 2 4.1.1. Equatorial flattening B-A = (1.764 + .002) x 1033 kg m 2 1 fl-91 500_ 100 A Ma 2 - 0.329 591 + .000 001 For different models see Table 2 (best-fitting). B Ma 2 - 0.329 599 + .000 001 Table 2 C Model GRIM 4 S 1 GEM-T1 GEM-T2 Ma 2 - 0.330 678 + .000 001 A = (8.0094 + .0003) x 1037 kg m 2 a[m] 6 378 171.36 6 378 171.36 6 378 171.36 B = (8.0096 + .0003) x 1037 kg m 2 1/f 297.774 297.774 297.774 C = (8.0358 + .0003) x 1037 kg m 2 l/f1 91 457 91 476 91 470 -14.95 -14.94 -14.94 5. Long-term varying parameters 6 378 136.49 6 378 136.49 6 378 136.50 a [m] 5,1. Long-term decrease in the second-degree zonal geopotential parameters 1/f 298.2578 298.2577 298.2575 196 E.C. Pavlis (--~) =-(2.8 + 0.3) x 10.9 cy -1 L.P. Pellinen R.H. Rapp References : IERS Standards (1989) A. Sinclair Proposed T/P Standards, K.H. Wakker D.E. Smith (1990) C.C. Tscherning J. VondrAk 5.2. Tidal acceleration of the Moon K.F. Wakker (Long-term variation in the mean motion n) Ya. S. Yatskiv M.I. Yurkina dn= -(25.5 + 1.0) arcsec cy-2 dt References this value is based on LLR data. A.H. Cook: Personal communications, May 1991. Reference : J.O. Dickey et al. (1991) J.O. Dickey, J.G. Williams, and XX Newhall: 5.3. Long-term variations in the angular velocity Geophysical Results from Lunar Laser Ranging. of the Earth's rotation Pres. XXth IAG Gen. Ass. Union Symp.: Application of Gravimetry and Space Techniques to 5.3.1. Positive relative long-term acceleration due Geodynamics and Ocean Dynamics, Vienna, Aug 14, 1991. to -~ (5.1) T. Fukushima: Personal communication, June 1991. de0 --~-rel = +(1.29 + 0.28) x 10-22 rad s -2 B. Guinot: Personal communication, November 1990; June 1991. References : J.O. Dickey et al. (1991) B. Chovitz: Personal communication, January 1991. J.G. Marsh et al. (1990) IERS Standard (1989), D.D. Mc Carthy (ed.). IERS 5.3.2. Resulting long-term deceleration (total) Technical Note 3, Observatoire de Paris, November (rounded value) 1989. do = -(5.0 + 0.3) x 10-22 rad s -2 H. Kinoshita: Personal communication, December 1990. Reference : J.G. Marsh et al. (1990) H. Kinoshita: Is the Equatorial Radius of the Earth a Primary Constant, a Derived Constant, or a Defining Constant? Preprint, February 1991. Acknowledgments H. Kinoshita and J. Souchay: The Theory of the The chairman wishes to express the thanks to the Nutation for the Rigid Earth Model at the Second SSG 5-100 members and consultants for their activities Order. Celest. Mech. 48 (1990), 187. during the period covered : J.G. Marsh, F.J. Lerch, B.H. Putney, T.L. C. Boucher Felsentreger, B.V. Sanchez, S.M. Klosko, G.B. P. Brosche Patel, J.W. Robbins, R.G. Williamson, T.E. A.H. Cook Engelis, W.F. Eddy, N.L. Chandler, D.S. Chinn, S. M.E. Davies Kapoor, K.E. Rachlin, L.E. Braatz, and E.C. J.O. Dickey Pavlis: The GEM-T2 Gravitational Model. NASA, M. Feissel Technical Memorandum 100746, October 1989. T. Fukushima B. Guinot J.G. Marsh, F.J. Lerch, B.H. Putney, T.L. B.H. Chovitz Felsentreger, B.V. Sanchez, S.M. Klosko, G.B. H. Kinoshita Patel, J.W. Robbins, R.G. Williamson, T.L. R. Kolenkiewicz Engelis, W.F. Eddy, N.L. Chandler, D.S. Chinn, S. J. Kovalevsky Kapoor, K.E. Rach!in, L.E. Braatz, and E.C. J.G. Marsh Pavlis: The GEM-T2 Gravitational Model. J. D.D. Mc Carthy Geophys. Res. Vol. 95, N ° B13, December 10, H. Moritz 1990, 22043-22071. 197 R.Ho Rapp: A, Estimate of Equatorial Gravity from D.N. Yuan: Determination of the Gravitational Terrestrial and Satellite Data. Geophys. Res. Letters Coefficient of the Earth from Near-Earth Satellites. Vol. 14, N ° 7, July 1987, 730. Geophys. Res. Letters Vol. 16, N ° 4, April 1989, 271. R.H. Rapp, R.S. Nerem, C,K. Shum, S.M. Klosko, and R.G. Williamson: Consideration of Permanent K.F. Wakker: Report by the Subcommittee on Tidal Deformation in the Orbit Determination and Intercomparison and Merging of Geodetic Data of Data Analysis for the Topex/Poseidon Mission. (To the Topex/Poseidon. Science Working Team, Delft be published as aNASA Memorandum), 1990. University of Technology, Delft, May 1990. Report of CODATA Task Group on Fundamental J.G. Williams, XX Newhall, J.O. Dickey: Lunar-solar Constants "The 1986 Adjustment of the Precession: Determination from Lunar Laser Fundamental Physical Constants". Ranging. Submitted to Astronomy and Astrophysics Letters, Vol. 241, 1991. J.C. Ries, R.J. Eanes, C. Huang, B.E. Schutz, C.K. Shum, B.D. Tapley, M.M. Watkins, 198 GEODETIC DATA CENTERS This section covers international and national data centers. A major reference is the "CODATA Directory in Geodesy" (CODATA Bull.n ° 52). INTERNATIONAL DATA CENTERS -Fundamental Geodetic Constants c/o Bureau Central de l'Association Internationale de G6od6sie (A.I.G.) - Bureau Gravim6trique International 140 rue de Grenelle, c/o CNES-GRGS, 18 avenue Edouard Belin 75700 Paris, France. 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France Phone : 61.27.44.27 - Tlx : 531081 CNEST F - ICSU Panel on World Data Centers (Geophysical and Solar) -Bureau Central du Service International de A.H. Shapley (Secretary), la Rotation Terrestre NOAA/EDIS, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, 61, avenue de rObservatoire U.S.A. 75014 Paris, France. Phone: 303.497.37.98 -Tlx: 592811 Phone : (1) 40.51.22.26 - Tlx : OBS 270776 F - INTERCOSMOS -Commission for Geodesy in Africa c/o Soviet Astronomical Council Com. XI, c/o I.G.C.I., Pjatniskaja ul. d. 48, 109017 Moscow, Russia. B.P. 3862, Abidjan 01, C6te d'Ivoire. Phone : 44.22.04 - Tlx : 22108 MITRAV CI - International Association of Geodesy (I.A.G.) -Commission on International Coordination Bureau Central, 140 rue de Grenelle, of Space Techniques for Geodesy and 75700 Paris, France. Geodynamics Phone : ( 1 ) 45.50. 34.95 - Tlx : GNL 204989 F University of Texas, Center for Space Research -International Data Centre for Earth Tides P.O. Box 1085, Austin TX 78712, USA c/o Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Phone : 512 471 4267 - Tlx : 704265 CSRUTXUD 3, avenue Circulaire, Fax : 512 471 3570 1180 Brussels, Belgium. Phone: 2.373.0211 - Tlx : 21565 OBSBEL B -Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) Fx" 213749822 51, boulevard de Montmorency, 75016 Paris, France. - International Center on Recent Crustal Phone : (1) 45.25,06.79 - Tlx : c/o ICSU 630 553 F Movements 250 66 Zdiby 98, Praha-Vychod, Czechoslovakia, - Federation of Astronomical and Phone: 2.896.391 - Tlx: 121330 SEIS C Geophysical Services (FAGS) R. Wielebenski (Secretary). -International Geoid Service Max Planck Institut fur Radioastronomie, Dipart. di Ingegnerica Idraulica Auf dem Hugel 69, D-53000 Bonn 1 - Ambientale e del Rilevamento Federal Republic of Germany. Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonard0 da Vinci, 32, Phone : 228.52.51 - Tlx : 886440 MPIFR D 1-20133 Italy Phone : 2 2399 6504/6506 - Tlx : 333 467 Fax : 2 2399 6530 199 Soviet Geophysical Committee, - Inter-Union Commission on the Molodezhnaya 3, Moscow 117296, Russia. Lithosphere (ICL) H.J. Zwart (See. Gem), State University Utrecht, Institute of Earth Science P.O. Box 80021 3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands. Phone : 30.535.110 - Tlx : 40704 VMLRU NATIONAL DATA CENTERS -NASA Geodynamics Program Geodynamics branch, Code FRG-2, NASA Headquarters, Algeria Washington, D.C. 20546, U.S.A. Service de Traitement des Donn6es -North American Datum G6od6siques National Geodetic Survey, NOAA/NOS, Institut National de Cartographie, 6001 Executive Bld., Rockville, Maryland 20852, 123, Rue de Tripoli, Hussein--Dey, Alger, Algeria. U:S.A. Phone : 301.443.82.04 Australia -Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Bidston Observatory, Geophysics Birkenhead, L43 7RA Merseyside, United Kingdom. P.O. Box 378, A.C.T. 2601, Canberra City, Australia. Phone : 51.653.86.33 Department of Survey Information - Sub-Commission on European Leveling National Mapping (REUN) P.O. Box 31, A.C.T. 2616, Belconnen, Australia. c/o Meetkundige Dienst Rijkswaterstaat, P.O. Box 5023, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands. Austria - Sub-Commission for the Europe an Reference Frame (EUREF) Bundesamt ftir Eich und Vermessungswesen c/o Deutsches Geodfitisches Forschungsinstitut, Schiffamtsgasse 1-3, Posffach 50, Marstallplatz 8, Munich 22, A-1025 Wien, Austria. Federal Republic of Germany. Tlx : 521 3550 DGFI D Division for Satellite Geodesy Insitute of Space Research of the Austrian Academy of - Sub'Commlssion on North America Sciences Geodetic Network Lustbiihelstrasse 46 c/o J. Gergen, A-8010 Graz, Austria National Geodetic Survey, NOAA/NOS, Rockville, Maryland 20852, U.S.A. Institute of Theoretical Geodesy Graz University of Technology -Sub-Commission on Standards for Space Steyrergasse 30 Techniques A-8010 Graz, Austria c/o C. Boucher IGN, 2, avenue Pasteur, B.P. 68 94160 Saint-Mand6, France, Belgium Phone : (1) 43.98.83.27 - Tlx : SMD 210551 F D6partement d'Astronomie Fondamentale et -World Data Center A de G6odynamique Rotation of the Earth Observatoire Royal de Belgique, U.S. Naval Observatory, Time Service Division, Avenue Circulaire 3, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. Washington, D.C. 20390, U.S.A. Phone : 2 373 0211 - Fax : 2 374 9822 - World Data Center for Solid Earth D6partement de G6odesie Geophysics Institut G6ographique National, 13, Abbaye de la 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80803, U.S.A. Cambre, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Phone : 2 648 6480 -World Data Center B Gravity Field 200 Burundi Finland Institut Gtographique du Burundi Finnish Geodetic Institute Dtpartement de Topographie et Cartographie llmalankatu 1A, SF 00240, Helsinki, Finland. B.P. 34, Gitega, Burundi. France Canada Service de la Gtodtsie et du Nivellement Division of Seismology and Geomagnetism Institut G6ographique National Earth Physics Branch, Department of Energy, Mines 2, Avenue Pasteur, B.P. 68, and Resources F-94160 Saint-Mand6, France. 1 Observatory Crescent, Ottawa, K1A 0Y3, Ontario, Canada, Section Gtodtsie-Gtophysique Etablissement Principal du Service Hydrographique et National Geodetic Data File Oc6anographiquede la Marine Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, 13, Rue du Chatellier, B.P. 426 Surveys and Mapping Branch, F-29275 Brest Cedex, France. Geodetic Survey Division, 615 Booth Street, Ottawa K1A OE9, Ontario, Canada. Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique National Gravity Data Base Outre-Mer (ORSTOM), Earth Physics Branch, 70-74 Route d'Aulnay, F-93140 Bondy, France. Department of Energy, Mines & Resources, Gravity, Geothermics & Geodynamics Division, Groupe de Recherche de Gtodtsie Spatiale 1 Observatory Crescent, Ottawa, KIA 0Y3, Ontario, (GRGS) Canada. GRGS/Institut G6ographique National 2, Avenue Pasteur, B.P. 68, F-94160 Saint-Mandt, France. China Dtpartement Banque des Donntes du Sons- Chinese Map Publishing House Sol Beijing, China. Bureau de Recherches Gdologiques et Mini~res, Dtpt. BSS, B.P. 6009, 45060 Odtans Cedex, France. Chinese Publishing House of S & M Beijing, China. Germany (Federal Republic of) Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, CAS 54, Xu Dong Road, 430077 Wuhan, China. National Gravity Data Base Deutsches Geod~tisches Forschungsinstitut (DGFI) National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping Abt. I, Marstallplatz 8, Baiwanzhuang, Beijing, 100830 China. W-8000 Miinchen 22, Germany National Information Center for Surveying Topography Data Base and Mapping Institut f'ur Angewandte Geod~sie (IFAG) Beijing, China. Richard-Stranss Allee 11, W-6000 Frankfurt a.M. 70, Germany Research Institute of Surveying and Mapping Jun-Ding Road 7, Beijing, 100039 China. EUROLAS Data Center (EDC) Deutsches Geodatisches Forschungsinstitut (DGFI) Abt. I, Marstallplatz 8, Denmark W-8000 Mtinchen 22, Germany Kort-og Matrikelstyrelsen Remote Sensing Data (National Survey and Cadastre) Deutsches Femerkundungs Datenzentrum, Geodetic Division DLR, M~inchnerstr. 20, W-8031 Wessling, Germany Rentemestervej 8 DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark Point of Contact for Geodetic Data Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Vermessungsverwaltungen deutscherLEuder (AdV) Nieders~chsischer Minister des Inner, W-3000 Hannover 1, Germany 201 School of Cosmic Physics Greece Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies 5 Merrion Square, 2, Dublin, Ireland. Hellenic Army Geographic Service Pedion Areas, Athens, Greece. Japan Department of Geodesy and Surveying University of Thessaloniki, Geographical Survey Institute POB 492, Thessaloniki, Greece. Kitasato-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan Dionysos Satellite Observatory Hydrographic Department Geodesy Department, National Technical University, Maritime Safety Agency 5-3-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Zographou 15773,Athens, Greece. Tokyo 104, Japan Mizusawa Astro Geodynamics Observatory Hungary National Astronomical Observatory 2-12, Hoshigaoka-cho, Mizusawan, Iwate 023, Japan Institute of Geodesy, Cartography and Remote Sensing Earthquake Prediction Data Center Department of Surveying and Central Data Supply Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo P.O. Box 546 Bunkyo, Tokyo 113, Japan H-1373 Budapest, Hungary Phone: (36) 1 112 6480 - Telex: 22 4964 Research Center for Earthquake Prediction Fax: (36) 1 111 3431 Hokkaido University Kita-10 jo, Nishi-8 chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Agoston T6th Mapping Institute of the Hokkaldo 060, Japan Hungarian Army P.O. Box 37 Observation Center for Prediction of H-1525 Budapest 114, Hungary Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions Phone: (36) 1 115 0851 - Fax: (36) 1 115 0676 Tohoku University Aobayarna, Aoba-ku, Sendal, Miyagi 980, Japan E6tv6s Lorfind Geophysical Institute of Hungary Earthquake Prediction Observation Section P.O. Box 35 and Mobile Observation H-1373 Budapest, Hungary Section of the Earthquake Prediction Data Phone: (36) 1 252 4999 - Telex: 22 6194 Center Fax: (36) 1 163 7256 Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113, Japan Iceland Research Center for Seismology and Volcanology Nagoya University Icelandic National Energy Authority Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-01, Japan Grensasvegur 9, 108 Reykjavik, Iceland. Research Center for Earthquake Prediction Iceland Geodetic Survey Disaster Prevention Research Institute P.O. Box 5536, 105 Reykjavik, Iceland. Kyoto University Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611, Japan Indonesia Kenya National Coordination Agency for Surveys Survey of Kenya and Mapping P.O. Box 30046, Nalrobi, Kenya. Jalan Raya Bogor, Kin. 46, Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia. Madagascar Ireland National Institute of Geodesy and Cartography Ordnance Survey Office Lalana Dama-tsoha Razafintsalama LB., Phoenix-Pk, Dublin, Ireland B.P. 323,101 Antananarivo, Madagascar. 202 Division of Geodetic Research, S-801 82 G~ivle, Mexico Sweden. Departamento de Geodesia Direccion General de Geografia, Switzerland San Antonio Abad 124-PB, Col. Transito Del. Cuavi, 06820 Mexico D.E. Astronomical Institute University of Berne Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland. New Zealand Bundesamt ffir Landestopographie Seftigenstrasse 264, CH-3084 Wabern, Switzerland. Department of Lands and Survey Head Office, Private Bag, Wellington, New Zealand. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Geophysics Division (ETH Ziirich) Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, ETH-H~nggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. P.O. Box 1320, Wellington, New Zealand. Hydrographic Office Syria P.O. Box 33-341, Takapuna 9, Auckland, New Zealand. General Establishment of Surveying Department of Geodesy Norway P.O. Box 3094, Damascus, Syria. Geographical Survey of Norway Geodetic Section, Geodesy Division, Thailand Monserudveien, 3500 Honefoss, Norway. Royal Thai Survey Department Geographical Survey of Norway Supreme Command Headquarters Surveying Section, Geodesy Division, Kanlayanamaitri St., Bangkok 10200, Thailand. Monserudveien, 3500 Honefoss, Norway. The Netherlands Portugal Amsterdam Ordnance Datum Direc~ao dos Servicos de Geodesia Hendrik Tollensstraat 2624 BH, P.O. Box 5023, Instituto Geogrfificoe Cadastral, 2600 GA, Delft, Netherlands. Praqa da Estrela, 1200 Lisbon, Portugal Department of Triangulation HoofdirectieKadaster, South Africa Waltersingel 1, 7314 NK Apeldoorn, Netherlands. Surveys and Mapping Private Bag, 7705 Mowbray, Republic of South Africa. Tunisia Direction de la G~od~sie et du Nivellement Spain Office de la Topographic et de la Cartographic Cit60lympique, Tunis, Tunisia. Servicio de Geodesia Instituto Geogr~fico Nacional, c. General ibanez Ibero 3, Madrid-3, Spain. Turkey Seccio de Geodesia General Command of Mapping Institut Cartografic de Catalunya, Harita Genel Komutanligi Balmes, 209-211, 06100, Cebeci, Ankara, Turkey. S-8006 Barcelona, Spain. United Kingdom Sweden Deacon Oceanographic Laboratory National Land Survey Brook Road, Wormley, Godalming 203 Surrey GU8 5UB, UK World Data Centre CI for Solar Terrestrial Physics Directorate of Military Survey Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Elmwood Avenue, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX1 10QX, UK Feltham, Middlesex TW 13 7AE, UK Earth Observation Data Centre United States of America Space Department Royal Aircraft Establishment Crustal Dynamics Data Information System Farnborough, Hants GU14 6TD, UK NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, U.S.A. Hydrographic Department Ministry of Defence Eastern-National Cartographic Information Taunton, Somerset TA1 2DN, UK Center (E-NCIC) 536 National Center, Reston, VA 22092, U.S.A. Institute of Geological Sciences Applied Geophysics Unit National Cartographic Information Center Nicker Hill, Keyworth, U.S. Geological Survey Nottingham, BG 12 5GG, UK 507 National Center, Reston, VA 22092, U.S.A. Institute of Geological Sciences National Geodetic Information Center Marine Geophysics Unit National Geodetic Survey Murchison House, West Mains Road 6001 Executive Blvd., Rockville, MD 20852, U.S.A. Edinburgh EH9 3LA, UK National Geophysical Data Center Ordnance Survey of Great Britain NOAA, Code E/GC4 Geodetic Services Branch 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, U.S.A. Romsey Road, Maybush, Southampton SO9 4DH, UK National Oceanographic Data Center 1825 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Universal Building, Ordnance Survey of Great Britain Washington, D.C. 20235, U.S.A. Overseas Department Romsey Road, Maybush National Space Science Data Center Southampton SO9 4DH, UK Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, U.S.A. Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Bidston Observatory Birkenhead, Merseyside LA3 7RA, UK Uruguay Royal Greenwich Observatory Servicio Geogr~ifico Militar Space Geodesy Group and Nautical Almanac Office Ira. Divisi6n (Geodesia) Madingley Road, Cambridge CB30EZ, UK 8 de Octubre 3255, Montevideo, Uruguay. The SERC Geophysical Data Facility Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX1 10QX, UK 204 EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS Austria Canada Graz University of technology Geodetic Institutes Centre for Surveying Science S teyrergasse 30 University of Toronto A-8010 Graz, Austria Erindale Campus Phone: (43) 316 873 6331, Fax: (43) 316 827685 Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6 Tel: (416) 828 5298, Fax: (416) 828 5328 Technical University of Vienna Geodetic Institutes D6partement des sciences g6od~siques et de Gusshausstrasse 27-29 t~16d6tection A-1040 Vienna, Austria Universit6 Laval Phone: (43) 222 58801 3814, Fax: (43) 222 5056268 Pavillon Casault, Ste-Foy, Qu6bec G1K 7P4, Canada. Tel: (418) 656 2530, Fax: (418) 656 7411 Belgium Department of Surveying and Engineering University of New Brunswick Ecole Royale Militaire P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B Chaire d'Astronomie-G6od6sie 5A3, Canada. 30, Avenue de la Renaissance Tel: (506) 453 4698, Fax: (506) 453 4943 B- 1040 Bruxelles Phone: 2 735 51 52, Fax: 2 735 24 21 Department of Surveying Engineering The University of Calgary Katholieke Universiteit Leuven 2500 University Drive, N.W. Astronomisch Institut Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada. Celectijnenlaan, 200 B Tel: (403) 220 5834, Fax: (403) 284 1980 B-3001 Leuven Phone: 16 20 06 56, Fax: 16 20 53 08 China Universit~ Catholique de Louvain Unit6 d'Astronomie et de G6ophysique Wuhan Technical University of Surveying 2, Chemin du Cyclotron and Mapping B- 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Wuhan, China Phone: 10 47 32 97, Fax: 10 47 47 22 Professional School of Surveying and Universit~ de Liege Mapping Institut d'Astrophysique Zheng Zhou, China 5, Avenue de Cointe B-4200 Liege Phone: 41 52 99 80, Fax: 41 52 74 74 205 Denmark Fax: 0241 - 80 44 13 Geophysical Institute University of Copenhagen Technische Universit/it Berlin Haraldsgade 6, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark Fachgebiet Geod~isie und Ausgleichsreehnung Strasse des 17. Juni 135 Institut for Samfundsudvikling og 1000 Berlin 12 Planlagning Tel: 030 - 314 22 41/32 08 Aalborg Universilelscenler Fax: 030 - 31 42 32 22 Fibigerstrade 11, DK-9220 Aaborg Oest, Denmark Technische Universit~it Berlin Institut fiir Astronomische und Finland Physikalische Geod~isie Sekr. H 2 Department of Geophysics Strasse des 17. Juni 135 University of Helsinki 1000 Berlin 12 Fabianinkatu 24 A, Tel: 030 - 314 32 05 SF-00100 Helsinki, Finland Fax: 030 - 31 42 32 22 Phone: 358 1911, Fax: 358 1913385 Technische Universit/it Berlin Institut fiir Photogrammetrie und France Kartographie Sekr. EB 9 Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements Strasse des 17. Juni 135 Universit6 Paul Sabatier 1000 Berlin 12 9, Avenue du Colonel Roche, B.P. 4346 Tel: 030 - 314 23 331 F-31029 Toulouse Cedex Fax: 030 - 314 21 104 Tel: (33) 61 55 66 66, Fax: (33) 61 55 67 01 Universifiit Bonn Eeole Nationale des Sciences G6ographiques Institut fiir Kartographie und Topographic 2, Avenue Pasteur, B.P. 68, Meckenheimer Allee 172 F-94160 Saint-Mand6 5300 Bonn 1 Tel: (33) 1 43 98 80 52, Fax: (33) 1 43 98 84 65 Tel: 0228 - 733 526/27 Fax: 0228 - 695 246 Ecole Nationale Sup6rieure des Arts et Industries de Strasbourg Universit~it Bonn 24, Rue de la Victoire Institut fiir Photogrammetrie F-67084 Strasbourg Cedex Nussallee 15 Tel: (33) 88 35 55 05, Fax: (33) 88 24 14 90 5300 Bonn 1 Tel: 0228 - 732 713 Ecole Sup6rieure des G6om~tres et Fax: 0228 - 733 281 Topographes Conservatoire National des Arts et M6tiers Universit~it Bonn 18, All6e Jean Rostand, B.P. 77 Institut fiir Theoretische Geod/isie F-91002 Evry Cedex Nussallee 17 Tel: (33) 60 77 97 40, Fax: (33) 60 77 96 90 5300 Bonn 1 Tel: 0228 - 732 628/628 Observatoire de Paris Fax: 0228 - 733 708 Service Scolaire 61, Avenue de l'Observatoire Universit~it Bonn F-75014 Paris Geod~itisches Institut Tel: (33) 40 51 21 70 NussaUee 17 5300 Bonn 1 Tel: 0228 - 732 620 Germany Fax: 0228 - 733 281 Technisehe Hochsehule Aachen Universit~it Bonn Lehrstuhl fiir Geod/isie II Institut fiir St/idtebau, Bodenordnung und Templergraben 55 Kulturtechnik 5100 Aachen Meckenheimer Allee 172 Tel: 0241 - 80 53 00 5300 Bonn 1 206 Tel: 0228 - 737 499 Fax: 0228 - 733 281 Technische Univesitiit Dresden Institut fiir Photogrammetrie und Teehnisehe Universitiit Braunschweig Fernerkundung Institut fiir Photogrammetrie und Mommsenstrasse 13 Bildverarbeitung 0-8027 Dresden Gauss-Strasse 22 Tel: (00375 1) 463 3372 3300 Braunschweig Fax: (00375 1)463 7106 Tel: 0531 - 391 28 70 Fax: 0531 - 391 58 39 Technische Univesit~it Dresden Institut fiir Kartographie und Geographie Teehnische Universit~it Braunschweig Mommsenstrasse 13 Institut fiir Vermessungskunde 0-8027 Dresden Pockelsslrasse 4, Hochhaus Tel: (00375 I) 463 3779 3300 Braunschweig Fax: (00375 1) 463 7106 Tel: 0531 - 391 74 70 Fax: 0531 - 391 55 99 UniversitJit Hannover Institut fiir Kartographie Technische Hochschule Darmstadt Appelstrasse 9 A Institut fiir Physikalische Geod~isie 3000 Hannover 1 Petersenstrasse 13 Tel: 0511 - 762 35 88/89 6100 Darmstadt Fax: 0511 - 762 2472 Tel: 06151 - 163 109 Fax: 06151 - 165 489 Universit~it Hannover Geodiitisehes Institut Technische Hoehschule Darmstadt Nienburger Slxasse 1 Geod~itisches Institut 3000 Hannover 1 Petersenstrasse 13 Tel: 0511 - 762 2461 6100 Darmstadt Fax: 0511 - 762 2468 Tel: 06151 - 162 147 Fax: 06151 - 164 047 Universit~it Hannover Institut fiir Photogrammetrie und Technische Hochschule Darmstadt Ingenieurvermessungen FB Photogrammetrie im FB 12 Nienburger Strasse 1 Vermessungswesen 3000 Hannover 1 Petersenstrasse 13 Tel: 0511 - 762 2481 6100 Darmstadt Fax: 0511 - 762 2482 Tel: 06151 - 162 035 Fax: 06151 - 165 489 Universit~it Hannover Institut fiir Erdmessung Technische Univesit~it Dresden Nienburger Strasse 6 Lehrstuhl fiir Theoretische u. Physikalische 3000 Hannover 1 Geod~isie Tel: 0511 - 762 2794 Mommsenstrasse 13 Fax: 0511 - 762 4006 0-8027 Dresden Tel: (00375 1) 463 0 (Zentrale) Universitiit Karlsruhe Fax: (00375 1) 463 7106 Geod~itisches Institut Englerstrasse 7 Technische Univesitiit Dresden 7500 Karlsruhe 1 Lehrstuhl fiir Astronomie Tel: 0721 - 608 2305/2301/2300 Mommsenstrasse 13 Fax: 0721 - 669 4552 0-8027 Dresden Tel: (00375 1) 463 4097 Universit/it Karlsruhe Fax: (00375 1) 463 7106 Institut fiir Photogrammetrie und Topographie Technische Univesit~it Dresden Englerstrasse 7 Lehrstuhl fiir Ing. Geodiisie 7500 Karlsruhe 1 Mommsenstrasse 13 Tel: 0721 - 608 2315 0-8027 Dresden Fax: 0721 - 608 4290 Tel: (00375 1) 463 2869/4249 Fax: (00375 1) 463 7106 207 Universiti~t Karlsruhe Universitiit Stuttgart Professur far Geodynamik, Geodiitisches Institut fiir Photogrammetrie Institut Keplerstrasse 11 Englerstrasse 7 7000 Stuttgart 1 7500 Karlsruhe 1 Tel: 0711 - 121 3386 Tel: 0721 - 608 2307 Fax: 0711 - 121 3500 Fax: 0721 - 669 4552 Universit~it Stuttgart Technische Universitiit Mtinchen Geod~itisches Institut Institut fiir Astronomische und Keplerstrasse 11 Physika|ische Geodhsie 7000 Stuttgart 1 Arcisstrasse 21 Tel: 0711 - 121 3390 8000 Mfinchen 2 Fax: 071t - i21 3500 Tel: 089 - 2105 3195/3190 Fax: 089 - 2105 2000 Universitiit Stuttgart Institut fiir Navigation Technische Universit/it Miinchen Keplerslrasse 11 Lehrstuhl fiir Photogrammetrie 7000 Stuttgart 1 Arcisstrasse 21 Tel: 0711 - 121 3400 8000 M~nchen 2 Fax: 0711 - 121 3500 Tel: 089 - 2105 2670 Fax: 089 - 2105 2000 Universitiit Stuttgart Institut fiir Anwendung der Geodiisie im Technische Universit~it Miinchen Bauwesen Lehrstuhl fiir Lfindl. Neuordnung und Pfaffenwaldring 7 A Flurbereinigung 7000 Stuttgart 80 Arcisstrasse 21 Tel: 0711 - 685 6612 8000 Manchen 2 Fax: 0711 - 685 6670 Tel: 089 - 2105 2535 Fax: 089 - 2105 2000 Hungary Technische Universit~it Mtinchen Lehrstuhl fiir Geod~sie Technical University of Budapest Arcisstrasse 21 Department of Geodesy 8000 Mfinchen 2 MiJegyetem rkp. 3., K.I. 61 Tel: 089 - 2105 2850 H-1521 Budapest, Hungary Fax: 089 - 2t05 281976 Phone: (36) 1 !66 5427 Telex: 22 5931 mtiegy h, Fax: (36) 1 166 5427 Technische Universitiit Miinchen Lehrstuhl fiir Kartographie und Technical University of Budapest Reproduktionstechnik Department of Photogrammetry Arcisstrasse 2i MiJegyetem rkp. 3., K.I. 24 8000 Mtinchen 2 H-1521 Budapest, Hungary Tel: 089 - 2105 2825 Phone: (36) 1 181 3374 Fax: 089 - 2105 2000 Telex: 22 5931 mtiegy h, Fax: (36) 1 166 5427 Universitht der Bundeswehr Miinchen Technical University of Budapest FK Bauingenieur- und Vermessungswesen Department of Surveying Wemer-Heisenberg-Weg 39 M~iegyetem rkp. 3., K.mf. 16 8014 Neubiberg H-1521 Budapest, Hungary Tel: 089 - 6004 3425/26/35/48 Phone: (36) 1 181 3192 Fax: 089 - 6004 3560/6014-693 Telex: 22 5931 mtiegy h, Fax: (36) 1 166 5427 Universit~t der Bundeswehr Miinchen College for Surveying and County-planning Allgemeine Geod~sie of the University of Forestry and Timber Wemer-Heisenberg-Weg 39 Industry 8014 Neubiberg Pirosalma u. 1-3, P.O. Box 52 Tel: 089 - 6004 3423 H-8002 Sz6kesfeh6rvar, Hungary Fax: 089 - 60t4 693 Phone: (36) 22 12988, Fax: (36) 22 27697, Telex: 61 21 412 208 Lajos Kossuth Military Academy of the Hungarian Army Kyoto University P.O. Box 160, H-2001 Szentendre, Hungary Phone: (36)26 12888 Kyushu University Lorfind E6tvos University Nagoya University Department of Cartography Ludovika t6r 2. Nihon University H-1083 Budapest, Hungary Phone: (36) 1 134 2785, Fax: (36) 1 118 7952, Okayama University Telex: 22 5467 elte h Osaka University Lorhnd E6tvos University Department of Geophysics Shizuoka University Ludovika t6r 2. H-1083 Budapest, Hungary Tohoku University Phone: (36) 1 134 3953, Fax: (36) 1 134 3953, Telex: 22 5467 elte h Tokyo Institute of Technology Miskolc University Toyama University Department of Geophysics and Department of Geodesy and Mining Survey University of Tokyo Egyetemvfiros,H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary Phone: (36) 46 65111, Fax: (36) 46 65174, University of Tsukuba Telex: 62 539 Yamagata University University of Forestry and Timber Industry Pirosalma u. 1-3., P.O. Box 52. H-8002 Sz6kesfeh6rvfir,Hungary Sweden Phone: (36) 22 12988, Fax: (36) 22 27697, Telex: 61 21 412 Royal Institute of Technology Department of Geodesy Italy S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Phone: (46)-87-90-73-30 Politecnieo di Milano Piazza Leonardo de Vinci, 32 Institute of Geophysics 1-20133 Italy University of Uppsala Phone: 2 2399 6504/6506, Fax: 2 2399 6530, H~illby, S-755 92 Uppsala, Sweden Telex: 333 467 Phone: (46)-18-51-79-27 Japan Institute of Geotechnics University of Lund Chiba University Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden Phone: (46)-46-10-91-28 Ehime University Hirosaki University Switzerland Hiroshima University ETH-Ziirich (Eidgen6ssische Technische Hochschule) Hokkaido University Department of Geodetic Sciences Institut ftir Geod~ie und Photogrammetrie Ibaraki University ETH-H~nggerberg, 8093 Ztirich Tel: 01 377 26 61, Fax: 371 25 93 Kagoshima University ETH-Ziirich Kabazawa University Department of Geodetic Sciences Institut f'tir Kartographie, Kobe University ETH-H0nggerberg, 8093 Ztirich Tel: 377 30 33 Kumamoto University 209 EPFL (Ecole Polytechnique Ftdtrale de United Kingdom Lausanne) Institut de Gtod6sie et Mensuration, Department of Geography & Topographic 1015 Lausanne Science Te1:021693 11 11 University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ Phone: (44)-41-339-8855, Fax: (44)-41-330-4894 Turkey Department of Land Surveying Bosphorous University Polytechnic of East London Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Longbridge Road Geodesy Section Dagenham, Essex RM8 2AS Cengelk0y, Istanbul, Turkey. Phone: (44)-81-590-7722, Fax: (44)-81-590-7799 Karadeniz Technical University Department of Photogrammetry & Surveying Geodesy and Photogrammetry Department University College London Trabzon, Turkey. Gower St London WC1E 6BT Sel~uk University Phone: (44)-71-387-7050, Fax: (44)-71-387-8057 Geodesy and Photogrammetry Department Konya, Turkey. Department of Surveying University of Newcastle upon Tyne Surveying and Mapping School Newcastle upon tyne NEI 7RU 06100, Cebeci, Ankara, Turkey. Phone: (44)-91-222-6348, Fax: (44)-91-222-8691 Technical University of Istanbul Insititute of Engineering Surveying & Space Geodesy and Photogrammetry Department Geodesy Ayazaga, Istanbul, Turkey. University of Nottingham University Park Yildiz University Nottingham NG7 2RD Geodesy and Photogrammetry Department Phone: (44)-60-248-4848, Fax: (44)-60-250-8616 Yildiz, Istanbul, Turkey. 210 GEODETIC PUBLICATION SERIES Acta Geodaetiea et Geophysica University of New South Wales, B,N.G.C., Beijing, China: School of Surveying, P.O. Box 1, Kensington, New South Wales, 2033, Australia. Acta Geodaetica, GeophYSica et Montanistica Hungarica Australian Surveyor (The) Akad6miai Kiad6, H- 1117 Budapest, Institution of Surveying of Australia, Prielle K.u. 19-35, 65 York Street, Sidney, Australia. Editorial Office: H-9401 Sopron, P.O. Box 5, Hungary, Hungary. Bolletin de Informaci6n Servicio Geogrfifico del Ej6rcito, Acta Geodetica et Cartographica Sinica Dario Gazapo 8, Campamento, 28024 Madrid, B.N.G.C., Beijing, China. Spain. African Geodetic Journal Bollettino di Geodesia e Scienze Affini University of Lagos, Department of Surveying, Instituto Geografico Militare Italiano, Lagos, Nigeria. 10 Via Cesare Battisti, 50100 Firenze, Italy. Air Force Geophysics Laboratory-Technical Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica e Applicata Report Osservatorio Geofisico Sperimentale, Air Force Geophysical Laboratory, 34123 Trieste, Italy. Hanscom AFB, MA 01731, U.S.A. Bulletin-American Congress on Surveying Allgemeine Vermessungs-Nachrichten and Mapping H. Wichmann Verlag, Rheinstrasse 122, American Congress on Surveying & Mapping, 7500 Karlsruhe 21, F.R.G. 210 Little Falls St., Falls Church, VA 20046, U.S.A. American Cartographer (The) American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, Bulletin de la Soci6t6 Beige de 210 Little Falls St., Falls Church, Photogramm~trie-T61~ d6tection et VA 20046, U.S.A. Cartographie 50, Boulevard du Jardin Botanique, B.P. 38, Annales Geophysicae B-1010 Bruxelles, Belgique. Bordas, Dunod, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, France. Bulletin des Journ6es Luxembourgeoises de Artificial Satellites G6odynamique Polska Akademia Nauk, Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Cenlrum B adan Kosmicznych 01-237, 3, Avenue Circulaire, B-1180 Bruxelles, Belgique. Warsawa Ordona 21, Poland. Bulletin d'lnformation du Bureau Australian Journal of Geodesy, Gravim6trique International Photogrammetry and Surveying B.G.I., !8 Avenue Edouard Belin, 211 F-31055 Toulouse, France. The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, 12 Great George Street, London SW7 2AR (U.K.). Bulletin du Comit6 Frangais de Cartographie 140, rue de Grendle, 75700 Paris, France. Circolari Della Stazione Astronomica Internazionale di Latitudine Bulletin du Groupe de Recherches de Universilh di Cagliari, Istituto di Astronomia, G6od6sie Spatiale 09100 Cagliari, Italy. G.R.G.S., 77, Avenue Denfert-Rochereau, F-75014, Paris, France. Circular Time and Latitude Service Polish Academy of Sciences, Bulletin G~od~sique Astronomical Latitude Observatory, Journal Production Department Borowiec, 63-120 Komik, Poland. Heildelberger Platz 3, W-1000 Berlin 33, Germany Communication of the Geodetic and Publisher: Springer-Verlag Geophysical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Bulletin Hydrographique International Research Inst. of the Hungarian Academy of Bureau Hydrographique International, Sciences 7, Avenue du President Kennedy, B.P. 345, Museum U. 6-8, P.O.B. 5, H-9401, Sopron, Monaco. Hungary; Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute Cospar Information Bulletin Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Committee on Space Research, Tokyo 113, Japan. 51 Boulevard de Montmorency, 75016 Paris, France. Bulletin of the Geographical Survey Institute Defense Mapping Agency Technical Geographical Survey Institute, Memorandum Kitasato 1 Yatabe-Machi Tstakuba-Gum, DMA, Hydrographic & Topographic Center, Ibaraki 300-21, Japan. 6500 Brooks Lane, Washington D.C. 20315, U.S.A. Bundesamt for Landestopographie-Bulletin des Rechenzentrums Defense Mapping Agency Technical Report Federal Office of Topography, Seftigenstrasse 264, DMA, Hydrographic & Topographic Center, CH-3084 Wabem, Switzerland. 6500 Brooks Lane, Washington D.C. 20315, U.S.A. Canadian Cartographer (The) Department of Geography, York University, Defense Mapping Agency, Topographic Toronto, Canada. Center, Geodetic Memorandum Defense Mapping Agency, Hydrographic & Canadian Surveyor (The) Topographic Center, The Canadian Institute of Surveying, Box 5378, 6500 Brooks Lane, Washington D.C. 20315, Station F, Ottawa, K2C 3J1 Canada. U.S.A. Cartographic Journal (The) Deltion British Cartographic Society J.S. Keats, Service G6ographique de rArm6e Hell6nique, Department of Geography, S.G.A.H., Pedion Areas, Athens, Greece. University of Glasgow W2, Scotland. Department of National Development Cartographica Division of National Mapping Technical Department of Geography, York University, Report Toronto, Canada. Division of National Mapping, P.O. Box 548, Cehui Tongbao NSW 2620 Queanbeyan, Australia. B.N.G.C., Beijing, China. Deutsche Geodhtische Kommission bei der Celestlal Mechanics Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Reihe A : HOhere Geodasie Reihe B : Angewandte Geodesic Chartered Surveyor-Chartered Minerals Reihe C: Dissertationen Surveyor Reihe D: Tafelwerke 212 Reihe E : Geschichte und Entwicklung der Geodasie Spalena 51, 11302 Praha 1, Czechoslovakia. Marstallplatz 8, D-8000 Mfinchen 22, F.R.G. Geodezia 6s Kartogrfifia Eidgen6ssische Technische Hochschule Cartographia, Box 132, H- 1443 Budapest 70, Ziirich - Institut fiir Geod~isie und Hungary. Photogrammetrie - Bericht (Report) Editorial Office: H-1860 Budapest, Institut f~ir Geodesic und Photogrammetrie, Kossuth Lajos t6r 11, Hungary. ETH-H6nggerberg, CH-8093 Zfirich, Switzerland. Geodezja i Kartografia Engineering Geodesy Politechnika Warszawska, The Kiev Institute of Engineering Construction Instytut Geodezji Wyzszej 1, Koszykowa 75, 00661 Warszawa, Poland. Eos-Transactions AGU American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Av., G~om~tre Washington D.C. 20009, U.S.A. 102, Rue de Charonne, 75011 Paris, France. ESA Bulletin Geophysical Journal of the Royal European Space Agency, 8-10, Rue Mario Nikis, Astronomical Society 75738 Paris 15, France. The Royal Society, 6, Carlton House Terrace, London SW1 Y 5AG, U.K. ESA-Journal European Space Agency, 8-10, Rue Mario Nikis, Geophysical Research Letters 75738 Paris 15, France. American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Avenue N.W.,Washington, European Space Agency Special Publication D.C. 20009, U.S.A. European Space Agency, 8-10, Rue Mario Nikis, 75738 Paris 15, France. Geophysical Surveys D. Reidel, Publ. Co., Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Geod~tische Arbeiten 0sterreichs fiir die Internationale Erdmessung Geophysical Transactions Technische Universit~t Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27- E6tvOs Lorfind Geophysical Institute of Hungary, 29, H-1440 Budapest, P.O. Box 35, Hungary. A-I040, Wien, Austria. Geophysics Division-Report GeodMisch-Geophysikalische Arbeiten in der Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Schweiz Geophysical Division, New Zealand. Schweizerische Geod~tische Kommission, ETH-H6nggerberg, CH-8093 Zarich, Switzerland. Gerlands Beitrage zur Geophysik Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Geest & Portig Geod~itische und Geophysikalische K.G.,Leipzig, F.R.G. VerOffentlichungen Nationalkomitee f'tir Geodesic und Geophysik bei Harita Dergisi der DDR, 1500 Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A17, Harita Genel Komutanligi, 06100 Cebeci, Ankara, F.R.G. Turkey. Geodesy and Cartography IEEE Transactions on Geoscience Electronics The Chief Administration of Geodesy and IEEE, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the New Jersey 08854, U.S.A. USSR. IERS Technical Notes Geodesy and Photogrammetry in Mining Bureau Central de rIERS Publisher: the Sverdlovsk Mining Institute. 77, Avenue Denfert Rochereau 75014 Paris, France. Geodesy, Cartography and Air-Survey Publisher: the Lvov Polytechnical Institute. Improvement of Technology of Topographic and Geodetic Operations Geodetic Survey of Canada-Publication Publisher: the Chief Administration of Geodesy and Geodetic Survey of Canada, Booth Street, Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the Ottawa,Ontario K1A OE9, Canada. USSR. Geodeticky a Kartograficky Obzor Institut fiir Geod~isie und Photogrammetrie 213 an der Eidgen6ssischen Technischen Journal of the Geodetic Society of Japan Hochschule Ziirich-Mitteilungen Geodetic Society of Japan. Institut far Geodasie und Photogrammetrie, ETH-Hfinggerberg, CH-8093 Zarich, Switzerland. Journal of the Wuhan College of Geodesy Photogrammetry and Cartography Institut G6ographique National-G~od~sie- Wuhan, China. Cours et Conferences I.G.N., 2, Avenue Pasteur, B.P. 68, Kern Bulletin 94160 Saint-Mand6, France. Kern & Co. Ltd., CH-5001 Aarau, Switzerland. Institut G6ographique National-G6od6sie- Kort-og Matrikelstyrelsen Instructions Techniques (National Survey and Cadaster) I.G.N., 2, Avenue Pasteur, B.P. 68, Skrifter 4 Raekke 94160 Saint-Mand6, France. (Publications 4 series) Institut G~ographique NationaI-G~od~sie- Kort-og Matrikelstyrelsen Notes Techniques Geodetic Division, Technical Reports I.G.N., 2, Avenue Pasteur, B.P. 68, Rentemestervej 8, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, 94160 Saint-Mande, France. Denmark Institut G~ographique National-G~od~sie- Lehrstuhl ffir Astronomische und Rapports Techniques Physikalische Geod~isie.Technische I.G.N., 2, Avenue Pasteur, B.P. 68, Universit~it Miinchen 94160 Saint-Mand6, France. Arcisstrasse 21, D-8000 M0nchen 2, F.R.G. Istituto di Geodesia e Geofisica dell' Magyar Geofizika Universita di Trieste-Pubblicazione Association of Hungarian Geophysicists, Istituto di Geodesia, Via dell Universit~ 7, H-1371 Budapest, P.O. Box 433, Hungary. 34123 Trieste, Italy. Manuscripta Geodaetica Istituto di Miniere e Geofisica Applicata, Journal Production Department Universita, Pubblicazioni Heildelberger Platz 3, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy. W-1000 Berlin 33, Germany Publisher: Springer-Verlag ITC Journal ITC, The Netherlands. Mar6es Terrestres-Bulletin d'Information ICET, Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Jenaer Rundschau 3, Avenue Circulaire, B-1180 Bruxelles, Belgique. VEB Carl Zeiss Jena, Carl Zeiss Str. 1, 6900 Jena, F.R.G. Marine Geodesy Crane Russat & Co. Inc., 3 East 44th Street, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California N.Y., New York 10017, U.S.A. Institute of Technology Technical Publications Maritime Gravimetric Studies Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Publisher: the Moscow State University. Pasadena, CA 91109, U.S.A. Mat~riaux pour la G~oiogie de la Suisse- Journal of Geophysical Research G~ophysique American Geophysical Union (AGU), K~immerly & Frey Ltd., Editions g6ographiques, 2000 Florida Avenue N.W., CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland. Washington, D.C. 20009, U.S.A. Methods of Engineering Geodesy in Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets Construction AIAA Technical Information Service, Publisher: the Rostov Institute of Engineering 750 3rd Avenue, New York NY 10017, U.S.A. Construction. Journal of Surveying Engineering Mining and Geodesy American Society of Civil Engineers, Publisher: the Leningrad Mining Institute. 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2398, U,S.A, Mitteilungen aus dem Institut fiir Theoretische Geod/isie der Universit/it Bonn 214 Nussallee 17, 5300 Bonn 1, F.R.G. NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center- Technical Memorandum Mitteilungen aus dem Institut fiir NASA-GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, U.S.A. Theoretische Geodiisie der Technischen Universitfit Hannover National Land Survey-Professional Papers Nienburgerstrasse 6, 3000 Hannover 1, F.R.G. National Land Survey of Sweden, S-801 12 G~ivle, Sweden. Mitteilungen aus dem Institut fiir Astronomische und Physikalische Geodfisie National Oceanic and Atmospheric Technische Universit~it Miinchen Administration-Manual NOS NGS Arcisstrasse 21, D-8000 Mtinchen 2, F.R.G. National Geodetic Survey, NOAA, 6001 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD 20852, Mitteilungen der Satelliten- U.S.A. Beobachtungsstation Zimmerwald Astronomisches Institut, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Berne, Switzerland. Administration-Professional Paper National Geodetic Survey, NOAA, Mitteilungen des Geodfitischen Instituts der 6001 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD 20852, Technischen Universitfit Graz U.S.A. Graz University of Technology Geodetic Institute, Steyergrasse 30 National Oceanic and Atmospheric A-8010 Graz, Austria. Administration-Technical Memorandum NOS NGS Mitteilungen des Instituts fiir Geodfisie und National Geodetic Survey, NOAA, Photogrammetrie an der Eidgenossischen 6001 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD 20852, Technischen Hochschule Zurich U.S.A. H~nggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Mitteilungsblatt des Deutschen Vereins fiir Administration-Technical Memorandum NOS Vermessungswesen (DVW) National Geodetic Survey, NOAA, Vorstand des DVW, Alexandrastrasse 4, 6001 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD 20852, D-8000 Miinchen 22, F.R.G. U.S.A. Monthly Notes of the International Polar National Oceanic and Atmospheric Motion Service Administration-Technical Report NOS NGS International Latitude Observatory, National Geodetic Survey, NOAA, 2-12 Hoshigaoka Mizusawa-shi, 6001 Executive Blvd, Rockville, Maryland 20852, Iwate-Ken 023, Japan. U.S.A. Nachrichten aus dem Karten- und Naval Surface Weapons Center-Dahlgren Vermessungswesen Laboratory Institut ftir Angewandte Geoc~sie, Naval Surface Weapons Centre (NSWC), Richard Strauss Allee 11, D-6000 Frankfurt a.M. Dahlgren, VA 22448, U.S.A. 70, F,R.G. Navigation NASA Special Publication Institut Francais de Navigation, NASA Headquarters, 600 Independance Avenue, 3, Avenue Octave Gr6ard, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20576, U.S.A. 75340 Paris Cedex 07, France. NASA Technical Note Navigation - Journal of the Institute of NASA Headquarters, 600 Independance Avenue, Navigation S.W., Washington, D.C. 20576, U.S.A. The Institute of Navigation, Suite 832, 815 15th Street, N.W., NASA Technical Paper Washington, D.C. 20005, U.S.A. NASA Headquarters, 600 Independance Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20576, U.S.A. Netherlands Geodetic Commission- Publications on Geodesy-New Series NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center Netherlands Geodetic Commission, Documents Kanaalweg 4, Delft, The Netherlands. NASA-GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, U.S.A. New Zealand Surveyor (The) 215 New Zealand Institute of Surveyors, Observatory of Mizusawa Box 831, Wellington, New Zealand. International Latitude Observatory, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa-Shi, Iwate-Ken 023, Japan° News of Higher Educational Institutions Series "Geodesy and Air-Survey" Proceedings of the Moscow Institute of Publisher: the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Land-Use Engineers specialized Education of RSFSR. Publisher: the Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR. Observations of Artificial Satellites of the Earth Proceedings of the National Astronomical Shternberg Institut Observatoire Royal de Belgique- Publisher: the Moscow State University. Communications-S6rie 3-S~rie G~ophysique Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Proceedings of the National Research 3, Avenue Circulaire, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgique. Institute of Geomechanics and Mining Geodesy Osterreichische Zeitschrift fiir Publisher: the Ministry of Coal Industry of the Vermessungswesen und Photogrammetrie USSR. Osterreichische Verein fiir Vermessungswesen und Photogramme~-ie, Proceedings of the Novosibirsk Institute of Friedrich Schmidt Ptatz 3, A-1082 Wien, Austria. Geodesy, Air-Survey and Cartography Ohio State University-Reports of the Proceedings of the Research Institute of Department of Geodetic Science and Applied Geodesy Surveying Publisher: the Chief Administration of Geodesy and Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the 1958 Neff Avenue, 43210 Columbus, Ohio, USSR. U.S.A. Proceedings of the State Research and Ordnance Survey Professional Paper Productional Center "Priroda" Ordnance Survey of Great Britain (OSGB), Publisher: the Chief Administration of Geodesy and Romsey Road, Maybush, Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the Southampton S09 4DH, U.K. USSR. Periodica Poiytechnica - Civil Engineering Proceedings of the Tomsk State University Akad6miai Kiad6, Publisher: the Tomsk State University H-1117 Budapest, Prielle K.u. 19-35. Editorial Office: Technical University of Budapest Proceedings on Geodesy of the Vilnus H-1521 Budapest, Mfiegyetem rkp. 3. Institute of Engineering Construction Hungary. Publisher: the Vilnus Institute of Engineering Construction. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Proc~s-Verbaux des S~ances de la Commission G~od~sique Suisse Planetary and Space Science Commission G6od6sique Suisse, ETH- Pergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall, HOnggerberg, Oxford OX3 OBW, U.K. CH-8093 Ziirich, Switzerland. Prace Instytut Geodezji i Kartografii Pubblicazioni dell'lstituto di Geodesia, Polish Academy of Science, Space Research Topografia e Fotogrammetria--Politechnico Centre, di Milano Department of Planetary Geodesy, Istituto di Topografia, Fotogrammetria e Geofisica, Pkin P. 2313, 00901 Warszawa, Poland. Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italia. Proceedings of the Central Research Institute Publications of the International Latitude of Geodesy, Air Survey and Cartography Observatory of Mizusawa Publisher: the Chief Administration of Geodesy and International Latitude Observatory, 2-12 Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the Hoshigaoka, USSR. Mizusawa-Shi, Iwate-Ken 023, Japan. Proceedings of the International Latitude Pure and Applied Geophysics (PAGEOPH) 216 Birkhauser Verlag, Bfile, Switzerland. South African Survey Journal (The) Central Council of Land Surveyors, Department of Reports of the Department of Geodesy Land Surveying, University of Capetown, Private Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44 Bag, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa. Stockholm, Sweden. Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica Academy of Sciences, Geophysical Institute, Reports of the National Astronomical Czechosl. Acad. Sci., Bocni II Praha 4, Sporilov, Shternberg Institute Czechoslovakia. Publisher: the Moscow State University. Suomen Geodeettinen Laitoksen Julkaisuja Research in Geodesy, Air-Survey and (Publications of the Finnish Geodetic Cartography Institute) Publisher: the Moscow Institute of Engineers of Geodeettinen Laitos Geodetic Institute, Geodesy, Air-Survey and Cartography. Ilmalankatu 1A, SF-00240 Helsinki, Finland. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics Suomen Geodeettinen Laitoksen American Geophysical Union (AGU), Tiedonantoja (Reports of the Finnish 2000 Florida Avenue N.W., Washington, Geodetic Institute) D.C. 20009, U.S.A. Geodeettinen Laitos Geodetic Institute, Ilmalankatu 1A, SF-00240 Helsinki, Finlano. Revista Brasileira de Cartografia Societade Brasileira de Cartografia de Artes Survey Review Graficas, Rua Riachuelo 128, Rio R5, Brazil. Directorate of Overseas Survey, Kingston Road, Tolworth Surbiton, U.K. Revista Cartografica lnstituto Panamericano de Geografia, Surveying and Mapping Ex-Arzobispado n ° 29, Mexico 18, D.F., Mexico. American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, 210 Little Falls Street, Falls Church, VA 20046, Revue Hydrographique Internationale U.S.A. Bureau Hydr0graphique International (BHMHB), 7, Avenue du Pr6sident Kennedy, BP 345, Swedish Journal of Surveying 98000 Monaco. P. Hellsten, Malartryskeriet A.B., Stockholm, Sweden. Revista del Catastro e dei Servizi Tecnici Erariali T6cnica Topogrfifica Colegio Oficial de Ingenieros T6cnicos en Rotation and Tidal Deformations of fhe Topografia, Paseo de la Castellana 210, Earth 28046 Madrid, Spain. Publisher: the Institute of Geophysics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Tectonophysics Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Royal Greenwich Observatory, Time and Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Latitude Service Royal Greenwich Observatory, Herstmonceux Tellus Castle, Swedish Geophysical Union, Svenska Geofysika Hailsham, Sussex BN27 1 RP, U.K. Foreningen, Arrenhenius Laboratoriet, Fac, S-104 Stockholm, Sweden. Schriftenreihe der Hoehschule der Bundeswehr Terra Cognita Hochschule der Bundeswehr MiJnchen (HsBw), Studiengang Vermessungswesen, Tokyo Astronomical Observatory; Time and Werner Heisenberg-Weg 39, 8014 Neubiberg, Latitude Bulletins F.R.G. Tokyo Astronomical Observatory, Osawa Mitaka, Tokyo 181, Japan. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Special Report Travaux de l'Association Internationale de Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, G6od6sie Cambridge, Bureau Central de rAIG, 140, Rue de Grenelle, Massachusetts 02138, U.S.A. 75700 Paris, France. 217 Unisurv Ver6ffentlichungen der Bayerischen University of New South Wales, Kommission fiir die Internationale School of Surveying, Sydney, Australia. Erdmessung Bayerische Kommission ftir die Internationale University of Calgary-Publications of the Erdmessung, Division of Surveying Engineering Marstallplatz 8, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary T2N 1 N4, D-8000 Mfinchen 22, F.R.G. Canada. VerOffentlichungen des Zentralinstituts fiir University of New Brunswick-Department of Physik der Erde - Potsdam Surveying Engineering - Lecture Notes Zentralinstitut far Physik der Erde, University of New Brunswick, Telegragenberg A17, 15 Potsdam, F.R.G. P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton N.B. E3B 5A3, Canada. Wild Reporter Wild Heerbrugg Ltd., CH-9435 Heerbrugg, University of New Brunswick-Department of Switzerland Surveying Engineering-Research Reports University of New Brunswick, Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten der Lehrstuehle P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton N.B. E3B 5A3, fiir Geod~isie, Photogrammetrie und Canada. Kartographie an der Technischen Universit~it Hannover University of New South Wales-Monographs Institut ffir Theoretische Geod~ie, University of New South Wales, Nienburger Strasse 6, 3000 Hannover 1, F,R.G. School of Surveying, Sydney, Australia. Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten der Fachrichtung University of Toronto Erindale Campus- Vermessungswesen der Universit/it Hannover Survey Science Report fur Theoretische Geod~ie, Nienburger Strasse 6, 3000 Hannover 1, F.R.G. Vermessung, Photogrammetrie, Kulturtechnik Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Diagonal Verlags AG, T~ifernstrasse 2, Technischen Universitiit Dresden CH-5405 Baden-D~ittwil, Switzerland. Mommsenstrasse 13, 8027 Dresden, F.R.G. Vermessungstechnik Wuhan Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics- Verlag far Bauwesen, Special Publication FranzOsische Strasse 13-14,1080 Berlin, F.R.G. Wuhan, China. Vermessungsingenieur XYZ Verband Deutscher Vermessungsingenieur (VDV) Association Franqaise de Topographie (AFT), e.V. D-4300 Essen, Moselstrasse 2, F.R.G. 140, Rue de Grenelle, 75700 Paris, France. Vermessungswesen und Raumordnung Zbornik Instituta Za Geodeziji-University of Danagkweg 80, D-5600 Wuppertal 1, F.R.G. Beograd Ver6ffentlichung des Geodhtischen Instituts Zeitschrift fiir Vermessungswesen der Rheinisch Westfalischen Technischen Verlag Konrad Wittwer, Postfach 147, Hochschule Aachen D-7000 Stuttgart 1, F.R.G. 218 Publications of the International Association of Geodesy I- Bulletin Gdod~sique Heildelberger Platz 3, W-1000 Berlin 33, Germany. Four issues per year : annual subscription V-Bibliographie g~od~sique internationale sale by unit (Springer-Verlag) sale of back issues from vol.64 (IAG Central - From 1928 to 1960 : 10 issues (available from Bureau) (available on paper or on microfiches). IAG Central Bureau). - From 1961 - Cards II-Travaux de l'Association lnternationale - Monthly Review : "Bibliographia Geodaetica" de G~oddsie (lAG Central Bureau) (in English), Volumes edited after every General assembly available at : including General Reports and national Reports (separately from 1960). Zentralstelle ffir Internationale Dokumentation der Geodasie Next volume (vol.29 : Vienna 1991) will appear in Mommsenstrasse 13, Dresden 8027 fall 1992. (F.R.G.) or [FAG (under negotation) III- Publications Sp~ciales (lAG Central Richard Strauss Allee 11 Bureau) D-6000 Frankfurt am Main 70 (F.R.G.) N ° 1 - Natural trogonometric functions (eight places, entry each centigrade). N ° 2 - (out of print). VI- Catalogue of Reference Gravimetric N ° 3 - Geodetic Reference System 1967. Stations along the European Coasts from N°4- International Gravity Standardization Net Norway to Italy (IGSN 1971), available at : IV-Proceedings of the IAG-.Symposia at the International Gravity Commission xxth IUGG General Assembly Subcommission Western Europe Bayer Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 1991 (published by Springer-Verlag). Marstallplatz 8, D-8000 Mtinchen 22, (F.R.G.). All these publications are available on request to : IAG Central Bureau 140, rue de Grenelle, 75700 Paris (France). or Springer Verlag Journal Production Department