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The Geodesist's Handbook 1996.Pdf Volume 70 ∙ Number 12 ∙ October 1996 Journal of 70 96 Geodesy The International Association of Geodesy Geodesist’s International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Handbook Union Géodésique et Géophysique Internationale Le Manuel Bureau Central de l’Association Internationale de Géodésie du 140, rue de Grenelle F-75700 Paris France Géodésien 1996 839 FOREWORD A VANT-PR OPOS Pascal Willis Every four years, after every General Assembly, the Tous les quatre ans, apr~s chaque Assembl6e International Association of Geodesy publishes the G6n6rale, l'Association Internationale de G6od6sie publie Geodesist's Handbook as a special issue of the Journal of le Manuel du G6od6sien, num6ro sp6cial du "Journal of Geodesy (previously the Bulletin G6od6sique). The first Geodesy" (anciennement Bulletin G6od6sique). La edition of the Geodesist's Handbook was done in 1980 premiere 6dition du Manuel du G6od6sien a 6t6 r6alis6e after the Canberra General Assembly in 1979. This is the en 1980, apr~s rAssembl6e G6n6rale de Canberra. Ceci 5th edition of this document describing the International est la 5~me edition de ce document d6crivant Association of Geodesy. l'Association Internationale de G6od6sie. The first part describes the lAG itself (history, La premiere pattie d6crit I'AIG (historique, statuts et statutes and by-laws). The second part is a report of the r6glement). La seconde pattie est un compte-rendu de la XXIth General Assembly, held in Boulder (USA). The XXI~me Assembl6e G6n6rale, tenue ~t Boulder (USA). third part describes in detail the structure and La troisi~me partie d6crit en d6tail la composition et organization of the International Association of Geodesy rorganisation de l'Association Internationale de G6od6sie itself for the 1995-1999 period. The fourth part presents pour la p6riode 1995-1999. La quatri~me pattie pr6sente scientific information related to geodesy. The last part des informations scientifiques li~es ~t la G6od6sie. La contains the lAG Directory listing the names and derni~re pattie contient l'annuaire de I'AIG comportant addresses of people related to the International tes noms et adresses des personnes li6es ~t l'Association Association of Geodesy. Internationale de G6od6sie. Let me first thank all the individuals who gave Permettez-moi tout d'abord de remercier ici toutes les information to be included in this Geodesist's Handbook personnes qui ont fourni les informations publi6es clans le 1996 and took the time to send corrections or proof-read Manuel du G6od6sien 1996 et qui ont pris le temps documents from this volume. More specifically I would d'envoyer des corrections et de relire les documents de like to thank the new lAG Central Bureau in Denmark cet ouvrage. Je voudrais tout particuli~rement remercier (C.C. Tscheming, O.B. Andersen and H. Hansen) for la nouvelle 6quipe du Bureau Central de rAIG au helping me compile all the necessary information. Danemark (C.C. Tscherning, O.B. Andersen, H. Hansen) pour m'avoir aider ~t compiler la totalit6 des informations Most of the information contained in this volume is utiles. also available on the lAG Central Bureau Web server in Denmark and will be regularly updated. In this issue, new La majorit6 des informations publi6es dans cet information is also given on some Web sites already ouvrage sont aussi disponibles sur le serveur Web du existing and related to Geodesy. Bureau Central de rAIG au Danemark et remises ~t jour r6guli~rement. Dans ce volume, de nouvelles Corrections and updates to the Geodesist's Handbook informations concernant les serveurs Web relatifs ~t la will be published regularly in the lAG Newsletter, as part G6od6sie ont 6t6 rajout6es. of the Journal of Geodesy. Les corrections et remises ~ jour du Manuel du G6od6sien seront publi6es r6guli~rement clans la Newsletter de rAIG, au sein du "Journal of Geodesy". 840 The International Association of Geodesy (IAG) - More than 130 Years of International Cooperation - Wolfgang Torge, Hannover IAG-President 1. Introduction problem areas of "Geodetic Reference Systems", "Gravity Reference Systems", and "Geoid Determination". Geodesy is the science of determining the size and figure of the earth, and its external gravity field (see 2. International collaboration in Torge 1991). This definition includes the orientation of geodesy: the precursors the earth in space, and temporal variations of the earth's orientation, its surface and its gravity field. Obviously, In the seventeenth century the ellipsoidal form of geodesy therefore is part of the geosciences, providing the Earth had been postulated on the basis of the significant boundary conditions for modelling the earth's physically-defined models of Newton and Huygens; body and its dynamics, including the oceans and the astronomical observations and pendulum measurements atmosphere. On the other hand, geodesy has strong in various latitudes supported this assumption (for an relations to surveying and cartography, to navigation and historical introduction see Torge 1991). What was engineering. Consequently, geodesy can trace back its lacking was a geometric proof that the curvature of the roots several thousands of years. We mention the highly Earth's surface was latitude-dependent, and here again the developped cadastral and engineering surveys in method of measuring an arc of meridian offered itself. Mesopotamia and Egypt, and astronomical positioning at Measurement of the meridian arc at different latitudes mapping the territories of the large antique empires. The demanded international agreements and coordinated proper geodetic problem was attacked by arc programmes to carry out the local observations, which measurements which aimed at determining the diameter was a field of collaboration for the various scientific of the earth, after the sphere was adopted as a reasonable academies that were at that time coming into being. As model of the earth. Well documented is the meridian arc an outstanding example, we can point to the Academy of measurement of Eratosthenes (276 - 195 B.C.). With the Sciences of Paris (founded in 1666) which sponsored the distance between Aswan and Cairo known from Egyptian arc-measurement in Peru (1735-1744; Bouguer, La cadastral surveys, and the corresponding central angle of Condamine, Godin) and in Lapland (1736-37; the earth determined by observations to the sun, he found Maupertuis, Clairaut et al.), which yielded both the the earth's diameter with an error of only 2 %. Several geometric flattening of the poles, and the major other arc measurements followed in the classical Greek, semidiameter of the Earth-ellipsoid. Agreements between Chinese, Arabian and European civilizations but a more France and Spain, in the one case, and Sweden and pronounced international collaboration started only in the Russia, in the other, were a necessary preliminary. 18th century. Pendulum measurements, which following Clairaut's Theorem could equally yield the geometric flattening, In the sequel, we mainly follow Torge (1993, were undertaken along with the arc measurements, and using partly the English translation given by Reilly also on extensive maritime expeditions by English, 1994). We first summarize the development of French and Russian navigators in the first decades of the international cooperation in geodesy, from the 18th nineteenth century. century until the present, concentrating on the different stages which the International Association of Geodesy A further example of an important international passed through since its beginnings in 1862. Three operation was the Hanoverian arc-measurement of Carl examples then demonstrate which strategies and programs Friedrich Gauss (1821-1825). This continued the Danish have been developped by the international organisations arc-measurement southward, joining up with the Dutch in order to attack and solve in an iterative manner the and the Hessian triangulation networks, and thereby with 841 the French arc measurement, leading Gauss to hope that with the prosecution of programmes, there was "...perhaps it is not an unrealisable prospect, that one day increasing emphasis on the discussion of fundamental all the astronomical observatories of Europe could be scientific problems and the development of methods. We connected together by trigonometric means ...". cite from the report of the Central Bureau 1899 the following areas of scientific work : 3. The international scientific organisations "1. Continuation of the calculations for the European system of deflections of the vertical; In April 1861, the Prussian General Johann Jacob Baeyer, a collaborator of Bessel in the East Prussian arc . Derivation of the movement of the Earth's axis measurement (1831-1836), submitted to the Prussian within the Earth's body, from the results of the War Ministry a document "On the size and figure of the voluntary cooperation of the astronomical Earth: a memorandum on the establishment of a Central observatories; European arc measurement, along with a sketch map", which he dedicated to the memory of Alexander von . Preparations for the International Polar Motion Humboldt. The aim of the proposal was to connect the Service; numerous astronomical observatories to be found in Central Europe by the existing and planned triangulation 4. Absolute pendulum measurements; networks, thereby to determine the regional and local curvature anomalies (i.e. the deflections of the vertical, . Connection of the national gravity fundamental and thus the relative structure of the geoid). This stations by relative pendulum measurements;
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