Transkriptionsregulation Durch Das EBV-Nukleäre Antigen 2 - Abhängigkeit Von DNA-Adaptoren Und Die Funktion Der N-Terminalen Domäne

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Transkriptionsregulation Durch Das EBV-Nukleäre Antigen 2 - Abhängigkeit Von DNA-Adaptoren Und Die Funktion Der N-Terminalen Domäne 2016 Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Fakultät für Biologie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Transkriptionsregulation durch das EBV-nukleäre Antigen 2 - Abhängigkeit von DNA-Adaptoren und die Funktion der N-terminalen Domäne Sybille Thumann München, März 2016 i Erstgutachter: Prof. Bettina Kempkes Zweitgutachter: Prof. Angelika Böttger Tag der Abgabe: 16.3.2016 Tag der mündl. Prüfung: 26.7.2016 ii „Der einzige Mist, auf dem nichts wächst, ist der Pessimist.“ Theodor Heuss iii Teile der vorliegenden Dissertation wurden veröffentlicht in: Friberg A., Thumann S., Hennig J., Zou P, Nössner E., Ling P.D., Sattler M., Kempkes B. (2015). „The EBNA-2 N-Terminal Transactivation Domain Folds into a Dimeric Structure Required for Target Gene Activation”. PLoS Pathog 11(5): e1004910. iv Inhaltsverzeichnis Zusammenfassung .................................................................................................................. xiii I. Einleitung ............................................................................................................................ 1 1. Das Epstein-Barr Virus ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Burkitt-Lymphom und Epstein-Barr-Virus ...................................................................... 1 1.2. Virusinfektionen gehören zu den Hauptrisikofaktoren für Krebserkrankungen ................. 1 1.3. Das γ-Herpesvirus EBV: taxonomische Einteilung, Aufbau und Übertragungsweg ............. 2 1.4. Der Lebenszyklus des EBV und assoziierte Krankheiten................................................... 2 1.5. Proteine und Transkripte in der Latenzphase ................................................................. 6 2. Transkriptionsregulation durch EBNA2 ................................................................................ 7 2.1. Funktionell charakterisierte Regionen von EBNA2 .......................................................... 7 2.2. CBF1-vermittelte Transkriptionsregulation .................................................................... 8 2.3. Genomweite Bindestellen von EBNA2 und CBF1 ............................................................ 9 2.4. EBNA2-regulierte Transkripte ......................................................................................10 2.5. Zielsetzung des ersten Teils meiner Arbeit ....................................................................11 3. Funktionell charakterisierte Regionen von EBNA2 und EBNA2-Interaktionspartnern .............12 3.1. Zwei Domänen sind an der Transaktivierungsfunktion des EBNA2 beteiligt.....................12 3.2. Zelluläre Interaktionspartner von EBNA2 geben Einblicke in die vielfältigen Funktionen des viralen Faktors ............................................................................................................13 3.3. Zielsetzung des 2. Teils meiner Arbeit...........................................................................14 II. Material ............................................................................................................................ 16 1. Bakterienstämme .............................................................................................................16 2. Zelllinien ..........................................................................................................................16 3. Oligonukleotide/Primer .....................................................................................................17 3.1. Oligonukleotide, die für Klonierungen und Sequenzierungen verwendet wurden............17 3.2. Oligonukleotide zur Amplifikation genomischer Bereiche nach Chromatinimmunpräzipitationen .................................................................................17 3.3. Oligonukleotide zum Nachweis von EBNA2-Zielgenen mit cDNA als template .................18 3.4. Oligonukleotide zum Nachweis von microRNAs ............................................................20 4. Plasmide ..........................................................................................................................21 5. Antikörper ........................................................................................................................23 5.1. Antikörper für Western Blot ........................................................................................23 5.2. Antikörper für Immunpräzipitation...............................................................................23 6. Material für Bakterienstämme ...........................................................................................24 7. Material für Zellkultur .......................................................................................................24 v 8. DNA- und Proteinstandards ...............................................................................................24 9. Enzyme und Reagenziensysteme .......................................................................................25 10. Chemikalien und Reagenzien .............................................................................................25 11. Verbrauchsmaterial ..........................................................................................................26 12. Laborausstattung ..............................................................................................................27 13. Datenbanken, Internet-Programme und Computer-Software ..............................................28 III. Methoden ......................................................................................................................... 29 1. Arbeiten mit Bakterienkulturen .........................................................................................29 1.1. Kultivierung und Aufbewahrung von Bakterien .............................................................29 1.2. Transformation chemisch-kompetenter Bakterien ........................................................29 2. Arbeiten mit eukaryotischen Zellen ....................................................................................29 2.1. Kultivierung und Aufbewahrung von Zellen ..................................................................29 2.2. Kultivierung von Suspensionszelllinien..........................................................................29 2.3. Aufbewahrung von Zellen ............................................................................................30 2.4. Bestimmung der Zellzahl .............................................................................................30 2.5. Transiente Transfektion eukaryotischer Suspensionszellen durch Elektroporation ..........30 2.6. Promotor-Reportergenstudien .....................................................................................31 3. DNA - Arbeitstechniken .....................................................................................................31 3.1. Schnelle Plasmidisolierung...........................................................................................31 3.2. Präparative Plasmidisolierung ......................................................................................31 3.3. Konzententrationsbestimmungen der DNA mit dem Qubit® Fluorometer oder dem Eppendorf Photometer................................................................................................32 3.4. Polymerasekettenreaktion (PCR)..................................................................................32 3.5. Aufreinigung von DNA-Fragmenten ..............................................................................32 3.6. Agarosegelelektrophorese ...........................................................................................33 3.7. Klonierung von Plasmidvektoren ..................................................................................33 3.8. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) ..............................................................................................34 4. RNA-Arbeitstechniken .......................................................................................................36 4.1. Isolierung von RNA aus eukaryotischen Zellen ..............................................................36 4.2. Spektrometrische Konzententrationsbestimmungen der RNA ........................................37 4.3. Agarosegelelektrophorese von RNA .............................................................................37 4.4. Reverse Transkription..................................................................................................37 4.5. Genomweite Genexpressionsanalysen (Affymetrix GeneChip® Human Gene 2.0 ST Array)38 5. MicroRNA-Arbeitstechniken ..............................................................................................39 5.1. Isolierung von microRNA aus eukaryotischen Zellen ......................................................39 5.2. Konzentrationsbestimmung der microRNA mit dem Qubit® Fluorometer ........................39 vi 5.3. Oligonukleotid-Design für die microRNA-Detektion .......................................................39 5.4. Reverse Transkription der microRNAs ..........................................................................39 5.5. Quantifizierung der microRNAs ....................................................................................40 6. Proteinbiochemische Methoden ........................................................................................41 6.1. Herstellung und Konzentrationsbestimmung
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