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ASTERACEAE) SOBRE LA GERMINACIÓN Y EL CRECIMIENTO RADICULAR DE Oryza Sativa L

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ASTERACEAE) SOBRE LA GERMINACIÓN Y EL CRECIMIENTO RADICULAR DE Oryza Sativa L Vitae ISSN: 0121-4004 [email protected] Universidad de Antioquia Colombia MURILLO P., Elizabeth; VIÑA P., Amparo; RUÍZ T., Víctor H.; PÉREZ C., Carlos A. EFECTO ALELOPÁTICO DE LA FRACCIÓN CLOROFÓRMICA DE Lagascea mollis Cav. (ASTERACEAE) SOBRE LA GERMINACIÓN Y EL CRECIMIENTO RADICULAR DE Oryza sativa L. Vitae, vol. 12, núm. 1, 2005, pp. 63-71 Universidad de Antioquia Medellín, Colombia Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=169815869008 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto 63 VITAE, REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE QUÍMICA FARMACÉUTICA ISSN 0121-4004 Volumen 12 número 1, año 2005. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín - Colombia. págs. 63-71 EFECTO ALELOPÁTICO DE LA FRACCIÓN CLOROFÓRMICA DE Lagascea mollis Cav. (ASTERACEAE) SOBRE LA GERMINACIÓN Y EL CRECIMIENTO RADICULAR DE Oryza sativa L. ALLELOPATHY EFFECT OF A CHLOROFORMIC FRACTION OF Lagascea mollis Cav. (ASTERACEAE) ON THE GERMINATION AND ROOT GROWTH OF Oryza sativa L. Elizabeth MURILLO P.1*, Amparo VIÑA P.1, Víctor H. RUÍZ T.2 y Carlos A. PÉREZ C.2 RESUMEN En este trabajo se presenta el estudio de la actividad alelopática de las lactonas terpénicas presentes en las fracciones clorofórmicas de Lagascea mollis Cav (Asteraceae). Para tal efecto se evalúa el porcentaje de semillas germinadas y la longitud de radícula de semillas de arroz (Oryza sativa L.). La bioactividad observada en las fracciones clorofórmicas es contrastada con la correspondiente en el extracto etanólico crudo. El mecanismo de interacción del metabolito se establece teniendo en cuenta el índice mitótico del meristema radicular, el estudio micromorfológico de la raíz y la conductividad del eflujo celular. Adicionalmente se caracteriza la arvense mediante su descripción morfológica y la determinación de los índices farmacognósticos. La investigación demuestra que los constituyentes químicos de las fracciones clorofórmicas de Lagascea mollis manifiestan efecto significativo sobre la división celular y el crecimiento radicular de Oryza sativa donde se observan alteraciones morfológicas, lo que evidencia la actividad alelopática de la arvense sobre el crecimiento de la gramínea. Palabras clave: efecto alelopático, arvense, lagascea mollis, oryza sativa, asteraceae. ABSTRACT In this work, the study of the allelopathic activity of terpenic lactones on chloroformic fractions of Lagascea mollis Cav (Asteraceae) is reported. To this effect it is determined the percentage of germinated seeds and the radicular length of rice seeds (Oryza sativa L.). The observed bioactivity is contrasted with the corresponding one in the raw ethanolic extract. The mechanism of the metabolite interaction is established taking into account the mitotic index of the radicular meristeme, the micromorphologic study of the root and the conductivity of the cellular efflux. Additionally, the weed or arvense characterization is done by morphologic description and determination of pharmacognostic indexes. This research demonstrates that chemical constituents of the chloroformic fractions of Lagascea mollis manifest significant effect on cellular division and radicular growth of Oryza sativa where morphological alterations are observed, evidencing the allelopathic activity of the weed on the growth of the gramineous species. Keywords: allelopathic effect, weed, lagascea mollis, oryza sativa, asteraceae. 1 Departamento de Química. Universidad del Tolima. Barrio Sta. Elena. Ibagué-Tolima. 2 Departamento de Biología. Universidad del Tolima. Barrio Sta. Elena. Ibagué-Tolima. * Autor a quien se debe dirigir la correspondencia: [email protected] 64 VITAE INTRODUCCIÓN giospermas de las familias Apiaceae, Lauraceae y mayoritariamente en la Asteraceae, de la que se “Vegetación espontánea”, “maleza”, “mala hier- han aislado aproximadamente 3000 estructuras ba”, “plantas adventicias” o “plantas invasoras”, son diferentes. Estos constituyentes químicos se lo- algunos de los términos utilizados con frecuencia calizan frecuentemente en pelos secretores situa- para describir especies vegetales que a más de ser dos a nivel de los tallos, hojas y brácteas de las ajenas a un cultivo, desarrollan formas de compe- inflorescencias, al igual que en los aquenios y ra- tencia por nutrimentos, luz, agua, dióxido de car- ramente en los órganos subterráneos (8-12); cons- bono y espacio; asimismo hospedan y transmiten tituyen uno de los mayores grupos de productos parásitos, plagas y enfermedades en los cultivos naturales y su aplicación en la quimiotaxonomía contribuyendo a su mal estado fitosanitario, por (13-15) junto con las actividades fitotóxicas (3, 5, ello se les considera dañinas y tradicionalmente 16, 17), alergénicas (18), antivirales (8), antitumo- se ha inducido a su destrucción indiscriminada. rales (19), antifúngicas (20-22), entre otras, todo No obstante, estas plantas no sólo poseen su lo cual podría ser la base fundamental para abor- propia dinámica sino que además pueden evitar y dar el estudio de las especies invasoras de la fami- controlar la erosión de los suelos, algunas son de lia Asteraceae, relacionadas con el cultivo del arroz importancia apícola, otras tienen aplicación como (Oryza sativa). forrajeras para el ganado e incluso se conocen cier- Partiendo de una arvense abundante y asociada tas de ellas con valor alimenticio para el humano al producto agrícola de mayor importancia eco- y en ocasiones se les da además uso etnomédico nómica en el Tolima, en este trabajo se seleccionó al constituirse en una rica fuente de sustancias a Lagascea mollis Cav. (Asteraceae), entre muchas medicinales ya sea para tratar heridas en el gana- otras arvenses, como especie modelo para inves- do o bien para curar hepatitis, conjuntivitis, cisti- tigar su potencial alelopático y el posible meca- tis, forúnculos y accesos, mordeduras de serpien- nismo de acción, buscando con ello explorar pos- tes y picaduras de escorpiones o también como teriormente su uso como herbicida natural y ade- plaguicidas (1); se hizo entonces necesario la re- más suministrar una base biológica para el mane- valuación de su nombre por el de “arvense”, tér- jo de las arvenses. mino que se refiere a una comunidad de plantas que invade los cultivos interactuando en forma MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS diversa con éstos. El estudio de las interacciones bioquímicas planta-planta y de los aleloquímicos Material vegetal involucrados puede contribuir en la investigación de modelos de herbicidas naturales. Del total de especies vegetales colectadas e identificadas como invasoras de cultivos de arroz Una de las familias vegetales con mayor nú- establecidos en los municipios de mayor produc- mero de especies entre las Magnoliópsidas es la ción (23), se seleccionó a Lagascea mollis Cav Asteraceae (Compositae), la cual ubican Rai and (Pincelillo), adoptando como criterios la abundan- Acharya (2) como una de las más abundantes, con cia poblacional, la presencia manifiesta de lactonas aproximadamente 30000 especies distribuidas en terpénicas a través de pruebas químicas y análisis 1100 géneros. Muchas arvenses de la familia As- espectroscópicos, y la actividad revelada a través teraceae presentan efecto alelopático sobre dife- del bioensayo realizado sobre semillas de Oryza rentes plantas cultivadas u otras malezas, bioacti- sativa L., variedad Fedearroz 50, proporcionadas vidad que en casi todos los casos se ha asociado por FEDEARROZ-Ibagué. directamente con la síntesis de sesquiterpenlac- tonas, las cuales afectan el DNA, el RNA e inhi- La recolección del vegetal se realizó mediante ben la germinación y el crecimiento de las plántu- muestreos al azar durante los meses de Noviem- las (3-7). bre de 2003 a Febrero de 2004, en zonas ubicadas a alturas comprendidas entre los 280 y los 1000 La sesquiterpenlactonas conforman un grupo m.s.n.m, temperatura promedio de 27°C y en un numéricamente importante de sustancias evoca- total de 62 lotes (491 Ha). Se prensaron 3 mues- das bajo el nombre de “principios amargos” en- tras para su determinación en el Herbario TOLI contradas en hongos, briofitas y en algunas an- EFECTO ALELOPÁTICO DE LA FRACCIÓN CLOROFÓRMICA DE LAGASCEA MOLLIS CAV. (ASTERACEAE) ... 65 de la Universidad del Tolima y se complementó la Universidad del Tolima (25,26), análisis la identificación a través de una descripción espectroscópicos y ensayos de actividad biológi- morfológica, un ejemplar de la especie se deposi- ca, con el propósito de evidenciar la presencia tó en el herbario. lactonas terpénicas. A las plantas recolectadas se les secó en estufa Dado que el subextracto clorofórmico fue don- (40°C), se redujo su tamaño de partícula en un de se detectó la mayor presencia del metabolito, molino THOMAS-WILEY, malla de 2,0 mm y se se fraccionó por cromatografía líquida en colum- les determinaron índices farmacognósticos inclu- na de sílica gel 60 (relación 1:30), mezclas de clo- yendo la micromorfologia del vegetal así como roformo-acetato de etilo en polaridad creciente también porcentaje de materia inorgánica extra- (95:5 a 100% de acetato de etilo) fueron aplicadas ña, orgánica extraña, humedad, extracto etéreo, como eluentes. fibra, proteína, material soluble en agua y en etanol Las fracciones recolectadas se monitorearon al 50%, cenizas totales, cenizas solubles en agua, mediante cromatoplacas de sílica gel, desarrolla-
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