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Analysis of the Shores of Lake Issaqueena, South Carolina Ryerson Pamplin Clemson University, [email protected]

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Analysis of the Shores of Lake Issaqueena, South Carolina Ryerson Pamplin Clemson University, Ryersonp@Hotmail.Com Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 8-2013 Multitemporal Floristic and Phenological (Flowering) Analysis of the Shores of Lake Issaqueena, South Carolina Ryerson Pamplin Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Pamplin, Ryerson, "Multitemporal Floristic and Phenological (Flowering) Analysis of the Shores of Lake Issaqueena, South Carolina" (2013). All Theses. 1767. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/1767 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Multitemporal Floristic and Phenological (Flowering) Analysis of the Shores of Lake Issaqueena, South Carolina A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Forest Resources by Ryerson Pridgen Pamplin August 2013 Accepted by: Dr. Elena Mikhailova, Committee Chair Dr. Christopher Post Dr. Julia Sharp Dr. Patrick McMillan ABSTRACT The floristic and phenological (flowering) study of Lake Issaqueena in Pickens County, SC, conducted by William Pamplin in 1970-1971 was reinvestigated in 2011- 2012 using the Carolina Vegetative Survey (CVS) natural community sampling methods and photo documentation using a GPS-enabled camera to determine floristic and phenological changes for this site during the forty years separating these two studies. Phenological events (flowering) were recorded via photographs taken by a GPS-enabled camera on a monthly basis. Photographs were downloaded and organized by sampling date in Picasa 3 web albums and stored in a project Google website. Plants were identified using expert knowledge, existing keys and the USDA plant database. Precipitation in 1970, 2011 and 2012 was below the long-term average and this combined with higher than average air temperature impacted drought severity in the area. Comparison of phenologies indicated 269 plant species blooming in 1970-1971 compared to 203 plants blooming in 2011-2012, and 149 common plant species blooming in both study periods. The blooming period was 11 months in 2011-2012 compared to 8 months in 1970-1971. A majority of plants were blooming earlier and longer in 2011-2012 than in 1970-1971. There appears to be a phenological shift in blooming dates, but it is unclear whether this is due to climatic variation, other environmental changes in the area, or differences in data collection methods. Keywords and abbreviations: adaptation, anthropogenic, Carolina Vegetative Survey (CVS), change, climate, environmental, vegetation dynamics. ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to Evan, William, and Wylie Pamplin. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Authors wish to thank Dixie Damrel, the curator of Clemson University’s Herbarium for accepting and checking the collected plant samples and for her overall support. Thanks to committee members Dr. Christopher Post, Dr. Julia Sharp and Dr. Patrick McMillan. In addition, thanks to William Pamplin for her advice, support and help in the field. Financial support was provided by Clemson University, Technical Contribution No. 6018 of the Clemson University Experiment Station. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ vi LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER I. Multitemporal floristic and phenological (flowering) analysis of the shores of lake Issaqueena, South Carolina ......................................................... 1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 Materials and Methods ............................................................................. 4 Results and Discussion ............................................................................ 8 Conclusions ............................................................................................ 11 Future Recommendations ...................................................................... 12 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................... 15 A: Figures.......................................................................................................... 15 B: Tables ........................................................................................................... 26 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 60 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Aerial photograph and principle plant communities of the shores of Lake Issaqueena; including soil map units from Web Soil Survey ....... 16 2 Example of the Carolina Vegetation Survey (CVS) plot ............................. 17 3 Example of measuring out the CVS plot .................................................... 18 4 Screen capture of Google website used for project organization and data storage ........................................................................................... 19 5 Example of data storage in Google website ................................................ 20 6 Counts of same plant species that bloomed during both years 1970-1971 and 2011-2012 (number of plants in both years = 149) ......................... 21 7 Comparison of number of blooming months per plant in 1970-1971 and 2011-2012 (the same plant species that bloomed during both study periods, number of plants in both years = 149) ..................................... 22 8 Comparison of first blooming for early flowering plant species between Radford et al. (1968) and 2011-2012 data ............................................. 23 9 Comparison of first blooming for late flowering plant species between Radford et al. (1968) and 2011-2012 data ............................................. 24 10 Comparison floristic inventories for 1970-1971 and 2011-2012 data ........ 25 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Principle plant communities of the shores of Lake Issaqueena 2011-2012 with GPS coordinates ............................................................................. 27 2 Monthly total precipitation (cm) and monthly average temperature (°C) for 1970, 1971, 2011, 2012 and 50-year mean ...................................... 28 3 Comparison of phenology tools and data storage between studies conducted in 1970-1971 and 2011-2012................................................ 29 4 Soils of the shores of Lake Issaqueena ........................................................ 30 5 Presence/Absence floristic inventory list for 1970-1971 and 2011-2012. Presence indicated by x .......................................................................... 31 6 Comparison between blooming charts in 1970-1971 (Symbol: •) and 2011-2012 (Symbol: ◊) .......................................................................... 47 vii CHAPTER ONE Multitemporal floristic and phenological (flowering) analysis of the shores of Lake Issaqueena, South Carolina INTRODUCTION Ecological changes are occurring in the floristic composition of natural communities, phenology, and distribution of plant species, and these changes are often attributed to climate change and anthropogenic activity (Parmesan 2006). Accurate forecasting of how plants will respond to climatic and anthropogenic changes is complicated by spatial and temporal variation in climate and the environment, lack of long-term data, differences in field and laboratory experiments, and many other factors (Parmesan 2006; Pau et al. 2011; Wilfried et al. 2008). Floristic and phenological changes can have significant implications on agricultural production (Fuhrer 2003). Historical records of harvest dates can be used to reconstruct past climate (Chuine et al. 2004). Phenology and climate are intimately linked (Cleland et al. 2007). Climate change can significantly impact winter chill for temperate fruit and nut production (Luedeling 2012). Global temperatures are expected to rise by up to 6° C by the end of the 21st century, compared to pre-industrial levels (IPCC 2007) and these temperatures are expected to remain unstable (Else and Atkinson 2010). Current phenological studies include walnuts (Luedeling and Gassner 2012), apples (Rana et al. 2011), apricots 1 (Campoy et al. 2011), pears (Guedon and Legave 2008), and many other important fruits and nuts. Long-term data are essential for sustainable crop production in the future. Floristic studies are often used for agricultural and environmental monitoring and assessment (Ceschin et al. 2009; Mikhailova et al. 2000). Mikhailova et al. (2000) documented changes in botanical composition between native grassland (not cultivated for at least 300 years), a
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